Search

Background: The dietary inflammatory index (DII) serves as a tool to assess the inflammatory impact of an individual's diet. This study aimed to investigate the association between DII and some cardio-metabolic risk indices among patients with T2DM. Methods: Data from the Hoveyzeh Cohort Study, encompassing 2045 adults with T2DM, were analyzed. DII scores were calculated based on food frequency questionnaires. Anthropometric measurements and biochemical tests were performed to assess cardio-metabolic risk factors. Results: Higher DII scores were positively associated with elevated triglyceride levels, triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index, lipid accumulation product (LAP), anthropometric indices including a body shape index (ABSI), body roundness index (BRI), body mass index (BMI), hip, waist circumferences (WC), and waist-to-height ratio (all Ptrend < 0.05). Notably, no significant association was observed between DII and fasting blood sugar (FBS) levels (Ptrend > 0.05). Additionally, dietary intake analysis revealed a negative correlation between DII scores and intake of fiber, fruits, vegetables, legumes, fish, seafood, dairy products, magnesium, and vitamins A, C, D, and E (all Ptrend < 0.05). Conversely, higher DII scores were associated with increased consumption of red meat, processed meat, refined cereals, potatoes, and soft drinks (all Ptrend < 0.05). Conclusion: This study underscores the critical link between dietary inflammation, assessed by the DII score, and a multitude of cardio-metabolic risk factors in patients with T2DM. Notably, while the study did not find a significant association between DII and fasting blood sugar levels, it identified robust associations with novel anthropometric and biochemical indices indicative of cardio-metabolic risk. These findings highlight the potential of dietary interventions as a cornerstone strategy for managing T2DM and mitigating its associated complications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Statin treatment compliance and achieving target levels differ between populations. This study aimed to determine the status of achieving the lipid targets and evaluate patients' compliance to statin treatment in type 2 diabetic patients with dyslipidemia. Method: This cross-sectional study included type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients with dyslipidemia who applied for treatment at our polyclinics. Statin compliance was evaluated using the Modified Morisky Adherence Scale (MMAS-8) through a face-to-face interview. Cardiovascular (CV) risk was calculated according to the 2019 ESC (European Society of Cardiology) criteria by evaluating the patients' individual risk factors. LDL targets were determined according to risk categories with the same criteria. Results: A total of 504 patients (F/M: 274/230) were included. The serum LDL levels were 102.6 ± 39.2 mg/dL. Of the patients, 56.1% were under statin treatment. CV risk was very high in 73.6% of patients. LDL levels were significantly lower in users than in non-users (91.2 ± 26.0, 117.3 ± 38.4, p < 0.0001). The rate of reaching the LDL target was 14.8% in statin users. Treatment compliance was low for 40.6% of statin users. Discontinuation of statin treatment due to side effects was 15.7% (n = 14). N = 49 patients willingly discontinued statin treatment. They reported that 40.8% considered the treatment unnecessary. Conclusion: It was observed that 56.1% of type 2 diabetic patients were on statin therapy. A small percentage of them 14.8% (n = 42) reached the LDL target. Statin non-compliance and a lack of awareness of the statin treatment are the main reasons for high LDL levels in type 2 diabetic patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: A chronic autoimmune disease with an increasing incidence rate, type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is typified by the degeneration of the pancreatic beta cells. Diabetes management is significantly impacted by nutrition. Although it has been demonstrated that following the Mediterranean diet (MD) improves metabolic control with type 2 diabetes in children and adults, its effects on children with T1DM have not received much attention. Objective: Therefore, the purpose of this study was to assess whether adherence to Mediterranean diet is associated with better metabolic control and body composition in youths with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus. The study recruited T1DM patients aged 6-18 years at İstanbul University Cerrahpaşa Medical Faculty Hospital's Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes Outpatient Clinic for follow-up. Methods: In addition to demographic variables, some anthropometric measurements, body composition and biochemical parameters such as: Trygliceride(TG), Total cholesterol (TC), High density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), Low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), (Aspartate aminotransferase) AST, Alanine transaminase (ALT) and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) was analyzed. The time in range (TIR) is a value obtained from continuous glucose monitoring. KIDMED was used to assess the participants' adherence with the MD. Results: Good adherence to the MD resulted in much larger height SDS than poor adherence. Poor adherence to MD resulted in higher body fat than moderate and good adherence. There is positivite correlation between TIR and KIDMED score. Adherence to MD is negatively associated with HbA1c. The regression anaylsis showed that a one-point rise in the KIDMED score would result in a 0.314-unit reduction in the HbA1c value (p < 0.01). Conclusions: In conclusion, this study found that adhering to MD led to improved anthropometric measurements, biochemistry, and diabetes outcomes. Awareness among children, adolescents with T1DM, and their parents about the benefits of MD compliance for glycemic and metabolic control should be raised. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Increasing fruit and vegetable (FV) consumption is associated with reduced cardiovascular disease risk in observational studies but with little evidence from randomised controlled trials (RCTs). The impact of concurrent pharmacological therapy is unknown. Objective To pool data from six RCTs to examine the effect of increasing FV intake on blood pressure (BP) and lipid profile, also exploring whether effects differed by medication use. Design Across trials, dietary intake was assessed by diet diaries or histories, lipids by routine biochemical methods and BP by automated monitors. Linear regression provided an estimate of the change in lipid profile or BP associated with a one portion increase in self-reported daily FV intake, with interaction terms fitted for medication use. Results The pooled sample included a total of 554 participants (308 males and 246 females). Meta-analysis of regression coefficients revealed no significant change in either systolic or diastolic BP per portion FV increase, although there was significant heterogeneity across trials for systolic BP (I 2 = 73%). Neither adjusting for change in body mass index, nor analysis according to use of anti-hypertensive medication altered the relationship. There was no significant change in lipid profile per portion FV increase, although there was a significant reduction in total cholesterol among those not on lipid-lowering therapy (P  < 0.05 after Bonferroni correction). Conclusion Pooled analysis of six individual FV trials showed no impact of increasing intake on BP or lipids, but there was a total cholesterol-lowering effect in those not on lipid-lowering therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Exposure to obesogenic chemicals has been reported to result in enhanced adipogenesis, higher adipose tissue accumulation, and reduced ovarian hormonal synthesis and follicular function. We have reported that organotins [tributyltin (TBT) and triphenyltin (TPT)] dysregulate cholesterol trafficking in ovarian theca cells, but, whether organotins also exert lipogenic effects on ovarian cells remains unexplored. OBJECTIVE: We investigated if environmentally relevant exposures to organotins [TBT, TPT, or dibutyltin (DBT)] induce lipid dysregulation in ovarian theca cells and the role of the liver X receptor (LXR) in this effect. We also tested the effect of TBT on oocyte maturation and neutral lipid accumulation, and lipid-related transcript expression in cumulus cells and preimplantation embryos. METHODS: Primary theca cell cultures derived from human and ovine ovaries were exposed to TBT, TPT, or DBT (1, 10, or 50 ng/ml). The effect of these chemical exposures on neutral lipid accumulation, lipid abundance and composition, lipid homeostasis-related gene expression, and cytokine secretion was evaluated using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC-MS), inhibitor-based methods, cytokine secretion, and lipid ontology analyses. We also exposed murine cumulus-oocyte complexes to TBT and evaluated oocyte maturation, embryo development, and lipid homeostasis-related mRNA expression in cumulus cells and blastocysts. RESULTS: Exposure to TBT resulted in higher intracellular neutral lipids in human and ovine primary theca cells. In ovine theca cells, this effect was dose-dependent, independent of cell stage, and partially mediated by LXR. DBT and TPT resulted in higher intracellular neutral lipids but to a lesser extent in comparison with TBT. More than 140 lipids and 9 cytokines were dysregulated in TBT-exposed human theca cells. Expression of genes involved in lipogenesis and fatty acid synthesis were higher in theca cells, as well as in cumulus cells and blastocysts exposed to TBT. However, TBT did not impact the rates of oocyte maturation or blastocyst development. DISCUSSION: TBT induced dyslipidemia in primary human and ovine theca cells, which may be responsible for some of the TBT-induced fertility dysregulations reported in rodent models of TBT exposure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Longer-term intake of fatty acid (FA)-modified dairy products (SFA-reduced, MUFA-enriched) was reported to attenuate postprandial endothelial function in humans, relative to conventional (control) dairy. Thus, we performed an in vitro study in human aortic endothelial cells (HAEC) to investigate mechanisms underlying the effects observed in vivo. Methods: This sub-study was conducted within the framework of the RESET study, a 12-week randomised controlled crossover trial with FA-modified and control dairy diets. HAEC were incubated for 24 h with post-intervention plasma samples from eleven adults (age: 57.5 ± 6.0 years; BMI: 25.7 ± 2.7 kg/m2) at moderate cardiovascular disease risk following representative sequential mixed meals. Markers of endothelial function and lipid regulation were assessed. Results: Relative to control, HAEC incubation with plasma following the FA-modified treatment increased postprandial NOx production (P-interaction = 0.019), yet up-regulated relative E-selectin mRNA gene expression (P-interaction = 0.011). There was no impact on other genes measured. Conclusion: Incubation of HAEC with human plasma collected after longer-term dairy fat manipulation had a beneficial impact on postprandial NOx production. Further ex vivo research is needed to understand the impact of partial replacement of SFA with unsaturated fatty acids in dairy foods on pathways involved in endothelial function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to investigate erectile dysfunction and associated factors in diabetic patients. Three hundred two patients aged 30–69 and diagnosed with type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (DM) at the internal diseases clinic of a Turkish hospital between January and July 2023 were included in this descriptive, cross-sectional study. The patients' anthropometric and demographic characteristics, blood lipid and glucose levels, and blood testosterone values were examined. All patients completed the shortened version of the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF-5) questionnaire. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression analysis were applied. The incidence of erectile dysfunction in the patients with type 2 DM was 54.3%. The patients' mean age was 48.89 ± 7.87 years. The majority were obese (53.0%) and had comorbidities (66.2%). Duration of diabetes was longer among the patients with erectile dysfunction than in those without (mean duration of DM 84.86 ± 42.49 years and 71.05 ± 25.58 years, respectively, p: 0.001). No diabetes-related complications were observed in 67.2% of the patients, while glycemic control was weak in 44.4% (HbA1c < 7%). Increased body mass index (p = 0.009), lack of physical activity, HbA1C elevation, and low testosterone levels (p < 0.001) emerged as independent indicators of erectile dysfunction (p < 0.05). Erectile dysfunction is very prevalent in diabetic men. The Condition is also increasingly significant as an early clinical indicator for patients with cardiovascular disease. Erectile dysfunction evaluation and management should constitute a standard component in addition to routine laboratory investigation in internal diseases clinics. Clinicians should screen patients with longer durations of diabetes more frequently and refer them for treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disease often associated with hyperlipidemia. High low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLc), high triglyceride, and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLc) form the atherogenic lipoprotein profile. In this study, we examined how exenatide, a glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) analog, affects lipid profile and atherogenic indices in patients with diabetes. Methods: 100 patients diagnosed with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) participated in this retrospective study. Clinical and laboratory data of the patients were obtained before exenatide treatment and at the 12th week. From the lipid profile, Atherogenicity Plasma Index (AIP), Castelli Risk Index I (CRI-I), Castelli Risk Index II (CRI-II), Atherogenic Coefficient (AC), triglyceride (TG)/HDLc, TG- Glucose index (TyG) and TyG-Body Mass Index (BMI) data were calculated. Results: There was a significant improvement in body weight (BW), BMI, fasting plasma glucose (FPG), glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), and conventional lipid profile after exenatide treatment. Statistically, significant decreases were observed in atherogenicity indices TyG index, TyG-BMI index, CRI-I, CRI-II, AIP, and AC indices (p < 0.05). This improvement in TG/HDLc, TyG index, CRI-I, CRI-II, AIP and AC indices was independent of HbA1c and BMI. Especially in patients with BMI ≥ 40 kg/m2, TyG-BMI index (p:0.01), a statistically significant decrease was observed in TyG index, TyG-BMI index, CRI-I, and AIP values in patients with HbA1c ≥8% (p:0.001, p:0.016, p:0.047, p:0.008). Conclusion: In addition to its commonly known effects such as lowering FPG levels and weight loss, exenatide has been observed to have a positive effect on traditional lipid profiles and atherogenicity-related indices. In addition to its antidiabetic effect, it should be considered in diabetic patients in treatment options for atherosclerotic cardiovascular prevention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Design: Premature graying of hair (PGH) is a clinical entity with multiple ramifications such as low self- esteem, inferiority complex and may interfere with an individual's social interaction capabilities and adversely affect the individual's psychosocial health. This study aimed to investigate the biochemical factors and knowledge, attitude, and practice in patients with PGH. Materials and Methods: A case control study including 75 cases and equal number of age and sex matched controls was conducted in a tertiary care hospital. Various epidemiological variables and biochemical parameters (vitamin B12, vitamin D, calcium, iron profile, lipid profile, thyroid hormones) were ascertained and compared between the cases and controls. The severity of graying was assessed using the Graying Severity Score, and a knowledge, attitude, and practice study was conducted by administering a pre-validated questionnaire to assess the impact on the quality of life of these affected individuals. Results: Significant differences between cases and controls in the serum levels of biochemical parameters, namely Vitamin B12 (p=0.001), vitamin D (p=0.004), serum iron (p<0.001), ferritin (p<0.001) and total iron binding capacity, i.e TIBC (p=0.037) and thyroid hormones T4 (p=0.002) and thyroid stimulating hormone (p=0.041) was found. No correlation between PGH and serum calcium and lipid profile was derived. Also, a statistically significant difference was noted in the appetite pattern of cases and controls (p=0.003). Stress, smoking, altered sleep pattern and bowel habits were also more prevalent in cases as compared to controls. It was also noted that most study cases belonged to the lower middle class of the modified Kuppuswamy scale. The Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices (KAP) study, which was extremely comprehensive and detailed in nature, showed that PGH significantly affects these patients' quality of life. Conclusion: The study reveals a strong association between PGH and deficiency of vitamin D, abnormal levels of vitamin B12, hypothyroidism and deranged iron profile, and altered appetite patterns. Along with this, the prevalence of stress, smoking, altered sleep patterns and bowel habits was also higher in PGH cases. Hence, all these parameters should be analysed in such patients. KAP analysis was a unique approach to studying common conceptions and practices in PGH cases and its' psychological impact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Visceral adipose tissue accumulation is strongly linked with numerous chronic diseases; however, the accessibility for visceral adipose tissue measurement is limited. This study employed a cross-sectional design to determine the optimal strongest predictor of high visceral adipose tissue in each sex and identified the optimal cutoff value thereof. Purposive sampling was used to recruit 94 men and 326 women aged ≥40 years in southern Taiwan. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was used to explore the optimal predictor of high visceral adipose tissue (defined as ≥135 cm² for men and ≥100 cm² for women) in each sex. The waist-to-hip ratio was the strongest predictor for men, with a cutoff value of 0.96 yielding the maximum sensitivity (94.29%) and specificity (93.22%). By contrast, body mass index was the strongest predictor for women, with a cutoff value of 25.45 kg/m² yielding the maximum sensitivity (87.18%) and specificity (87.55%). The results may serve as a reference for health policy-makers in screening for high visceral adipose tissue to identify individuals at high risk of developing chronic diseases for health promotion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Since 2010, an increasing number of patients have participated in a nurse-led integrated cardiovascular risk management programme in the Netherlands. Because it is important to understand which patients discontinue and why, when evaluating the effectiveness of the care programme, the aim was to identify the reasons for discontinuation. Methods: Electronic health records of 3997 patients enrolled in a nurse-led integrated cardiovascular risk management programme that started on April 1st, 2010, were manually scrutinized for reasons for discontinuation between April 1st, 2010, and April 1st, 2018. In addition to death and moving to a diabetes care programme, we describe 7 different reasons why patients discontinued the programme and compared the patient characteristics of those who discontinued the programme without specific reasons with those who remained in the care programme for 8 years. Results: Between April 1st, 2010, and April 1st, 2018, 1,190 participants (29.8%) discontinued the CVRM care programme, of whom 271 participants died (6.8%) and 195 were transferred to a diabetes care programme (4.9%). The remaining 724 patients (18.1%) participated 5 years before discontinuation. Of these, 67 (9.3%) had a previous cardiovascular event at the start of the programme. In 355 patients, a specific reason for discontinuation was not found. At baseline, these patients less frequently had a history of CVD than those who continued the programme for 8 years (1.7 vs. 22.6%), were younger (62 vs. 67 years), had less registered cardiovascular comorbidity (atrial fibrillation: 1.1 vs. 7.2%; congestive heart failure 0.3 vs. 1.2%; chronic kidney disease 0.0 vs. 4.5%), were more often smokers (13.0% vs. 4.3%) and took blood pressure- and lipid-lowering drugs twice as often. Conclusions: In our study we observed that participants who discontinued the nurse-led integrated CVRM care programme between 2010 and 2018 without specific reason or on request were younger, without previous CVD, had less cardiovascular comorbidity and were better adjusted to medication. Exploring the patients' reasons for discontinuation can contribute to an individualized approach to prevent or reduce discontinuation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To evaluate the effect of yoga on the frequency of MetS and its impact on cardiovascular risk markers in climacteric women. We recruited 84 sedentary women between 40 and 65 years diagnosed with MetS. Participants were randomly assigned to a 24-week yoga intervention or control group. We evaluated the frequency of MetS and changes in the individual components of MetS at baseline and after 24 weeks. We also assessed the impact of yoga practices on cardiovascular risk through the following markers: High-sensitivity C-reactive Protein (hs-CRP), Lipid Accumulation Product (LAP), Visceral Adiposity Index (VAI), and Atherogenic Index of Plasma (AIP). The frequency of MetS reduced significantly after 24 weeks of yoga practice (− 34.1%; p < 0.001). Statistical analysis showed that the frequency of MetS was significantly lower in the yoga group (65.9%; n = 27) than in the control group (93.0%; n = 40) after 24 weeks (p = 0.002). Regarding the individual components of MetS, yoga practitioners had statistically lower waist circumference, systolic blood pressure, triglycerides, HDLc, and glucose serum concentrations than the control group after 24 weeks. Yoga practitioners also had a significant decrease in hs-CRP serum concentrations (3.27 ± 2.95 mg/L vs. 2.52 ± 2.14 mg/L; p = 0.040) and a lower frequency of moderate or high cardiovascular risk (48.8% vs. 34.1%; p = 0.001) after 24 weeks of practice. The yoga group had LAP values significantly lower than the control group after the intervention period (55.8 ± 38.04 vs. 73.9 ± 40.7; p = 0.039). Yoga practice demonstrated to be an effective therapeutic to manage MetS and reduce cardiovascular risk in climacteric women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is prevalent in 25–30% of British and European populations, representing a potential global public health crisis. Marine omega-3 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids offer well-evidenced benefits to NAFLD biomarkers; however, the effect of plant-based n-3 has not been evaluated with a systematic review and meta-analysis. Objective The review aimed to systematically evaluate the effect of plant-based n-3 supplementation on NAFLD surrogate biomarkers and parameters. Data Sources Medline (EBSCO), PubMed, CINAHL (EBSCO), Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, the International Clinical Trials Registry Platform, and Google Scholar databases were searched to identify randomized controlled trials published between January 1970 and March 2022 evaluating the impact of plant-based n-3 interventions on diagnosed NAFLD. The review followed the PRISMA checklist and is PROSPERO registered (CRD42021251980). Data Extraction A random-effects model and generic inverse variance methods synthesized quantitative data, followed by a leave-one-out method for sensitivity analysis. We identified 986 articles; after the application of selection criteria, six studies remained with 362 patients with NAFLD. Results The meta-analysis showed that plant-based n-3 fatty acid supplementation significantly reduced alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (mean difference: 8.04 IU/L; 95% confidence interval: 14.70, 1.38; I2 = 48.61%) and plasma/serum triglycerides (44.51 mg/dL; 95% confidence interval: –76.93, –12.08; I2 = 69.93%), alongside body-composition markers in patients with NAFLD (P < 0.05). Conclusion Plant-based n-3 fatty acid supplementation improves ALT enzyme biomarkers, triglycerides, body mass index, waist circumference, and weight loss when combined with lifestyle interventions to increase physical activity and a calorie-controlled diet. Further research is needed to identify the most effective plant-based n-3 sources in larger numbers of patients with NAFLD over longer study durations. Systematic Review Registration PROSPERO registration no. CRD42021251980. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Residents of Wilmington, North, Carolina, were exposed to drinking water contaminated by fluoroethers and legacy per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), such as perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), with fluoroether exposure occurring from 1980 to 2017. PFOA and PFOS have previously been associated with metabolic dysfunction; however, few prior studies have examined associations between other PFAS and lipid levels. OBJECTIVES: We measured the association between serum fluoroether and legacy PFAS levels and various cholesterol outcomes. METHODS: Participants in the GenX Exposure Study contributed nonfasting blood samples in November 2017 and May 2018 that were analyzed for 20 PFAS (10 legacy, 10 fluoroethers) and serum lipids [total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), triglycerides] and calculated non-HDL cholesterol. We estimated covariate-adjusted associations between quartiles of exposure to each of the PFAS measures (as well as the summed concentrations of legacy PFAS, fluoroethers, and all 10 targeted PFAS) and lipid outcomes by fitting inverse probability of treatment weighted linear regressions. RESULTS: In this cross-sectional study of 326 participants (age range 6–86 y), eight PFAS were detected in >50% of the population. For PFOS and perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), non-HDL cholesterol was approximately 5 mg/dL higher per exposure quartile increase: [PFOS: 4.89; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.10, 9.68 and PFNA: 5.25 (95% CI: 0.39, 10.1)], whereas total cholesterol was approximately 6 mg/dL higher per quartile [PFOS: 5.71 (95% CI: 0.38, 11.0), PFNA: 5.92 (95% CI: 0.19, 11.7)]. In age-stratified analyses, associations were strongest among the oldest participants. One fluoroether was associated with higher HDL, whereas other fluoroether compounds were not associated with serum lipid levels. DISCUSSION: PFNA and PFOS were associated with higher levels of total and non-HDL cholesterol, with associations larger in magnitude among older adults. In the presence of these legacy PFAS, fluoroethers appeared to be associated with HDL but not non-HDL lipid measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Red yeast rice (RYR) is known for its lipid-lowering effects in patients with hypercholesterolemia; however, its comparative efficacy with statins and risk reduction remains uncertain. This retrospective study analyzed data from 337,104 patients with hyperlipidemia in the Chang Gung Research Database cohort, spanning from January 2016 to December 2021. Exclusion criteria were applied to ensure data completeness and compliance, including an age limit of < 1 8 years, absence of RYR or statin treatment, and a treatment duration of < 3 0 days. Propensity score matching was employed to minimize bias based on baseline factors, with one patient matching with four patients in the comparison group. The study encompassed a total of 5,984 adult hyperlipidemic patients, with 1,197 in the RYR group and 4,787 in the statin group. The patients were also stratified into statin (n = 8 8 0) or combined use (n = 2 2 0) groups for further comparison. Following one year of treatment, both the RYR and statin groups exhibited reductions in total cholesterol and triglyceride levels. Most biochemical parameters showed no significant differences, except for elevated glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase levels in the RYR group (p = 0. 0 2 6) and increased glycohemoglobin levels in the statin group at the three-month mark (p = 0. 0 3 5). In patients with comorbid diabetes, hypertension, kidney, or liver diseases, RYR and statins demonstrated comparable risks for emergency room (ER) visits, stroke, and myocardial infarction (MI). However, the combination of RYR and statins was associated with reduced stroke-related hospitalizations in patients with diabetes, hypertension, and kidney disease, as well as decreased MI-related hospitalizations in patients with hypertension and kidney disease (all p < 0. 0 0 0 1). In conclusion, both RYR and statins effectively lower blood lipid levels and mitigate related complications. Combining these therapies may lead to fewer ER visits, reduced stroke frequency, and fewer MI hospitalizations in hypertensive and kidney disease patients, and they decreased all-cause mortality in the kidney disease population. Further research on combined therapy is warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective The aim of this study was to investigate fatty acids, lipid mediator levels, and the desaturase index rates on different acute coronary syndrome types and their possible relationship with routine lipid parameters. Methods The study included 81 patients with myocardial infarction (MI), 20 patients with unstable angina pectoris, and 31 healthy people. Fatty acids, CD59, lipoxin A4, 8-isoprostane, serum lipids, albumin, C-reactive protein (CRP), and high sensitive troponin levels were measured in all participants. Results When the fatty acid groups were evaluated as a ratio of albumin, MUFA/albumin and SFA/albumin ratios were significantly higher in the MI group compared to the control group. Although CD59 and lipoxin A4 levels were higher in the control group, there was no significant differences between the groups. When lipoxin A4/CRP and CD59/CRP ratios were evaluated, the results were significantly lower than those in the control group.  Conclusion Lipid mediators may be useful in treating atherosclerosis by contributing to the resolution of inflammation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: This study is done to investigate the hypolipidemic and hepatoprotective effects of corn silk extract in nicotine-administered male mice. Background: Nicotine can induce pathophysiological effects in the liver tissue through oxidative stress and damage cells. Corn silk can improve liver function with its antioxidant effects. Methods: In this experimental study, 30 male NMRI mice (25-30 gr) were divided into 5 groups: controls, sham, nicotine 2.5 mg/kg, nicotine+aqueous extract of corn silk 400 mg/kg, and nicotine+methanolic extract of corn silk 400 mg/kg for 1 month. One day after the last nicotine and extracts consumption, the serum samples were performed for biochemical measurement, and the supernatant of the homogenized liver was administered for antioxidant variables assessment. Results: There was no significant difference in the body weight of different groups. Liver weight and GSH decreased in the nicotine group compared to the control group (P<0.05). Triglycerides, total cholesterol, HDL-C, LDL-C, liver enzymes, and MDA increased in the nicotine group compared to the control group (P<0.05). Also, the expansion of sinusoids, the presence of inflammatory cells, and necrosis of liver cells were observed in the nicotine group compared to the control group. Using aqueous and methanolic extracts of corn silk in mice receiving nicotine led to the improvement of the mentioned variables (P<0.05). Conclusion: The results of this study showed that the use of nicotine can lead to the induction of hepatotoxicity. The use of aqueous and methanolic extracts of corn silk improved them through its antioxidant activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE Lung cancer (LC) is the leading cause of cancer death worldwide. Multiple studies have shown tumor progression and prognosis to be associated with immune status and nutritional condition. Alterations in blood lipid levels have been demonstrated to be a risk factor for LC. In the present study, we evaluate the effect of blood parameters on brain metastasis in LC. METHODS Patients identified with brain metastases during diagnosis or therapy and who subsequently underwent radiation therapy were included in the study. Patient characteristics, laboratory parameters, pathologic subtype, disease stage, treatment modalities, and outcome following treatment were recorded, and the patients' PFS and OS were calculated. RESULTS Univariate analysis revealed neutrophil, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), and C-reactive protein levels to be significantly different between groups according to brain metastases. In a subgroup analysis based on cancer subtypes, LDL and lymphocyte levels were found to be significantly different in squamous cancer, while LDL was different in the undifferentiated subtype. OS was different in the NLR low and high groups, favoring the NLR low group (p=0.015; OS: 12 vs. 9 months), and the monocyte/lymphocyte ratio was significant in terms of OS favoring the low group with a cutoff value of 0.56 (p=0.002; OS: 13 vs. 9 months). CONCLUSION Our study identified differences in the inflammatory and lipid profiles of LC patients in terms of brain metastases and survival. Other than the literature, LDL levels were different among groups and may be considered a valid subject for future study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims Fatty liver disease is a type of fat accumulation in the liver parenchyma that can be related to lifestyle. Therefore, this study compared the effectiveness of nutrition education with and without physical activity on blood lipids and liver aminotransferase enzymes in men with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Materials & Methods This study is a randomized clinical trial with a control group, carried out on 80 employees working in the South Pars gas complex in Jam, Iran, suffering from fatty liver. The participants were allocated to four nutrition education groups; a physical activity group, a nutrition education group with physical activity, an education group without physical activity, and a control group (20 people each) using a random block sampling method. In all four groups, 48 hours before the intervention, 3 and 6 months after the intervention, blood lipids and liver enzymes were measured and recorded in a form. Data were analyzed using SPSS 21 software and chi-score statistics, one-way ANOVA, and repeated measures ANOVA test. Findings Alanine aminotransferase enzyme showed a significant improvement in each of the 3 intervention groups compared to the control group at 3 and 6 months after the research intervention (p=0.001). Low-density lipoprotein showed a significant improvement in 6 months, which was related to the group of physical activity combined with nutrition education (p=0.005). Conclusion Exercise and education interventions are more effective over a longer period of time in preventing and treating non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Achievement of lipid targets is crucial in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) to mitigate the risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Data on lipid-control status among patients with T2DM in Bangladesh are scarce. This study was conducted to determine the lipid-control status among patients with T2DM who were on lipid-lowering drugs in the country. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in the diabetes outpatient departments of several tertiary hospitals in Bangladesh from January 2022 to December 2022. Adults of both sexes diagnosed with T2DM for at least one year and were on the lipid-lowering drug(s) for a minimum of 3 months were included in the study by consecutive sampling. Patients' data were collected by face-to-face interviews, and blood samples were collected for fasting lipid profile. The lipid target was set at < 200 mg/dL for total cholesterol (TC), < 150 mg/dL for triglyceride (TG), < 100 mg/dL for low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), > 40 mg/dL for high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and < 160 mg/dL for non-HDL cholesterol (non-HDL-C). Result: Three thousand sixty patients (age 44.7 ± 13.3 years, female 57%) with T2DM were evaluated. Overall, almost 81% of the study subjects achieved the LDL-C target. Besides, TC, TG, HDL-C, and non-HDL-C targets were achieved by 40.8, 21.6, 66.3, and 44.1% of patients, respectively. However, all the lipid parameters were under control in only 8.8% of patients. Almost 77.6% of the patients with ischemic heart disease, 81.5% of patients with stroke, and 65% of patients with CKD had LDL levels < 70 mg/dL. Only 10.03% achieved the HbA1c target of < 7%. 7.4% of patients achieved both HbA1c < 7% and LDL < 100 mg/dL and 5% achieved both HbA1c < 7% and LDL < 70 mg/dL. Advanced age (aOR 0.97, 95% CI 0.96, 0.98, p < 0.001), longstanding T2DM (aOR 0.53, 95% CI 0.39, 0.72, p < 0.001), and non-statin therapy (aOR 0.25, 95% CI 0.16, 0.37, p < 0.001) were negatively associated with lipid control (LDL < 100 mg/dL) while using oral hypoglycemic drugs or insulin (aOR 2.01, 95% CI 1.45, 2.77, p < 0.001) and having cardiovascular comorbidity (aOR 3.92, 95% CI 3.00, 5.12, p < 0.001) were positively associated with lipid control. Conclusion: Though most patients with T2DM achieved their target LDL level, the prevalence of both glycemic and overall lipid control was low in our study despite lipid-lowering therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Exercise interventions can promote health, but they can be difficult to implement. Moreover, no consensus has been reached regarding which exercise modality promotes the most significant improvement in metabolic health. Purpose: This feasibility study was conducted to (a) determine the implementation efficacy of supervised and home-based exercise interventions by investigating their respective rates of intervention adherence, adherence to targeted intensity, attrition, and adverse events and (b) explore the preliminary efficacy of 12-week exercise programs among aerobic exercise, aerobic exercise combined with resistance exercise, and high-intensity interval training on body composition, anthropometric parameters, and lipid profiles for community-dwelling residents with physical inactivity. Methods: This randomized controlled trial was conducted from April to October 2020. Seventy-two sedentary participants aged 40-70 years were enrolled and randomized into one of four groups: 12-week aerobic exercise, aerobic exercise combined with resistance exercise, high-intensity interval training, and control. The three exercise groups performed at least moderate-intensity supervised exercise twice a week and home-based exercise once a week, whereas the control group maintained their usual daily activities. The target variables, including body composition, anthropometric parameters, and lipid profiles, were measured before and after the 12-week intervention. Results: The intervention adherence rates were 74.01%-87.54% for the supervised exercise group, 64.98%-83.90% for the home-based exercise group, and 82.65%-92.65% for the target exercise intensity group. The attrition rate ranged from 12.50% to 17.65%, and no adverse events were reported in any of the exercise groups. Preliminary efficacy data show the reductions in body weight (95% CI [0.01, 1.20], p = .048) and low-density lipoprotein (95% CI [2.76, 30.32], p = .02) were greater in the exercise groups than the control group, although the intergroup differences were not significant. Conclusions/Implications for Practice: Body weight and low-density lipoprotein may be efficiently reduced in a 12-week period using any of the three exercise modalities with at least 82.65% adherence to moderate-intensity exercise and 70.84% adherence to exercising 3 times a week. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The long-term effects of childhood screen time on health-related quality of life (HRQoL) are still unclear. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between screen time during adolescence and sex-specific HRQoL in early youth. Methods: We studied the data from 642 adolescents aged 13-19 years, who participated in the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study from 2005 to 2011 (baseline) with complete data on HRQoL in their early adulthood (22-28 years at the last follow-up). Physical and Mental HRQoL were assessed using the Iranian version of the short-form 12-item health survey version 2 (SF-12v2). Screen time and leisure-time physical activity were evaluated using the Iranian Modifiable Activity Questionnaire (MAQ). All analyses were conducted in Stata (version 14); MI used the mi impute command. Results: The mean ± SD of age, body mass index (BMI), and physical activity in childhood were 16.33 ± 1.27, 23.27 ± 4.63 and 13.77 ± 16.07, respectively. Overall, 35% of boys and 34% of girls had high screen time (HST) in childhood. In general, the HRQoL scores in male participants were higher than in females in both the mental and physical domains. HST in males in childhood was associated with decreased mental health (β = -6.41, 95% CI: -11.52, -1.3 and P = 0.014), social functioning (β = -5.9, 95% CI: -11.23, -0.57 and P = 0.03) and mental component summary (MCS) (β = -2.86, 95% CI: -5.26, -0.45 and P = 0.02). The odds of poor MCS were significantly higher in those with HST compared to their counterparts with low screen time (LST) after adjusting for all potential cofounders. Conclusion: The results of the present study showed the negative effect of screen time during adolescence on HRQoL in early youth. This effect was observed in men, mainly in the mental dimension. Investigating the long-term consequences of screen-time behaviors on self-assessed health in other populations with the aim of effective primary prevention is also suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hypertension is one of the most frequent non-communicable diseases and a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, contributing to most deaths globally. The risk of hypertension is higher in those with uncontrolled lipids. In this study, the incidence of hypertension and lipid profiles were examined from March 2020 to March 2022. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between hypertension in men aged 45–60 years and their lipid profiles, which include total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL). This study used an analytical observational design with a cross-sectional approach. Medical records were utilized as secondary data. Statistical analysis was conducted using the Spearman rank correlation test. Statistical significance was determined at p<0.05. This research examined 115 patients with hypertension. The results showed that the stage of hypertension was correlated with total cholesterol (r=0.317; p=0.001) and triglyceride levels (r=0.217; p=0.02). However, the stage of hypertension was not significantly correlated with LDL (r=0.158; p=0.91) and HDL (r=0.75; p=0.423). Hence, this current study underscores the nuanced relationship between lipid profiles and the stage of hypertension in middle-aged male patients. This study highlights the importance of sex-specific analysis in hypertensive research. It also provides promising avenues for further investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective A nontargeted metabolomics approach was established to characterize serum metabolic profile in type 3c diabetes mellitus (T3cDM) secondary to chronic pancreatitis and compare with T2DM. Methods Forty patients were recruited for metabolite analysis based on liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Cluster heatmap and KEGG metabolic pathway enrichment analysis were used to analyze the specific and differential metabolites. The receiver operating characteristics (ROCs) were generated and correlation analysis with clinical data was conducted. Results Metabolites including sphingosine, lipids, carnitine, bile acid, and hippuric acid were found to be different between T2DM and T3cDM, mainly enriched in bile acid biosynthesis, fatty acid biosynthesis, and sphingolipid metabolic pathways. The ROCs were generated with an area under the curve of 0.907 (95% confidence interval, 0.726–1) for the model with 15 metabolites. Conclusion T3cDM is characterized by increased sphingosine, carnitine, bile acid, and most lipids, providing novel biomarkers for clinical diagnosis and a future direction in research on pathophysiological mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context Very low-carbohydrate diets or ketogenic diets (KDs) have garnered attention for weight loss in patients with overweight or obesity as well as for normal-weight adults, yet the adverse effects of KDs, such as dyslipidemia in normal-weight adults, have not been studied extensively. Objective This meta-analysis aimed to identify the effects of KDs on the lipid profile in normal-weight (body mass index [BMI] < 25 kg/m2) adults from randomized controlled trials. Data Sources PubMed and Embase databases were searched on November 21, 2021, using search terms representing KDs and lipid profiles. Two researchers independently screened articles according to PICOS inclusion criteria. Data Extraction General study information, dietary data, and lipid profiles were extracted from eligible studies. Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane risk of bias 2 tool. Data Analysis Fixed- or random-effects meta-analysis was performed to estimate the effects of KDs on total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), triglycerides, apolipoprotein A (apoA), and apolipoprotein B (apoB), considering heterogeneity across studies. The certainty of evidence was assessed using the GRADE (Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation) approach. Results Three studies were selected for meta-analysis. A KD significantly increased TC by 1.47 mmol/L (95%CI, 0.72–2.22 mmol/L), LDL-C by 1.08 mmol/L (95%CI, 0.37–1.79 mmol/L), and apoB by 0.35 g/L (95%CI, 0.06–0.65 g/L). In addition, a KD significantly increased HDL-C by 0.35 mmol/L (95%CI, 0.27–0.42 mmol/L) and apoA by 0.34 g/L (95%CI, 0.28–0.41 g/L) compared with control diets. Triglyceride levels were not significantly different between KDs and control diets (P  =   0.63). Conclusion This study suggests unfavorable effects of KDs on TC and LDL-C in normal-weight adults. Although an increase in HDL-C can compensate for unfavorable changes in lipids, normal-weight individuals should consider the risk of hypercholesterolemia when consuming a KD. Results for triglycerides were inconsistent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: There is a known association between hyperglycemia and the presence of coronary syndrome. The purpose of this work is to study risk factors and clinical manifestations of hyperglycemia in patients diagnosed with coronary artery disease. Methods: The study was conducted in 2018–2020 among 505 patients in Ho Chi Minh city, Vietnam. Based on the results of the glucose test at 0 and 120 min, the patients were divided into the groups: with normal glucose metabolism (control, 204), patients with impaired fasting glucose levels (175 patients, group 2), and patients with impaired glucose tolerance, including diabetes mellitus (126, group 3). Anthropometric measurements were performed, and the levels of hemoglobin HbA, glucose, lipids were measured. Results: In the