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В правоприменительной практике встречаются случаи незаконного образования (создания, реорганизации) юридического лица организованной преступной группой, однако такого квалифицирующего признака в статье 1731 УК РФ нет. В связи с этим в данной статье рассмотрены актуальные проблемы уголовной ответственности за незаконное образование юридического лица, совершенного в соучастии., In law enforcement practice, there are cases of illegal formation (creation, reorganization) of a legal entity by an organized criminal group, however, such a qualifying feature in Art. 1731 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation no. In this regard, this article discusses the actual problems of criminal liability for the illegal formation of a legal entity committed in complicity.

Введение: цифровая трансформация многих сфер жизнедеятельности общества обусловливает необходимость реформирования имеющихся у государства средств правового регулирования и правовой охраны общественных отношений. Модернизация транспортной системы за счет расширения практики эксплуатации беспилотных транспортных средств актуализирует проблему уголовной ответственности юридических лиц, деятельность которых связана с производством и использованием таковой продукции. Цель: обосновать необходимость установления уголовной ответственности юридических лиц за деяния, связанные с созданием, обслуживанием и функционированием автономного транспорта. Методологическая основа: общенаучные и частнонаучные методы (диалектический, анализ, синтез, системный, логический, формально-юридический и др.). Результаты: авторы статьи полагают, что значимым направлением совершенствования российского уголовного права в условиях развития цифровых технологий является введение уголовной ответственности юридических лиц. Выводы: аргументами в пользу установления уголовной ответственности юридических лиц служат социально-экономические причины, международно-правовые предпосылки, положительный опыт зарубежных государств, нравственно-этические аспекты, потребность в эффективных мерах защиты интересов личности, общества и государства, вектор движения закона в ногу со временем., Background: digital transformation of many spheres of society necessitates the reform of the state’s means of legal regulation and legal protection of social relations. Modernization of the transport system due to the expansion of the practice of operation of unmanned vehicles actualizes the problem of criminal liability of legal persons whose activities are related to the production and use of such products. Objective: to substantiate the need to establish criminal liability of legal entities for acts related to the creation, maintenance and operation of autonomous transport. Methodology: general and special research methods (dialectical, analysis, synthesis, system, logical, formal legal, etc.). Results: the authors of the article believe, that a significant area of improvement of Russian criminal law in the development of digital technology is the introduction of criminal liability of legal persons. Conclusions: arguments in favor of establishing the criminal liability of legal persons are socio-economic reasons, international legal prerequisites, the positive experience of foreign countries, moral and ethical aspects, the need for effective measures to protect the interests of an individual, society and the state, the vector of the law moving with the times.

This opinion examines the situation of a Spanish company that has a factory in France, in which certain crimes have been committed in order to obtain a greater economic return. The criminal responsibility of the CEO during the time the events occurred and of the current CEO, as well as that of the manager who was in charge of the factory and its workers, will be determined, studying the need to dismiss the manager in charge of the factory. In addition, the different criminal responsibilities will be analyzed in accordance with French and Spanish legislation, to finally recommend the line of defense to follow, taking into account the importance of establishing a regulatory compliance plan, in order to mitigate the possible criminal responsibility of the legal entity. En el presente dictamen se examina la situación de una compañía española que cuenta con una fábrica en Francia, en la cual se han cometido determinados delitos con la finalidad de obtener un mayor rendimiento económico. Se determinará la responsabilidad penal del CEO durante la época en que se cometieron los hechos y la del actual CEO, así como la del directivo que estaba a cargo de la fábrica y la de sus trabajadores, estudiando la necesidad de despedir al directivo encargado de la fábrica. Además, se analizarán las distintas responsabilidades penales conforme a la legislación francesa y española para finalmente recomendar la línea de defensa a seguir, teniendo en cuenta la importancia de establecer un plan de cumplimiento normativo, con la finalidad de atenuar la posible responsabilidad penal de la persona jurídica.

