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4,8‐Dihydroxy‐1‐tetrahydronaphthone (4,8‐DHT), an allelochemical, was isolated from the Carya cathayensis epicarp and was discovered to have phytotoxicity in laboratory tests. In this study, field experiments were designed to assess the phytotoxicity of 4,8‐DHT on weeds in Cerasus yedoensis and Lagerstroemia indica forestlands after pre‐ and post‐emergence application, in addition to physiological effect on Lindernia procumbens were also measured. The phytotoxic results of 4,8‐DHT demonstrated that the total inhibition rate of weeds was 81.3% and 68.2% in C. yedoensis forestland and L. indica forestland after pre‐emergence applied for 24 days in 2021, and enhanced by 9.9% and 27.8% compared with post‐emergence treatment. Especially, in C. yedoensis forestland, a high concentration of 4,8‐DHT sprayed at the pre‐emergence stage after 8 days had a significant inhibition rate on all weeds except Cyperus rotundus, and was still above 80.0% after 24 days of exposure. Comprehensive control efficacy of 4,8‐DHT indicates that pre‐emergence application is more favorable for weeds control. Physiological analysis showed that 4,8‐DHT stimulated the contents of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and proline and declined in the activities of antioxidant enzymes, meanwhile, accompanied by a decrease in the root vitality and chlorophyll content in L. procumbens. These results warrant further investigations of 4,8‐DHT applied in early pre‐emergence as a potential source of weed control agent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aspergillus flavus is a cosmopolitan saprophytic fungus that infests several foodstuffs and is associated with adverse effects in humans. In Senegal, significant losses of groundnut production are mainly due to contamination caused by this species. This study evaluated in vitro antifungal activities of Cyperus articulatus, Cyperus rotundus and Lippia alba essential oils against A. flavus isolated from peanut seeds. Essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation of rhizomes of the two Cyperus species and leaves of L. alba were analyzed with GC-DIF and GC-MS. The essential oil yields from C. articulatus, C. rotundus and L. alba were 1.1%, 1.3% and 1.7%, respectively. These three samples had the following chemotypes: (i) mustakone (21.4%)/eudesma-4(15)-7-dien-1β-ol (8.8%)/caryophyllene oxide (5.9%), (ii) caryophyllene oxide (25.2%)/humulene epoxyde 2 (35.0%) and (iii) geranial (46.6%)/neral (34.6%). The three oils tested inhibited the growth of A. flavus at concentrations between 100 and 1000 ppm. The L. alba oil was the most effective with total clearance of A. flavus on PDA. For the essential oils of C. rotundus (93.65%) and C. articulatus (78.11%), the highest inhibition rates were obtained with a 1000 ppm dose. Thus, L. alba oil could be used safely as an effective protector of groundnuts against A. flavus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cyperus rotundus rhizomes have been used in longevity remedies in Thailand for nourishing good health, which led us to investigate the effect on energy homeostasis, especially glucose utilization in myotubes and adipocytes, and on inhibition of lipogenesis in adipocytes. The results showed that an ethyl acetate extract of C. rotundus rhizomes (ECR) containing 1.61%w/w piceatannol, with a half-maximal concentration of 17.76 ± 0.03 μg/mL in 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay, caused upregulation and cell-membrane translocation of glucose transporters GLUT4 and 1 in L6 myotubes but downregulation and cytoplasmic localization of GLUT4 expression in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and was related to the p-Akt/Akt ratio in both cells, especially at 100 μg/mL. Moreover, ECR (25–100 μg/mL) significantly inhibited lipid accumulation via Adenosine Monophosphate-Activated Protein Kinase (AMPK), Acetyl CoA Carboxylase (ACC), and Glycogen Synthase Kinase (GSK) pathways. Its immunoblot showed increased expression of p-AMPKα/AMPKα and p-ACC/ACC but decreased expression of p-Akt/Akt and p-GSK3β/GSK3β in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Moreover, the decreased expression of the adipogenic effectors, perilipin1 and lipoprotein lipase, in ECR-incubated adipocytes (50 and 100 μg/mL) indicated reduced de novo lipogenesis. Our study elucidated mechanisms of C. rotundus that help attenuate glucose tolerance in skeletal muscle and inhibit lipid droplet accumulation in adipose tissue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this work was to realize a literature review on the use of alternative rooting agents in rhizogenesis stimulating on fruit trees, analyzing the methods used and their effectiveness, under the hypothesis that alternative rooting agents promote effective rhizogenesis on fruit trees of commercial interest, both as commercial rooters. For this, Google Scholar was used as a search platform, using the first 10 tabs, in each of the search descriptors. A total of 426 scientific works and papers were found, and 263 were used, according to the selection criteria applied. Of these, 166 were in Portuguese and 97 in English; 228 dealt with conventional rooters, and 35 with alternative rooters. 53% of the total published works dealt with fruit trees, however, only 11% used alternative rooting agents. The most used alternative rooting agent was the aqueous extract of Cyperus rotundus L. (Cyperaceae), and the most used phytohormone was Indolebutyric Acid (IBA), for comparison with the treatments. In general, the alternative rooters presented satisfactory results or even better than the other treatments used, which demonstrates the viability of using them in rooting cuttings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. The increase in the number of drug-resistant Plasmodium species continues to be a serious public health concern. Therefore, identification of the potential novel antimalarial drugs derived from therapeutic plants could help solve this issue. This study investigated whether Cyperus rotundus aqueous crude extract (CRE) and its combination with dihydroartemisinin (DHA) were effective against Plasmodium berghei ANKA-infected mice. Methods. CRE was prepared from C. rotundus rhizomes and evaluated using acute and subacute toxicity tests on BALB/c mice. The antimalarial effectiveness of CRE was assessed at 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg in a 4-day suppressive test with curative and prophylactic testing and measurement of packed cell volume (PCV), body weight (BW), rectal temperature, and mean survival time (MST). Results. Following acute and subacute treatment, CRE caused no harmful effects or mortality in mice. When compared with that in the untreated control, infected mice administered with 400 mg/kg of CRE in a 4-day suppressive test exhibited the strongest antimalarial activity (55.30% inhibition) with prolonged MST. However, curative and prophylactic assays did not reveal CRE to have antimalarial activity. In comparison with that achieved with the single therapy, the combination of DHA and CRE at ED50/2 (1 and 200 mg/kg, respectively) produced considerable antimalarial activity at 90.08% inhibition with synergism (combination index = 0.21701). For the other parameters, CRE administration prevented malarial-induced changes in PCV, BW, and rectal temperature. Conclusions. CRE treatment significantly inhibited malaria in the 4-day suppressive test, and CRE combined with DHA had a synergistic antimalarial effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tiger nuts (also called earth almonds or chufa) are the stolons of the sedge Cyperus esculentus L. and have been traditionally used as food or as an additive to drinks such as horchata de chufa. Recently, chufa experienced a hype as functional food because of its richness in dietary fiber and as a source of unsaturated fatty acids. Its close relative, nutgrass (Cyperus rotundus L.) has similarly long history of human use, but rather for medical purposes, due to a high content of secondary compounds. Both species are invasive weeds responsible for high yield losses in crop plants, especially in Southeast Asia, Africa, and subtropical America. They are not easily discerned, occur together, and are both traded under similar or identical vernacular names. For the purpose of consumer protection, it is important to discriminate them in commercial samples, which is not trivial by morphological markers and often impossible since they are mostly used in highly processed form. Therefore, a molecular authentication assay was developed using taxonomically authenticated plants as reference material. The plastidic marker psbA-trnH igs (intergenic spacer) and the nuclear marker Internally Transcribed Spacer were used for barcoding. To develop a sequencing-free fingerprinting assay, a single-nucleotide polymorphism in the ITS2 region could be employed to discriminate C. esculentus from its possible adulterant C. rotundus by a tailored Amplificatory Refractory Mutation System PCR. This approach was successful both, in reference to plants, as well as in highly processed commercial products such as tiger nut flour. We show that by a single PCR we can detect surrogation by nutgrass down to a threshold of 10% in tiger nuts as contribution to safeguard product authenticity against possible adulterations in a growing global market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The study determined the effect of alcoholic extract of common purslane, Portulaca oleracea, Java grass, and Cyperus rotundus oil in controlling the two-spotted spider mite on okra plants. The results of laboratory experiments showed the efficiency of purslane alcoholic extract was highly toxic to adult mites, but its effect was limited on eggs. In contrast, Cyperus oil was highly effective against mite eggs and adults. Cyperus oil gave the highest mortality of 86.94%, with significant differences from the purslane extract, where 68.61% mortality was observed and differed significantly from the control treatment. An increase in mortality increased with concentration, and the highest mortality of 95.83% was achieved at 5%, compared to the mortality of 59.58% at 1% treatment. The ovicidal activity was significant after the C. rotundus