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This paper aims to measure and simulate the warpages of 3D through-silicon via (TSV) die-stacked dynamic-random-access-memory (DRAM) packages during the manufacturing process. The related die stresses and keep-out zone (KOZ) for the stacked dies in the packages at room temperature are further calculated with the validated simulation model. The out-of-plane deformations (or warpages) of the packages from the full-field shadow moiré are documented under temperature loading and found consistent with those from finite-element method (FEM). The results of the stresses and KOZs at the proximity of a single TSV for each die in the package at room temperature are presented. It is found that the sizes of KOZs in four-die stacked DRAM packages with and without epoxy molding compound (EMC) at room temperature are dominated by the horizontal pMOS transistors and more than double the size in wafer-level die. The sizes of KOZs at each die are similar in this four-die stacked DRAM package, even though the stresses at each die are apparently different. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Even though recently published results indicated that residual strains of the epoxy molding compound (EMC) play a key role on the warpage values and shapes of the plastic ball grid array (PBGA) packages, it is still unknown about how these residual strains build up and change during the manufacturing and infrared (IR) solder reflow processes. The purpose of this study is to quantify the residual strains of the EMC in the PBGA packages during the aforementioned processes using a combination of experimental, theoretical and numerical approaches. In the experiments, a full-field shadow moiré is used for measuring their real-time out-of-plane deformation (warpage), during heating and cooling conditions, of two types of the PBGA specimens (without a silicon chip inside) with the same EMC but different substrates (with glass transition temperature T g =172 and 202°C). Furthermore, Timoshenko’s bi-material theory associated with the measured and temperature-dependent elastic moduli and coefficients of thermal expansion for the EMC and substrates is applied for extracting residual strains of the EMC from shadow moiré results. In the analysis, the finite element method cooperating with those determined residual strains is employed to numerically simulate the thermal-induced deformations of the PBGA specimens, in order to verify mechanics. The full-field warpage of the specimens from shadow moiré is documented before and after post-mold curing, solder reflow and during the temperature cycling (from room temperature to 260°C). The residual strains of the EMC for the specimens with low-T g and high-T g substrates after post-mold curing are found to be 0.059% and 0.134%, respectively, which double those before post-mold curing, and further down to 0.035% and 0.08% after the first thermal cycling. After the first cycling, the residual strains remain almost constant during heating and cooling processes. This phenomenon is also observed at lead-free solder reflow processes. Therefore, the residual strains of the EMC induced by the chemical shrinkage of the EMC curing and possibly mold flow pressure are different between the specimens with low-T g and high-T g substrates, and these residual strains could change during post-mold curing and the first solder reflow processes. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Microstructural characterization of deformation-induced martensite in its early stage of formation has been performed in an ultrafine-grained (UFG) medium Mn advanced high strength steel (AHSS). By using field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) and electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD), the nucleation site of deformation-induced martensite has been studied. Grain sizes, Schmid factors and aspect ratios of the parent austenite grains of deformation-induced martensite were measured in order to know their influence on the formation of deformation-induced martensite. Orientation relationship between deformation-induced martensite and its parent austenite has also been analyzed. Discussion on the effect of microstructural parameters on the formation of deformation-induced martensite in AHSS is given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To explore the mechanical behavior and microstructure evolution of nanostructured bainite under deformation at high strain rates (> 10 3 s − 1 ), split Hopkinson pressure bar experiments were conducted. It was found that nanometer-sized twinning occurred in both blocky austenite and film austenite. In the former case, the intersections of different twin variants brought about strain-induced α’-martensite, while in the latter case, the lamellar twinned structures were occasionally accompanied by a small amount of ε martensite. It is concluded that twinning occurs first in blocky austenite, enhancing the initial work-hardening; subsequent twinning takes place in film austenite, promoting further straining. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]