This article intends to analyze the appropriateness of habeas corpus against criminal actions filed for environmental offenses against legal entities. The criminal liability of legal entities for environmental crimes has always been a very peculiar subject and the confrontation of which has undergone numerous changes over the last few years, especially with regard to overcoming the double imputation theory. A pernicious and extremely interesting question that arises when we face criminal actions for environmental crimes against legal entities is whether it would be possible to use habeas corpus, a constitutional remedy designed to ensure the right to come and go, to stop the action. As will be seen, the issue is not as simple as it might seem at first sight and a combination of factors is necessary for such an instrument to be used for the benefit of the legal entity., O presente artigo tem a intenção de analisar o cabimento do habeas corpus para trancar ação penal por delito ambiental contra pessoas jurídicas. A responsabilização penal de pessoas jurídicas por delitos ambientais sempre foi tema muito peculiar e cujo enfrentamento sofreu inúmeras alterações ao longo dos últimos anos, sobretudo no que diz respeito à superação da teoria da dupla imputação. Uma questão perniciosa e extremamente interessante que se coloca quando nos deparamos com ações penais por crimes ambientais contra pessoas jurídicas é se seria possível a utilização do habeas corpus, remédio constitucional destinado a assegurar o direito de ir e vir, para o trancamento da ação. Como se verá, a questão não é tão simples quanto poderia parecer à primeira vista e é necessária uma cumulação de fatores para que tal instrumento seja utilizado em benefício da pessoa jurídica.

The article discusses the theoretical aspect of the problem of introducing criminal liability of a legal entity in Russian criminal law, examines the experience of foreign countries, in particular, analyzes the theoretical and legal aspect of a legal entity as a subject of criminal liability, formulates suggestions for improving national criminal law

The article discusses the issues of historical validity of creating a collective subject of law in the form of a legal entity construction. The dual nature of a legal entity as a legal fiction and as a subject of legal relations is shown, which also determines the specificity of the liability of a legal entity and the grounds for its occurrence. This is especially true for such a reason as the presence of guilt, because by virtue of the artificial nature of the legal structure of a legal entity, the rules for determining its guilt differ from the rules applicable to an individual. The risks of ineffective punishment of individuals hiding behind the "screen" of an artificial subject of law are analyzed; use of a legal entity as an instrument for committing unlawful acts by individuals. A comparison is made of the features of holding a legal entity liable for committing acts in civil and public law spheres, as well as measures of this responsibility. The ideas on the possibility of a criminal procedure investigation of offenses of legal entities are considered, on the categorization of types of administrative responsibility and the amount of administrative fines in relation to legal entities.

Панаева Ляйля Елюхановна – магистр права, адвокат адвокатского бюро «КРП» Челябинской области, аспирант кафедры уголовного и уголовно-исполнительного права, криминологии, Южно-Уральский государственный университет, г. Челябинск. E-mail: layla-56@mail.ru. Lyaylya Panaeva – Master of Law, lawyer of the law firm "KRP" of the Chelyabinsk region, Post-graduate student of the Department of Criminal and Criminal-Executive Law, Criminology, South Ural State University, Chelyabinsk, Russian Federation. E-mail: layla-56@mail.ru. Статья посвящена рассмотрению особенностей института уголовной ответственности юридических лиц в Великобритании в условиях действия «доктрины идентификации» и оценке возможности заимствования опыта английского законодателя при решении вопроса о введении института уголовной ответственности юридических лиц в российское уголовное законодательство. Представлены краткое историческое развитие данного института и актуальная позиция английских судов и иных правоприменителей в вопросе реформирования действующей модели привлечения корпораций к уголовной ответственности. The article deals with the peculiarities of the instituteion of criminal liability of legal entities in the UK in the context of the "identification doctrine" and assesses the possibility of borrowing the experience of the English legislator when deciding on the introduction of the institute of criminal liability of legal entities in the Russian criminal legislation. The article presents a brief historical development of this institute and the current position of the English courts and other law enforcement agencies on the issue of reforming the current model of bringing corporations to criminal responsibility.