group of patients with fasting hyperinsulinemia, all variables (body weight, body mass index, waist circumference, LAP, creatinine clearance) differed considerably as compared to the control group (p ≤ 0.0001). Decrease in tissue sensitivity to insulin is already present at normal levels of glucose metabolism. Conclusions: The study found that diabetes mellitus and prediabetes are more typical for patients with metabolic syndrome and acute coronary syndrome. The results obtained will allow predicting the risk of developing coronary syndrome depending on the presence of diabetes mellitus or prediabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) is the concurrent presence of fatty liver disease (FLD) with overweight or obesity and/or type 2 diabetes mellitus. We aimed to determine the frequency and characteristics of MAFLD in patients with FLD. Materials and Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted on 143 patients with FLD referred to the gastrointestinal clinic of Shahid Rahimi Hospital in Khorramabad, Iran in 2021-2022. After obtaining a detailed medical history and in case of clinical suspicion of FLD, the levels of functional liver enzymes, fasting blood sugar (FBS), and lipid profile were measured. Furthermore, an ultrasound study of the liver was performed. The degree of insulin resistance was determined by the Homeostasis Model Assessment (HOMA) index. The data were gathered in a checklist and analyzed using SPSS software version 22. Results The mean FBS was 93.15±16.21 mg/dL, and the mean serum insulin levels were 7.88±15.81 mmol/L. The mean triglyceride level was 82.13±172.13 mg/dL, and the mean high-density lipoprotein was 37.27±7.15 mg/dL. In this study, 105 patients (73.4%) had high HOMA indexes. Serum alkaline phosphatase, alanine transaminase, and cholesterol levels were significantly higher in patients with high HOMA index than in those with normal index (P values=0.004, 0.047, and 0.039, respectively). Conclusion There appears to be a strong relationship between insulin resistance and impaired liver function in patients with FLD, indicating the necessity for managing insulin resistance in these patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study is taken up to evaluate the effect of an exercise program on adolescents' obesity and overweight profile. For this purpose, a 1-group pretest-posttest study was conducted with 72 adolescents who underwent a physical activity program supervised by one health professional 5 times a week; the sessions were distributed over 12 weeks and lasted from 50 to 60 minutes. The primary outcomes were anthropometric measurements, whereas the secondary outcomes were lipid profile, blood glucose, and blood pressure. Outcomes were assessed before the intervention and 1 day after the program ended; significance was established at P <.05. As a result, a significant improvement was verified in all the primary outcomes (P <.001) and in most secondary outcomes (capillary blood glucose, P =.0001; triglycerides, P =.0001; and systolic blood pressure, P =.005). In conclusion, the supervised exercise program significantly reduced anthropometric measurements and blood glucose, triglycerides, and systolic blood pressure levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels are associated with serum lipid concentrations in the general nonpregnant population. Here, we aimed to establish trimester-specific reference intervals and to explore the associations of their variations within the specific reference intervals during pregnancy. Methods Trimester-specific reference intervals were established according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute EP28-A3c guidelines using a direct sampling method based on a large prospective cohort. After making one-to-one matches, correlation analyses between TSH and lipid index levels, especially within the reference intervals, were conducted. Result A total of 1648 pregnant women for TSH and 2045 subjects for lipids were recruited to establish the trimester-specific reference intervals. The upper reference limit (90% confidence interval) of TSH for pregnant women in the first trimester is 3.95 (3.66–4.29) mIU/L, which is very close to the default value (4.0 mIU/L) recommended by the American Thyroid Association in 2017. Apart from triglyceride and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, TSH levels were positively associated with the serum concentrations of total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, non–high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non–HDL-C), and remnant cholesterol (RC) either in the entire range or within the specific reference intervals. Of note, the positive correlations between TSH and non–HDL-C and RC were, albeit similarly weak (r  < 0.25), relatively more robust (P  < .001). Conclusion In this study, we showed positive correlations between TSH and lipid components within trimester-specific reference intervals, highlighting the need for the integrated management of pregnant women over age 35 and with nonoptimal lipid status in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: The objective of this study is to explore the relationship between red blood cell distribution and islet β-cell function indexes in patients with Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults. Methods: A total of 487 LADA patients were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. Patients were divided into three groups according to RDW tertiles. Clinical and laboratory measurements of age, height, weight, duration of diabetes, blood pressure, RDW, glycosylated hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), C-peptide and blood lipids were performed. Homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and homeostasis model assessment of β-cell function (HOMA-β) were assessed using homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) based on fasting blood glucose (FBG) and fasting C-peptide index (FCP). Correlations and multiple linear regressions were implemented to determine the association of RDW and islet function indexes. Results: As the increase of serum RDW level, the presence of β-cell secretion increased(P < 0.05). Correlation analysis indicated that there were significant correlations between RDW and male sex, age, duration, TG, Cr, FCP, and HOMA-β in all subjects. Multiple linear regressions indicated that RDW was significantly correlated with HOMA-β in the total population in both unadjusted and adjusted analysis. This finding could be reproduced in the subgroup of low GAD titers for HOMA-β. RDW were significantly associated with HbA1c in LADA patients with high GAD titers, but the correlation was not found in subgroup with low GAD titers in either unadjusted analyses or adjusted analysis. Conclusions: RDW is associated with β-cell function assessed by HOMA-β after adjusting for covariates in LADA patients with low GAD titers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Objectives: Childhood obesity increases risk factors related to metabolic diseases. Watermelon's bioactive components can help reduce these risk factors. However, no study has investigated the effects of whole watermelon including both the flesh and rind or have assessed the impacts of any form of watermelon on children with overweight or obesity. The goal of this study was to examine the effects of whole‐blenderized watermelon (BWM) consumption on cardiometabolic risk factors. Methods: A randomized, cross‐over clinical design was implemented. Boys and girls ages 10–17 years with overweight or obesity (BMI ≥ 85th percentile) consumed one cup of BWM or an isocaloric sugar‐sweetened beverage (control) every day for 8 weeks with a 4‐week washout between trials. Anthropometrics, dietary, biochemical and clinical measures were obtained before and at the end of each trial. Results: A total of 17 participants completed the study. Eight weeks of BWM intake significantly decreased BMI (p = 0.032), BMI percentile (BMIP) (p = 0.038), body fat percentage (p = 0.036), and haemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) (p = 0.012) compared to the sugar‐sweetened beverage. Sugar‐sweetened beverage consumption increased BMIP (p = 0.014) compared to baseline. No significant differences were observed for inflammation, blood glucose, insulin, lipids, liver function enzymes, and satiety hormones. Conclusions: The results support that BWM consumption improved some cardiometabolic risk factors including BMI, BMIP, body fat, and HbA1c. Watermelon is a potential alternative to unhealthful snacks for improving anthropometry and some risk factors related to obesity in children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are associated with less favorable blood lipid profiles in epidemiological studies. However, little is known about the potential role of PFAS in longitudinal changes in lipids among midlife women even though women become more susceptible to metabolic alterations during the menopausal transition. OBJECTIVES: To examine associations of serum PFAS concentrations with longitudinal trajectories of blood total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, and triglycerides in midlife women undergoing menopausal transition. METHODS: The sample included 1,130 women from the Study of Women’s Health Across the Nation 45–56 y of age at baseline (1999–2000). We measured serum PFAS concentrations including linear perfluorooctanoic acid (n-PFOA), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), linear and branched perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (n-PFOS and Sm-PFOS, respectively), and perfluorohexanesulfonic acid (PFHxS) at baseline. We used k-means clustering to identify subgroups with different patterns of PFAS mixture. Blood lipids were measured annually or biannually through 2016 with an average follow-up of 14.8 y. We identified longitudinal trajectories of each lipid using latent class growth models. We used multinomial log-linear models adjusted for covariates to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of lipid trajectory classes by PFAS and their mixtures. RESULTS: Three distinct trajectories (low, middle, high) of total, LDL, and HDL cholesterol and two distinct trajectories (low and high) of triglycerides were identified. n-PFOS, Sm-PFOS, and PFHxS were positively associated with total and LDL cholesterol trajectories. n-PFOS was inversely associated with triglycerides trajectories. PFAS mixtures (high vs. low) showed positive associations with total and LDL cholesterol trajectories (high vs. low), showing ORs (95% CIs) of 1.69 (95% CI: 1.36, 2.12) and 1.79 (95% CI: 1.44, 2.22), respectively. DISCUSSION: Concentrations of serum PFAS were positively associated with trajectories of total and LDL cholesterol, providing a line of evidence supporting adverse effects of PFAS on lipid homeostasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the predominant type of non-Hodgkin lymphoma—the most common haematological malignancy worldwide. These two cancers are cancers of the immune system and dyslipidemia is a hallmark of both cancer and inflammation. Cancer needs specific lipid species to sustain growth and survival. The global plasma lipidome and sub-lipidome of inflammatory pathways in DLBCL have not yet been reported. In order to address this gap, we conducted targeted lipidomics using liquid chromatography—multiple reaction monitoring to investigate bioactive plasma lipids involved in metabolic and signalling pathways of inflammation and immunity. The global lipidome change in plasma DLBCL was determined by four-dimensional trapped ion mobility mass spectrometry-based lipidomics. In our study, we observed differential lipid profiles in treatment-naïve female patients with DLBCL and disease-free controls. We suggest here the set of sphingosine 1-phosphate, sphingomyelins SM 36:1 and SM 34:1, and phosphatidylinositol PI 34:1 as DLBCL lipid signature, which could serve as a basis for the prospective validation in larger DLBCL cohorts. Lipidome dysregulation is a hallmark of cancer and inflammation. The