oil treatment compared to the purslane extract application. Cyperus oil reduced egg hatching by 42.50%. However, purslane extract did not affect the hatching significantly (91.70% hatching) and was not significantly different from the control. In general, the hatching rate decreased with increasing concentration of Cyperus oil and was only 40% at the 5% treatment compared to 60 and 96.70% at 1% treatment and controls, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cyperus rotundus L. exhibits promising potential for the development of functional foods due to its documented pharmacological and biological activities. This study investigated the antioxidant and anti-diabetic properties of C. rotundus kombucha. The results demonstrated potent antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of 76.7 ± 9.6 µL/mL for the DPPH assay and 314.2 ± 16.9 µL/mL for the ABTS assay. Additionally, the kombucha demonstrated alpha-glucosidase inhibitory with an IC50 value of 142.7 ± 5.2 µL/mL. This in vitro antioxidant potential was further validated in vivo using Drosophila. Drosophila fed a high-sugar diet and supplemented with pure kombucha revealed significant increases in DPPH and ABTS free radical scavenging activity. Drosophila on a high-sugar diet supplemented with varying kombucha concentrations manifested enhanced resistance to oxidative stresses induced by H2O2 and paraquat. Concurrently, there was a notable decline in lipid peroxidation levels. Additionally, significant upregulations in CAT, SOD1, and SOD2 activities were observed when the high-sugar diet was supplemented with kombucha. Furthermore, in vivo assessments using Drosophila demonstrated significant reductions in alpha-glucosidase activity when fed with kombucha (reduced by 34.04%, 13.79%, and 11.60% when treated with 100%, 40%, and 10% kombucha, respectively). A comprehensive GC-MS and HPLC analysis of C. rotundus kombucha detected the presence of antioxidative and anti-glucosidase compounds. In conclusion, C. rotundus kombucha exhibits considerable antioxidant and anti-diabetic properties, demonstrating its potential as a beneficial beverage for health promotion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Key message: CeOLE genes exhibit a tuber-predominant expression pattern and their mRNA/protein abundances are positively correlated with oil accumulation during tuber development. Overexpression could significantly increase the oil content of tobacco leaves. Oleosins (OLEs) are abundant structural proteins of lipid droplets (LDs) that function in LD formation and stabilization in seeds of oil crops. However, little information is available on their roles in vegetative tissues. In this study, we present the first genome-wide characterization of the oleosin family in tigernut (Cyperus esculentus L., Cyperaceae), a rare example accumulating high amounts of oil in underground tubers. Six members identified represent three previously defined clades (i.e. U, SL and SH) or six out of seven orthogroups (i.e. U, SL1, SL2, and SH1–3) proposed in this study. Comparative genomics analysis reveals that lineage-specific expansion of Clades SL and SH was contributed by whole-genome duplication and dispersed duplication, respectively. Moreover, presence of SL2 and SH3 in Juncus effuses implies their appearance sometime before Cyperaceae-Juncaceae divergence, whereas SH2 appears to be Cyperaceae specific. Expression analysis showed that CeOLE genes exhibit a tuber-predominant expression pattern and transcript levels are considerably more abundant than homologs in the close relative Cyperus rotundus. Moreover, CeOLE mRNA and protein abundances were shown to positively correlate with oil accumulation during tuber development. Additionally, two dominant isoforms (i.e. CeOLE2 and -5) were shown to locate in LDs as well as the endoplasmic reticulum of tobacco (Nicotiana benthamiana) leaves, and are more likely to function in homo and heteromultimers. Furthermore, overexpression of CeOLE2 and -5 in tobacco leaves could significantly increase the oil content, supporting their roles in oil accumulation. These findings provide insights into lineage-specific family evolution and putative roles of CeOLE genes in oil accumulation of vegetative tissues, which facilitate further genetic improvement for tigernut. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herbal medicines are considered to be safe and efficient and are widely used for the prevention and treatment of chronic disorders. However, quality control of these formulations and their standardization in terms of quantities of biomarker compounds are extremely important. These tasks are quite challenging in case of polyherbal formulations as there are hundreds of phytoconstituents present at nanogram or picogram levels. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) methods are useful tools in such cases as they are highly sensitive and specific. Majoon-e-Nisyan (MJN) is a polyherbal Unani formulation used in the treatment of amnesia. It contains five constituent herbs Kundur (Boswellia serrate Roxb.), Waj (Acorus calamus L.), Saad Koofi (Cyperus rotundus L.), FilfilSiyah (Piper nigrum L.), Zanjabeel (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) made in Asl-asli (honey). In this paper, we have identified five biomarker compounds, one from each constituent herb, viz., (α + β) boswellic acid, β-asarone, luteolin, 6-gingerol and piperine, and developed an LC-MS/MS method for their simultaneous determination in MJN formulation. Further, the developed method was validated for accuracy, precision, linearity, specificity and sensitivity according to ICH guidelines. We found that the linearity of each calibration curve displayed r2 value not less than 0.99, the intra- and interday precisions showed RSD in the range of 0.7–1.0 and 1.0–2.9%, respectively. We achieved recovery of each marker compound in the range of 87.5–94.1%. Moreover, the limit of detection and limit of quantification were found to be in the range of 0.3 to 5 ng/mL. Finally, the developed method was applied to quantify the marker compounds in MJN formulation. Our method successfully quantified (α + β) boswellic acid, β-asarone, luteolin, 6-gingerol and piperine as 0.973 ± 0.009, 0.093 ± 0.004, 0.003 ± 0.001, 0.0256 ± 0.002 and 0.0266 ± 0.008 mg/g of MJN formulation. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported method for the simultaneous determination of (α + β) boswellic acid, β-asarone, luteolin, 6-gingerol and piperine in MJN formulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Introduction: The prevalence of hyperglycemic diseases known collectively as diabetes has reached epidemic proportions in the current century. Diabetics are particularly vulnerable to infections, which can have devastating health consequences. The purpose of this research was to examine the effects of an aqueous extract of Cyperus rotundus roots on diabetic complications in rats with diabetes caused by Alloxan. Martial and Methods: Specifically: Alloxan monohydrate, Borosilicate, and a diagnostic kit. Specifically: a diagnostic kit, a phrase, or a paraphrase. Centrifuge Micropippet, Glucose check monitoring device, electronic digital scales, EDDY's Hot plate analgesometer MK-11, and the Biofuse pico. All chemicals employed were of the AR grade variety, including the alloxan monohydrate, metformin, chloroform, diethyl ether, and ethyl ether. Results: No deaths or toxicity symptoms were observed in the AECR acute toxicity test in mice, indicating that the extract was well tolerated and the test doses were safe in the animals. The effect of AECR on fasting blood glucose level in alloxan-induced diabetic rats was measured using an auto analyzer glucose kit to determine the compound's antidiabetic activity. The plasma or blood glucose level is measured after an individual has fasted as part of a carbohydrate metabolic test. The hormone glucagon is secreted into the bloodstream during fasting to facilitate the catabolic release of glucose. Conclusion: The results show that in alloxan-induced diabetic rats, the oral administration of an aqueous extract of Cyperus rotundus exhibited neuroprotective, nephroprotective, and hepatoprotective activities by increasing insulin production and decreasing glucogan production and an SGOT snd SGPT level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A field experiment was conducted during kharif 2021 at College of Agriculture, V.C. Farm, Mandya to study the effect of pre-emergence herbicides on growth and yield of direct seeded rice (Oryza sativa L.). The experiment was laid out in RCBD with three replications consisting of nine treatments viz., pretilachlor 30% EC + pyrazosulfuron ethyl 0.75% WG (Pre mix) @ 1500, 2000, 2500 g ha-1, respectively, pyrazosulfuron ethyl 10% WP @ 250 g ha-1, pretilachlor 50% EC @ 1500 ml ha-1, pretilachlor 30% EC + 10% safener @ 1000 ml ha-1, hand weeding (20 & 40 DAS), weed free check and weedy check. The predominant weed flora observed were Echinochloa colona, Cynodon dactylon, Eleusine indica, Dinebra retroflexa, Dactyloctenium aegyptium, Chloris barbata, Physalis minima, Ageratum conyzoides, Portulaca olearacea, Parthenium hysterophorus, Gomphrena decumbens, Cyperus rotundus and Cyperus iria. The results revealed that pre-emergence application of pretilachlor 30% EC + pyrazosulfuron ethyl 0.75% WG pretilachlor 30% EC + pyrazosulfuron ethyl 0.75% WG (Pre mix) @ 2500 g ha-1 at 3 DAS recorded significantly lower total weed count (0.25, 0.72,15.00 and 19.33 No. m-2), weed dry weight (1.22, 3.09, 5.50 and 8.08 g m-2) and weed control efficiency of 84.36, 82.86, 79.00 and 78.82 per cent, respectively at 15, 30, 60 DASP and at harvest. Due to efficient weed control the same treatment recorded high nutrient uptake by the crop (84.42, 43.90 and 63.47 NPK kg ha-1), net monetary returns (Rs.92120 ha-1) and B: C ratio (3.54) and was statistically comparable with weed free check. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the increasing demand for electronic devices that use batteries, e-waste is also becoming a major threat to the environment. Battery e-waste contains hazardous heavy metals that affect the health of the soil ecosystem. Thus, the present study evaluates the cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) phytoextraction potential of coco grass (Cyperus rotundus L.) grown in soils contaminated with battery scrap waste (BSW). Pot experiments were conducted to grow C. rotundus under different treatments (0%: control, T1: 1%, T2: 2%, T3: 3%, and T4: 4%) of BSW mixed with soil (w/w). The results showed that BSW mixing significantly (p < 0.05) increased the physicochemical properties and heavy metal (Cd and Pb) content in the soil. BSW mixing resulted in a reduction in growth and biochemical traits of C. rotundus and an increase in oxidative stress enzymes with an increase in BSW dose. The Pearson correlation studies also showed that soil HM concentration had a negative influence on the growth and biochemical parameters of C. rotundus. The bioaccumulation and translocation factor analysis showed that C. rotundus was a hyperaccumulator plant with a maximum accumulation of Cd and Pb (38.81 and 109.06 mg·kg−1) in root parts followed by the whole plant (277.43 and 76.10 mg·kg−1) and shoot (21.30 and 22.65 mg·kg−1) parts. Moreover, predictive models based on multiple linear regression (MLR) and artificial neural network (ANN) approaches were developed for Cd and Pb uptake by C. rotundus. Mathematical modeling results showed that soil properties were useful to construct quality MLR and ANN models with good determination coefficient (R2 > 0.98), model efficiency (ME > 0.99), and low root mean square error (RMSE < 5.72). However, the fitness results of the ANN models performed better compared with those of the MLR models. Overall, this study presents an efficient and sustainable strategy to eradicate hazardous HMs by growing C. rotundus on BSW-contaminated soils and reducing its environmental and health consequences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cyperus rotundus L. has been extensively used in ancient medication for the treatment of different disorders worldwide, in which sesquiterpenes are the most representative components. In this study, sesquiterpenes were effectively purified by two‐dimensional counter‐current chromatography in combination with continuous injection and inner‐recycling mode with a solvent system of n‐hexane/ethyl acetate/methanol/water (1:0.2:1:0.2, v/v/v/v). For one‐dimension separation, continuous injection mode was used with three times injection and the inner‐recycling mode was adopted for the separation of two mixtures for two‐dimensional separation. Finally, four sesquiterpenoids, including scariodione (1), cyperenoic acid (2), scariodione (3), and α‐cyperone (4), were obtained with purities over 98%. Mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance were applied to identify their structures. The results from the anti‐inflammation effect with zebrafish demonstrated that cyperenoic acid exhibited stronger anti‐inflammation activity. Molecular docking results suggested that cyperenoic acid possessed lower binding energies –9.4545 kcal/mol with 1CX2 to form formed hydrogen bond interaction with ARG120. In general, all the obtained findings proved that the strong anti‐inflammation capacity of cyperenoic acid can have the potential of being adopted for treating diseases resulting from inflammation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cyperus rotundus is the dry rhizome of the Cyperaceae plant Cyperus. Although there are two types of processed products in clinics, their quality differences are not clear, and the identification methods are more complex. In this study, the chemical composition of different processed products of Cyperus rotundus was characterized using ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography‐quadrupole‐time of flight‐mass spectrometry and molecular network analysis, to identify the potential chemical markers and to establish a quick and simple color‐based discrimination method. Among the 65 compounds analyzed, 12 showed significant differences. Observing the color, the surface brightness (L*) of Cyperus rotundus decreased after vinegar processing, while red (a*) and yellow (b*) values increased. These color values correlated significantly with chemical compositions. Finally, a color discriminant function was established and verified for raw Cyperus rotundus and vinegar‐processing Cyperus rotundus. Based on this study, Cyperus rotundus' quality can be effectively controlled and provides a method for the comprehensive characterization of chemical components and chemical markers of other traditional Chinese medicine and processed products, as well as new ideas and methods in identification and quality evaluation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A higher seeding rate and water management through flooding are proven effective against many weeds of wet direct-seeded rice. However, the efficacies of these techniques against the lowland ecotype Cyperus rotundus are not yet known. Two experiments were conducted each twice to determine the influence of seeding rate and flooding period on the growth of lowland ecotype C. rotundus and the yield of wet direct-seeded rice under dual culture. The first experiment involved two levels of weed pressure (without and with lowland ecotype C. rotundus) and four seeding rates of wet direct-seeded rice (60, 120, 180, and 240 kg ha-1); the second involved three flooding periods (7, 14, and 21 DAS) including the full saturated condition. The shoot biomass of the weed was heaviest at 60 kg ha-1; reduced by 10, 20, and 41% at 120, 180, and 240 kg ha-1. It only weighted 8% when flooding was applied at 7 DAS; 23 and 31% at 14 and 21 DAS, respectively. The grain yield of wet direct-seeded rice was not different at four seeding rates nor various flooding periods. Despite that, the grain yield was higher by 66% when flooding was done at 7 DAS; 39 and 40% at 14 and 21 DAS, respectively. The findings of this study demonstrated that using a higher seeding rate and early flooding had negative influences on the growth of lowland ecotype C. rotundus but not on the yield of wet direct-seeded rice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A field experiment was conducted in maize (Zea mays L.) during both kharif (June–September, 2014 and 2015) seasons in a randomized block design with nine treatments, including the herbicide tembotrione as early post-emergence at 80, 100 and 120 g ha-1 both as sole and in combination with atrazine at 500 g ha-1, atrazine at 1000 g ha-1, hand-weeding twice at 25 and 40 DAS and unweeded control with three replications. The experimental field was heavily infested with Ludwigia parviflora (Jacq.) Raven, Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers., Cyperus rotundus (L.) and Fimbristylis miliacea (L.) Vahl. The yield of maize was reduced by around 48% due to weed infestation. From the experiment, it was found that combined application of tembotrione and atrazine was much more effective than sole application of herbicide at any of the levels that were evaluated. Tembotrione at a rate of 80–100 g ha-1+stefesmero surfactant at 733 g ha-1+atrazine at 500 g ha-1 recorded the lowest weed density, weed biomass and weed index; highest values of growth and yield parameters as well as the yield of maize. Therefore, early post–emergence application of tembotrione at 80–100 g ha-1+stefesmero surfactant at 733 g ha-1+atrazine 500 g ha–1 appeared to be the most effective weed management approach for higher weed control efficiency, yield, gross and net return of kharif maize in lateritic soil of West Bengal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural products are reported to have a vital role in the treatment of various diseases and drug design. In recent developments, natural drug molecules of plant origin have been reported exclusively for diabetic management. Type-2 diabetes or hyperglycemia is one such disease which is particularly studied for plant-based therapy in the last few decades. Though various plant extracts and metabolites have been reported for potential hyperglycemic activities, the Cyperus species plants have acquired a unique place in the phytochemical study as they are endowed with various health-beneficial bioactive metabolites and have proven biological properties. The present report is focused on the Cyperus species plants that are studied for antidiabetic properties in vitro as well as in vivo and the potential metabolites identified for such activities. The antidiabetic studies of metabolites or crude products from plants such as Cyperus articulatus, Cyperus esculentus, Cyperus kyllingia, Cyperus laevigatus, Cyperus pangorei, Cyperus rotundus, Cyperus scariosus and Cyperus tegetum were reviewed. The metabolites, responsible for such activities were listed from the literature survey wherever purification and identification works were reported. The review focused on the importance of natural products in managing diabetes mellitus and the pharmaceutical importance of Cyperus plants in in managing diabetes, their pharmaceutical importance, drug safety and effectiveness. The secondary metabolites listed in this review may be helpful for further molecular and clinical-level research and drug design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We evaluated the herbicidal activity of fractions recovered from the ethyl acetate leaf extract of Ageratum conyzoides L. on Amaranthus spinosus L., Cyperus rotundus L. and Axonopus compressus L. growth. The leaves of A. conyzoides were defatted with n-hexane and then extracted with ethyl acetate. Two subfractions A and B, were recovered after fractionation of the ethyl acetate extract by column chromatography. In pot assays, the ethyl acetate extract of 2-subfractions A and B were applied to A. spinosus, C. rotundus and A. compressus at concentrations of 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 % and the herbicide (2,4-D at 0.686 kg a.i. ha-1) and distilled water applied as positive and negative controls, respectively. The subfractions showed phytotoxic activity 7-days after the start of the pot assay. Subfraction A at concentrations of 4 % or higher completely suppressed the growth of A. spinosus and that of A. compressus at 10 % concentration. Thus, subfraction B was less phytotoxic to weeds than subfraction A. The C. rotundus weed was less sensitive to both subfractions. GC-MS indicated the presence of caryophyllene (6.40 %), 2-propenoic acid, 