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Purpose: This paper investigates how individuals' decision-making approach and perceptions of a game's cognitive realism affect the performance of virtual businesses in a web-based simulation game. Design/methodology/approach: Survey data are collected from 274 business simulation game users and is analysed using the fsQCA technique. Findings: The study identifies three alternative pathways to high and low performance in a business simulation game. Results indicate that a flexible decision-making approach exists in all high performance pathway solutions. Where a game is perceived to be realistic, a more focused decision-making approach is associated with high performance. However, where perceived cognitive realism is absent, a less focused experimental decision-making approach is employed, which increases the chances to achieve low performance. Finally, perceived cognitive realism and an experimental decision-making approach are found to be mutually exclusive for achieving high performance. Originality/value: Whilst the learning benefits of web-based simulation games are widely acknowledged, the complex interplay amongst factors affecting performance in games is under-researched. Limited research exists on how perceptions of a game's cognitive realism interact with user decision-making approaches to affect performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies a dynamic principal–agent setting in which the principal needs to dynamically schedule an agent to work or be suspended. When the agent is directed to work and exert effort, the arrival rate of a Poisson process is increased, which increases the principal's payoff. Suspension, on the other hand, serves as a threat to the agent by delaying future payments. A key feature of our setting is a switching cost whenever the suspension stops and the work starts again. We formulate the problem as an optimal control model with switching and fully characterize the optimal control policies/contract structures under different parameter settings. Our analysis shows that, when the switching cost is not too high, the optimal contract demonstrates a generalized control-band structure. The length of each suspension episode, on the other hand, is fixed. Overall, the optimal contract is easy to describe, compute, and implement. This paper was accepted by Ilia Tsetlin, behavioral economics and decision analysis. Funding: The work of P. Cao is financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China [Grants 72122019 and 71771202]. The work of F. Tian is financially supported by the Hong Kong Research Grants Council (RGC) funding (RGC Early Career Scheme 2022/23) [Grant 27500822]. Supplemental Material: The e-companion and data are available at https://doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2023.4845. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hong Kong was under the direct hit of Severe Typhoon Koinu (2314) on 8 and 9 October 2023, necessitating the issuance of the Increasing Gale or Storm Signal, No. 9. Koinu was a very challenging case for TC forecasting and warning services due to its compact size and erratic movement over the northern part of the South China Sea. This paper reviews the difficulties and challenges of the forecasting aspect of the severe typhoon. The predicted tropical cyclone track and intensity from both conventional models and emerging artificial intelligence models are examined, as well as local wind and rainfall forecast. Experience in this case study showed that while deterministic global models only performed moderately and were not able to adequately support early warning, a regional model and AI models could more effectively support decision making for an operational tropical cyclone warning service. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to review the development of mental health service policy in Hong Kong. After the return of Hong Kong's sovereignty to China, mental health services in Hong Kong transformed from an institution-based care model supplemented by community care to a staging model covering primary prevention, early identification, treatment and integration. However, the staging model is subject to cultural barriers, including collectivist values and medical dominance. Therefore, the development of a community-based inclusive development model that follows a rights-based strategy and addresses the regression of the staging model (due to cultural barriers) should be considered. Design/methodology/approach: It is a comprehensive literature review which covered the journal articles, policy review papers and service reports. The foundation of this review was laid upon the development of traditional Chinese culture and values. As brought by the influence of the Western world, the mental health service policy was cling towards a medically oriented system. Following the worldwide change in the definition of disability, the ideology of the mental health service system has been developing into a community-based and person-centred model which emphasised on equal participation and human rights. This review serves to evaluate and discuss how a community-based inclusive development can be further developed in Hong Kong. Findings: A formal support system for providing personal assistance to people with mental health issues through supported decision-making and certified peer specialists forms the principal foundation of a community-based inclusive development model. A review and reconsideration of laws governing guardianship, compulsory treatment and detention should be conducted to enable the local implementation of supported decision-making. Originality/value: The paper addressed and integrated the theoretical, historical and practical issues in developing a community-based inclusive mental health service policy in Hong Kong. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information on several topics related to systems research. The "Systems Research and Behavioral Science" journal is calling for papers for its special issue regarding the function of systems thinking in facilitated decision modeling. The 10th International Symposium on Knowledge and Systems Science and the 6th International Conference on Knowledge Management (ICKM) will be jointly held in Hong Kong, China on December 3-4, 2009.

This paper offers a qualitative analysis of decisions of 64 community-college students in seeking a transfer in Hong Kong. In weighing a number of educational options and then offers, with a similar level of desirability in some cases, in order to achieve their transfers, advantaged-class and disadvantaged-class respondents struggled with different logics of reasoning and negotiated anxiously with their changing structural realities. This qualitative analysis addresses the contextual, processual and emotional aspects of their decision making and provides a more convincing illustration of how the secondary effect of social stratification operates against a changing landscape of higher education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Teacher assessment literacy has gained significant attention in recent years due to its critical role in learning and teaching. Various theoretical and empirical conceptualizations of this construct have been emerging with more recent emphasis on building teachers' knowledge and skills. The aim is to make highly contextualized, fair, consistent and trustworthy assessment decisions to inform learning and teaching to effectively support both student and teacher learning. This article explores changes in secondary English language teachers' assessment literacy following the introduction of school-based assessment for learning as part of high stakes secondary school assessment reform in Hong Kong. Drawing on teacher questionnaires completed by almost 4,500 teachers who undertook a common professional development course conducted over the first six years of assessment reform (2005 – 2011), this paper explores the impact of professional development on teachers' assessment literacy. Despite Hong Kong's deeply ingrained competitive examination-oriented culture, an analysis of the quantitative and qualitative data from pre- and post-program evaluations demonstrate signs of positive change in teacher attitudes, confidence and practices, in particular in using assessment criteria, designing and implementing appropriate assessment tasks, involving learners more actively in the assessment process, making trustworthy assessment decisions and providing effective feedback and feed-forward to students to improve student learning. The findings of the study suggest that changes in assessment culture are possible, provided teachers are well supported. The implications for assessment reform and for the development of teacher assessment literacy more generally are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ageing of populations is an unprecedented worldwide phenomenon that has created anxiety about labour and skill shortages in many developed countries. One way to address these concerns is to extend the working lives of seniors through appropriate retirement, retention and recruitment policies. This paper utilises official policy documentation and employment data to compare the policies, practices and predicaments of senior employment in Hong Kong and Singapore, two of developed Asia's most ageing economies. It finds that while labour force participation rates among Hong Kong seniors have declined since the early 1990s, older workers in Singapore remain largely confined to the secondary labour market. This paper examines why these trends are occurring and whether longer working lives will lead to greater opportunities for ‘active ageing’ in employment or, conversely, force older workers into a reserve army of labour to maintain their incomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides an overview of English language education policies and practices in Hong Kong. It examines changes and developments in policymaking and implementation across the education system. Based on a qualitative analysis of government documents and empirical studies, this review utilizes a sociocultural framework in characterizing language policy decision making processes and implementation strategies in colonial and post-colonial Hong Kong. Findings revealed a multilayered context within which English language education policies and practices are enacted, highlighting the interplay among political, social, economic and educational agendas in policy formulation and implementation. The incongruence between policy recommendations and actual classroom practices, as well as the relationship between government responsiveness and public preferences suggested the power and agency of multiple stakeholders (e.g. parents, teachers and community members) in the interpretation and appropriation of language education policies. This review provides additional insights to understanding the status of English against the backdrop of changing local conditions and to identifying forces of continuity and change in the development of language education policies and practices in Hong Kong. Implications for practice, policy and research are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many warehouses involved in e-commerce order fulfillment use robotic mobile fulfillment systems. Because demand and variability can be high, scheduling orders, robots, and storage pods in interaction with manual workstations are critical to obtaining high performance. Simultaneously, the scheduling problem is extremely complicated because of interactions between decisions, many of which must be taken timely because of short planning horizons and a constantly changing environment. This paper models all such scheduling decisions in combination to minimize order fulfillment time. We propose two decision methods for the above scheduling problem. The models batch the orders using different batching methods and assign orders and batches to pods and workstations in sequence and robots to jobs. Order picking and stock replenishment operations are included in the models. We conduct numerical experiments based on a real-world case to validate the efficacy and efficiency of the model and algorithm. Instances with 14 workstations, 400 orders, 300 stock-keeping units (SKUs), 160 pods, and 160 robots can be solved to near optimality within four minutes. Our methods can be applied to large instances, for example, using a rolling horizon. Because our model can be solved relatively fast, it can be used to take managerial decisions and obtain executive insights. Our results show that making integrated decisions, even when done heuristically, is more beneficial than sequential, isolated optimization. We also find that positioning pick stations close together along one of the system's long sides is efficient. The replenishment stations can be grouped along another side. Another finding is that SKU diversity per pod and SKU dispersion over pods have strong and positive impacts on the total completion time of handling order batches. Funding: This work was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China [72025103, 72361137001, 71831008, 72071173] and the Research Grants Council of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China [HKSAR RGC TRS T32-707/22-N]. Supplemental Material: The e-companion is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/trsc.2022.0265. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: COVID-19 pandemic has tremendously caused significant health impacts leading to high load of ICU critical patients. Multiple Intensive Care Unit (ICU) admission framework and triaging score have been adapted worldwide for admission of COVID-19 patients. The aim of this article is to review the COVID-19 ICU admission policy in five (5) countries, identify challenges and provide recommendations. Materials and Methods: Literature review was carried out through searching available literature from online databases such as EBSCO, PubMed, Research Gate, Google Scholar and Google search engine. The selected information used in this review is taken from any journal, article, report, thesis, national report, news update regarding the topic. Result: The ICU admission policy in 5 countries, namely South Africa, USA, UK, Hong Kong and Malaysia were reviewed. Different countries apply different guidelines to triage, prioritize and admit severe COVID-19 patients to ICU such as Color-coded Priority Scale in South Africa, Critical Care Triage Tool in USA, COVID-19 Critical Care Guideline in UK, COVID- 19 Critical Care Triage Tool in Hong Kong and ICU Admission Prioritization Criteria in Malaysia. The ICU admission decision-making is supported with multiple ICU scorings such as Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA), Clinical Frailty score and National Early Warning score 2 (NEWS2). Conclusion: The COVID-19 ICU admission policies in these countries are well established and have been practised appropriately despite challenges faced by the ICU practitioners. All five selected national guidelines in this paper correspond to the WHO framework on the ICU admission policy. Ethical issues and legal supports on the ICU practitioners in ICU admission decision-making requires great attention form government and relevant policy stakeholders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose – The paper seeks to build on a model from extant literature which utilized a similar historical analysis approach in a study of strategic decision making. Using the (unsuccessful) defence of Hong Kong in World War II as the historical case, the paper seeks first to apply Chung and McLarney's model in the analysis, and then extend the model so as to better handle the unique sequence of events that took place in 1941. Design/methodology/approach – The paper employs a historical case event in an analysis of competitive strategies. The first section provides a descriptive historical account of the battle of Hong Kong. The second section describes the decision-making model, while the third section applies the model to explain three sets of decisions: the decision to defend the colony, decisions made during the battle and the decision to surrender. The fourth section draws implications for strategic decision making in organizations, while the last section presents conclusions. Findings – Organization theorists seem to be fascinated with planning and strategy formulation, at the expense of strategy implementation. While designing organizational strategy is often more glamorous than execution, it is the execution of strategy that ultimately determines an organization's competitive advantage. Clearly, the strategy of the Allied Forces in Hong Kong was not hard to figure out (Mintzberg). However, there is growing research on how lower organizational levels have a tremendous contribution in fundamentally changing, formulating organizational strategy and sometimes even obstructing strategy formulated at the top. The decision to defend Hong Kong in the face of the Japanese invasion, decisions made during the battle and the decision to surrender were all major, critical decisions, especially susceptible to such biases as overconfidence, problem framing, availability heuristics and confirming-evidence. Overconfidence is particularly dangerous. Originality/value – The study not only modifies and extends the model, but also contributes to the literature by augmenting the validity of previous case research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose - This paper aims to identify a set of potential determinants of capital structure. By knowing the key determinants, it is possible to understand how building contractors make decisions on capital structure. Design/methodology/approach - A questionnaire survey was conducted to solicit Hong Kong building contractors' view on the predictive power of a set of financial ratios on capital structure. Each of the seven proxies of capital structure was regressed on the five financial ratios. The usual diagnostic tests (i.e. Durbin-Watson and variance inflation factor tests) and plots of residuals and normality were carried out to ensure that assumptions of linear regression analysis were met. To validate the findings, eight contractors were further interviewed. Findings - Both measures