global plasma lipidome and sub-lipidome of inflammatory pathways have not been reported in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). In a pilot study of plasma lipid variation in female DLBCL patients and BMI-matched disease-free controls, we performed targeted lipidomics using LC-MRM to quantify lipid mediators of inflammation and immunity, and those known or hypothesised to be involved in cancer progression: sphingolipids, resolvin D1, arachidonic acid (AA)-derived oxylipins, such as hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETEs) and dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acids, along with their membrane structural precursors. We report on the role of the eicosanoids in the separation of DLBCL from controls, along with lysophosphatidylinositol LPI 20:4, implying notable changes in lipid metabolic and/or signalling pathways, particularly pertaining to AA lipoxygenase pathway and glycerophospholipid remodelling in the cell membrane. We suggest here the set of S1P, SM 36:1, SM 34:1 and PI 34:1 as DLBCL lipid signatures which could serve as a basis for the prospective validation in larger DLBCL cohorts. Additionally, untargeted lipidomics indicates a substantial change in the overall lipid metabolism in DLBCL. The plasma lipid profiling of DLBCL patients helps to better understand the specific lipid dysregulations and pathways in this cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Metabolic syndrome is a potential side effect of atypical antipsychotics which are the current standard treatment for schizophrenia. Therefore, we aimed to examine the effect of barberry root (Berberis vulgaris) on the prevention of metabolic syndrome caused by atypical antipsychotic drugs in patients with schizophrenia. Method: Our research was a three-blind randomized clinical trial. The participants included all patients who were diagnosed with schizophrenia through the SCID-5 questionnaire and based on the DSM-5-TR criteria by two psychiatric experts. These patients were randomly divided into intervention and placebo groups. During a three-month treatment period, the intervention group received three 500 mg capsules of barberry root extract daily, whereas the placebo group received the same capsules containing 500 mg of starch powder. Metabolic syndrome variables including fasting blood glucose, serum lipids (triglyceride and cholesterol), blood pressure, weight and waist circumference were measured before and after the treatment as outcome measure. Chi-square and t-tests were used for data analysis using SPSS-22 software. Results: At the beginning of the study, there was no significant difference between the intervention group (n = 41) and the placebo group (n = 47) in terms of demographic factors, and pre-treatment assessments including weight, waist size, fasting blood HDL, fasting blood triglycerides and systolic and diastolic blood pressure and fasting blood glucose (P > 0.05). Within group analysis showed that some metabolic factors significantly increased in both groups after the treatment (P < 0.05). Indeed, in both groups, metabolic syndrome measures worsened after the three-month treatment period. The parameters of weight and waist size were significantly higher in the intervention group than the placebo group after treatment (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Barberry root extract was not able to control the Effects of antipsychotic drugs on metabolic syndrome in schizophrenia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and aims: Atherosclerosis is associated with a reduction in the bioavailability and/or bioactivity of endogenous nitric oxide (NO). Dietary nitrate has been proposed as an alternate source when endogenous NO production is reduced. Our previous study demonstrated a protective effect of dietary nitrate on the development of atherosclerosis in the apoE−/− mouse model. However most patients do not present clinically until well after the disease is established. The aims of this study were to determine whether chronic dietary nitrate supplementation can prevent or reverse the progression of atherosclerosis after disease is already established, as well as to explore the underlying mechanism of these cardiovascular protective effects. Methods: 60 apoE−/− mice were given a high fat diet (HFD) for 12 weeks to allow for the development of atherosclerosis. The mice were then randomized to (i) control group (HFD + 1 mmol/kg/day NaCl), (ii) moderate-dose group (HFD +1 mmol/kg/day NaNO3), or (iii) high-dose group (HFD + 10 mmol/kg/day NaNO3) (20/group) for a further 12 weeks. A group of apoE−/− mice (n = 20) consumed a normal laboratory chow diet for 24 weeks and were included as a reference group. Results: Long-term supplementation with high dose nitrate resulted in ~ 50% reduction in plaque lesion area. Collagen expression and smooth muscle accumulation were increased, and lipid deposition and macrophage accumulation were reduced within atherosclerotic plaques of mice supplemented with high dose nitrate. These changes were associated with an increase in nitrite reductase as well as activation of the endogenous eNOS-NO pathway. Conclusion: Long-term high dose nitrate significantly attenuated the progression of established atherosclerosis in the apoE−/− mice fed a HFD. This appears to be mediated in part through a XOR-dependent reduction of nitrate to NO, as well as enhanced eNOS activation via increased Akt and eNOS phosphorylation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This study aims to investigate proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin 9 (PCSK9) in patients with diffuse systemic sclerosis (d-SSc) and its relation to disease activity, severity and subclinical atherosclerosis in such group of patients. Patients and methods: Between December 2019 and July 2021, a total of 41 patients with d-SSc (17 males, 24 females; mean age: 36.1±1.9 years; range, 19 to 58 years) and 41-age and sex-matched healthy controls (17 males, 24 females; mean age: 40.1±1.7 years; range, 20 to 60 years) were included. Disease activity and skin thickness of the patients were evaluated using the European Scleroderma Study Group (EScSG) score and modified Rodnan skin score (mRSS), respectively. Serum PCSK9 and carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Duplex ultrasound, respectively. Results: Serum PCSK9 was higher in patients compared to controls (p=0.003), particularly in those with digital ulcer (DU) and interstitial lung disease (ILD) (p<0.001). The PCSK9 positively correlated with the mean pulmonary artery pressure, EScSG, mRSS, C-reactive protein (p<0.001), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (p<0.05), lipid profile, and mean CIMT (p<0.01). In the multivariate analysis, EScSG, mRSS, lipid profile, and waist circumference were significantly correlated with PCSK9. Serum PCSK9 levels of (182.6 ng/mL) had 77.7% sensitivity and 81.2% specificity for diagnosing DU versus (172.8 ng/mL) 90.1% and 73.5% for ILD (p<0.001). Conclusion: Serum PCSK9 is upregulated in d-SSc with higher levels in severe disease manifestations such as DU and ILD. It is correlated well with disease activity, more severe disease manifestations, and CIMT. The PCSK9 inhibitors may be a target of therapy in diseases with premature atherosclerosis such as d-SSc regardless of its anti-cholesterol effect, at least in more severe manifestations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Quercetin is a flavonoid having anti-cancer properties; however, it has low stability, insufficient bioavailability, and poor solubility. This study aimed to load quercetin on nanoliposomes to enhance its efficiency against SW48 colorectal cancer cells. The cytotoxicity of free-quercetin and quercetin-loaded nanoliposomes on the expression of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGER) gene was investigated. Methods: This present in vitro study was conducted at Yasuj University of Medical Sciences (Yasuj, Iran) in 2021. In this in vitro study, the lipid thin-film hydration method was used to synthesize quercetin-loaded liposomes. Additionally, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analyses, dynamic light scattering (DLS), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) investigations were used to characterize nanomaterials. Following that, MTT, flow cytometry, and real-time PCR were used to investigate the cytotoxicity of quercetin-loaded liposomes on the colorectal cancer cells SW48 cell line, the incidence of apoptosis, and the expression of the EGFR gene in these cells. Statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS (version 26.0), and the graphs were created with the GraphPad Prism version 8.4.3. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The nanoparticles were spherical, homogenous, and 150±10 nm in size. According to HPLC, Quercetin had a 98% loading capacity. Although both free quercetin and quercetin-loaded liposomes indicated significant cytotoxicity against cancer cells (P<0.001), the combined form was significantly more active (P=0.008). 50 µg/mL of this compound reduced the viability of SW48 cells by more than 80% (IC50: 10.65 µg/mL), while the viability of cells treated with free quercetin was only 66% (IC50: 18.74 µg/mL). The apoptosis was nearly doubled in the cells treated with quercetin-loaded nanoliposomes compared to free quercetin (54.8% versus 27.6%). EGFR gene expression, on the other hand, was significantly lower in cells treated with quercetin-loaded liposomes than the quercetin alone (P=0.006). Conclusion: When combined with nanoliposomes, quercetin had greater anti-proliferative, apoptotic, and anti-EGFR expression than free quercetin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Associations between per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and blood lipid levels in humans were mixed. OBJECTIVES: The objective of this meta-analysis was to summarize associations between PFAS and blood lipids in adults. METHODS: A literature search was conducted on PubMed and Web of Science for articles published through 13 May 2022 that examined associations between PFAS and blood lipids, including total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and triacylglycerols (TGs). Inclusion criteria included the presence of associations between five PFAS (PFOA, PFOS, PFHxS, PFDA, and PFNA) and four blood lipid measures (TC, HDL-C, LDL-C, and TGs) in adults. Data on study characteristics and PFAS–lipid associations were extracted. Assessments of individual study quality were performed. Associations of changes of blood lipid levels corresponding to 1 interquartile range (IQR)-unit increase of blood PFAS levels were pooled using random effects models. Dose–response relationships were examined. RESULTS: Twenty-nine publications were included in the present analyses. Every IQR increase of PFOA was significantly associated with a 2.1-mg/dL increase in TC (95% CI: 1.2, 3.0), a 1.3-mg/dL increase in TGs (95% CI: 0.1, 2.4), and a 1.4-mg/dL increase in LDL-C (95% CI: 0.6, 2.2). PFOS was also significantly associated with TC and LDL-C levels, and the corresponding values were 2.6 (95% CI: 1.5, 3.6) and 1.9 (95% CI: 0.9, 3.0), respectively. Associations of PFOS and PFOA with HDL-C levels were largely null. For minor PFAS species, PFHxS was significantly associated with higher levels of HDL-C [0.8 (95% CI: 0.5, 1.2)]. Inverse associations were observed between PFDA and TGs [-5.0 (95% CI: -8.1, -1.9)] and between PFNA and TGs [-1.7 (95% CI: -3.5, -0.02)], whereas a positive association was observed between PFDA and HDL-C [1.4 (95% CI: 0.1, 2.7)]. Nonsignificant nonlinear dose–response relationships were identified for associations of PFOA and PFOS with certain blood lipids. DISCUSSION: PFOA and PFOS were significantly associated with TC and LDL-C levels in adults. Whether these findings may translate into an elevated cardiovascular disease risk associated with PFAS exposure warrants further investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The aim of this study was to assess lipid