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Dicrotendipes modestus (Say, 1823): Kaz Lake (Tokat) (Akyıldız & Duran 2012).

Dicrotendipes lobiger (Kieffer, 1921): Mersinbeleni Lake (Koçarlı, Aydın) (Akyıldız & Duran 2012).

Dicrotendipes notatus (Meigen, 1818): Büyük Akgöl Lake and Poyrazlar Lake (Sakarya), Kaz Lake (Tokat), Sarp Lake (Aksaray), Tatlıgöl Lake (Bafra, Samsun) (Akyıldız & Duran 2012).

Dicrotendipes pallidicornis (Goetghebuer, 1934) : Hazar Lake (Elazığ) (Aydın 2022).

Dicrotendipes tritomus (Thienemann & Kieffer, 1916): Very common in Turkey. Lake district (Taşdemir & Ustaoğlu 2005), Meriç and Ergene Rivers, Thrace region (Özkan 2006a; Özkan & Elipek 2006; Özkan 2010a), Çanakkale region (Özkan 2007), Gediz Delta (Taşdemir et al. 2009b), Süleymanlı Lake (Buldan, Denizli) (Duran & Akyıldız 2011), Kovada Lake (Arslan & Şahin 2006), TMI 12 Pond (Elazığ) (Arslan & Saler 2010), Musaözü Dam Lake (Eskişehir) (Arslan et al. 2007), Uluabat Lake (Bursa) (Arslan et al. 2010), Kırklareli province (Aydın & Güher 2017), north Aegean streams (Balık et al. 1999), Gala Lake (Edirne) (Çamur-Elipek et al. 2010), Hamam Lake (Çamur-Elipek et al. 2012), İkiz Lake (İzmir) (Taşdemir et al. 2004a), Gümüldür Stream (İzmir) (Ustaoğlu et al. 2005), Selçuk (İzmir) (Balık et al. 2006a), Küçük Menderes Coastal Wetland (Yıldız et al. 2010), Seyfe Lake (Ahıska & Karabatak 1994), Sarıkum Lake (Sinop) (Akbulut et al. 2002), Menderes Creek (Çanakkale) (Akbulut et al. 2009), Tunca River (Çamur-Elipek et al. 2006), Gökpınar Creek (Duran et al. 2007), Western Black Sea region (Taşdemir et al. 2008). = Limnochironomus tritomus (Kieffer).

Dicrotendipes fumidus (Johannsen, 1905) : Kızılırmak River (Fındık & Aras 2016). Note: Species inquirenda; distribution is Nearctic sensu Oliver et al. (1990).

Dicrotendipes septemmaculatus (Becker, 1908): The species has been reported to be common in Turkey (Spies & Saether 2004).

Dicrotendipes Kieffer (Figs 77���82) Head capsule yellow, occipital margin darkened. Frontal apotome separated from clypeus (except for a European species, Dicrotendipes lobiger (Kieffer, 1921)), and there is an antero-median fenestra (oval to round or linear) on the frontal apotome (Figs 77, 78); anterior margin of frontal apotome may be crenulated (Fig. 77). Antenna 5-segmented, segment 4 exceptionally long. Premandible with 3 teeth, second one and third broad and blunt. Mandible with pale dorsal tooth, 1���2 small surficial and 3 inner teeth. Median tooth of mentum robust, sometimes laterally notched, 6 pairs of lateral teeth. First and second pairs sometimes partially fused. Sixth lateral tooth sometimes reduced into a broad lobe, so only five laterals are clearly visible. Ventromental plates narrow, visibly fan-shaped, completely striated, about half width of mentum; anterior margin smooth or crenate. Remarks: Mentum of Dicrotendipes is especially similar to that of Glyptotendipes, Einfeldia and Kiefferulus (all having fenestra in frons or frontoclypeus), however ventromental plates of these genera are much longer, (equalling to or exceeding width of mentum), while distinctly short in Dicrotendipes. Subfossil remains were rare, found in lakes with higher trophy. Two morphotypes were distinguished following Brooks et al. (2007). Dicrotendipes nervosus - type (Figs 79, 80) Ventromental plates crenulated at anterior margin. Dicrotendipes notatus - type (Figs 81, 82) Ventromental plates with smooth anterior margin. Dicrotendipes nervosus - type (Figs 79, 80) Ventromental plates crenulated at anterior margin. Dicrotendipes notatus - type (Figs 81, 82) Ventromental plates with smooth anterior margin., Published as part of Chamutiov��, T��mea, Hamerl��k, Ladislav & Bitu����k, Peter, 2020, Subfossil chironomids (Diptera, Chironomidae) of lakes in the Tatra Mountains an illustrated guide, pp. 216-264 in Zootaxa 4819 (2) on pages 249-250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4819.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/4396828, {"references":["Brooks, S. J., Langdon, P. G. & Heiri, O. (2007) The Identification and Use of Palaearctic Chironomidae Larvae in Palaeoecology. QRA Technical Guide No. 10. QRA, London, 276 pp."]}