of long-term debts (i.e. "long-term debt divided by total assets" and "long-term debt divided by total debt") are proven to be related to "tangibility" significantly. Also, perceived growth opportunities are significantly related to three proxies for capital structure (i.e. total debt to capital, long-term debt and long-term leverage). Research limitations/implications - Further research should be undertaken to improve the quality of data and to enrich the understanding of how contractors define their capital structures. Originality/value - Despite a plethora of research having been done by financial researchers, there are very few relevant papers in the construction field. This paper is intended to explore how building contractors made decisions on capital structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: The social work profession emphasises the development of the personal qualities of social workers in addition to requiring them to possess the necessary professional values, knowledge, theories and practice skills. Until now, we have tended to rely on the perspective of social work professional bodies, educators and employers to assess the personal qualities of social workers. We have seldom inquired about the views of service users on the qualities of social workers, thus disregarding their perspective. This article focuses on identifying the important qualities of social workers from the perspective of service users. Findings: This paper reports on qualitative research on the personal qualities of social workers that service users value in Hong Kong. It draws on a diverse range of service users with direct experiences of the services provided by social workers. A total of 47 service users from 7 core social welfare service settings and 32 service units participated in an in-depth qualitative interview. Six significant personal qualities of social workers from the service users' perspective are identified and discussed. Applications: The findings have several implications for examining directions for development of the social work profession, the relationship between service users and social workers, effective ways to develop the personal qualities of students in social work education and ways to resolve the dilemma between service users' expectations and the existing mode of social work service delivery. Issues of particular relevance to Hong Kong are highlighted in discussing these implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to offer an empirical account of how a group of financial professionals uses intellectual capital (IC) information, and the value that the group imputes to IC reporting. The paper also aims to understand the group's ability to privately access information that might help them determine the value of a company's IC in support of their decision-making. Design/methodology/approach - Survey administered to a group of financial professionals in Hong Kong. Findings - Respondents would like companies to be more transparent and provide more information on their IC. Respondents believe that greater IC disclosure would be rewarded with an increase in the company's share price - even though few respondents thought that they would pay more themselves for enhanced disclosure. Further, most respondents seem to be currently addressing their IC information needs through private information channels, and rate the publicly provided information as poorly suited to their needs. Practical implications - Greater regulatory control may be needed to ensure that information being communicated privately also enters the public domain in a timely fashion. It is also suggested that making market participants more aware of the positive effects of voluntary disclosure on stock prices may lead to an increase in voluntary disclosure. Originality/value - The paper provides empirical evidence on the value relevance of IC information from a user's perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose – The term, groupthink, refers to group over-cohesiveness that causes defective decision making. The purpose of this theoretical paper is to explore common Chinese cultural characteristics which have the potential to lead to symptoms of groupthink within the Hong Kong organizational environment. Design/methodology/approach – The methodology called “quality function deployment” was applied to measure the relationships between a set of predefined Chinese cultural factors and the groupthink symptoms. Findings – This research found that among all the Chinese cultural factors, the aspect of status has a strong relationship with the symptoms of groupthink. Originality/value – This paper provides useful insights into aspects of groupthink and Chinese cultural characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Michael White described therapy as ‘joining with people around issues that are particularly relevant and pressing to them’. At the moment, considerations about staying or leaving are on the minds of a lot of people in Hong Kong. This paper seeks to demonstrate the application of narrative practice in supporting people to respond to the challenges associated with leaving the land we call home. It addresses different moments in the migration experience, from making the decision and preparing for departure, to finding ways to maintain connection with people and places when separated by distance. The skills and knowledge that participants developed through each of these stages were recorded in a series of collective documents that tell a different story about the resilience of Hongkongers during this period in history, and their eagerness to contribute to others experiencing similar predicaments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose – Successful implementation of Health Promoting Schools (HPS) depends on putting the model in the schools’ context for both health improvement and school improvement. HPS can only be effective if the change can be sustained over an extended duration. The purpose of this paper is to discuss development of the HPS process by University Research Centre in Hong Kong, resulting in an award scheme, where no additional resources were initially provided by the authorities. Design/methodology/approach – The team adopted a step-by-step approach starting with capacity building of key stakeholders and comprehensive needs assessment, leading to development of a system of evaluation and monitoring and establishment of a “Healthy School Award” system. The system was built on data derived from several different sources and made use of qualitative and quantitative information and were intended to be used to guide practice and actions for improvement. Findings – Schools measured their own performance against established school and student health profiles. The validated system of evaluation and monitoring led to a Healthy School Award scheme for participating schools with “accredited” and “award” designations. The award system evaluated six key HPS areas and identified exemplars of HPS as resource schools to form a strong network. Research limitations/implications – HPS can be regarded as new paradigm of schooling rather than an add-on programme. Practical implications – HPS can be regarded as new paradigm of schooling rather than an add-on programme. The advantage of an academic institution masterminding the development process lies with their strength in education and research, building on the professionalism of school educators in health promotion and developing evidence-based HPS practice. Originality/value – This paper discusses an approach for addressing the key factors associated with initiation of innovation and management of change in an education setting. The involvement of both higher education and an award scheme can act strong catalysts to drive change, resulting in a strong evidence base with and results demonstrating effectiveness, which then led to government support. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current understanding of financial decision-making among racial/ethnic minority young adults is limited: day-to-day financial decisions of racial/ethnic minorities are underexamined, younger racial/ethnic minorities receive limited attention, studies on racial/ethnic minorities are mainly conducted in Western societies, and research on financial literacy and decision-making is predominantly quantitative in nature. Against this backdrop, this study utilized a qualitative approach to examine a range of financial decision-making among ethnic minority young adults in Hong Kong, including personal budgeting, spending, financial planning, the use of financial products, debt management, and the detection of financial fraud. Individual interviews were conducted with 53 Pakistani, Indian, Nepalese, and Filipino participants aged 18 to 29 who employed various budgeting strategies and faced challenges. Their spending was modest, and they espoused various spending philosophies. Many saved approximately one-third of their income using saving tactics and setting financial goals, and investing in both Hong Kong and their home countries. Informal borrowing was common, though some sought alternative loans. One-third used credit cards, with accompanying occasional risks. Despite employing protective tactics, they still fell victim to scams. Factors facilitating their financial decision-making include family social capital, intrapersonal characteristics, social dynamics factors, command of knowledge, and facilitative contextual circumstances. This study addresses knowledge gaps by providing an in-depth understanding of financial decision-making among ethnic minority young adults in a non-Western context. It has significant implications for timely and tailored financial literacy education for minority societal members. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The EORTC QLU-C10D is a new preference-based measure derived from the EORTC QLQ-C30. Country-specific value sets are required to support the cost-utility analysis of cancer-related interventions. This study aimed to generate an EORTC QLU-C10 value set for Hong Kong (HK). Methods: A HK online panel was quota-sampled to achieve an adult general population sample representative by sex and age. Participants were invited to complete an online discrete choice experiment survey. Each participant was asked to complete 16 choice-pairs, randomly assigned from a total of 960 choice-pairs, each comprising two QLU-C10D health states and a duration attribute. Conditional and mixed logistic regression analyses were used to analyse the data. Results: The analysis included data from 1041 respondents who had successfully completed the online survey. The distribution of sex did not differ from that of the general population, but a significant difference was found among age groups. A weighting analysis for non-representative variable (age) was used. Utility decrements were generally monotonic, with the largest decrements for physical functioning (− 0.308), role functioning (− 0.165), and pain (− 0.161). The mean QLU-C10D utility score of the participants was 0.804 (median = 0.838, worst to best = − 0.169 to 1). The value of the worst health state was − 0.223, which was sufficiently lower than 0 (being dead). Conclusions: This study established HK utility weights for the QLU-C10D, which can facilitate cost-utility analyses across cancer-related health programmes and technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we apply the framework of relational work, or the work individuals invest in maintaining their relationships (Locher and Watts 2005), to the analysis of prenatal screening (PS) for Down Syndrome of Chinese clients in Hong Kong. PS has traditionally followed a nondirective principle that calls for an unbiased presentation of information and women's autonomous decision- making regarding testing. However, in Chinese contexts, healthcare providers appear extremely directive; and women, in turn, explicitly express their expectations of being led in decision-making (Zayts et al. 2013). These observations lend support to previous politeness studies of Chinese institutional contexts wherein hierarchical communication has been described as 'listening-centered, asymmetrical and differential' (Gao and Ting-Toomey 1998: 48). More recent politeness studies, however, warn against such stereotyping at a cultural level (Eelen 2001; Mills 2003, 2004; Watts 2003). In this paper, rather than using culture as an a priori explanatory variable to account for the directive stance of the healthcare providers, we argue that using the framework of relational work enables researchers to focus on how meaning is created and negotiated at the micro-level of an interaction, and to move away from 'grand generalizations' about culture specific behaviors and expectations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose – This paper aims to explore the applicability of construction partnering in Mainland China, and to provide useful suggestions and possible implications for decision-makers to adopt this collaborative approach to project procurement. Design/methodology/approach – Document analysis was first employed to identify the favourable conditions and potential difficulties in the application of partnering in Mainland China. A series of face-to-face semi-structured interviews targeting academic experts and industrial practitioners was undertaken to solicit their perceptions of the benefits and difficulties of implementing partnering in Mainland China, coupled with their overall assessment of the applicability of, and suggestions for, the implementation of partnering in the region. Findings – The results of document analysis indicated that the cultural roots of co-operation and mutual trust, together with the increasing need to improve the current state of project performance in Mainland China, underpin the application of partnering in the construction market, although its application and generalisation still encounter some significant difficulties. The perceived benefits, potential barriers and effective strategies for partnering application in Mainland China were determined from the interviewees. The interview results further supported the applicability of construction partnering and provided constructive and practical suggestions for possible implementation in the Mainland Chinese construction industry. The partnering approach is evaluated as being practicable and appropriate in this study for the construction industry in Mainland China. Research limitations/implications – Although it is essential to base the analysis of partnering applicability on a qualitative study, an empirical quantitative investigation of the benefits and difficulties of partnering application could further reinforce the quality of analysis. Future research could look into the project-based assessment of partnering application in terms of the perceived benefits and potential difficulties of, and success factors for, partnering implementation in Mainland China. Practical implications – Policy-makers aiming for the introduction of the partnering approach could be equipped with stronger confidence from favourable cultural environment and industrial needs. Restrictions to the application of partnering underlying in the current working culture could be mitigated when appropriate strategies are taken by the initiators of the partnering approach. Originality/value – Increased worldwide attention on construction partnering has shed light on the construction industry in Mainland China to achieve better value for money in project procurement and management. This paper provides valuable reference for decision-makers to consider the adoption of partnering based on the qualitative analysis of the applicability of partnering in the construction industry in Mainland China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

More than half the world's population lives in cities. In tropical and subtropical regions, the growth of mega and compact cities are on the rise. The urban climatic issues of heat, humidity, lack of daylight, solar access, and urban ventilation is of topical concern to urban planners and governments. This paper puts forward a notion that a well established view of the low impact of urban climate on planning may be due to the lack of planning on the part of urban climatologists. Overly detailed and precise meteorological information, and excessively sophisticated climatic explanations and knowledge presentation do not help planners; information overload makes planners feel discouraged and ill equipped. In this paper, the understanding of Hong Kong based on the scale of planned decision making is elaborated with examples. Urban climatic information must be presented sequentially to fit the hierarchal process of planning and land use decision making. For better transfer of knowledge and communication, 'prevailing' and 'criticality' should be observed; information overload must be avoided, and spatial information must be presented graphically whenever possible. Scholars have argued that instead of the need for precision and accuracy, most of the time planners need to make balanced and reasonable decisions. Simplicity is the key. Furthermore, the advent of rapid urbanisation in the age of climate change further endows urban climatologists the burden to develop appropriate and easy-to-understand urban climate knowledge for planners. Resolving something complicated into something simple for planners is the only way forward. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Liberal studies is a new subject in the new senior secondary curriculum in Hong Kong. This study attempted to identify factors that shape liberal studies student teachers' decisions in lesson planning. Based on interview data and lesson plans developed by the student teachers, this article maintains that four factors interacted with the subject features of liberal studies to shape the student teachers' planning decisions, namely, teacher knowledge, curriculum requirements, materials and resources, and interaction with equal and more capable partners. This paper further looks into how teacher knowledge expresses itself at different stages of lesson planning. The findings suggest that to facilitate enquiry learning in students, liberal studies teachers need to adopt an enquiry stance in lesson planning. This paper argues that the limitations of liberal studies student teachers' content knowledge need to be addressed in teacher preparation programmes and suggests teacher networking as one way to strengthen novice liberal studies teachers' content preparation. The implications for teacher education are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose - The purpose of the paper is to investigate the factors that affect the decision-making process of Hong Kong-based manufacturers when they select a third-party logistics (3PL) service provider and how 3PL service providers manage to retain customer loyalty in times of financial turbulence. Design/methodology/approach - The paper presents a survey-based study targeting Hong Kong-based manufacturers currently using 3PL companies. It investigates the relationship between the reasons for using 3PL services and the requirements for selecting a provider, and examines the relationship between customer satisfaction and loyalty. In addition, the relationships among various dimensions - in small to medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), large enterprises and companies - of contracts of various lengths are investigated. Findings - In general, the reasons for using 3PL services and the requirements for selecting 3PL service providers are positive-related. The dimension of "reputation" of satisfaction influences "primary customer loyalty" positively. Practical implications - Constructive suggestions are provided to help 3PL service providers allocate their limited resources to business areas that help them to meet the demands of their target customers, increase the number of customers, and improve customer loyalty. Originality/value - The paper is an attempt to help 3PL service providers find ways to survive in a climate of financial crisis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We develop a model of new product development which may inform decision-making on innovation and knowledge management in this paper. The new model combines extant theoretical framework and actual practice from a leading Food and Beverage chain in Hong Kong to illustrate how evidence-based management (EBM) can be practiced in new product development. Some salient features of the model include generating new ideas constantly, improving success rate of new ideas, and ensuring collaboration among internal functions. This paper showcases EBM by synthesizing theoretical knowledge and practical wisdom and bringing together academics and practitioners to better understand a new product development model that can be generalized to other companies and industries. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In infrastructure development through public-private partnerships (PPPs), governments worldwide often preset the concession period to a fixed length and then invite the private sector to bid on other aspects of the project. This practice has potential economic, financial, and social problems as shown in a case study of Hong Kong tunnel projects. To overcome these problems, this paper has proposed a win–win concession period determination methodology, in which PPPs are addressed as a principal-agent maximization problem. Both deterministic and simulation-based methods are provided to determine the concession period, with detailed step-by-step procedures. These methods take into consideration the financial characteristics of PPPs and the construction and operation requirements. In particular, the simulation-based approach combines the critical path method and Monte Carlo simulation technique in an effort to quantify construction and market risks for informed decision making. Furthermore, some issues related to the proposed methodology also have been discussed. These issues include (1) factors in determining a reasonable rate of return to the concessionaire’s equity investment; (2) advantages and disadvantages of rate of return regulation; (3) concession period as a tender evaluation criterion; (4) efficiency check of the concessionaire’s cost performance; (5) workable pricing mechanism; and (6) a practical approach to establishing statistical construction cost/duration distributions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper uses the quantitative decision-making technique, the analytical hierarchy process, to derive prioritized scales for (1) the constructability factors; and (2) the relative contribution of common construction systems in a building superstructure comprising structural frames, slabs, envelopes, roof, and internal walls toward constructability. The identified constructability factors show that to enhance constructability design requirements should be easily visualized and coordinated by site staff, while designs should allow economic use of contractors’ resources and enable contractors to develop and adopt alternative construction details. The precast method is rated as the most constructible construction method, indicating its better performance in facilitating efficient and safe construction in the busy urban environment in Hong Kong. However, the methodology adopted in this study should be of international interest, especially for those desirous of improving constructability of designs with different contextual backgrounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The proportion of hospital deaths has declined in the past few decades, while the proportions of nursing home deaths have increased. This trend of increasing deaths in long-term care facilities underlines the importance of improving end-of-life care provisions in these settings to meet individual preferences and needs. Under these circumstances, a comprehensive understanding of end-of-life care preferences in local nursing home residents can help healthcare professionals and policymakers develop strategies to increase the advance directive completion rate and quality of care. This study aimed to explore and compare advance directive and end-of-life care preferences of nursing home residents in Hong Kong and Taiwan. Methods: A structured questionnaire was developed by the research team to investigate advance directive and end-of-life care preferences in older Chinese nursing home residents. Nursing home residents with frail or pre-frail status and over the age of 64 were invited to participate in the study, and information on demographics, functional status, advance directive experiences, and end-of-life care expectations was collected through questionnaire interviews. Results: A total of 325 eligible participants from 32 facilities completed the survey, including 238 older residents in Hong Kong and 87 in Taiwan. A significantly lower proportion of the Hong Kong residents had completed an advance directive compared with the Taiwanese (3 vs. 13%, p = 0.001). Among participants who did not have an advance directive, 46% of the Taiwanese participants said they would consider completing one in the future, compared with 20% of the Hong Kong participants (p < 0.001). A total of 79% of the Hong Kong participants and 80% of the Taiwanese participants responded that prolonging life in the given hypothetical dying scenario was "not important" (p = 0.76). Only 14% of participants in Hong Kong and 18% of participants in Taiwan reported prior occurrence of end-of-life care discussions with family members or health professionals (p = 0.37). Conclusions: This paper adds evidence in support of improving end-of-life communication and the advance directive completion rate in nursing homes in Hong Kong and Taiwan. Further research is necessary to explore cross-cultural differences in end-of-life preferences and its applications in predicting decision-making and the quality of end-of-life care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The rapidly aging global population has increased the demand for caregivers. Many caregivers simultaneously engage in paid employment, and the dual role makes the needs of caregiver employees conceivably more remarkable. However, there is a gap in the literature about the specific needs of caregiver employees. Method: Caregiver employees (n = 1205) across Hong Kong caring for those ≥65 years were recruited for a cross-sectional face-to-face survey from December 2021 to January 2022, to evaluate mental well-being measured by the Short Warwick –Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale. Univariate and multivariate analyses were conducted; significant variables (p < 0.05) were included in multiple linear regression, along with caregiver-friendly workplace policies' availability, to understand their association with their mental well-being. Findings: The mean score of the Short Warwick–Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale among caregiver employees in this study was 24.9, with 7.2% indicative of probable clinical depression and 10.0% possible mild depression. In addition, the current study showed that 30.2% of the caregiver employees felt distressed about the caregiving role. Among external factors, family support (measured by the Lubben Social Network Scale) and workplace culture (measured by the Marshall Supervision Subscale) positively correlated with mental well-being with regression