levels and to identify groups with poor lipid control group among patients with dyslipidemia. Methods: Data from 1,399 Korean patients with dyslipidemia older than 20 years were extracted from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Complex sample analysis and decision- tree analysis were conducted with using SPSS for Windows version 27.0. Results: The mean levels of total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), and high density lipoprotein cholesterol were 211.38±1.15 mg/dL, 306.61±1.15 mg/dL, 118.48±1.08 mg/dL, and 42.39±1.15 mg/dL, respectively. About 61% of participants showed abnormal lipid control. Poor glycemic control groups (TC ≥ 200 mg/dL or TG ≥ 150 mg/dL or LDL-C ≥ 130 mg/dL) were identified through seven different pathways via decision-tree analysis. Poor lipid control groups were categorized based on patients’ characteristics such as gender, age, education, dyslipidemia medication adherence, perception of dyslipidemia, diagnosis of myocardial infarction or angina, diabetes mellitus, perceived health status, relative hand grip strength, hemoglobin A1c, aerobic exercise per week, and walking days per week. Dyslipidemia medication adherence was the most significant predictor of poor lipid control. Conclusion: The findings demonstrated characteristics that are predictive of poor lipid control and can be used to detect poor lipid control in patients with dyslipidemia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To examine the associations of healthy dietary patterns with cardiometabolic biomarkers and all-cause mortality among individuals with prediabetes. Methods: This cohort study included 8363 adults with prediabetes from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999–2014. Healthy dietary patterns including Alternate Healthy Eating Index-2010 (AHEI-2010), Alternate Mediterranean Diet score (AMED), Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension score (DASH), and Healthy Eating Index-2015 (HEI-2015) were calculated based on 24-h dietary recall data. Mortality status was obtained by linkage to National Death Index records. Cardiometabolic biomarkers, including blood glucose, insulin, HbA1c, C-reactive protein (CRP), and lipids, were measured at recruitment. Results: During 61,991 person-years of follow-up, 991 deaths occurred. Comparing the extreme quartiles, the multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for all-cause mortality were 0.65 (0.49, 0.85) for AHEI-2010 (P-trend = 0.002), 0.68 (0.50, 0.92) for AMED (P-trend = 0.004), 0.72 (0.53, 0.98) for DASH (P-trend = 0.03), and 0.78 (0.58, 1.05) for HEI-2015 (P-trend = 0.08). Besides, the HRs (95% CIs) for all-cause mortality per 20-percentile increment in scores were 0.78 (0.67, 0.90) for AHEI-2010 (P = 0.001), 0.73 (0.62, 0.86) for AMED (P < 0.001), 0.84 (0.69, 1.02) for DASH (P = 0.08), and 0.86 (0.74, 1.00) for HEI-2015 (P = 0.04). In addition, higher dietary scores were associated with favorable blood glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR, blood lipids, and CRP (all P-trend < 0.05). The high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and CRP explained 1.53–9.21% of the associations between dietary patterns and all-cause mortality (P < 0.05). Conclusions: Diets with higher AHEI-2010, AMED, DASH, and HEI-2015 were associated with improved cardiometabolic factors and lower all-cause mortality among individuals with prediabetes. These findings suggest that multiple healthy dietary patterns instead of a one-size-fits-all diet plan might be beneficial and acceptable for individuals with prediabetes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To examine the association of Mediterranean diet (MD) adherence during pregnancy with maternal and neonatal lipid, glycemic, and inflammatory markers. This study included 152 women from the GESTAFIT trial and a subsample of 35 newborns. The Mediterranean Diet Score, derived from food frequency questionnaires, was employed to assess MD adherence. Total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein- cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), triglycerides, and glucose were assessed in the mother (at the 16th and 34th gestational weeks [g.w.]) and in cord arterial and venous serum with standard procedures using an autoanalyzer. Pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin [IL]-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-1beta, interferon gamma, and tumour necrosis factor alpha [TNF-α]) were measured with Luminex xMAP technology. A greater MD adherence was associated with higher HDL-C and lower LDL-C, LDL-C/HDL-C ratio, triglycerides, triglycerides/HDL-C ratio, and TNF-α in the mother at the 16th and the 34th g.w. (|β|: 0.191-0.388, p < 0.05). A higher intake of whole grain cereals, fruits, vegetables and fish and a lower intake of sweets were associated with higher HDL-C and lower LDL-C, LDL-C/HDL-C ratio, triglycerides, triglycerides/HDL-C ratio, and TNF-α at the 16th and 34th g.w. (|β|: 0.188-0.334, p < 0.05). No associations were found with the cord arterial and venous serum markers (p > 0.05). A greater MD adherence during pregnancy, driven by a higher intake of whole grain cereals, fruits, vegetables and fish, and a lower intake of sweets, was positively associated with the maternal lipid and inflammatory serum markers throughout gestation. MD adherence during pregnancy was not associated with cord serum markers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims and objectives: To develop and psychometrically test a food frequency questionnaire for adults at risk of coronary heart disease (Cardio‐FFQ). Background: Comprehensive dietary assessment is critical for the prevention of cardiovascular disease, but appropriate instruments to perform this work are lacking. Design: A sequential mixed‐methods study followed the COREQ and STROBE guidelines. Methods: This study was conducted between April 2016 and November 2017. It started with dietary history interviews (Phase 1) to identify candidate food items of the Cardio‐FFQ, which validity and reliability were assessed (Phase 2) through expert consultation and four seasonal measurements, including test and retest with a 2‐week gap every season. Physical activity and blood glucose and lipids were assessed seasonally, while another FFQ was administered during the fourth measurement. Content analysis was used to analyse verbatim interview transcripts, while descriptive and inferential analyses were used to simplify the Cardio‐FFQ and examine its psychometric properties. Results: Phase I involved 34 participants during their first onset of acute coronary syndrome and generated 176 candidate food items (consumed by at least three participants) under 12 food categories. These food items were simplified to form the 133‐item Cardio‐FFQ after discarding items with trivial contributions to food commonalities or between‐person variance. Further analysis showed that the simplified questionnaire had satisfactory content validity, concurrent validity, convergent validity, predictive validity, known‐group validity and test–retest reliability. Conclusion: The 133‐item Cardio‐FFQ is a valid and reliable tool for a comprehensive dietary assessment appropriate for adults at risk of coronary heart disease. Relevance to clinical practice: Nurses may use the Cardio‐FFQ to conduct a dietary assessment to better support people to commit to healthy diets, aiming to reduce the risk of coronary heart disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Aerobic exercise training (AET) prescribed as lipid management treatment positively affects the standard lipid profile and reduces cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. Apolipoproteins, lipid and apolipoprotein ratios, and lipoprotein sub-fractions may more effectively predict CVD risk than the standard lipid profile but an AET response in these biomarkers has not been established. Objectives: We conducted a quantitative systematic review of randomised controlled trials (RCTs) to (1) determine the effects of AET on lipoprotein sub-fractions, apolipoproteins and relevant ratios; and (2) identify study or intervention covariates associated with change in these biomarkers. Methods: We searched PubMed, EMBASE, all Web of Science and EBSCO health and medical online databases from inception to 31 December 2021. We included published RCTs of adult humans with ≥ 10 per group of participants; an AET intervention duration ≥ 12 weeks of at least moderate intensity (> 40% maximum oxygen consumption); and reporting pre/post measurements. Non-sedentary subjects, or those with chronic disease other than Metabolic Syndrome factors, or pregnant/lactating, as well as trials testing diet/medications, or resistance/isometric/unconventional training interventions, were excluded. Results: Fifty-seven RCTs totalling 3194 participants were analysed. Multivariate meta-analysis showed AET significantly raised antiatherogenic apolipoproteins and lipoprotein sub-fractions (mmol/L mean difference (MD) 0.047 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.011, 0.082), P =.01); lowered atherogenic apoliproteins and lipoprotein sub-fractions (mmol/L MD − 0.08 (95% CI − 0.161, 0.0003), P =.05); and improved atherogenic lipid ratios (MD − 0.201 (95% CI − 0.291, − 0.111), P <.0001). Multivariate meta-regression showed intervention variables contributed to change in lipid, sub-fraction, and apoliprotein ratios. Conclusion: Aerobic exercise training positively impacts atherogenic lipid and apolipoprotein ratios, alipoproteins, and lipoprotein sub-fractions; and antiatherogenic apolipoproteins and lipoprotein sub-fractions. Cardiovascular disease risk predicted by these biomarkers may be lowered when AET is prescribed as treatment or prevention. PROSPERO ID: CRD42020151925. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Purpose: This study intended to investigate the prevalence of anemia and its associated factors among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in Gorgan, Iran. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 415 (109 men) patients with T2DM referred to the referral diabetes clinic of Sayad Shirazi Hospital in Gorgan in 2021. Demographic information, anthropometric indices, past medical history, and some laboratory data on cell counts, serum blood glucose, HbA1c, creatinine, lipid/iron profiles, and urinary albumin were collected. The univariable and multivariable logistic regression analysis was applied to compute odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for potential associated factors, using SPSS version 21. The multivariable Model was adjusted for obesity, Hb A1c, T2DM duration, using glucose-lowering drugs (GLDs), chronic kidney disease (CKD), albuminuria, hypertriglyceridemia, and hypercholesterolemia. Results: The prevalence of anemia was 21.5% [95%CI: 17.6-25.7] among our total participants. The corresponding values for men and women were 20.2 (13.1-29.0) and 21.9 (17.4-27.0), respectively.The adjusted model revealed that obesity (OR, 1.94 [95% CI, 1.17–3.23]), T2DM duration for more than five years (OR, 3.12 [1.78–5.47]), albuminuria (OR, 6.37 [3.13–10.91]), chronic kidney disease (OR, 4.30 [ 2.83–7.29]) and hypertriglyceridemia (OR, 1.72 [ 1.21–2.77]) were significantly associated with prevalent anemia among patients with T2DM. Moreover, using insulin separately or in combination with oral GLDs associated positively with the prevalence of anemia with ORs of 2.60 [1.42-6.42] and 1.87 [1.30-4.37] , respectively. Conclusion: Anemia had a high prevalence among patients with T2DM in the north of Iran (about 22%), which is associated with obesity, hypertriglyceridemia, duration of T2DM, and diabetic kidney disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This systematic review and meta‐analysis aimed to synthesize the outcomes of theory‐based nursing interventions for coronary heart disease management. Design and Methods: Web of Science, Scopus, Science Direct, and PubMed databases were electronically searched from January 2013 to August 2021. The Preferred