Dicrotendipes notatus - type (Figs 81, 82) Ventromental plates with smooth anterior margin., Published as part of Chamutiov��, T��mea, Hamerl��k, Ladislav & Bitu����k, Peter, 2020, Subfossil chironomids (Diptera, Chironomidae) of lakes in the Tatra Mountains an illustrated guide, pp. 216-264 in Zootaxa 4819 (2) on page 250, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4819.2.2, http://zenodo.org/record/4396828

Chironomidae larvae play an important role in the food chain of river ecosystems in Korea, where it is dominant. However, detailed information on the diet of Chironomidae larvae are still lacking. The purpose of this study was to identify the gut contents of 4th instar larvae of a Chironomidae inhabiting four large-scale weirs (Sejong Weir, Juksan Weir, Gangjeong-Goryeong Weir, and Dalseong Weir) using a DNA meta-barcoding approach. We found that dominant Operational Taxonomic Unit (OUT) was assigned to Paractinolaimus sp. (Nematoda), and the sub-dominant OTU was assigned to Dicrotendipes fumidus (Chironomidae). The most common OTUs among the individuals included phytoplankton, such as Tetrahymena sp., D. armatus, Pseudopediastrum sp., Tetradesmus dimorphus, Biddulphia tridens, and Desmodesmus spp. We calculated the selectivity index (E&rsquo, ) and provided scientific evidence that Chironomidae larvae have a significant preference (E&rsquo, &gt, 0.5) for Desmodesmus armatus, E. minima, and T. dimorphus, while it does not show preference for other species found in its gut. Differences in physico-chemical factors, such as water quality, nutrients, Chl-a, and carbon concentrations, resulting from anthropogenic impacts (i.e., construction of large-scale weirs) as well as the particle size of prey organisms (small-sized single cell) and effects of chemicals (chemokinesis) could affect the feeding behavior of Chironomidae larvae.