3-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-, (E)- (15.35%), precosene II (23.33 %) and phytol (4.33 %) in subfraction A; and caryophyllene (9.61 %), 2-propenoic acid, 3-(2- hydroxyphenyl)-, (E)- (20.82 %), precocene I (3.27 %) and precocene II (29.78 %) in subfraction B. Our results showed that subfraction A had promising herbicidal effects on A. spinosus and A. compressus, while, subfraction B was herbicidal to A. spinosus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oxidative stress related disorders occur as a result of free radicals in the cellular organs. Antioxidants provide protection contrary to oxidative stress by counteracting free radicals through the help of different bioactive constituents present in the plants. The aim of this study is to find out the quantitative estimation of phytochemicals (phenolics, tannins, flavonoid, non-tannins, alkaloid and saponins), in vitro antioxidant activity (2, 2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate, metal chelating, ferric reducing, superoxide dismutase and total antioxidant activity) of different parts of Cyperus rotundus. Along with this, the extraction of polyphenolic compounds by conventional and non-conventional methods and their optimization by response surface methodology technique were also studied. As the outcomes of the study, maximum amount of total phenolics content was found in the ethanolic fraction of stem (37.88±0.94 mg gallic acid equivalent/g). The root has shown the highest flavonoid (0.24±0.03 mg QAE/g) and non-tannin content (21.55±2.43 mg gallic acid equivalent/g) in the extract of petroleum ether. The total alkaloids and tannin content in flower and root i.e., 5.05±0.08 mg caffeine equivalent/g and 76.28±0.62 mg tannic acid equivalent/g was found to be better in aqueous extract respectively. The fraction of ethyl acetate has reported the greatest saponin content (39.2±3.8 mg gallic acid equivalent/g). In case of flower part half-maximal inhibitory concentration value of 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate and superoxide dismutase antioxidant activity varies from 0.57-1.90 mg/ml and from 0.053-1.401 mg/ml respectively. Antioxidant activity of each part of the plant was reported in the fraction of ethanol and water by fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (0.403±0.009-0.886±0.02 mg/ml), metal chelation activity (0.010±0.0-0.306±0.001 mg/ml) and total antioxidant capacity (0.030±0.0- 0.317±0.002 mg/ml). Microwave assisted extraction method was found to be the suitable one for optimization of total phenolic content. So, the relationship between different parameter was determined through response surface methodology technique and evaluated by plotting the graphs. Polar extracts have found to show the maximum quantity of secondary bioactive metabolites and antioxidant activity as compared to non-polar one. And among the comparison between conventional and non-conventional methods, ultra sonication (non-conventional method) has shown the highest yield of bioactive phenolic compound. So, this study shows that Cyperus rotundus has wide range of secondary metabolites showing antioxidant properties that can be applied for different therapeutic applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Diploid and mixoploid Trigonella foenum-graecum L. phytotoxicity on Cyperus rotundus. • Weed treatment via aqueous extracts spray and aerial parts powder incorporation into potting soil. • The phytotoxicity of diploid and mixoploid fenugreek plants was different. • The spray of mixoploid fenugreek aqueous extracts was the most harmful on weeds. • Mode of action of T. foenum-graecum allelochemicals' on C. rotundus. The increased use of pesticides adversely affects the environment. To overcome this problem, there is a need to adopt sustainable agriculture. Cyperus rotundus L. is the main focus of the present work, which was carried out in order to find an effective and ecofriendly way to control this menacing weed. Allelopathic plants may show an enhancement of their phytotoxicity following their mixoploidisation. Hence, phytotoxic activity of diploid and mixoploid Trigonella foenum-graecum L. plants (fenugreek) harvested at vegetative stage was evaluated on C. rotundus. Treatments were applied either by pulverization of fenugreek aerial parts aqueous extracts (at 10, 20, and 30%) or by incorporation of the aerial parts powder into potting soil (in amounts of 0.2%, 0.6%, 1%), in pot experiments, under natural conditions. Results showed that phytotoxicity degree was dependent on the treatment and the ploidy level. Indeed, mixoploid fenugreek aqueous extract at 30% was the most harmful to weeds, whose leaves were totally burned, with 92.77% and 86% inhibition on root growth and weight, respectively. Pulverization by aqueous extracts of diploid plants had no significant effect on C. rotundus vegetative growth which was similar to control at all concentrations. The growth of C. rotundus , treated by adding mixoploid fenugreek powder to the potting soil, has been improved at the highest doses. However, its shoots and roots length and leaf number and weight were reduced by 45.45%, 63.88%, 66.66% and 74.54% respectively following adding diploid plants at 1%. As the pulverization treatment by mixoploid plants was the most phytotoxic on C. rotundus , the reproducibility of this result was evaluated in field trial. Same to pot experiments, shoot growth was completely inhibited at 30%, with 91.51% and 92.17% reduction in root growth and weight. Weed growth inhibition seems to be correlated with membrane deterioration (proved by an increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) content by 67.55% and 57.85% in leaves and roots and electrolyte leakage increase by 64.88% and 46.46% in the same organs) and mitochondrial respiration disruption due to a decrease in dehydrogenases activity. Chlorophyll and soluble sugars contents were similarly affected; while, proline and carotenoid contents increased. This study showed that mixoploidy could be an effective way to enhance the phytotoxicity of plants, which may be used to control the main weeds, often very resistant even to industrial herbicides. Understanding the different action mode of allelochemicals on target species may provide a basis for the development of bio-herbicides to boost up production in sustainable agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ticks are very important ectoparasites transmitting diseases to animals and humans and their natural control is an urgent need. The efficacy of nine novel aqueous plant extracts against Hyalomma dromedarii, semi-fed males, was evaluated through the adult immersion test; seven concentrations were applied (10, 20, 40, 90, 110, 130, and 170 mg/ml) for each plant extract. Plants could be arranged according to their Mortality (MO) percent, 15 days post-treatment (PT) with 170 mg/ml, as follows: 96% by Ricinus communis; followed 84% by Alchemilla vulgaris, Cichorium endivia, Quercus cortex, and Salvia rosmarinus. Three, seven, and 12 days PT, the LC50 values of the highly effective group including R. communis (100.11, 30.34, and 30.22%), A. vulgaris (140.11, 60.94, and 50.38%), C. endivia (120.56, 60.13, and 30.80%), Q. cortex (110.87, 50.05, and 30.13%) and S. rosmarinus (110.73, 50.26, and 40.35%) were calculated. The LT50 values for the highly effective plants were 1.000, 3.136, 2.282, 4.498, and 2.614 days, PT with 170 mg/ml, for R. communis, A. vulgaris, C. endivia, Q. cortex, and S. rosmarinus and their LT99 values were 9.224, 19.840, 19.296, 22.928, and 29.907 days, respectively. The relative toxicity of the A. vulgaris, Allium sativum, C. endivia, Cyperus rotundus, Lepidium sativum, Q. cortex, R. communis, and S. rosmarinus were 1.0, 1.6, 1.6, 1.2, 1.3, 1.7, 1.7, and 12 times, more effective than Lawsonia inermis, respectively. Phytochemical analyses indicated the presence of phenolic, tannin, and flavonoid compounds. This study recommended using R. communis for tick control, followed by Alc. vulgaris, Ci. endivia, Q. cortex, and S. rosmarinus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The field experiment was conducted at Zonal Agricultural Research Station, University of Agricultural Sciences, GKVK, Bengaluru during summer 2021 to evaluate the effect of new generation mesotrione herbicide on growth and yield of maize (Zea mays L.). The experiment consists of application of different doses of mesotrione herbicide as early post emergent (EPoE) and weed free check and unweeded control were replicated thrice in RCBD. Major weeds observed were Alternanthra sessilis, Borreria articularis, Euphorbia geniculata, Cynodon dactylon, Dactyloctenium aegyptium, Echinochloa colonum, Eleusine indica and Cyperus rotundus. Post-emergent application of mesotrione 48 per cent SC @ 120 ml a.i. ha-1 recoded higher kernel yield, stover yield of maize and lower weed index value (6273 kg ha-1, 7583.7 kg ha-1 and 4.07%, respectively) and it was on par with mesotrione 48 per cent SC @ 144 ml a.i. ha-1 (6075 kg ha-1, 7430 kg ha-1 and 7.08%, respectively). Weedy check recorded a kernel yield (3090.7 kg ha-1), lower stover yield (4096.3 kg ha-1) of maize and higher weed index value (52.72%) compared to other treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, zinc oxide nanoparticles were green-synthesized using the aqueous extract of the rhizomes of Cyperus rotundus. The chemical methods EDX, FE-SEM, XRD, UV-Vis., and FT-IR analysis were used to characterize ZnONPs@C. rotundus were characterized by analytical techniques including. The FE-SEM image revealed a spherical shape for the nanoparticles in a size range of 38.05 to 75.41 nm and 33.09 nm was calculated for ZnONPs@ C. rotundus crystal size using the XRD results. MTT assay was used on common lung well-differentiated bronchogenic adenocarcinoma cell line i.e. HLC-1 to survey the cytotoxicity and anti-lung well-differentiated bronchogenic adenocarcinoma effects of the synthesized nanoparticles. To determine the antioxidant properties of the synthesized nanoparticles, the DPPH test was used in the presence of butylated hydroxytoluene as the positive control. The synthesized nanoparticles had very low cell viability and high anti-lung well-differentiated bronchogenic adenocarcinoma activities dose-dependently against the HLC-1 