coefficients of 0.252 (p < 0.001) and 0.482 (p < 0.001), respectively. In the fully adjusted model, a negative regression coefficient was observed for overall spillover (−0.050, p < 0.001) and Short Warwick–Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale scores, while positive regression coefficients were observed for overall self-rate (0.041, p < 0.001), Lubben (0.124, p < 0.001), and corporate culture (0.365, p < 0.001). Better Short Warwick–Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale scores were observed when caregiver-friendly workplace policies were clearly stated than when they were made on a case-by-case discretionary basis. Conclusions: Caregiver-friendly workplace policies may be critical to Hong Kong's sustainable future, both economically and socially, as they ensure a healthy and productive workforce to support an aging population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we examine one type of intraprofessional collaborative activity, namely case conferences in a specialist genetics clinic. Our specific focus is on how clinical geneticists manage decision-making through team talk in the event of diagnostic uncertainty which is mainly attributable to limitations in the current state of genomic knowledge, 'uncertain significances' associated with genetic test results, and a lack of information/ evidence pertaining to cases under discussion. The case conference then becomes a means to minimise the uncertainty and arrive at decisions that optimise the significance of the results in terms of clients' life trajectories. Adopting theme-oriented activity analysis, we examine video-recorded data from five case conferences in Hong Kong. Beginning with a prototypical structural mapping of the case conference activity type, our analysis focuses on what we call 'uncertain cases'. Our findings highlight three discourse types constitutive of team talk: pedagogic talk, diagnostic talk and decisional talk. In paying particular attention to how uncertainty is formulated and negotiated, we suggest that access to and assessment of different kinds of evidence as well as the activity-specific expert role-positions of the participants are crucial with regard to establishing a correct diagnosis and/or striving towards a minimisation of current uncertainties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hong Kong's adherence to the rule of law has been widely understood as one of its "core values." As such, it has been understood as an institution necessary for good governance and a check against the abuse of governmental power as well as a feature that differentiates Hong Kong's system of governance from other parts of China. At the same time, intervening issues of immigration and of constitutional interpretation have begun to challenge this perception. This paper argues that a recent landmark decision involving the right to permanent residence has served to weaken the rule of law in Hong Kong. It has further high lighted a lack of comm itment by the judiciary to either human rights claims or equal treatment under the law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Decision aids have been shown to be effective in assisting the decision-making process in healthcare settings. This study aimed to examine the feasibility and acceptability of a linguistically appropriate printed decision aid for cervical cancer screening in South Asian women and to preliminarily estimate its effects on decisional conflicts, clarity of values, risk perception, the screening decision and screening uptake. Methods: This was a pilot randomised controlled trial. Forty-eight South Asian women aged 25 to 64 years were recruited and allocated to either the intervention group or control group. The participants in the intervention group read a linguistically appropriate printed decision aid. Results: All of the participants in the intervention group agreed that the decision aid was useful in aiding their decision-making. These participants showed significantly greater improvement in decisional conflicts, clarity of values and risk perceptions than those in the control group (all p < 0.05). The screening uptake rate was significantly higher in the intervention group than in the control group (p < 0.001). Conclusions: The decision aid was feasible and acceptable among South Asian women, and it resulted in reduced decisional conflict and increased screening uptake compared with usual care. To improve the convenience of using decision aids, they could be developed in various forms, such as printed and mobile application forms, to meet individual requirements. Trial Registration: The trial was registered at the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry on 23 October 2021 (ChiCTR2100052225). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hiring foreign domestic helpers has been seen as a policy to release females from household responsibilities so they can join the labor market. Surprisingly, few studies explore the relative importance of needs to taking care children and elderly. Employing the 2016 Hong Kong census, we found that the number of elderly persons and the number of young children in the household are positively associated with the decision to hire foreign domestic helpers. Our analysis also demonstrates that members are more likely to choose to work and outsource the care of young children to foreign domestic helpers. However, the findings show that households are more likely to take care of elderly without helpers even when household members are employed. Household members may co-ordinate and allocate time to take care of their elderly instead of outsourcing the care to a foreign domestic helper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: With the expansion of the world''s population, apartment buildings have become popular, especially in metropolitan areas all over the world. Although apartment buildings could economize on the use of land, they may generate collective action problems among owners in the building management process, resulting in a “tragedy of the commons” in the urban environment. However, in the literature, there has been a lack of research that has investigated collective action problems in building management. In order to fill the gap, this study surveys collective action in apartment building management and proposes to utilize the institutional analysis and development (IAD) framework to analyze their problems. Making references to the literature on collective action and drawing from studies of common-pool resource management in particular, this paper classifies collective management actions into four categories, namely: 1) rules design, 2) rules enforcement, 3) maintenance decision making, and 4) performance monitoring. It further illustrates the application of the IAD model by empirically investigating a specific collective action—the appointment of a property management company (PMC). By using the logistic regression model for 2989 single block residential apartment buildings in 18 districts in Hong Kong, this paper will show that building condition, building location, the number of owners, and the presence of an owners'' organization each have a different impact on a property''s likelihood of appointing a PMC. The results of this paper should shed light on both collective action theory and building management. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

ABSTRACT This paper argues against the continued practice of Confucian familism, even in its moderate form, in East Asian hospitals. According to moderate familism, a physician acting in concert with the patient's family may withhold diagnostic information from the patient, and may give it to the patient's family members without her prior approval. There are two main approaches to defend moderate familism: one argues that it can uphold patient's autonomy and protect her best interests; the other appeals to cultural relativism by construing the principle of 'family autonomy' to be incommensurable with that of individual autonomy. We respond to the first approach by explaining how the familist arguments either depend on some unreasonable assumptions or simply fail to articulate. The critique of the second approach is based on our recent survey showing that there is no dichotomy of relevant values between the East and the West: we believe that the result can effectively block the familist's reliance on certain traditional or cultural values to explain their resistance to the incorporation of pluralist values. Despite our disagreement with familism, we consider the Eastern emphasis on the family to be conducive to the communication between patient, family members and medical personnel, which is indispensible to the patient's well being and autonomy. We conclude that respect for patient autonomy is perfectly consistent with the involvement of the family in making medical decision as long as the family plays a merely consultant role. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: research in care home settings is often negatively focused, portraying life as sterile and devoid of meaningful experiences. Care homes have the potential to influence people's lives socially, physically and psychologically. It is important to understand what factors contribute to this.Objective: to conduct a systematic qualitative review of care home life and provide practical recommendations to enhance residents' quality of life.Methods: the following databases were searched: PsycINFO, Medline, Web of Science, EMBASE, Allied and Complementary Medicine Database and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature. References from appropriate journals and individual articles were checked. Papers that fitted our selection criteria were selected. Two independent reviewers assessed methodological study quality. Thematic analysis and meta-ethnographic methods were adapted to synthesise findings.Results: thirty-one studies were identified. People in care homes voiced concerns about lack of autonomy and difficulty in forming appropriate relationships with others. Four key themes were identified: (i) acceptance and adaptation, (ii) connectedness with others, (iii) a homelike environment, (iv) caring practices.Conclusion: positive experiences in care homes can occur and are important for residents' quality of life. The review supports literature highlighting the need for relationship-centred approaches to care and emphasises the importance of understanding the resident's attitude towards living in care homes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Since the last two decades, public participation has become a worldwide issue as the bottom-up approach has spread across the field of heritage conservation and city planning. This paper aims to examine the problematic issues in public participation in built-heritage conservation. The paper begins by highlighting the importance of public participation in built-heritage conservation and provides an understanding of the role of public participation in decision-makings in other countries; then, it examines a theoretical framework by which to understand the extent of public participation. Two controversial cases in Hong Kong illustrate the major problem issues in public participation in built-heritage conservation. This study found that the issues include different preferences regarding what is worthy of conservation; the lack of an effective public participation mechanism and integrated heritage conservation approach in the decision-making process; the different and conflicting interests of various stakeholders; power disparity; propaganda and mobilisation of interest groups; and the lack of knowledge on heritage conservation. According to the issues identified in the case studies, corresponding policy implications and recommendations to enhance public participation are made. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Purpose - Focus of previous research into family purchasing decisions has centred on the husband and wife. Children's influences on family decision making have increased in recent decades. The purpose of this paper is to investigate children's influences on Chinese family decision making in Hong Kong. Design/methodology/approach - The study is based on a survey of 366 family members in Hong Kong. Findings - Children are found to have more influence in the choice-making stage of decision making and parents still control the final decision, which is consistent with previous research findings. Practical implications - Parents and their children usually engage jointly in family decision making. Marketers should address the needs of both parties and work to help to resolve any conflict that may arise. Originality/value - The study is framed within resources theory to examine children's influence in two decision stages of family decision making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports two cases in Hong Kong involving two native Chinese adolescent cancer patients (APs) who were denied their rights to consent to necessary treatments refused by their parents, resulting in serious harm. We argue that the dynamics of the ‘AP-physician-family-relationship’ and the dominant role Chinese families play in medical decision-making (MDM) are best understood in terms of the tendency to hierarchy and parental authoritarianism in traditional Confucianism. This ethic has been confirmed and endorsed by various Chinese writers from Mainland China and Hong Kong. Rather than giving an unqualified endorsement to this ethic, based more on cultural sentimentalism than rational moral reasoning, we warn that a strong familism in MDM, which deprives ‘weak’ family members of rights, represents the less desirable elements of this tradition, against which healthcare professionals working in this cultural milieu need to safeguard. Specifically for APs, we suggest that parental authority and family integrity should be re-interpreted in terms of parental responsibility and the enhancement of children's interests respectively, as done in the West. This implies that when parents refuse to consent to necessary treatment and deny their adolescent children's right to consent, doctors, as the only remaining advocates of the APs' interest, have the duty to inform the state, which can override parental refusal to enable the doctors to fulfill their professional and moral obligations. In so doing the state exercises its ‘parens patriae’ power to defend the defenseless in society and the integrity of the medical profession. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the mandated reporting of key performance indicators by public agencies to public accountability authorities in Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Singapore. The author suggests that the existence of these indicators in public agencies' annual reports and budget papers does not necessarily lead to their effective use for decision making. The actual utilization of these indicators for making decisions should be described as careful and cautious. They are still affective because they give symbolic benefits to the government.

In this paper, reasonable paths in transit networks are defined as possible paths that satisfy the acceptable time criterion and transfer-walk criterion. A recursive algorithm for finding all of the reasonable paths in a transit network that does not involve a rapid increase in program run-time with network size is presented. Realistic transit networks in Hong Kong and Guangzhou were selected as case studies of the different phases of the development of a trip planning system. Transport planning practitioners and potential users were invited to test the system to evaluate its performance. The results of the prototype evaluation were satisfactory, and the viability of the system as a useful tool for supporting decision-making has been confirmed by the positive feedback that was obtained from survey questionnaires. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to present a hierarchy decision model for assessing the priority of safety management elements in manufacturing enterprises with reference to three major industries (i.e. textile and clothing, electronics, and printing and publishing) in Hong Kong. The identification of core decision criteria and safety management elements were addressed with respect to the effective implementation of safety management systems (SMS) in manufacturing enterprises. Design/methodology/approach- Empirical data were acquired via a conduct of personal interviews with evaluators (i.e. safety personnel, experts and professionals) in industry. Using the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) methodology, a list of seven decision criteria and 13 safety management elements were identified and their relative importance were evaluated. Findings - It was found that the top three criteria for SMS implementation were ‘client requirement’ ‘insurance company requirement’ and ‘employee requirement’. Both ‘safety organisation’ and ‘safety policy’ were the most important safe management elements. Besides, evaluators put greater concerns on ‘safe person’ elements than ‘safe place’ elements. Incorporating the AHP findings, a self-regulatory approach to implementing safety management elements was proposed. Research limitations/implications - The hierarchy decision model would enable manufacturing enterprises to focus their resources on the critical elements at a time, to improve the effectiveness of SMS implementation. Future study could validate the applicability of the model and the self-regulatory approach in large enterprises and small to medium-sized enterprises, separately and collectively. Practical implications - Using the AHP methodology, safety personnel could evaluate the relative importance of decision criteria and safety management elements with respect to the corporate goals, resources and constraints of their respective organisations. Originality/value- The hierarchy decision model presented would enable manufacturing enterprises to determine the relative importance of decision criteria and safety management elements and to establish viable strategies for SMS implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose ? To examine how the allocation of property rights in multiple-ownership buildings in Hong Kong creates an environment in which the