1. Post-Translational Modifications of FXR; Implications for Cholestasis and Obesity-Related Disorders.
- Author
-
Appelman MD, van der Veen SW, and van Mil SWC
- Subjects
- Animals, Cholestasis etiology, Cholestasis metabolism, Humans, Metabolic Diseases etiology, Metabolic Diseases metabolism, Obesity etiology, Obesity metabolism, RNA-Binding Proteins chemistry, Cholestasis pathology, Metabolic Diseases pathology, Obesity pathology, Protein Processing, Post-Translational, RNA-Binding Proteins metabolism
- Abstract
The Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is a nuclear receptor which is activated by bile acids. Bile acids function in solubilization of dietary fats and vitamins in the intestine. In addition, bile acids have been increasingly recognized to act as signaling molecules involved in energy metabolism pathways, amongst others via activating FXR. Upon activation by bile acids, FXR controls the expression of many genes involved in bile acid, lipid, glucose and amino acid metabolism. An inability to properly use and store energy substrates may predispose to metabolic disorders, such as obesity, diabetes, cholestasis and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. These diseases arise through a complex interplay between genetics, environment and nutrition. Due to its function in metabolism, FXR is an attractive treatment target for these disorders. The regulation of FXR expression and activity occurs both at the transcriptional and at the post-transcriptional level. It has been shown that FXR can be phosphorylated, SUMOylated and acetylated, amongst other modifications, and that these modifications have functional consequences for DNA and ligand binding, heterodimerization and subcellular localization of FXR. In addition, these post-translational modifications may selectively increase or decrease transcription of certain target genes. In this review, we provide an overview of the posttranslational modifications of FXR and discuss their potential involvement in cholestatic and metabolic disorders., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2021 Appelman, van der Veen and van Mil.)
- Published
- 2021
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