Comparison of legislation concerning criminal liability of legal entities in the Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic Abstract This master thesis deals with a very recent phenomenon of criminal liability of legal entities. Its recent implementation into national legislation of the Czech and the Slovak Republic provides evidence of its current relevance, which is followed by relentless criticism, lack of clarity and application difficulties confirms its currency. Nevertheless, discourse about its implementation by legislations of various countries around the globe can be seen in ancient history. Therefore, the first part of this thesis deals with the introduction of historical background and analyses in detail the development of this doctrine. Furthermore, it also examines the development of international discussion and lays down several international legal documents which serve either as recommendations or impose obligation onto the parties to introduce proper liability of legal entities. The most relevant part of this thesis consists of the comparison of current national legislation of the criminal liability of legal entities in the Czech and the Slovak Republic. But it also doesn't avoid the necessary line of reasoning of social essentiality of this doctrine including the disproval of reasoning which...

Criminal Liability of Legal Entities in Health Care Abstract The submitted diploma thesis deals with the institute of criminal liability of legal entities in health care. The main objective of this thesis is to define all the requirements and essential elements of criminal responsibility of legal persons, especially healthcare providers. We also look into the most critical aspects of providing healthcare services in which a criminal offense may be committed. Concepts of criminal law are considered in the context of medical law. Thesis is divided into five main chapters. The first chapter focuses on conditions of criminal liability taking into account the specifics of the topic. Attention will also be paid to attributability of a crime to a legal person as well as to legal regulation in United Kingdom and France. In the second chapter we describe the most common circumstances excluding illegality in medicine. We particularly focus on medical intervention, research and experiment. These are not only accepted but also beneficial. The third chapter deals with the main concepts of medical law. If healthcare providers comply with related legal provisions, they significantly reduce the risk of committing an act against the law. Special emphasis is placed on lege artis procedure as an objective measurement of...

In this document I will present the current situation of a Spanish company, whose CEO has changed and both he and the company have been involved in the possible commission of crimes. These facts would have happened in one of the factories located in France, resulting in the success and enrichment of this factory. Thus, the different legal alternatives available to the new CEO of the company, who, after his appointment, has just become aware of the facts. Likewise, the liability of the legal entity as well as of possible individuals will be determined, the application of French or Spanish regulations for the specific case will be analyzed, and the importance of an effective corporate compliance system will be studied with the aim of exempting or mitigating the penalties that may be imposed on the legal entity. En el presente dictamen se expondrá la situación actual de una sociedad española, cuyo CEO ha cambiado y se ha visto involucrado tanto él como la sociedad en la posible comisión de hechos delictivos. Estos hechos habrían tenido lugar en una de las fábricas situada en Francia, dando como resultado el éxito y el enriquecimiento de esta. De esta forma, se plantearán las distintas alternativas jurídicas de las que dispone el nuevo CEO de la sociedad, quien, tras su nombramiento, acaba de tener conocimiento sobre los hechos acaecidos. Asimismo, se determinará la responsabilidad tanto de la persona jurídica como de posibles personas físicas, se analizará la aplicación de las leyes francesas o españolas para el caso concreto y se estudiará la importancia de un sistema efectivo de corporate compliance con el objetivo de eximir o atenuar la pena que se pueda interponer a la persona jurídica.