cell line without any cytotoxicity on the normal cell line (HUVEC). The synthesized nanoparticles inhibited half of the DPPH molecules at the concentration of 41 µg/mL. Maybe significant anti-human lung well-differentiated bronchogenic adenocarcinoma potentials of the synthesized nanoparticles against common human lung well-differentiated bronchogenic adenocarcinoma cell lines are linked to their antioxidant activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rhizosphere microorganisms can greatly affect plant growth, especially the plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), which can improve plant root development and growth because they contain various biological functions including nitrogen fixation, phosphate solubilization, and phytosiderophore production. This study demonstrates that Cyperus rotundus L. is capable of developing and forming complex underground reproductive systems at arbitrary burial depths and cutting modes due to its extremely strong multiplication and regeneration ability. With the densities of C. rotundus increasing, the abundance of PGPR, soil enzymes invertase and urease, the nutrient contents of the field soil, and maize quality were impacted. Notably, more abundance of PGPR—most notably, the nitrogen-fixing microorganisms (NFMs) such as Azospirillum, Burkholderia, Mycobacterium, and Rhizobium—enriches in the rhizosphere of C. rotundus than in that of maize. In addition, the activities of soil enzymes invertase (S_SC) and urease (S_SU) were significantly higher in its rhizosphere than in maize, further proving that more NFMs enrich the C. rotundus rhizosphere. The nutrient contents of the field soil of TN, SOM, and SOC were reduced, indicating that the presence of C. rotundus made the soil infertile. Hence, these pieces of evidence indicate that C. rotundus may drive the field soil infertile as reflected by reduced soil nutrients via altering rhizosphere bacteria community structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Ten species of Cyperaceae are indicated in traditional medicine for the treatment of inflammation. • In vivo and in vitro anti-inflammatory activity has been reported for 13 species of Cyperaceae. • Fifty compounds isolated from Cyperaceae species showed anti-inflammatory potential. • The essential oil, extracts and fractions obtained from Cyperaceae did not show relevant toxicity. Species of the family Cyperaceae are used in traditional medicine in several countries for the treatment of some illnesses. The indications of some representatives for the treatment of inflammation have been experimentally evaluated, suggesting that Cyperaceae has chemical compounds with anti-inflammatory activity. The present work aimed to carry out a systematic review of the traditional uses, anti-inflammatory potential, toxicity, and chemical compounds isolated from species of this family. Scientific articles were obtained through searches in the Google Scholar, PubMed®, SciELO, and Scopus® databases. Only works published in the last 31 years (1991–2022) were eligible. After application of the inclusion and exclusion criteria, a total of 82 articles were used in this review. Ten species of Cyperaceae are traditionally used to treat inflammation in different countries. In vitro and in vivo assays with the essential oil, extracts and its fractions exhibited potent anti-inflammatory action. Relevant preclinical toxicity was not found for different formulations. A total of 50 compounds belonging to the classes of sesquiterpenes, phenolic compounds, benzenoids, phytosterols, unsaturated fatty acids, diterpenoids, triterpenes, and norterpenoids presented anti-inflammatory potential. Cyperus rotundus stood out for the high amount of information on its traditional use, anti-inflammatory potential, and phytochemical studies. Bioprospecting other species indicated in traditional medicine for the treatment of inflammation is essential to validate or refute the suggested ethnopharmacological information. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the treatment effect of a bacteria-algal symbiosis system on farmland drainage with low carbon,and high nitrogen soft fiber bio-rope (polyolefin polyamide composite), Vallisneria natans (Lour.)Hara and Cyperus rotundus L. were used to construct a symbiotic carrier system for the bacteria and algae. The results showed that when the fiber rope was used as the carrier and the filling density was in the range of 10%~30%, the concentration of algae in the system increased with the increase in density, and the removal effect of total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), and ammonia nitrogen (NH+ 4-N)was significantly improved, with the 30% fiber rope system exhibiting the best effect. When the hydraulic retention time (HRT) was 2 d, the average temperature was 25 ℃, the average concentrations of influent chemical oxygen demand (COD), TN, TP, and NH + 4 - N were 73.69, 15.45, 0.73 mg · L-1 and 6.32 mg · L-1, respectively. The average effluent mass concentrations were 19.17, 1.76, 0.14 mg·L-1, and 1.48 mg·L-1, respectively, which reached the class Ⅴ standard stipulated by the surface water environmental quality standard. The C. rotundus L. system showed a good treatment effect on COD, with a removal rate of up to 77%. The removal effect of these pollutants by the V. natans (Lour.) Hara system was mediocre. In addition, a significant negative correlation was found between the chlorophyll concentration and NH+ 4-N content in the effluent water. The introduction of carriers, such as nitrifying bacteria, would proliferate bacteria with long generation cycles in the system. The results indicated that when 30% fiber rope was used as the carrier, the effect of the bacteria-algal symbiosis system on farmland drainage was optimally improved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

SUMMARY: There are numerous examples of plant organs or developmental stages that are desiccation‐tolerant and can withstand extended periods of severe water loss. One prime example are seeds and pollen of many spermatophytes. However, in some plants, also vegetative organs can be desiccation‐tolerant. One example are the tubers of yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus), which also store large amounts of lipids similar to seeds. Interestingly, the closest known relative, purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus), generates tubers that do not accumulate oil and are not desiccation‐tolerant. We generated nanoLC‐MS/MS‐based proteomes of yellow nutsedge in five replicates of four stages of tuber development and compared them to the proteomes of roots and leaves, yielding 2257 distinct protein groups. Our data reveal a striking upregulation of hallmark proteins of seeds in the tubers. A deeper comparison to the tuber proteome of the close relative purple nutsedge (C. rotundus) and a previously published proteome of Arabidopsis seeds and seedlings indicates that indeed a seed‐like proteome was found in yellow but not purple nutsedge. This was further supported by an analysis of the proteome of a lipid droplet‐enriched fraction of yellow nutsedge, which also displayed seed‐like characteristics. One reason for the differences between the two nutsedge species might be the expression of certain transcription factors homologous to ABSCISIC ACID INSENSITIVE3, WRINKLED1, and LEAFY COTYLEDON1 that drive gene expression in Arabidopsis seed embryos. Significance Statement: In this work we compare the protein composition of the tubers of yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus), which are desiccation‐tolerant and oil‐rich, with the tubers of purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus), which do not have these characteristics. We discovered that yellow but not purple nutsedge has a proteome similar to that of seeds from other species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus L.) is a widely distributed weed. To evaluate the effect of environmental factors on tuber sprouting in different ecotypes, an inter‐simple sequence repeat (ISSR)‐based genetic analysis approach was used to assess the genetic relatedness among 24 purple nutsedge populations collected in China. Twenty‐one ISSR primers were selected to generate 167 scorable bands. The percentage of polymorphic bands (PPB) was 97%, indicating a high level of genetic diversity, and the cluster results largely coincided with the geographical locations. Three ecotypes, HN‐1, HB‐1 and SD‐1 (collected from Hai'nan Island, central China and northern China, respectively), with large genetic and geographic distances from each other, were selected to assess variation in the purple nutsedge sprouting trait. Compared with the other ecotypes, ecotype SD‐1 showed the highest sprouting capacity at constant 15°C and at 10/20°C, and the shortest time to reach 80% sprouting (t80) at constant 20°C and at 15/25 and 20/30°C. The sprouting percentage was very high (95%–98.8%) and without significant differences between the three ecotypes over a pH range between 5 and 9. The osmotic potentials that caused 50% inhibition of the maximum sprouting percentages of HN‐1, HB‐1 and SD‐1 were −0.37, −0.43 and −0.44 MPa respectively. Ecotype SD‐1 appeared to maintain a slightly higher sprouting percentage under osmotic stress, but the difference was not significant. These findings suggest that the higher tolerance to lower temperatures and drought of ecotype SD‐1 might be an adaptation to lower winter temperature and drier climatic conditions in North China. Abundant genetic diversity may be a potential factor that endows purple nutsedge with strong environmental adaptability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Liangfu formula, as described in 'Liangfang Jiye', is well-known for its efficacy in treating stomach pain, abdominal pain, and dysmenorrhea. This research aimed to investigate the pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of 5-hydroxy-7-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-1-phenyl-3-heptanone (DPHA), Galangin, Kaempferide, 5-Hydroxy-1,7-diphenyl-3-heptanone (DPHC), α-Cyperone, and Nootkatone in vivo using an LC-MS/MS method. The method successfully separated the six active components and internal standards (Chrysin and Yakuchinone-A) on an XB-C18 column with a mobile phase of 0.2 ‰ formic acid water-acetonitrile. It demonstrated good linearity with a correlation coefficient (r2) ≥ 0.9911 and a lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) of 5–80 ng/mL for the different components. Precision, accuracy, matrix effects, and recovery rates were within acceptable ranges. Pharmacokinetic analysis revealed significant differences in parameters between primary dysmenorrhea (PD) and normal rats (especially AUC, T max, and CL z /F). Tissue distribution showed that the six active components of the herbal pair Alpinia officinarum Hance- Cyperus rotundus L. (HPAC) extract was primarily distributed in the liver, lung, and kidney. This study offers valuable insights into the potential mechanisms of action and drug development for treating PD. • A sensitive and reliable LC-MS/MS method was developed and validated. • 6 bioactive compounds from LFHP were quantified in rat plasma and tissues. • The pharmacokinetic behavior of the analytes was altered in PD rats. • The six analytes were mainly distributed in liver, lung and kidney. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Weeds around rice crops can cause competition and then must be controlled. Pre-emergence weed control by utilizing weed extract as herbicides is the alternative solution for substituting synthetic herbicides. In addition, allelopathic compounds of weed can inhibit the seed germination of other species. This study aims to know the efficacy of weed extract types as bioherbicides to inhibit weed growth and increase rice yields. The study was conducted from 2021-2022 in the greenhouse, Ngestiharjo, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. The Padjajaran Agritan variety was used. This study was a pot experiment arranged in a complete randomized design (CRD) with three replications. The weed extract treatment consisted of four types: goat weed, nut grass, siam weed, and cogon grass, which was applied in two ways: seven days before and when planting seedlings. In addition, one control was added, namely without weed extract application. In this study, 81 polybags were used. Each replication consisted of three plant samples. The results showed that the application of weed extract could inhibit weed growth, including the individual weed number and weed dry weight. In addition, it can also increase tiller number, shoot dry weight, panicle number, and grain dry weight of rice. The nut grass and cogon grass were given panicle number and grain dry weight higher than goat weed and siam weed. The right time for weed extract application was seven days before planting for nut grass and when planting for cogon grass to increase the rice yield. Nut grass and cogon grass extracts have efficacy higher than nut grass and siam weed in inhibiting weed growth and increasing rice yield. Therefore, we suggest that nut grass and cogon grass extract can be used for pre-emergence weed control in rice cultivation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) and infectious bronchitis (IB) are two common respiratory diseases of poultry that inflict great economic burden on the poultry industry. Developing an effective agent against both viruses is a crucial step to decrease the economic losses. Therefore, for the first time green synthesized silver nanoparticles using Cyperus rotundus L. aqueous extract was evaluated in vitro as a potential antiviral against both viruses. Results: Silver nanoparticles from Cyperus rotundus were characterized by the spherical shape, 11–19 nm size, and zeta potential of − 6.04 mV. The maximum nontoxic concentration (MNTC) was 50 µg mL−1 for both viruses without harmful toxicity impact. The study suggested that some of the compounds in C. rotundus extract (gallic acid, chlorogenic acid, and naringenin) or its silver nanoparticles could interact with the external envelope proteins of both viruses, and inhibiting extracellular viruses. Conclusions: The results highlight that C. rotundus green synthesized silver nanoparticles could have antiviral activity against infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV) and infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) in chickens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Cyperus rotundus extract supplementation significantly extended the mean lifespan of the Drosophila melanogaster. • Cyperus rotundus extract supplementation significantly increased the antioxidant enzyme activities and increased survival after exposure to hydrogen peroxide and paraquat in D. melanogaster. • Cyperus rotundus extract supplementation improved the resistance to starvation stress, acetic acid-induced stress and decreasing heavy metal-induced toxicity in D. melanogaster. Discovering plant extracts that can help delay the aging process is challenging as the world transitions into an aging society. Cyperus rotundus L. has long been used as a natural medication to cure a variety of disorders in the traditional medical systems of China, India, Africa, Japan, and Arab countries. C. rotundus may be a bioactive substance that can be used to prevent and treat various diseases, as well as prolong life and improve general well-being; however, no data supporting in vivo testing have been reported. This study investigates the effects of C. rotundus extract on the lifespan and stress-induced mortality in Drosophila melanogaster or fruit flies. Different solvent extractions, including ethanol (ECE), 70% ethanol (HECE), methanol (MCE), and water (WCE), of the rhizomes and tubers of C. rotundus were mixed into the diets of flies to determine the lifespan extension property. The most active extract was selected for further testing of resistance to oxidative stress, starvation, acetic acid, and survival from heavy metal-induced toxicity. The phytochemical profiles of the extract were analyzed using LC–MS. The results showed that the mean lifespan-prolonging effects of the extracts in flies were observed in the order of HECE>WEC>MCE>ECE. Supplementation with HECE at 10 mg/mL diet increased the antioxidant enzyme activities and decreased lipid peroxidation compared to the control group. After exposure to hydrogen peroxide and paraquat, Drosophila treated with HECE showed a significant increase in survival. Supplementation with HECE increased resistance to acetic acid and starvation. HECE supplementation also enhanced the survival of fruit flies from iron and aluminum toxicities. LC–MS analysis revealed the major components of epicatechin/catechin, p -coumaric acid, kaempferol, quercetin, and vanillin in HECE. These findings suggest that HECE promotes longevity and increases health by reducing oxidative damage, increasing the adaptive response in stress-induced aging, and decreasing heavy metal-induced toxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• GC-MS analysis identified longiverbenone as the major compound of the essential oil. • C. rotundus essential oil showed the potent inhibition on E. coli with 1.53 mg/mL. • Six essential oil compounds exhibited good binding to three known drug efflux pumps. • Competitive bindings of major compounds with chlorpromazine and fluconazole. • Potential use of the oil or its main compounds as antimicrobials or modulator agents. For centuries, invasive Cyperus rotundus L. (C. rotundus) rich in secondary metabolites has received greater attention in many civilizations as source of nutrients and pharmaceutical drugs. In Morocco, the plant is of traditional reputation especially in medicine and cosmetic applications. The present work aimed to evaluate the antibacterial and antifungal activities of the essential oil from Moroccan C. rotundus rhizomes against bacterial strains of Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis), Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) and Escherichia coli (E. coli), and fungal strains of Aspergillus brasiliensis (A. brasiliensis) and Candida albicans (C. albicans), as well as its antiradical activity. The C. rotundus essential oil comprised 49 identified compounds, including longiverbenone, cyperotundone, (-)-eudesma-1,4(15),11-triene (eudesmatriene), β-copaen-4α-ol, humulene epoxide 2 and α-copaene as the most abundant. The essential oil weakly scavenged 2,2′-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) free radicals, and was active against all tested microorganisms with an inhibition concentration ranging from 1.53 to 49 mg/mL. In silico molecular docking revealed that the major compounds involved hydrophobic interactions to bind efficiently with NorA, AcrB and Cdr1p drugs efflux transporters as candidate targets to combat drugs resistance, in addition to have a remarkable competitivity with standard inhibitors chlorpromazine and fluconazole. The C. rotundus essential oil marked an interesting antimicrobial activity, even more on gram-negative E. coli. This could be attributed to its major identified compounds, including eudesmatriene, β-copaen-4α-ol and longiverbenone that also illustrated a modulator agent profile encouraging for further studies on their potential use in combination treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The objective of the present investigation was to design and evaluate the antiurolithiatic activity of extract of Tribulus terrestris, Bryophyllum pinnatum, and Cyperus rotundus on ethylene glycol-induced urolithiasis in Wistar albino rats using Box Behnken Design. To induce urolithiasis, 0.75% w/v ethylene glycol was administered orally to the rats for 28 days. Cystone 750 mg/kg was selected as the reference standard as a preventive dose. On the 28th day, urine discharged in 24 h was collected and subjected for estimation of various biochemical parameters which were evaluated using urine, serum, and kidney homogenate. The kidneys were also sectioned and examined histopathologically to study the kidney architecture and calcium oxalate deposits. Results: The TT: BP: CR treatment significantly (P < 0.05) restored the parameters in urine, serum, and kidney homogenate to a near-normal level. An effective reduction in the stone promoter and an increase in stone inhibitor levels were observed. The optimum efficacy was observed in test group 13 with (TT: BP: CR= 50:100:35 mg/kg p.o) dosage regimen. The histopathological examinations revealed that calcium oxalate crystal deposits in the renal tubules and congestion and dilation of the parenchymal blood vessels were significantly reverted after the treatment with the herbal extract. Conclusions: The treatment with polyherbal formulation has the potential to prevent urolithiasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Weed infestation induces intense competition with the sunflower crop for soil nutrients, space and light causing significant yield losses of the sunflower. Therefore, study was undertaken during the year 2013–15 at College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Pakistan to determine the effect of Cyperus rotundus infestation on various morphological and biochemical traits. Initially a screening experiment was carried out to screen against C. rotundus infestation. Later on, cross combinations of selected cytoplasmic male sterile and restorer lines were attempted to develop F1 progenies which were compared with commercial hybrids along with parents. There were 6 parental lines (3 A and 3 R lines) along with 9 single cross combinations obtained from these parents. Experiment was carried out in complete randomized design having factorial arrangement with three replications. Weed in one of regime latter called as control were completely absent, while in weed infestation regimes 5 and 10 plants of C. rotundus were maintained. Results showed that C. rotundus infestation causes significant damage to the sunflower plants. Generally cross combination showed a decrease of leaf area by 440% and 264%, 61% and 49% for chlorophyll contents, 133% and 191% for head weight under low and high weed infestation regime respectively. However, antioxidant activity increased by 44% and 49% under low and high infestation regime induced by C. rotundus. Sunflower genotypes also showed variability in competitive ability against C. rotundus weed. Cross combinations coded as (A10, A7 and A2) showed lower comparative decrease for seed yield and oil contents when compared with standard hybrids under the presence of C. rotundus. Development of sunflower hybrids with better competitive ability under the presence of weeds such as C. rotundus may able to enhance plant development and lower yield losses in sunflower field with minimum the use of herbicide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cockroaches are among the most adaptive creatures to the environment; they dwell on the earth's surface for the past millions of years. The presence of cockroaches is posing serious health issues in many countries of the world. Searching for an effective natural repellent agent has become a highly important attempt to control these insects. Hence, this study aimed to evaluate the chemical compositions of essential oil from Sudanese Cyperus rotundus rhizomes and determine their repellent activity against American cockroaches (Periplaneta americana). The obtained essential oil was radish yellow in color, the oil content was 0.73% and forty-four constituents were identified. The most major components were: Isolongifolol (7.63%), longiverbenone (5.61%), ß-cadinene (5.54%), and longifolenaldehyde (5.16%). The oil was characterized by sesquiterpenes abundance 52.45% (oxygenated sesquiterpenes 30.72% and sesquiterpenes hydrocarbons 21.73%); whereas, monoterpenes comprised 8.43% (oxygenated monoterpenes 6.81%, and monoterpenes hydrocarbons 1.62%). The experiment showed that the essential oil possesses promising results as a repellent against P. americana. Therefore, conducting more research on isolation, identification of active compounds and extensive tests on other types of cockroaches are priorities in future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The field experiment entitled 'Bio-efficacy of post-emergent herbicides on growth and yield of horsegram (Macrotyloma uniflorum L.)' was conducted at AICRP on Arid legumes field unit, University of Agricultural Sciences, GKVK, Bengaluru during kharif 2020. The experiment consisted of eight treatments including the application of six post emergent herbicides (Quizalofop ethyl, propaquizafop, imazethapyr, haloxyfop r-methyl, chlodinafop propargyl and fenoxafrop-p-ethyl at 15 DAS), two hand weedings (20 and 40 DAS) and weedy check were replicated thrice in RCBD. Major weeds observed were Borreria hispida, Alternanthera sessilis, Euphorbia geniculata, Acanthospermum hispidum, Parthenium hysterophorus among broad-leaved weeds, Eleusine indica, Dactyloctenium aegyptium and Cynodon dactylon among the grassy weeds and Cyperus rotundus among sedges. The results revealed that hand weedings at two intervals (20 and 40 DAS) recorded significantly higher seed yield (1155 kg ha-1) and was found on par with post emergent application of quizalofop ethyl 5 per cent EC 50 g a.i. ha-1 (1121 kg ha-1) and imazethapyr 10 per cent SL 40 g a.i. ha-1 (1082 kg ha-1) without having any phytotoxicity on horsegram. The net returns and B:C ratio was recorded higher in the treatments receiving post emergent application of quizalofop ethyl 5 per cent EC 50 g a.i. ha-1 (Rs.21,874 ha-1 and 2.1, respectively) and imazethapyr 10 per cent SL 40 g a.i. ha-1 (Rs. 20,541 ha-1 and 2.0, respectively). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lowland ecotype Cyperus rotundus L. has been reported to infest irrigated lowland ricefields in the Philippines. Its effects on the growth and yield of rice under flooded conditions are unknown. Two experimental runs were conducted in a screenhouse to determine the growth of lowland ecotype C. rotundus with transplanted and wet direct-seeded rice at sowing densities of 0, 22, 44, 66, and 88 initial germinating tubers m–2, as well as its effects on the growth and yield of rice. Except for height, growth variables of lowland ecotype C. rotundus were increased with the increase in its germinating tuber densities. Compared with 22 germinating tubers m–2, its number of off-shoots and tubers plus shoot and root biomass at 44–88 germinating tubers m–2 increased by up to three times. Growth variables of rice were reduced by the weed. Grain yield of transplanted rice was reduced by 14–38%, whereas that of wet direct-seeded rice was reduced by 11–28%. The estimated yield losses of transplanted rice per weed plant were 0.8 and 0.1% as germinating tuber density and number of off-shoots approached zero (i) and 75.7 and 66.1% as the variables approached infinity (a). Estimated yield losses of wet direct-seeded rice per weed plant were 0.6 and 0.1% as the two variables approached i and 63.8 and 100% as variables approached a. Results suggest that lowland ecotype C. rotundus can grow well and reduce the growth and yield of rice under flooded conditions. Although the findings were obtained under screenhouse conditions, the results imply the need of developing a holistic weed control strategy against the weed [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to examine the protective role of Cyperus rotundus tubers against propylthiouracil drug induced oxidative stress in male rats. In this experiment, 30 white male rats were used, divided randomly into three main groups, each group included 10 animals as follows: The first group (G1): They were given a physiological saline solution (Nacl) at a concentration of 0.9% and served as control group. The second group (G2): given a Propylthiouracil drug (15 mg / kg of body weight) by oral administration using a special wine syringe for this purpose daily for 30 days. The third group (G3): They were given a Propylthiouracil drug (15 mg / kg of body weight) by oral administration and they were given aqueous extract of Cyperus rotundus tubers (150 mg / kg of body weight) for 30 days. These results shows a significant increase (p<0.05) in the level of MDA and NO with a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in the level of GSH in the G2 in comparison with control group. While, the current results indicated a significant decrease (p< 0.05) in the level of MDA and NO with a significant increase (p < 0.05) in the level of GSH in the G3 in comparison with G2. These results show a significant decrease (p<0.05) in sperm concentration, the percentage of live sperm, the percentage of normal sperm and the percentage of motile sperm and a significant increase (p<0.05) in the percentage of dead sperm in (G2) group in comparison with control group. There was a significant decrease (p< 0.05) in serum GnRH, testosterone level, FSH level, LH level in (G2) group as compared to the control group. While the results showed a significant improvement in the level of hormonal parameters in (G3) group in comparison with (G2) group (Table 3). The results showed that there were no significant differences in the RBC, Hb and PCV in (G2, G3) groups as compared to the control group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Advancements in micropropagation techniques facilitated the incorporation of nanoparticles in the propagation of many commercially important plants. Under in vitro conditions, the adventitious shoots are regenerated with undesirable structural disorders, which increase the rate of mortality of in vitro -produced propagules. In the present study, the effect of Silicon nanoparticles (SiNPs) along with the optimized plant growth regulators (PGRs) in the nutrient medium were tested for their growth-promoting effects on in vitro developing shoots of Cyperus rotundus L. Silicon NPs at 5.0 mg/L induced a higher number of shoots (23 shoots/culture vessel) with improved shoot morphology, rhizogenesis (7.0 roots with 4.0 cm root length), photopigments [(chl a - 474.0 μg/g fresh weight (FW); chl b - 509.0 μg/g FW)] and biomass (3.0 g FW), which were comparatively superior to the morphometric outcomes of the control experiments. The occurrence of morphometric and anatomical disorders in the leaves such as non-functional stomata with increased stomatal density, underdeveloped epidermal cells, undifferentiated costal and intercostal regions, and reduced mesophyll, sclerenchyma, xylem vessels, and phloem elements was observed in the controlled shoots. Silicon NPs at 5.0 mg/L in the medium reduced the in vitro- induced structural abnormalities and modulated foliar micro-morpho-structural differentiation of leaves by promoting positive structural alterations in the leaf thickness, differentiation of dermal tissues, Kranz anatomy, vascularization, stomatal