Reporting Item for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐analyses statement guidelines was followed for this meta‐analysis. Randomized controlled trials on patients with coronary heart disease, using a theory‐based nursing intervention were eligible. Methodological quality was examined by two authors using the Modified Jadad Scale. Based on the heterogeneity test, the results were analyzed using a pool of data with 95% confidence intervals, p‐values, and fixed or random‐effect models (PROSPERO registration number X). Findings A total of 1030 studies were initially retrieved, and 8 randomized controlled trials were eventually included in the meta‐analysis after screening. The big majority (81.3%) of participants were males, and the mean age was 54.8 (SD = 8.7) years. This meta‐analysis found theory‐based nursing interventions had no significant effect on blood lipid profile, blood pressure, and healthy lifestyle. However, these interventions significantly reduced fasting blood glucose, and body mass index and improved the physical and psychological domains of quality of life. Conclusions: The evidence from this meta‐analysis reveals that theory‐based nursing interventions have a positive effect on fasting blood glucose, body mass index, and quality of life. However, their effects on blood lipid profile, blood pressure, and a healthy lifestyle are inconclusive. The results of this metanalysis are largely based on a few trials and were limited in terms of the number of outcomes. Conducting well‐designed randomized controlled trials with adequate power is needed to make a firm conclusion on the influence of theory‐based nursing interventions on patient outcomes in the CHD population. Clinical relevance: Considering the high mortality and morbidity of coronary heart disease, nurses may play a significant role in coronary heart disease management by providing interventions that are based on a certain theoretical framework. This meta‐analysis provides insights into the implementation of theory‐based nursing interventions in heart attack survivors or those newly diagnosed with coronary heart disease led by nurses and lasting longer than 6 months in coronary heart disease. In addition, future studies should consider enhancing the content of training programs for a healthy lifestyle within the theory‐based nursing interventions and compare the effects of these interventions on acute and chronic coronary syndromes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: An important challenge in the secondary prevention of cardiovascular diseases is the optimization of risk factors (RFs) after hospital discharge. These have been shown to be insufficiently controlled in clinical practice. Aim: To evaluate whether secondary prevention goals were met at our institution at 12 months after an acute coronary syndrome (ACS) index event, as well as analyzing if achieving these goals was associated with a lower incidence of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE). Methods: Retrospective cohort of patients with a former diagnosis of ACS over a period of 4 years. To evaluate the proportion of patients who met RF control goals at 12 months after the index event, we used two sets of preestablished goals: stringent and lenient. During follow-up we evaluated the occurrence of MACE, defined by the following: ACS, coronary revascularization, stroke, hospitalization because of acute heart failure and cardiovascular death. Results: We included 468 patients during the study period. The mean age of the patients was 60 ± 10.76 years, 20.5% were women, and mean follow-up was 41.8 ± 22.0 months. The proportion of patients that met all secondary prevention stringent and lenient goals accounted for 5.5% and 17.2%, respectively, and 8% did not achieve any target. Overall, 9.6% presented the composite of MACE during follow-up. The number of RFs in control at 12 months was associated with a lower rate of MACE, both with stringent and lenient goals. Conclusion: Achieving established goals for modifiable RFs can lower the incidence of MACE during long-term follow-up. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Dietary indices and scores are valuable predictive markers against chronic diseases. Several previous studies have revealed the beneficial effects of diabetes risk reduction score (DRRS) against diabetes and cancer incidence. However, its association with metabolic abnormalities among obese individuals have not been revealed before. In the current study, we aimed to investigate the association between DRRS and metabolic risk factors among obese individuals. Methods: In the current cross-sectional study, 342 obese individuals [Body mass index (BMI) ≥ 30 kg/m2] aged 20–50 years were included. Dietary intake was assessed by a validated semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) of 168 food items and DRRS was calculated. Metabolic syndrome (MetS) was defined based on the guidelines of the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP-ATP III). Enzymatic methods were used to assess serum lipids, glucose, and insulin concentrations. Blood pressure was measured by a sphygmomanometer and body composition with bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). Results: Those with a higher adherence to DRRS had a significantly higher intake of energy, fiber, and lower protein compared with those in the lower quartiles. Moreover, lower intakes of trans fats, meat, sugar sweetened beverages (SSB), and glycemic index (GI) with higher intakes of fruits, cereal fiber, polyunsaturated fatty acids/ saturated fatty acids (PUFA/ SFA) ratio, coffee, and nuts were observed in the highest versus lowest DRRS categories. Lower systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, triglyceride and, higher high-density lipoprotein values were observed in higher DRRS categories. Logistic regression analysis showed that hypertension was significantly associated with adherence to DRRS among obese individuals, the odds ratio (OR) was 0.686 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.26–0.84) after adjustment for potential confounders. But the risk of other components of MetS was not significantly associated with higher quartiles of adherence to DRRS. Also, a non-significantly lower prevalence of MetS was observed in the higher quartile of DRRS. Conclusions: According to the results of the current study, higher DRRS was associated with lower blood pressure, modified serum lipids, and lower Mets prevalence. Further studies in different populations are warranted for better generalization of the obtained findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: Psychological stress has been linked to lipid dysregulation with noticeable gender differences, but it remains unclear whether women are more susceptible to non-optimal lipid levels than men, when experiencing stressful life events. This study aims to examine the association between stressful life events and non-optimal lipid levels among persons with hyperlipidaemia and whether the association differs between men and women. Methods and results: A nested case–control study was performed using data from the Wisconsin Sleep Cohort (WSC) Study from 2011 to 2015, including 224 participants with hyperlipidaemia and without a history of myocardial infarction or heart failure. Among them, 63 participants with non-optimal LDL cholesterol or triglyceride levels were identified as cases, and 161 participants with optimal LDL cholesterol and triglyceride levels were identified as controls. Cases and controls were traced back to their self-reported life events collected through the Retirement and Sleep Trajectories study during 2010–11. The association between stressful life events and non-optimal lipid levels was examined using multivariable logistic regression; confounding effects were addressed using propensity score weighting and Mahalanobis distance matching; gender differences were examined using subgroup analysis. Results showed that a higher number of stressful life events during 2010–11 was associated with greater odds of non-optimal lipid levels during 2011–15 (odds ratio = 1.45, P = 0.03) among women with hyperlipidaemia, whereas the association was not significant among men with hyperlipidaemia (P = 0.910). Conclusion: Future studies are needed to examine the underlying mechanisms that explain gender differences in the association between stressful life events and non-optimal lipid levels. Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00005557 Graphical Abstract [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aimed to determine the consistency of 1-day and 3-day average dietary intake using the 24-hour diet recall method and to investigate the relationship of diet intake with physiological indicators potentially associated with diabetic complications in patients with diabetes. Methods: This study conducted a secondary data analysis using pretest data of a nursing intervention study entitled “Development of deep learning based AI coaching program for diabetic patients with high risk and examination of its effects.” Data were analyzed through descriptive analysis, one-way repeated-measures analysis of variance, and Pearson correlation coefficients using SPSS 26.0. Results: The average total daily calorie intake over 3 days was 1,494.48 ± 436.47 kcal/day: 1,510.90 ± 547.76 kcal/day on the first day, 1,414.22 ± 527.58 kcal/day on the second day, 1,558.34 ± 645.83 kcal/ day on the third day, showing significant differences (F = 3.59, p = .031). The correlation coefficient between the 1-day and 3-day average dietary intake was 0.41-0.77 for each nutrient and 0.62-0.80 for each food group. Vegetable intake showed negative correlations with body mass index (BMI; r = -.19, p = .023) and triglycerides (r = -.18, p = .036), whereas dairy intake was positively associated with low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL; r = -0.18, p = .034) and triglycerides (r = .40, p<.001). Conclusion: This study demonstrated that 1-day dietary intake was highly correlated with 3-day average dietary intake using the 24-hour diet recall method. Food groups showed significant associations with physiological indicators of potential diabetic complications such as BMI, triglycerides, and LDL levels. Further studies are needed to improve the knowledge base on the relationships between physiological indicators and food groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This study determined the relationship between physical activity (PA), circulating lipids throughout pregnancy and infant anthropometric outcomes at birth and 2 weeks of age. Methods: Women (N = 234) with normal weight (NW, BMI 18.5–24.9 kg/m2) and with overweight and class I obesity (OW/OB, BMI 25–35 kg/m2) were categorized into high and low PA based on average cohort steps during pregnancy (8099 steps/day). Circulating fasting lipids were measured at each trimester. Standardized methods were used to obtain anthropometrics measures. Infant body composition was estimated by quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance (EchoMRI-AH small; ECHO Medical Systems). Results: Women with NW who had higher activity had lower circulating triglycerides (TG) and total cholesterol (TC) levels at 12 weeks compared to women with NW and low activity (p < 0.05). Women with OW/OB and high activity level throughout pregnancy had lower circulating TG, and low density lipoprotein (LDL), at 12 weeks, lower LDL at 24 weeks, and lower TG at 36 weeks compared to the women with OW/OB who had low activity levels (p < 0.05). For children born to women with OW/OB, maternal circulating TG and LDL were most associated with infant anthropometrics at 2 weeks of age. Conclusion: This study supports that higher PA during pregnancy is associated with lower lipid levels throughout pregnancy with a greater effect size in women with OW/OB. Maternal lipids were associated with anthropometrics and infant body composition at two weeks of life in women with OW/OB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]