Criminal liability of legal entities In the presented thesis the author deals with the topic of criminal liability of legal entities. Considering the complexity and extensiveness of this topic this thesis is only focused on the substantive law regulating this area and so it does not deal with the criminal sanctioning of legal entities or the criminal proceedings against them. The author aims to explore the criminal liability of legal entities starting from the basic questions of possible ways to even sanction legal entities for unlawful conduct to the questions of the current law in force, its problems and the possible solutions of these problems. The first part of this thesis addresses the ways in which it is possible to sanction a legal entity for unlawful behaviour, it compares these ways and considers which of these ways is the most suitable for the situation in the Czech Republic. The second part of the thesis provides in its first chapter a closer look at the historical development of law regulating the criminal liability of legal entities in the Czech Republic starting from the year 2000 until today, or rather until 2016, when the Act No. 183/2016 coll. was passed. This act brought some significant changes to the law that was in force at that time. The second and third chapter of this part...

tv anglickém jazyce The subject matter and aim of this thesis is to analyse the positive criminal law regulation of sanctioning of legal entities in the light of the Act No. 418/2011 Coll., Act on Criminal Liability of Legal Entities and Proceedings Against Them (hereinafter as "the Act"), its critical assessment and possible de lege ferenda suggestions. As a result, this thesis can be perceived as a comprehensive assessment of issues related to sanctioning of legal entities in the Czech Republic. The dissertation thesis is divided into eleven parts. The first part takes into account the international legal aspects of corporate liability, the concept of criminal liability of legal entities, arguments for and against the adoption of the Act and the legislative process leading to the adoption of the Act. Issues related to sanctioning of legal entities are dealt with in parts 2 to 11, which at the beginning discuss the basic terms of sanctioning, then analyse individual punishments and protective measures which can be imposed on legal entities, then also analyse abandonment of punishment, enforcement of punishments and effacement of conviction. Particularly interesting is the eighth part, which in addition to the treatise on the Criminal Register contains statistical overviews of the current application...

CRIMINAL LIABILITY OF LEGAL ENTITIES Abstract Although it has been more than seven years since the adoption of Act No. 418/2011 Coll., on the criminal liability of legal entities and proceedings against them, by criminal liability of legal entities which the Czech legislators introduced, it remains a controversial issue. Thus the aim of this thesis is not only to analyse this legislation and provide a comprehensive and clear interpretation, including a critical evaluation of selected institutes, but also to introduce the process leading to its adoption, including a comparison of the arguments in favour of adopting such a decision with the arguments presented by the opponents of the criminal liability of legal entities. An equally important aim of the thesis is an analytical evaluation of application knowledge and the presentation of potential de lege ferenda proposals. However, such considerations require a sufficient command of terminology, as well as of the basic principles of criminal law, which is the content of Chapter One of the thesis. Chapter Two is dedicated to the fundamental change in the concept of legal entities brought about by the new Civil Code, which leans towards the theory of fiction, thereby causing considerable tension. On a global scale, the institute of the liability of legal entities...

The author of this thesis discusses the subject of criminal liability of legal persons and focuses primarily on the analysis of the most important substantive provisions of the Act. No. 418/2011 coll., which describe criminal liability of legal entities and proceedings against them (hereinafter ZTOPO) and entered into force on 1st January 2012. This act is still well- discussed and current even after 6 years of being in force, which can be seen by the number of amendments done to it since it became effective. This thesis aims to offer a comprehensive overview of the issue of criminal liability of legal persons and at the same time tries to capture the most important changes that have been made due to these 9 amendments. The thesis is divided into five parts. In the first part, the author deals with the historical background of criminal liability of legal persons. This part also contains path to the adoption of ZTOPO. The second and the third parts are the core of this paper. In the second part, the author analyses the imputability and the structure of criminal liability of legal entities in the Czech Republic. One part of this section is dedicated to the scope of criminalization of legal entities. The third part of the thesis deals with the possibility of legal entity to be exculpated through the...