complex, and mechanical tissues. These overall developmentssupported the hardening and survival of plantlets ex vitro. The present findings report the role of SiNPs as the 'structural stabilizer' during in vitro plantlet development of C. rotundus , as a target species and representative model for the C 4 plants. [Display omitted] • Silicon nanoparticles (SiNPs) were tested for their growth-promoting effects in plants. • SiNPs induced a higher rate of shoot proliferation of Cyperus rotundus in vitro. • The in vitro induced morpho-structural abnormalities were mitigated by SiNPs. • It resulted in the formation of structurally developed shoots and foliage. • SiNPs-derived plantlets performed better during acclimatization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasing aquaculture cultivation produces large quantities of wastewater. If not handled properly, it can have negative impacts on the environment. Constructed wetlands (CWs) are one of the phytoremediation methods that can be applied to treat aquaculture effluent. This research was aimed at determining the performance of Cyperus rotundus in removing COD, BOD, TSS, turbidity, ammonia, nitrate, nitrite, and phosphate from the batch CW system. Treatment was carried out for 30 days with variations in the number of plants (10, 15, and 20) and variations in media height (10, 12, and 14 cm). The result showed that aquaculture effluent contains high levels of organic compounds and nutrients, and C. rotundus can grow and thrive in 100% of aquaculture effluent. Besides that, the use of C. rotundus in CWs with the effect of numbers of plants and media height showed performance of COD, BOD, TSS, turbidity, ammonia, nitrate, nitrite, and phosphate with 70, 79, 90, 96, 64, 82, 92, and 48% of removal efficacy, respectively. There was no negative impact observed on C. rotundus growth after exposure to aquaculture effluent, as indicated by the increase in wet weight, dry weight, and growth rate when compared to the control. Thus, adding aquaculture effluent to CWs planted with C. rotundus supports the growth and development of plants while also performing phytoremediation. [Display omitted] • Cyperus rotundus can withstand 100% aquaculture concentration. • The use of C. rotundus in CW increased the removal of COD, BOD, TSS, turbidity, and phosphate. • Number of plants and medium height variation did not affect the pollutants removal. • The 10 cm media height showed higher RGR as compared to control system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The traditional medicine has been used in Indonesia since the days of the Ancient Mataram Kingdom (about 12 centuries ago). Indonesia is rich in medicinal plants. For this reason, it is necessary to inform the broader community regarding medicinal plants in Indonesia that have the potential as antigout. The prevalence of gout in Indonesia is in the range of 1.6-13.6 per 100,000 people and will increase with age. There are 25 species of Indonesian plants that have more than 50% xanthine oxidase (XO) enzyme inhibitory activity. XO is responsible for catalyzing hypoxanthine to xanthine then producing uric acid, accompanied by the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) during catalysis. The magnitude of the inhibitory power to XO ranged from 50.00±1.16% to 97.53%. The lowest inhibitory power of 50.00±1.16% was in Phaleria macrocarpa, while Orthosiphon aristatus had the highest inhibitory power of 97.53%. The major compounds that inhibit xanthine oxidase are flavonoids. The structural similarity of flavonoids in rings A and C with xanthine as a substrate causes hydrophobic interactions, hydrogen bonds, and van der Waals forces between flavonoids and XO. It means that flavonoids bind to the XO active site, thereby preventing the formation of uric acid. The type of inhibitory kinetics that occurs between flavonoids and XO is competitive inhibition. Five plants with competitive inhibition kinetics against XO are Sida rhombifolia, Syzygium polyanthum, Cyperus rotundus, Ruellia tuberosa and Phaleria macrocarpa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microbial infection outbreaks and the indiscriminate use of therapeutants, and other chemicals are causing an inevitable economic loss in the aquaculture industry. There is an ample research on plant‐derived antimicrobial agents that can prevail over microbial resistance. The inflorescence of an invasive aquatic weed, Cyperus rotundus, was examined for its antibacterial properties against Aeromonas veronii in this study. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of lead compounds isolated from an antioxidant‐rich purified methanol fraction was 31.25 µg/ml against the fish pathogen. Pre‐feeding compound‐based feed to experimentally challenged catfish, Pangasianodon hypophthalmus, resulted in a cumulative survival probability of 85% against A. veronii infection, compared to 10% in untreated challenged fish. Curative outcomes were also obtained from haematological and histopathological investigations. Compared to the conventional antibiotic, Oxytetracycline (−259.95 kcal/mol), the isolated ketone compound, 2‐tert‐Butyl‐9, 10‐anthraquinone (−267.14 kcal/mol), exhibited the most favourable docking with aerolysin. This study is the first to report on Cyperus inflorescence's prophylactic antibacterial activity against one of the most prevalent fish pathogens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Obesity is a complex medical problem that increases the risk of other diseases like diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and fatty liver disease. The present study evaluated the efficacy and safety of Cyperus rotundus rhizome extract (CRE), standardized to contain Piceatannol, Scirpusin A, and Scirpusin B (5% total Stilbenoids) in overweight individuals. The mechanism of activity was evaluated in a diet-induced mice model of obesity and adipocytes in vitro. Materials and Methods: The efficacy, safety, and tolerability of CRE were evaluated in 30 obese individuals with a BMI of 30 to 40 kg/m2 for 90 days in a randomized, double-blind, parallel-group, placebo-controlled study. In vitro studies were carried out in differentiated 3T3 L1 adipocytes, and the therapeutic efficacy was evaluated in high-fat diet-induced obese mice. Results: The pilot clinical study showed a reduction in body weight with a significant decrease in waist circumference and BMI. The serum lipid profile showed a significant improvement in CRE-treated individuals. The extract was well tolerated, and no adverse effects were reported at the end of the study. CRE showed a dose-dependent adipogenesis reduction in vitro with an IC50 value of 9.39 μg/mL, while oral administration of CRE reduced weight gain in diet-induced obese mice. The efficacy in mice was associated with reduced levels of leptin, corticosteroids, and serum lipid levels, with no adverse effects. Conclusion: CRE has anti-adipogenic properties, is safe for human consumption, and effectively manages weight and hypercholesterolemia in overweight individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluated the effect of light availability in the culture environment and the application of a post emergence herbicide, halosulfuron methyl, on the management of Cyperus rotundus. The experiment was arranged in a 2 × 6 factorial design; the first factor was two levels of light availability: photosynthetically active radiation at 1180.4 and 411.6 µmols m−2 s−1, and the second factor was halosulfuron methyl doses from 28.13 to 140.62 g ha−1. Photosynthetic efficiency, biomass allocation, accumulation of starch in tubers, and percentage control of C. rotundus were evaluated from 7 to 28 days after herbicide application. Doses greater than 70.30 g ha−1 of halosulfuron methyl were efficient to control C. rotundus, regardless of light availability. However, C. rotundus was managed faster under full sunlight than under shading. The efficiency of the photosystem, starch accumulation, and biomass formation decreased with increasing doses of halosulfuron methyl. In a shaded environment, a dose of 28.13 g ha−1 was sufficient to reduce 96.74% of the dry mass and 91.33% of the number of C. rotundus tubers. The decrease in light intensity associated with the use of halosulfuron methyl represents a promising practice for the control of C. rotundus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cyperus rotundus L. (Cyperaceae) is a species widely used in traditional medicine in various regions of the world, mainly in Asian countries such as India and Pakistan. The anticancer potential of this species has been reported in the literature, indicating that its chemical compounds may be effective against different tumor cell lines. The present work aimed to carry out a systematic review on the traditional uses, chemical composition, toxicity, and anticancer potential of C. rotundus. Scientific articles were searched in Google Scholar, PubMed®, ScienceDirect®, and SciELO. Only works published in the last twenty years (2000-2020) were eligible. A total of 85 articles were included in the review. According to the scientific documents analyzed, C. rotundus is widely used for stomach disorders (11%), diarrhea and/or dysentery (11%), fever (10%), menstrual problems (9%), diuresis (9%), and worms (8%). Regarding the in vivo and in vitro anticancer potential, the extracts, fractions, and essential oils from C. rotundus were effective against colorectal, breast, prostate, ovarian, endometrial, liver and cervical cancer, leukemia, and neuroblastoma cell lines. A total of 49 chemical compounds belonging to the classes of sesquiterpenes, iridoid glycosides, and phenolics were identified in this review. Extracts obtained from C. rotundus did not show toxicity in preclinical tests. The pharmacological investigation of the chemical compounds isolated from this plant is important to elucidate the mechanisms of action against cancer cell lines. [Display omitted] • Cyperus rotundus is widely used in traditional medicine of Asian countries. • The anticancer potential of Cyperus rotundus is reported in the literature. • Cyperus rotundus has anticancer potential against several cell lines. • Sesquiterpenes with anticancer potential were isolated from Cyperus rotundus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]