optimization of asset value may be difficult to achieve and in this situation how owners chose to overcome the associated problems of collective action decision making to resolve issues of building management. Design/methodology/approach ? An institutional approach, drawn from the literature on common property and collective action, is used to examine the management of multiple-ownership property. The paper uses a hedonic pricing model to empirically test whether, in such circumstances, management is reflected in property price and which mode of governance owners prefer as a mechanism for resolving problems of collective action. Findings ? The institutional arrangements for co-ownership and use of multiple-ownership property assets in Hong Kong have resulted in an ?anticommons? environment, in which individual owners are in a position to veto action in relation to the property. In the absence of mandatory management the study indicates property prices are increased in those cases where owners have chosen to resolve the difficulties of collective decision making by forming incorporate owners'' groups and employing professional management services. Research limitations/implications ? The outcome of the empirical work is the result of an initial study carried out in one district in Hong Kong and may not be generalised. In the future, the approach will be extended to other areas. Practical implications ? In the absence of a regulatory environment which ensures the management of multiple-ownership property assets, owners may be better advised to formalise arrangements through the formation of incorporate owners'' groups and appointment of professional property management agents. Originality/value ? The paper assesses the implications of an anticommons environment for the management of multiple-ownership property in Hong Kong. Examines arrangements for collective decision making and demonstrates influence of management on property price. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

University students represent an emerging market for the travel industry. This paper reports the findings of a study on the travel behavior and travel patterns of Hong Kong university students. Using a questionnaire, a survey was conducted to identify student travel motives, their travel planning process and travel preferences. A total of 264 university students in Hong Kong were interviewed and data analyzed. The results indicate that to “Experience new and different styles”, “Take it easy and relax”, “Go to places I haven't been before” and “Outstanding scenery” were perceived as important motives in students' travel decision-making. Four factors with 24 attributes were identified. These factors were “Social relationships”, “Obtain new experience”, “Relax and enjoy” and “Cost of travel”. Based on the findings of the study, it was suggested that modifications to the existing tourism products and services and new product development were necessary in order to meet the demand of this emerging market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose - To investigate web-shopping behaviour in Hong Kong: identification of the general attitude towards web-shopping; relationships between past web-shopping experience, attitude towards web-shopping, adoption decisions, search behaviour and web-shopping intentions; and influences of promotional offers and product categories on web-shopping intentions. Design/methodology/approach - Relevant hypotheses were constructed and a web-based questionnaire survey was than conducted using technically educated subjects. The proposed hypotheses were statistically tested and principal components analysis and structural equations were used to produce a structural model. Findings - Web-shopping intentions are directly affected by web-search behaviour and web-shopping adoption decisions, and are indirectly affected by web-shopping attitudes, past web-shopping experiences and past experience with the web. Web-search behaviour was a stronger factor than adoption decision in terms of influencing web-shopping intentions. The presence of promotional offers had a positive effect on web-shopping intentions, and web-shopping intentions were different for different product categories. Research limitations/implications - The sample employed was composed of technically educated undergraduates and graduates and thus limiting generalizations to a higher levels. Practical implications - Experienced internet users and experienced web-shoppers are more likely to be potential future web-shoppers. Those who have a general dislike for shopping and who tend to buy in a great haste when the purchase becomes absolutely necessary may eventually be another group to become web-shoppers. Originality/value - The primary value of this paper lies in extending the understanding of Hong Kong web-shopper behaviour, and in developing an empirical model that can partly explain the processes leading to web-shopping intentions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the challenges of attracting day-trip transit passengers in Asian hub airports. The rapid expansion of Asian hub airports in the past six years should produce opportunities for destinations to benefit from short-stay visits by transit and transfer passengers, using the hub for convenient connections. However, little short-haul transit tourism seems to occur. The authors propose that two reasons may account for this lack of demand: lack of opportunity or lack of desire. This study examines transit/transfer passengers from Chinese Taipei that pass through Hong Kong's International Airport. The study concludes that interest in transit tourism is high, but a lack of opportunity precludes higher participation rates. Intervention at the travel purchase decision-making point may enhance transit tourism opportunities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

kong s.k.f. & lee d.t.f. (2004) Journal of Advanced Nursing 46(4), 369–379 Factors influencing decision to breastfeed The low prevalence and short duration of breastfeeding in international studies have highlighted the need for more investigations into the problems. International studies have identified certain factors that affect breastfeeding intentions. Due to insufficient published studies on the local breastfeeding situation, this study specifically investigated factors influencing the breastfeeding decision among primipara women in Hong Kong. The aim of this paper is to report a study investigating the personal, social, cultural, facilities and environmental and other factors contributing to women's decisions to breastfeed, and to exploring first-time mothers’ knowledge of breastfeeding and its influence on their breastfeeding intentions. Three private and 10 public hospitals in Hong Kong participated in the study. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected through questionnaires and subsequently by in-depth interviews with 230 first-time mothers 24–48 hours after delivery. The results indicated that personal, cultural, social, and environmental factors are common influencing factors in the decision to breastfeed. Mother's knowledge and attitudes, followed by husband's support, were identified as important in influencing infant feeding choice. Expected local cultural differences were also identified. Acknowledgement of the influencing factors could lead to appropriate management of the promotion of breastfeeding. Further research into husband's role, recognition and support for infant feeding and the issue of ‘inadequate breast milk’ is necessary for a successful breastfeeding campaign. Some other interesting findings typical of the local culture, such as family communication and living environment relating to breastfeeding, are also discussed. The study has identified the influencing factors that affect women's decision to breastfeed. Recommendations are made for health care professionals and the community to create a more baby-friendly atmosphere and environment for the promotion of breastfeeding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Preventive maintenance (PM) has long been recognized as a method to increase equipment reliability and availability. However, for equipment in complex plant installations like toll road/tunnel systems, to carry out PM on all components may not be feasible, or, may end up with excessive maintenance costs. This paper describes how a risk-based maintenance management model was formulated to systematically prioritize PM activities. The model was based on the five core elements of the risk management process (RMP): identification, measurement, assessment, valuation, and control and monitoring. This model was applied to a toll road/tunnel company in Hong Kong to enhance the PM operations of its lighting system. The improvements recommended in this case study show that the application of RMP in preventive maintenance could effectively identify and assess potential risks for equipment and facilities. The RMP results provide quantified information for decision-makers to select the best course of actions for implementing a more cost-effective risk-based PM system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]