The Neotropical region possesses a rich freshwater sponge fauna; however, knowledge about its taxonomy and the community inside the sponges remains fragmentary. Chironomidae (Insecta, Diptera) larvae associated with freshwater sponges have been largely reported in literature and some genera are recognized as containing species exclusively dependent on these organisms. In this study, we analyze the occurrence of chironomid larvae associated with freshwater sponges (Spongillidae) in northeastern Brazil. Samples were collected in two aquatic systems in Pernambuco, Brazil, in February 2011 and October 2012. In the Rio Sirinhaém, Corvoheteromeyenia australis (Bonetto & Ezcurra de Drago) was the only sponge collected, and Polypedilum Kieffer, Goeldichironomus Fittkau, Xenochironomus Kieffer and Cricotopus Van der Wulp were the chironomids found as its associated fauna. On the other hand, in a fishpond, Heteromeyenia cristalina Batista, Volkmer-Ribeiro & Melão, Radiospongilla inesi Nicacio & Pinheiro and Tubella variabilis Boneto & Ezcurra de Drago were the collected sponges, and Polypedilum, Chironomus Meigen, Dicrotendipes Kieffer and Goeldichironomus were the larvae associated with these species. Although only species of Xenochironomus are reported to have close interactions with freshwater sponges, herein we document other Chironomidae genera associated with these organisms. Nevertheless, further investigations are needed to better understand how chironomid larvae use sponges as shelter and/or to avoid predation in a facultative way. The objective of the present study was to analyze the occurrence of Chironomidae inhabitants of freshwater sponges in aquatic systems in the state of Pernambuco, in order to contribute to the knowledge of sponge-dwelling chironomids in northeastern Brazil. A região Neotropical possui uma rica fauna de esponjas de água doce, porém o conhecimento sobre sua taxonomia, bem como sobre as comunidades dentro delas permanece fragmentado. Larvas de Chironomidae (Insecta, Diptera) associadas a esponjas de água doce têm sido amplamente relatadas na literatura, com alguns gêneros que são reconhecidos como contendo espécies exclusivamente dependentes desses organismos. Neste estudo, analisamos a ocorrência de larvas de Chironomidae associadas a esponjas de água doce (Spongillidae) no nordeste do Brasil. As amostras foram coletadas em dois sistemas aquáticos em Pernambuco, no período de fevereiro de 2011 a outubro de 2012. No Rio Sirinhaém, Corvoheteromeyenia australis (Bonetto & Ezcurra de Drago) foi a única esponja coletada, sendo que Polypedilum Kieffer, Goeldichironomus Fittkau, Xenochironomus Kieffer e Cricotopus Van der Wulp foram os Chironomidae registrados como representantes dessa fauna associada. Por outro lado, no tanque de piscicultura, Heteromeyenia cristalina Batista, Volkmer-Ribeiro & Melão, Radiospongilla inesi Nicacio & Pinheiro e Tubella variabilis Boneto & Ezcurra de Drago foram as esponjas coletadas, e Polypedilum, Chironomus Meigen, Dicrotendipes Kieffer e Goeldichironomus foram as larvas associadas a essas espécies de esponjas. Embora apenas espécies pertencentes ao gênero Xenochironomus sejam relatadas em estreita interação com esponjas de água doce, aqui documentamos outros gêneros de Chironomidae também associados a esses organismos. No entanto, é necessária uma investigação mais aprofundada para entender melhor como as larvas de Chironomidae usam esponjas como abrigo e/ou prevenção de predação de forma facultativa. O objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar a ocorrência de habitantes de Chironomidae de esponjas de água doce em sistemas aquáticos no estado de Pernambuco, a fim de incrementar o conhecimento de Chironomidae habitantes de esponjas no nordeste do Brasil.

Achieving sustainable freshwater resource management and conserving biodiversity require accurate and reliable pollution impact assessment. Biomonitoring is an integrative and holistic approach to assessing impact of pollution using biological indicators. In this study, we use the assemblage structure of the freshwater macroinvertebrate family Chironomidae to assess the impact of pollution in a South African river: the Swartkops River. Based on morphological deformities in the mentum of selected genera, we developed a new index, the extended toxic score index (ETSI), to assess the extent of deviation of ecological conditions at the impacted sites from that at the control site. Four sites i.e. Sites 1–4 characterised by different degrees of pollution were selected for chironomids and physico-chemical sampling over a period of three years (August 2009–September 2012). The ETSI was developed by taking into account the severity of deformities, and genera tolerances to pollution. The index was based on the deformities in the mentum of the five most dominant genera: Chironomus , Polypedilum , Tanytarsus , Dicrotendipes and Cricotopus . The values of nutrients, electrical conductivity and turbidity were elevated, and dissolved oxygen depleted at Sites 2, 3 and 4 compared with Site 1. Metal concentrations in the water column were relatively low (

The objective of the present study was to investigate the responses of the chironomid communities (Diptera: Chironomidae) to environmental variables in four moderately and highly disturbed rivers located in one of the most degraded watersheds in South America. