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Deciding whether to transition to wound palliation is challenging for health care professionals because there is no agreed definition or understanding of palliative wound care, including the goals, core elements and differences from general wound management. To conduct a scoping review with qualitative synthesis to define palliative wound care in terms of its conceptual framework, goals, principles, components, and differences from general wound management, and provide a new definition of palliative wound care based on this scoping review. Published literature that refers to the definitions, concept, goals and core elements of palliative wound care using any methodological approach, without any time limits, published in English. The searches were conducted in CINAHL Complete via Ebsco, Medline via Ovid, Cochrane Library, Scopus, and Google Scholar. A data extraction form was developed by the review team and used independently for data charting purposes. Braun and Clarke's six phases of thematic analysis guided the qualitative synthesis. A total of 133 publications met the inclusion criteria. Three main themes were developed to define palliative wound care and understand its differences from general wound management: 1- Healing potential of wounds and patient vulnerability, 2- Understanding the impact on individuals and family to address needs, 3- Towards new goals and perspectives in approach to care. Palliative wound care focuses on symptom management, comfort, and dignity, but does not always target the healing of the wound, which is the goal of general wound care. The needs of the individual and their family must be addressed by clinicians through the provision of care and support that takes into account the true meaning of living and dying with a palliative wound. A review protocol was developed but not registered. • We propose a new person- and family-centred definition of palliative wound care that is holistic and interdisciplinary. • Palliative wound care differs from general wound care and is not limited to symptom control and management. • It focuses on protecting comfort and dignity and targets both wounds that may or may not heal. • Palliative wound care includes treatment of persons who are vulnerable and have impaired quality of life. • The true meaning of living and dying with a palliative wound must be understood to align care with patient and family needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this review is to define a conceptual border between workaholism and work addiction. Five online databases (ScienceDirect, MEDLINE, Academic Search Complete, Emerald Insight, and APA PsycArticles) were used to search for scientific papers. The search was limited to the papers published between 2007 and 2021. Seventy-nine papers published during the period from 2008 to 2021 were included in the systematic review. Most of the authors who attributed workaholism to the group of addictions described it as a state of being overly concerned about work, driven by an uncontrollable work motivation and investing much time and effort into work that leads to negative consequences. Seven symptoms (salience, tolerance, mood modification, conflict, withdrawal, relapse, and problems) were proposed as key aspects comprising the phenomenon. The authors who described workaholism as a behavioral pattern or a personal characteristic mainly defined it as a tendency to work excessively in a compulsive way and explained the phenomenon in terms of aspects of excessive and compulsive work. In this way, two separate phenomena of workaholism and work addiction emerged which had their own definitions and specific features. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The term social capital has been conceptualized and applied in different fields with different controversial connotations and impacts. Due to the variation in the conceptualization and operationalization of the subject, understanding the application of social capital in education, health, and employment remains incomplete. Thus, the purpose of this study is to provide a thorough review of the concept and application of social capital in health, education, and employment using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Protocols (PRISMA-P) guidelines. Findings from the review reveal that the conceptualization of social capital is multidimensional in each context, with common underlining constructs such as social networks, connections, and a sense of community engagement in all three areas of health, education, and employment. Few reviews in the context of health and education extend social capital conceptualization to include trust, reciprocity, the interlinking of physical structure and social structure, and social cohesion. Furthermore, the conclusive consensus is that social capital leads to positive impacts on health outcomes, though negative outcomes may also be expected through behavioural contagion. The review found a bidirectional relationship between social capital and education. The findings for employment outcomes vary from country to country depending on the methodology used and the strength of social capital, with most studies finding a positive relationship with employment. Additionally, operationalizing social capital may benefit from both quantitative and qualitative methods, therefore, further studies using qualitative approaches to social capital may be especially helpful to understand what social capital means to people. It is also worth noting that the application of social capital is mainly within the context of developed countries; hence, further studies in the context of developing countries on the different types and impacts of social capital are recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The role of a data-driven culture in improving organizational performance is widely recognized, but its conceptual definition lacks uniformity, leading to the existence of various constructs. This paper proposes a guiding framework for a data-driven culture, aiming to foster a unified understanding that aids both researchers and practitioners in the information systems (IS) field. Method: Adopting a qualitative research approach, this study conducts a systematic literature review to discern the breadth and depth of data-driven culture as portrayed in previous works. Alongside this, ten interviews were carried out with professionals well-versed in the application of data-driven strategies. Results: The study uncovers the multifaceted nature of a data-driven culture, highlighting its influence on decision-making practices within organizations. It identifies a range of characteristics relevant to the construct and consolidates these into an integrative framework, thereby developing a conceptual definition for data-driven culture. Conclusion: The paper contributes to the IS field by providing a framework that illuminates the concept of data-driven culture. This new understanding aids researchers in consistently theorizing the same phenomenon, supports the development of refined metrics for assessing data-driven culture, and paves the way for future research in this area. For practitioners, this framework delineates the characteristics of a data-driven culture and their interplay, enabling a more informed approach to cultural change efforts. Moreover, it highlights the importance of acknowledging the wider cultural context, and provides mechanisms to balance the emphasis on tools and values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mobility as a Service (MaaS) scientific literature base is rapidly growing, but an agreement on what it intrinsically means has not been reached, making fruitful conversations related to MaaS difficult. This study analyzes a five-year-old literature based on MaaS (90 peer-reviewed journal articles) and extracts from it, the key or common elements in all MaaS definitions, calling them the 'MaaS-checklist': a) app-related functions or features, b) mobility services, and c) mobility packages. Based upon the MaaS-checklist, we then analyze 21 MaaS-like schemes around the world. Our results show that even though there are many schemes claiming to be MaaS, few of them cover the main elements that intrinsically define MaaS. Our findings show that while most schemes cover app-related functions or features, few of them offer mobility packages, which yields that the path to MaaS may not be hindered by technology development but rather by governance issues on MaaS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Le vécu d'ACEs (Adverse Childhood Experiences) est à ce jour considéré comme un déterminant majeur dans la survenue à l'âge adulte de problématiques de santé physiques et psychologiques. Malgré le caractère prolifique de ce domaine de recherche, un certain nombre de flous conceptuels subsistent, dont témoignent notamment l'absence de définition claire des ACEs ou encore leur appellation dans la littérature. Cette faiblesse conceptuelle a des conséquences pour l'étude, non seulement de la gamme d'adversités à considérer et les paramètres à prendre compte (i.e., gravité, temporalité, durée), mais aussi en ce qui concerne les dysfonctionnements qui découlent de cette adversité. Au-delà de l'impact sur la compréhension de ce qu'est ou n'est pas un vécu d'adversité, ces flous rendent particulièrement délicats son évaluation, le recueil de données sur la base de critères suffisamment homogènes, ainsi que l'espoir d'une prévention efficiente. En effet, si l'on veut agir sur les maux de l'adversité, il convient de circonscrire l'objet pour mieux comprendre ses modalités d'expression, ses déterminants et ses conséquences sur la santé. L'objectif de cet article sera de proposer un état des lieux des différentes compréhensions de l'adversité pour clarifier ce concept. Dans le cadre de ce travail, nous avons souhaité nous focaliser sur deux axes principaux, le premier relatif à l'identification du contexte d'émergence des travaux sur les ACEs et le second qui concernera la question au combien crucial de leur conceptualisation. Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) have been consistently linked with negative physical and mental health outcomes in adulthood. Despite decades of research dedicated this phenomenon, certain inconsistency exists in the literature regarding how ACEs are conceptually defined. This lack of clarification can impact study outcomes, not only in terms of the range of adversities to be considered and parameters to account for (i.e., severity, temporality, duration), but also with regard to the nature of dysfunctions that result from ACEs. Beyond impacting our overall understanding of what adverse experiences encompass, this obscurity concerning their operational definition complicates how they are assessed, the process of collecting data based on homogeneous criteria and ultimately can hinder effective prevention. Indeed, any meaningful advancement towards treating illness associated with ACEs will require more rigorous definition of ACEs to better understand how they manifest and their specific impact on health outcomes. Our objective in this article is to propose a comprehensive inventory of existing definitions of adversity with a view to clarifying this concept. Within the framework of that objective, we focused on two principal axes: the context of the emerging work on ACEs and the critical question of how ACEs are conceptually defined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Food loss and waste over-uses natural resources and is responsible for a considerable share of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Moreover, increasing food prices and growing food insecurity internationally make instances of food wastage appear even more irresponsible and showcase the inefficiencies of the current food system. A new concept in the toolbox for fighting food loss and waste is upcycling – value enhancing use of ingredients otherwise wasted – that leads to upcycled food. However, not all products currently called 'upcycled food' live up to the resource-saving and value-adding promise entailed in the idea of 'upcycling', and products markedly differ in how 'radical' the upcycling is from a consumer perspective. To shed light on this, we introduce a two-folded definition that hinges on current consumer edibility perception and has a view to changing consumer perception; We show that