V předkládaném příspěvku se zabýváme problematikou spáchání protiprávního činu (při-čitatelného právnické osobě) před jejím samotným vznikem, a to z pohledu trestního a soukromého práva. Předně je to totiž právo soukromé (resp. jeho normy), které umožňuje, aby za právnickou osobu bylo možné jednat již před jejím vznikem, tedy, aby bylo možné činit právní jedná-ní, jehož následky se váží k subjektu, jenž se teprve má stát osobou v právním slova smys-lu. Oproti tomu právo trestní – vzhledem k jeho předmětu – pamatuje v prvé řadě na pro-tiprávní činy spáchané před vznikem právnické osoby [§ 114 odst. 2 písm. a) tr. zákoníku a § 8 odst. 4 písm. a) t. o. p. o.], což je logickým vyústěním existence příslušné soukromo-právní úpravy. Na takto načrtnutém půdorysu, složeném z tandemu soukromého a trest-ního práva, se zamýšlíme nad tím, do jaké míry trestní právo reflektuje dílčí specifika prá-va soukromého, či zda v tomto směru vystupuje zcela suverénně. In this contribution we focus on specific issue of committing illegal act (accountable to legal entity) before it is even established. According to topic of section of criminal law, we try to analyse this issue from perspective of both criminal and civil law. First, it is civil law (respectively its legal norms) that enables to act on behalf of legal enti-ty even before it is duly established. In other words, it enables to act (legally) and bind by these actions a subject, that does not exist yet as subject of law. On contrary criminal law – due to its subject – focus on, in first place, illegal acts committed before establishing of legal entity [see Section 114 paragraph 2 letter a) of Criminal Code and Section 8 para-graph 4 letter a of Act on Criminal Liability of Legal Entities and Proceedings Against Them]. Existence of such criminal regulation is logic according to existence of civil one that enables acting on behalf of legal entity before it is established. In our contribution we try to, on described platform consisting of civil and criminal regulation, provide some ideas on how much criminal regulation reflects specifics of civil regulation or how much it governs this issue sovereignly.

Criminal liability of legal entities - comparison of legal regulations in the Czech Republic and Poland Abstract The criminal liability of legal entities still raises emotions and is still the subject of both expert discussions and lay comments. Moreover, the application of the Law on the criminal liability of legal entities in practice is still problematic and law enforcement bodies are not only unsure how to apply individual institutes and when to consider bringing charges against a legal entity but often still do not initiate proceedings against legal persons because they consider such course of action a complication in proceedings against an individual. Thus, the greatest application problems relate firstly to assessing whether the legal conditions for initiating criminal proceedings against a legal entity are met, and then the question of the so-called exculpation and the problem of the possible transfer of the evidence obligation to a legal entity. Last but not least, from the point of view of the application practice, the limitation of the legal entity's right to choose a legal representative. Despite the fact, how critically it is possible to look at the regulation of criminal liability of legal entities, it cannot be overlooked, that one of the closest neighbors, Poland, has even greater problems...

In comparison to physical persons, the defense of a legal entity during criminal proceedings is substantially hindered. The primary reason for these difficulties lies in the very nature of a legal person as a legal fiction. This study aims to provide a comprehensive overview of this topic. This thesis is systematically divided into six chapters. The first and the second chapter serve as a theoretical basis. The first chapter deals with the definition of the legal entity and the current regulation of legal entity in private law. This thesis mainly focuses on the analysis of the process aspects of the Act No. 418/2011 Coll., on criminal liability of legal persons and proceedings against them (hereinafter "ZTOPO"), entered into force on January 1, 2012 in the Czech Republic. At the same time, it is not possible to leave out the substantive aspects of criminal liability of legal entities. Therefore the second chapter deals with the legislation of the criminal liability according to ZTOPO. It deals mainly with the person who is the subject of criminal liability of legal persons, examines how to characterize the criminal liability according to ZTOPO, its structure and the scope of criminal liability. The third chapter introduces persons, who are authorized to act as a legal entity during criminal...

