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In 1900, a cave filled with tens of thousands of manuscripts was discovered near the oasis town of Dunhuang 敦煌 in northwest China. This dissertation, based on some 450 codices recovered from this cave, examines the codex culture in tenth century Dunhuang and explores the early history of the codex in the Sinophone world. Inspired by western codicology and palaeography, this dissertation pays particular attention to the materiality of manuscripts and reconstructs their production and use as well as the human activities and the specific circumstances that shaped the manuscripts. This dissertation includes a wealth of technical details about the codex production, which supplements the history of the Chinese book and benefits comparative codicological research. The dissertation also relates the materiality of manuscripts to the larger dimensions of the past and explores various research topics regarding the social and cultural history of local society, including medieval Buddhism, education and cultural exchange on the Silk Road., China Scholarship Council; Glorisun Global Network for Buddhist Studies; Downing College; Faculty of Asian and Middle Eastern Studies, University of Cambridge.

This paper introduces a tool which offers scholars a new way to visualize the structure of manuscripts. The Structural Visualization of Manuscripts (or StruViMan) is a web-based application, developed as part of the Paratexts of the Greek Bible Project, a European Research Council project based in Munich. Drawing on the principles of structural codicology, StruViMan is able to translate the different stages of a manuscript’s development into a visual model based on the codex’s physical, historical layers and aims to facilitate the comparison of manuscripts. It can be used by any web-connected manuscript database from any cultural area and does not require the presence of electronic images. This presentation begins with a short survey of the principles underpinning the tool’s conception and development, followed by a demonstration of how manuscript data from both biblical and non-biblical Greek codices are transformed into interactive, customizable visualizations with varying display modes. We will also touch upon StruViMan’s technical aspects as an open-access web service, available to any software or database able to call its API using the correct parameters. We close with a preview of new features currently under development, including the ability to “reconstruct” a manuscript whose composite parts are presently in different repositories.

Die im vorliegenden Band publizierten Beiträge bieten unterschiedliche Zugänge und Sichtweisen des sprachlichen Handelns in den kleinen Kanzleien. Einige der Beiträge beschäftigen sich mit den Kanzleitexten, die in kleinen Kanzleien entstanden sind, aus der Perspektive der Textlinguistik, andere stellen sie als Kommunikationsformen vor und noch andere nehmen sich sprachlicher Besonderheiten und sprachlicher Gepflogenheiten an, die in den analysierten Texten aus den kleinen Kanzleien zu beobachten sind.

During the 13th to 15th centuries, the main towns of Aquitaine under English rule and located in Bordelais (Blaye, Bordeaux, Bourg, Cadillac, Libourne, Saint-Émilion, Saint-Macaire), developed, as part of the boom in writing and preservation of archives, many and varied forms of documentary practices : copies of royal acts, constitution of procedural files, rolls, chirographs, signs, cartularies, etc. Concomitantly with their political organisation, whether they were set up as a commune or remain under seigneurial domination, they thus constituted archival funds, the composition of which, specific to each of them, most often reflects an affirmation of identity and the construction of community memory, the scope and strategies of which vary, in particular according to the status of these cities. The most successful examples of these identity and memory strategies, highlighted by codicological and textual analyses, are the Bordeaux and Libourne cartularies, which were carefully structured prior to their development, sometimes modified, thus marking the political and social evolutions of these communities, particularly in the difficult context of the war of Hundred years. The identities and memories emanating from these archives and these documentary practices underline the social composition of these cities, their political and commercial ambitions, going beyond, for Bordeaux and Libourne, the local and often conflictual framework. They also make it possible to identify the relationships between these urban communities, their main concerns or the hegemony of the jurade over the inhabitants. In addition, the study of these funds, and in particular their comparison, with regard to the royal acts, with the Gascon roles kept in the English chancellery, makes it possible to understand the very direct relationship maintained by these communities with the English sovereigns, sometimes to the detriment of the royal administration set up in Aquitaine, but also raises the question of the archival choices made : the construction of identity and memory seems to have also involved the disappearance, in municipal funds, of acts most unfavorable to the interests of the city, as well as certain clauses in the copies of preserved acts, even the opportune appearance of documents of which there are no more traces in the English archives., Au XIIIe au XVe siècle, les principales villes de l’Aquitaine sous obédience anglaise et situées en Bordelais (Blaye, Bordeaux, Bourg, Cadillac, Libourne, Saint-Émilion, Saint-Macaire), développèrent, dans le cadre de l’essor de l’écrit et de la préservation d’archives, des formes nombreuses et variées de pratiques documentaires : copies d’actes royaux, constitution de dossiers de procédure, rouleaux, chirographes, pancartes, cartulaires, etc. Concomitamment à leur organisation politique, qu’elles soient érigées en commune ou demeurent sous domination seigneuriale, elles constituèrent ainsi des fonds d’archives, dont la composition, propre à chacune d’entre elles, traduit le plus souvent une affirmation identitaire et la construction d’une mémoire communautaire, dont l’ampleur et les stratégies mises en œuvre varient, notamment selon le statut de ces villes. Les exemples les plus aboutis de ces stratégies identitaires et mémorielles, mises en exergue par des analyses codicologiques et textuelles, sont les cartulaires bordelais et libournais, qui furent minutieusement structurés préalablement à leur élaboration, parfois modifiés, marquant ainsi les évolutions politiques et sociales de ces communautés, particulièrement dans le contexte difficile de la guerre de Cent ans. Les identités et mémoires émanant de ces fonds d’archives et de ces pratiques documentaires soulignent la composition sociale de ces villes, leurs ambitions politiques et commerciales, dépassant, pour Bordeaux et Libourne, le cadre local et souvent conflictuel. Elles permettent également de cerner les relations entre ces communautés urbaines, leurs principales préoccupations ou l’hégémonie de la jurade sur les habitants. En outre, l’étude de ces fonds, et notamment leur comparaison, en ce qui concerne les actes royaux, avec les rôles gascons conservé à la chancellerie anglaise, permet de comprendre la relation très directe entretenue par ces communautés avec les souverains anglais, parfois au détriment de l’administration royale mise en place en Aquitaine, mais soulève également la question des choix archivistiques effectués : la construction identitaire et mémorielle semble avoir aussi impliqué la disparition, dans les fonds municipaux, des actes les plus défavorables aux intérêts de la ville, de même que certaines clauses dans les copies d’actes conservées, voire l’apparition opportune de documents dont il n’existe plus de traces dans les archives anglaises.

U Kaptolskome arhivu Splitsko-makarske nadbiskupije pod kataloškim brojem 463 nalazi se kodeks od pergamene pisan goticom. Popis arhivskoga gradiva bilješkom o signaturi dokazuje da je rukopis ranije bio poznat i, tom logikom, trebao je biti u slijedu knjiga i fascikli na određenomu mjestu, ali ga nije bilo. Kako to pri otkrićima obično biva, sasvim slučajno je ponovno pronađen koncem 2017. godine. Ispočetka se držalo da se radi o potpuno nepoznatomu srednjovjekovnome kodeksu. U veljači 2018. utvrdilo se da je pronađeni rukopis upravo onaj koji je otprije bio arhiviran u Katalogu pod brojem 463. Do otkrića je došlo tako da su - zajedno s rukopisom koji sadrži životopis sv. Klementa pape, iz 16. stoljeća - uočeni neki stariji dijelovi. Ti dijelovi po stilu pisma i podlozi na kojoj je pisano nisu mogli pripadati u izvorni rukopis o životopisu sv. Klementa nego su puno stariji. Primarnom analizom utvrdilo se da je riječ o srednjovjekovnomu liturgijskome kodeksu. Kodeks je restauriran i čeka uvezivanje u tvrde korice. Nakon restauratorskih zahvata napravili smo liturgijsku i kodikološku analizu koja je pomogla ispravnom uređenju slijeda folija u kodeksu. Rezultate potonjih analiza donosimo kao doprinose u nastavku., In the Capitol Archive of the Split-Makarska Archdiocese, under code number 463, there is a manuscript, a parchment codex written in Gothic script. The list of archival data, with a signature note, proves that the manuscript was previously known, and logically it should have been placed among the books and folders, but was not. As it usually happens with discoveries, the manuscript was found by chance, in late 2017. It was thought to be a completely unknown medieval codex. In February 2018, it was determined that the manuscript is precisely the one that had been previously archived under code number 463. It was discovered together with the manuscript containing St. Clement's biography from the 16th century, and some older parts were noticed. These parts, considering their writing style and writing pad, could not belong to the original St. Clement's biography manuscript; they are much older. The primary analysis revealed that it was a medieval liturgical codex. The codex is restored and is now waiting to be hardbound. After restoration, liturgical and codicological analyses were carried out which contributed to the proper arrangement of the foil of the codex. The results of the latter analysis are provided below.

The books are not only the support of ideas, cultures and knowledge, they also exist in their materiality, in their concreteness, therefore we say that a work has two dimensions: one on its ideas, its subject, its content, called corpus misticum and another on the material support, called corpus mechanicum. The Codicology is exactly the science that focuses on the study of the corpus mechanicum of the manuscripts books, also known as codices. Focusing on this science, the goal is to present the substance of a manuscript book of the late 18th century, intitled Memória Histórica da Capitania de São Paulo e Todos os seus Memoráveis Sucessos desde o anno de 1531 thé o prezente de 1796, of Manoel Cardoso de Abreu, as a way to understand the history of the codex in its full material extent. This document, dated 1796, is a codex belonging to the Archives of the State of São Paulo, E11571 quota, which tells the story of the Captaincy of São Paulo, formerly Captaincy of São Vicente, with the central figure Martim Afonso de Sousa, responsible for the foundation of the village of São Vicente.