there are two types of upcycled food which each have a distinct role and contribution to preserving natural resources - one is avoiding resources are wasted that have gone into food production, thus constituting upcycled foods through alternative use, the other is diversifying and broadening the food resource base, thus constituting upcycled foods through novel use. We provide examples of these upcycled food types and highlight potential boundaries from a sustainable development goal perspective. Mainstreaming the idea of upcycling in food systems has huge potential for improving circularity in the food system. Untapping this potential needs collaboration across the whole value chain and taking a food system perspective, such as when being well-aware of the boundaries arising from the dynamic nature of the topic and the interdependencies. • Upcycling can tackle food waste but its definition and boundaries are unclear. • We introduce two-folded definition differentiating alternative versus novel use. • Each of the two types has an own contribution to food loss and waste. • We outline the boundaries arising from the dynamic and interdependent nature of upcycling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to the main thesis of this article, in order to articulate the scope and interest of Wittgenstein's family resemblances topic, we should see into it not an answer to the question what concepts in general are, but a methodological proposal. Two questions guide the central part of the text: (1) What does "family-resemblances concepts" mean? (2) What concepts fall within the corresponding class? Regarding (1) I try to show that "family-resemblances concepts" is not an unequivocal term: a first sense has to do with the dictum of "similarities overlapping and criss-crossing" (IF 67) and is to be distinguished from a second sense associated with the topic of "blurred edges" (IF 71). This distinction lies behind the answer I offer to (2): in the first sense of the term, there is no family concept at all, while according to the second sense all concepts are of this kind. In the final part I propose a reinterpretation of the issue from a methodological perspective. To say that concepts like language, understanding, thinking, etc. are family concepts means that the philosophical reflection on them should not centre on the praxis of looking for definitions. As important --maybe more important-- as that it's the careful description of paradigmatic examples, as "centers of variation" (EPB 190). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mobile teams, born in France in a spontaneous way about twenty years ago, are part of a sectoral history itself resulting from a move from the hospital to ambulatory devices. This offer, particularly in the consultation centers (CMP), will have been a success in view of the importance of the activity carried out and currently a limit in terms of capacity, requiring a modality of responses to the situations of people who, despite their need, do not go to these centers. The mobile teams by their availability to get ahead of these situations before they deteriorate and by their responses, limit the use of emergency services and hospitalization. The mobile teams, thanks to their responsiveness and creativity, make it possible to support complex outpatient follow-ups. They represent the tool that the sectoral mechanism lacked to reach its objective of outpatient work. The satisfaction to see their development throughout the territory, fruit of a real militant work, will be complete if the concept is not distorted as might be feared by the appearance of mobile teams which bear only the name or others so insufficiently equipped that they will not be able to achieve their objectives. In order for mobile teams to be recognized as equipment of the Sector, the specifications must be defined to guarantee the concept. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the complexity of lichens and the ongoing debates surrounding their interpretation and definition. Lichens are recognized as partnerships between fungi and photosynthetic partners, such as algae and cyanobacteria. Recent molecular analyses have revealed the integration of additional fungi and specialized bacteria in lichen thalli. The authors argue that lichens should be viewed as self-contained ecosystems, emphasizing the need to consider the multiple photosynthetic partners and associated organisms within a lichen. The authors hope that their perspective will encourage further research into lichen biology. [Extracted from the article]

Jihad is a term that stirs up considerable controversy in the Islamic Thought. This word has appeared in an extraordinary way due to many stimulations, represented during the last decades. The concept of Jihad, the idea of its pacifism or bellicosity and its problematic definition in the Spanish dictionary represent certain types of complexity. The problematic point is the erroneous definition registered of the term Jihad in the DRAE, as a 'holy war'. We try to follow the conflicting interpretations on this term; that has created misconceptions and need clarification now more than before. In fact, the problem lies in the definition and its negative connotations that are completely different from its original meaning. Therefore, our approach in this article is mainly lexicographical. Moreover, it represents an opportunity to get closer to the true meaning of the term Jihad both in its sensu lato and in its sensu stricto. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article contributes to the debate on the relationship between power and freedom. Freedom is currently a burning issue in political discourses. It is therefore important to evaluate the relationship between these two important concepts and present a basis for further critique and cognition about this relationship. The article briefly evaluates certain philosophical perspectives in this regard; particularly the theoretical contributions of Oppenheim, Pettit, Kristjánsson and Morriss. By reflecting on these perspectives it is concluded that human beings' rational capacities present them with the opportunity to imagine freedom. However the option of freedom to choose one's own preferences is constrained by a social contract that guarantees and limits freedom. In contrast, power could interfere with freedom by eliminating specific actions or frustrating others from choosing actions or by not suppressing obstacles in this regard. The protection of freedom lies therefore in continuous negotiation, open dialogue and struggle for it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Definitions may seem marginal to the sociological enterprise but can be very useful; however, they can also lead to serious errors. Examples of both are given in this article. Different types of definitions are presented, and their relevance for sociology is highlighted. A stipulative definition, for example, is very useful in sociology, as opposed to lexical and ostensive definitions. The definition of a concept that is used in a sociological analysis has to be sociological in nature, and the concept cannot have the same meaning as it has in everyday language. Additional items to bear in mind when a definition is put together are discussed, including some tips on how to proceed that come from political science (Sartori, Collier, Goertz). A definition can also be very helpful in the research process itself by indicating which are the important aspects of some phenomenon to focus on (Weber, Blumer). On the negative side, a term that is not properly defined may lead to misunderstandings as well as to a false sense of agreement with other uses of the term. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Power and influence are fundamental concepts used in the social sciences. As closely-related concepts it is not easy to distinguish them clearly. There are diverse definitions for power and influence in academic literature. Different views are also held on the relationship between these concepts. The present article revisits these debates. The researcher explains the difficulties to define concepts in general and those of power and influence in particular. This is done by referring to academic attempts to clarify the meaning of the mentioned concepts and thereby their conceptual relationship. It is demonstrated that the debate is complicated and a final answer cannot be found that easily. However, this article explores the differences in meaning between the concepts from the literature. Based on these distinctions, the researcher identifies the concepts' primary meanings as well as the areas where these meanings overlap. This article contributes by providing users of these concepts with conceptual markers that could help them use and integrate the concepts meaningfully. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reflection is widely endorsed by professional bodies and practitioners are required to document professional learning to evidence standards of professionalism. Due to the lack of a consensual definition for reflection, there is confusion regarding 'what reflection is'. Prior to the development of an empirical evidence base that explores reflection, it is important to develop a consensually agreed concept and definition to guide experimental research. The aim of this systematic review is to understand the concept of reflection by performing a synthesis of existing conceptually oriented qualitative studies. Fourteen sources were included in a thematic synthesis that resulted in the construction of four analytical themes: cognitive, integrative, iterative and active. These themes were explored in relation to existing research and a novel definition of reflection was proposed. It is hoped that this review will encourage further enquiry into the concept and process of reflection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work proposes to present in its first sections the question about the definition of religion and the implications thereof for the scientific study in this area. For this, we use works that directly address the theme, as well as those who make their criticism. In its last section, it presents some difficulties for the formulation of this definition by dialogue with alternative proposals, aspects of linguistic precision and validation criteria, concluding with considerations and suggestions on these challenges from the own theoretical course. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the article is to review, analyze and generalize the main approaches to defining the essence of the concepts of "entrepreneurship" of their generalization, and systematization in terms of the current conditions of economic development in Ukraine. The results of the study are a generalized analysis of the evolution of the concept-categorical apparatus of the term "entrepreneurship" to modern Ukrainian realities. It is difficult to find such a formulation of the category "entrepreneurship", which could reflect all the features, both in the public consciousness of the population of the country, and in economic life. Domestic and modern researchers determine, first of all, the functional orientation of entrepreneurship as the main component of the general definition of this definition, and the main purpose of the entrepreneur, or the concept of "entrepreneurship" is to obtain the result. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we examine recent critiques of the debate about defining disease, which claim that its use of conceptual analysis embeds the problematic assumption that the concept is classically structured. These critiques suggest, instead, developing plural stipulative definitions. Although we substantially agree with these critiques, we resist their implication that no general definition of "disease" is possible. We offer an alternative, inductive argument that disease cannot be classically defined and that the best explanation for this is that the concept is structured as a cluster. We further argue that we do not need to reject the possibility of defining the general concept "disease" to legitimate developing stipulative definitions of disease that are relative to particular purposes. A cluster definition of disease is compatible with contextually motivated definitions, which may be considered précisifications of the more general cluster concept. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim/Purpose This study analyses the concept of doctorateness and its defining characteristics and gives a definition for it by examining the various ways it is used in doctoral education literature. Background The term 'doctorateness' is an immature unclarified concept referred to as a common quality for all doctoral awards. With the emergence of different types of doctoral studies worldwide, a clear definition for this concept is a requirement. Defining doctorateness can result in major implications for research and the practice of doctoral education, as determining attributes of doctorateness will pose serious expectations regarding standard setting for the process and outcome of doctoral programs and requirements of doctoral students. Methodology In this study, Walker and Avant's eight step method of concept analysis is used. The method is a systematic approach frequently used to analyze relatively new concepts. Contribution The current study moves beyond the earlier studies by isolating defining attributes of the concept and giving a clear conceptual definition for doctorateness. Findings Five defining attribute of doctorateness refined from literature include independent scholar, developmental and transformative apprenticeship process, original conceptual contribution/scholarship, highest academic degree, and stewardship of the discipline. Based on the defining attributes a definition is formulated for the concept of doctorateness. In addition to giving a definition a conceptual model consisting of five conceptual areas of purpose, process, product, prerequisite, and impact according to the usage of concept in the literature is also presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The term "food literacy" describes the idea of proficiency in food related skills and knowledge. This prevalent term is broadly applied, although its core elements vary from initiative to initiative. In light of its ubiquitous use-but varying definitions-this article establishes the scope of food literacy research by identifying all articles that define 'food literacy', analysing its key conceptualizations, and reporting outcomes/measures of this concept.Methods: A scoping review was conducted to identify all articles (academic and grey literature) using the term "food literacy". Databases included Medline, Pubmed, Embase, CAB Abstracts, CINAHL, Scopus, JSTOR, and Web of Science, and Google Scholar. Of 1049 abstracts, 67 studies were included. From these, data was extracted on country of origin, study type (methodological approach), primary target population, and the primary outcomes relating to food literacy.Results: The majority of definitions of food literacy emphasize the acquisition of critical knowledge (information and understanding) (55%) over functional knowledge (skills, abilities and choices) (8%), although some incorporate both (37%). Thematic analysis of 38 novel definitions of food literacy reveals the prevalence of six themes: skills and behaviours, food/health choices, culture, knowledge, emotions, and food systems. Study outcomes largely focus on knowledge generating measures, with very few focusing on health related outcome measures.Conclusions: Current definitions of food literacy incorporate components of six key themes or domains and attributes of both critical and functional knowledge. Despite this broad definition of the term, most studies aiming to improve food literacy focus on knowledge related outcomes. Few articles address health outcomes, leaving an important gap (and opportunity) for future research in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mevlana's Masnavi is a crucial piece of work that has acquired an international dimension, been translated into many languages and enlightened people's minds. When Masnavi is reviewed, it is observed that it contains guiding and impressive stories related to various fields. In this study, we will try to analyze certain subjects about logic considering Mevlana's Masnavi. As known, logic is generally known as a discipline being kept away and considered as very tough. However, it is easier and more comprehensible to understand and explain the topics of logic based on the stories in Masnavi. Therefore, we will try to make a study of topics such as notion, relativity, essence, accident, definition in the light of the stories based on Masnavi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article deals with a critical conceptual understanding of ageism. It does so foremost by problematizing some of the inadequacies in a previously published article that introduces a new definition of the concept ageism. Attention is devoted to (i) the prima facie that the ageism concept is repeatedly underscored as a concept for older people exclusively and the “us-them” distinction; (ii) what the concept ageism means and different ways of defining ageism; and, (iii) different ways in which we desire to study ageism. The article finishes with a simple example in which ageism is compared to a box of chocolates. The example is used to illuminate how we can carry out anti-ageist work more effectively in society. That is, to help us understand and sometimes avoid the different and relative inferiorities that follow with different ages, in order to come to grips with the different and relative inferiorities that is often assumed to come with old age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim To use systematic methods to examine how resilience is defined in empirical research. Background Resilience is a term that is increasingly being used to describe and explain the complexities of individual and group responses to traumatic and challenging situations. It is now frequently mentioned in relation to many areas of nursing practice, including research. Given the increasing use of the term, it is timely to examine how resilience has been defined in empirical research. Design An integrative review of the empirical literature (2000-2015). Data sources Three health-related databases were searched: Medline, Psyc INFO and the Cumulative Index for Nursing and Allied Health ( CINAHL). Reference and citation tracking was performed on all articles included in the review. Review methods The methods described by Whittemore and Knafl were used to guide this review. Two reviewers were involved in screening articles for inclusion and in the data extraction process. Data were synthesized using the constant comparative method of analysis. Results One hundred articles were included in the final data analysis. The most significant finding of the review was that there is no universal definition of resilience. There were, however, some common themes identified: rising above, adaptation and adjustment, dynamic process, 'ordinary magic' and mental illness as a marker of resilience. Conclusion Despite the increasing use of the term 'resilience', this review has identified that there is no universal definition of resilience adopted in the research literature. Further research is required to explore this construct in the context of nursing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For more than a decade, User Experience (UX) has grown into a core concept of Human–Computer Interaction (HCI). Practitioners and researchers from a wide range of disciplines are daily working with this concept. However, despite many attempts to understand, define and scope UX, one may still wonder whether a consensus has been reached on this concept. In a willingness to address the complexity of this research topic and bring the concept of UX to maturity, a replication of an international survey has been conducted. The main goal of the present study is to get a better understanding of practitioners’ viewpoints on the notion of UX and to analyze potential evolutions over time in the understanding and practical use of the concept. As both practical and theoretical implications of UX are of the greatest importance for whoever designs interactive systems, the exploration of practitioners’ perspectives is a valuable step toward continual improvement of UX activities. The present survey has been conducted amongst 758 practitioners and researchers from 35 nationalities. It allows to better understand how this concept is understood and used throughout the world. Amongst interesting results, important differences were observed according to the geographical location and background of the respondents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2007 EU Regulation ( EC) 834/2007 introduced principles and criteria for organic food processing. These regulations have been analysed and discussed in several scientific publications and research project reports. Recently, organic food quality was described by principles, aspects and criteria. These principles from organic agriculture were verified and adapted for organic food processing. Different levels for evaluation were suggested. In another document, underlying paradigms and consumer perception of organic food were reviewed against functional food, resulting in identifying integral product identity as the underlying paradigm and a holistic quality view connected to naturalness as consumers' perception of organic food quality. In a European study, the quality concept was applied to the organic food chain, resulting in a problem, namely that clear principles and related criteria were missing to evaluate processing methods. Therefore the goal of this paper is to describe and discuss the topic of organic food processing to make it operational. A conceptual background for organic food processing is given by verifying the underlying paradigms and principles of organic farming and organic food as well as on organic processing. The proposed definition connects organic processing to related systems such as minimal, sustainable and careful, gentle processing, and describes clear principles and related criteria. Based on food examples, such as milk with different heat treatments, the concept and definitions were verified. Organic processing can be defined by clear paradigms and principles and evaluated according criteria from a multidimensional approach. Further work has to be done on developing indicators and parameters for assessment of organic food quality. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main topic touched upon is the structural and semantic peculiarities of water terminology in English and Romanian. We elaborate a theoretical and practical support of structural and semantic peculiarities of water terminology in English and Romanian based on wusteriene and neowusteriene terminology theories. Origins of semasiology and onomasiology are traced and current research areas, principles and techniques are discussed. We take as a standard the European Water Directive terminology, and try to raise the quality of Moldavian water terminology by analyzing the semantic and structural peculiarities of both. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Consumers buy organic food because they believe in the high quality of the product. Furthermore, the EU legal regulatory framework for organic food and farming defines high quality of the products as an important goal of production. A major challenge is the need to define food quality concepts and methods for determination. A background is described which allows embedding of the quality definitions as well as evaluation methods into a conceptual framework connected to the vision and mission of organic agriculture and food production. Organic food quality is defined through specific aspects and criteria. For evaluation each criterion has to be described by indicators. The determination of indicators should be through parameters, where parameters are described by methods. Conversely, the conceptual framework is described according to underlying principles and starting definitions are given, but further work has do be done on the detailed scientific description of the indicators. Furthermore, parameters have to be defined for the evaluation of suitability of these indicators for organic food production. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional logic has two parts: logic of concepts, syllogistic logic. The founders of the traditions are AlFarabi and Avicenna. Logi-cians after them inherit their views and develops them. Sırrı Pa-sha of Crete (Giritli Sırrı Paşa) is one of the last thinkers in that logical tradition. The only work which he wrote is Mi'yār al-Makāl. However, he used constantly logic in his other works. In our study we have designated logical understanding in Mi'yār al-Makāl. Sırrı Pasha's logic consisted of a summary of tradition, 50 which he had followed, clearly, understandably and orderly. With this aspect it was wrote for students and was pedagogical. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mevlana's Masnavi is a crucial piece of work that has acquired an international dimension, been translated into many languages and enlightened people's minds. When Masnavi is reviewed, it is observed that it contains guiding and impressive stories related to various fields. In this study, we will try to analyze certain subjects about logic considering Mevlana's Masnavi. As known, logic is generally known as a discipline being kept away and considered as very tough. However, it is easier and more comprehensible to understand and explain the topics of logic based on the stories in Masnavi. Therefore, we will try to make a study of topics such as notion, relativity, essence, accident, definition in the light of the stories based on Masnavi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To review the concept of binge drinking as a measure of risky single occasion drinking (RSOD), to illustrate its differential impact on selected health outcomes and to identify research gaps. Narrative literature review with focus on conceptual and methodological differences, trajectories of RSOD and effects of RSOD on fetal outcomes, coronary heart disease (CHD) and injuries. Effects ascribed commonly to RSOD may often be the effects of an undifferentiated mixture of risky single occasions and regular heavy volume drinking, constituted by frequent, successive RSOD. This leads to the problem that additional risks due to RSOD are mis-specified and remain unidentified or underestimated in some cases, such as for injuries or CHD, but are probably overstated for some chronic consequences or for effects of maternal drinking on newborns. A stronger focus should be placed upon methods that can differentiate the effects of RSOD from those due to frequent occasions of heavy drinking that result in heavy volume drinking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the face of continuing debate about the adequacy and definition of the concept of 'religion', this paper argues that it is necessary for the social sciences to become more self-critical about their various - and changing - uses of the term. As this paper shows, three main uses are currently dominant: religion as belief/meaning, religion as identity, and religion as structured social relations. By contrast, some uses which were once important are currently recessive, including Marxist approaches to religion as ideology, and Parsonian conceptions of religion as norms and values. Some new uses are also emerging, including 'material' religion, religion as discourse, and religion as practice. Drawing these together, the paper proposes a taxonomy of five main major uses of the term. It reflects on their adequacy, and points out where there are still occlusions: above all with regard to 'super-social' or 'meta-social' relations with non-human or quasi-human beings, forces and powers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One argument raised against the classical view of concepts is the argument from categorization, which infers from empirical evidence concerning acts of categorization that the best explanation for that evidence is inconsistent with the classical view. Building on an argument and basic distinction drawn by Georges Rey, the present paper gives an improved response to the argument from categorization by drawing further distinctions among various epistemic and satisfaction conditions for concepts. Tile paper shows that given such further distinctions, one sort of objection to Rey's account can be avoided, and it is seen with further force that the classical view escapes refutation at tile hands of tile argument from categorization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Resilience, or the capacity to overcome adverse events, and to be able to develop oneself successfully despite very adverse circumstances (parents' death, wars, serious traumas, etc.), has become a concept of great interest during the last years and is becoming a popular term. In this paper we review the existing information about resilience, and clarify some of its central aspects such as its definition, characteristics, differentiation from other related concepts (competence, vulnerability, locus of control and attributional style, hardiness, recovery, risk and protective factors, positive psychology), and the types of studies that have been carried out on this topic (centred in the variable or in the person, as a trait or a behavioural pattern, as the process or the result). We conclude that resilience is a useful term that needs, however, more conceptual clarification as well as further studies to verify the utility of the explanatory power of the construct as regards the prevention and treatment of different psychopathological disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Purpose. – Nosocomial infection has known many definitions for many years. We looked at their terminological validation and proposed a definition that takes more into account the defaults that we put in light. Methods. – Our method is a terminological one based on analyze of concepts character. Results. – Definition of nosocomial infection are insufficient and don’t take into account characters of concepts of “infection” and “nosocomial” and also the possible contaminated persons. Conclusions. – We propose a new definition of nosocomial infection and hope that we create a debate around it. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This article is the second in a series on professionalism in the European Journal of Internal Medicine. The current article will first focus on these different views and definitions that are currently adopted by the various researchers, and subsequently discuss the consequences for the training and assessment of professionalism and professional behaviour in medical education. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]