Criminal liability in medical law This diploma thesis deals with a criminal liability in medical law, especially with a criminal liability of providers of healthcare, which are not only individuals, but also legal entities. This thesis also compares Czech criminal and medical law with criminal and medical regulations in the Russian Federation. The thesis itself is divided into three chapters, which are subdivided into several sections. In the first chapter the criminal liability in medical law is analysed generally. It concerns general aspects of criminal liability, possible crimes, conditions under with healtcare services may be provided without any criminal sanction and other types of liability in medical law, such as civil, labour, administrative and disciplinary liablities. It introduces into criminal law and medical law in the Russian Federation. The second chapter defines providers of healthcare and shows those providers as possible subjects of criminal liability. It also describes the system of healthcare in the Czech Republic and compares it with the extensive system of healthcare in Russia. The criminal liability of legal entities is presented in chapter three. The Czech legislation from the year 2016 regarding the criminal liability of legal entities is discussed in consideration of...

Subject of the paper is the legislation of criminal liability of legal persons in the Czech Republic in comparison with the same issues in the Austrian legislation. Czech legislation about criminal liability of legal persons had its pattern just in the Austrian legislation. The emphasis is not only on compliance, but especially on the differences between the two legal regulations, including any future legal regulations for the Czech legislation. It is also pointed to the use of the above issues in the praxis.

The problem of criminal responsibility of organization examined in terms of moving the focus of attention of society as a whole and its individual members to virtual ways of life (eg. advertising, computer games, social networking, communication, etc.) Responsibility of the 7 conditional formation, which a legal person is, proposed be considered only as an additional (optional) aspect of penal policy. Mandatory condition proposed as prejudgment in the form of criminal liability of an individual (representative of enterprise, organization, institution) after the entry into force in respect of his conviction, Рассмотрена проблема уголовной ответственности юридического лица с точки зрения смещения акцента внимания общества в целом и отдельных его представителей на виртуальные способы жизнедеятельности (реклама, компьютерные игры, социальные сети общения и т.п.). Ответственность условного образования, каким является юридическое лицо, предложено рассматривать только как дополнительный (факультативный) аспект уголовно-правовой политики. Обязательным условием предложено считать преюдицию в виде уголовной ответственности физического лица (представителя предприятия, организации, учреждения) после вступления в законную силу в отношении него обвинительного приговора, Розглянуто проблему кримінальної відповідальності юридичної особи з точки зору зміщення акценту увагу суспільства в цілому та окремих його представників на віртуальні способи життєдіяльності (реклама, комп’ютерні ігри, соціальні мережі спілкування тощо). Відповідальність умовного утворення, яким є юридична особа, запропоновано розглядати тільки як додатковий (факультативний) аспект кримінально-правової політики. Обов’язковою умовою запропоновано вважати преюдицію у вигляді кримінальної відповідальності фізичної особи (представника підприємства, організації, установи) після набрання щодо неї обвинувальним вироком суду законної сили

The problem of criminal responsibility of organization examined in terms of moving the focus of attention of society as a whole and its individual members to virtual ways of life (eg. advertising, computer games, social networking, communication, etc.) Responsibility of the 7 conditional formation, which a legal person is, proposed be considered only as an additional (optional) aspect of penal policy. Mandatory condition proposed as prejudgment in the form of criminal liability of an individual (representative of enterprise, organization, institution) after the entry into force in respect of his conviction

The substantive legal issues of the criminal liability and sanctioning of legal entities in the Czech Republic under the Act No. 418/2011 Sb., Act on Criminal Liability of Legal Entities and Proceedings Against Them (hereinafter as "the Act") that came into force on January 1, 2012 are the subject matter of this thesis. Even after four years of the effect of the Act the institute of criminal liability of legal entities still represents a very discussed and recent topic. The aim of this thesis is to analyze the chosen substantive provisions of the Act with respect to the their strengths and weaknesses. This rigorosum thesis is divided into four parts. The first part is concentrated on the arguments for and against the adoption of the Act, concepts of liability of legal entities, new principles of the criminal law and systematics of the Act. The second part deals with the scope of the Act, conditions of the criminal liability of legal entities, especially with the imputability and the possibilities of exculpation by virtue of compliance measures. The end of the second part pays attention to the transition of the criminal liability of legal entity on its legal successors and the issue of disappearance of the criminal liability of legal entities. The third part contains analysis of the sanctioning of...

141 Abstract The topic of this thesis is criminal liability within the environmental protection. Introductory chapters are devoted to the definition of basic concepts of the whole matter (environment, environmental protection, criminal liability etc.) and kinds of legal liability in the field of environmental protection. Another chapter deals with international and EU aspects of matter aforesaid. Furthermore, this thesis analyzes the adjustment of criminal liability within the environmental protection in the Czech Republic, at first for natural and consequently for legal persons whose criminal liability has been introduced in the Czech Republic for relatively short period of time. The final chapter is focused on the comparison of Czech and French criminal liability legislation of legal persons in relation to the environment.

The chosen substantive legal issues of the criminal liability of legal entities that was incorporated into the Czech legal order by the Act No. 418/2011 Sb., Act on Criminal Liability of Legal Entities and Proceedings Against Them (hereinafter as "the Act") that came into force on January 1, 2012 are the subject matter of this thesis. The burden of international commitments and the fact that increasing criminal activities have recently been committed by legal entities led the Czech legislator to adopt the criminal liability of legal entities which represents a great milestone for the Czech criminal law. The aim of this thesis is to analyze the positive legal regulation of the criminal liability of legal entities whilst taking into consideration the strengths and weaknesses of the effective legal regulation. Especially it deals with the analysis of the particular substantive provision of the Act (except for provisions regarding the sanctioning of the legal entities) which are (not only) by the experts considered to be at least disputable. This thesis is divided into three parts. The first part is concentrated on historical elements with international aspects together with consideration of arguments for and against introduction of criminal liability of legal entities. Furthermore, the first part is...

The community of development partners in the Republic of Moldova would be honored to engage in the development policy dialogue with the new Government. This briefing book from development partners is offered as a first step in such a dialogue and is solely intended to assist the new Government by providing development partners views and proposals that it can use to the extent it considers useful and relevant. These recommendations are based on Moldova s existing policy orientations as set out in the National Development Strategy Moldova 2020, its international obligations, and the Association Agreement (AA) with the European Union (EU). Moldova made a formal commitment to accelerate the country s development by making it capital-intensive, sustainable and knowledge-driven. With a strategic framework outlining Moldova s development path in place, it is now critical to accelerate implementation of the reforms including those set out in the Association Agenda to move closer to the EU. Moldova faces significant risks in the financial sector, which should be addressed as a matter of urgency. A well-regulated and reliable banking sector is fundamental to business, people and international investors. At the same time a robust system of public financial management should be in place to ensure transparency and accountability of public finances. Moldova should develop a competitive business environment attractive to new investment. Moldova should also take advantage of new trading opportunities through effective implementation of the Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area (DCFTA).

Resume Criminal liability of legal entities is relatively new institute in continental legal culture and the Czech republic was one of the last countries in Europe that accepted this concept. In addition, this concept was introduced not by the conviction of its necessity, but for reasons of international policy. Criminal liability of legal entities, however, was introduced to Czech law by Act no. 418/2011 Sb., on Criminal Liability of Legal Entities and their Prosecution. Therefore it is necessary to deal with this issue. The aim of this thesis is to make a comprehensive analysis of the Act on Criminal Liability of Legal Entities and their Prosecution, to analyze its most important provisions, as well as to define the provisions which are considered problematic, together with proposals for amendments and further innovation of current legislation. The first chapter defines the concept of legal entity that the Act on Criminal Liability of Legal Entities and their Prosecution doesn't define itself. The second chapter contains a summary of the events that led to the adoption of the Act, further consideration about the models of liability of legal entities and mentions the main arguments for and against adopting the Act. The third chapter provides an analysis of the Act, its structure and defines new principles...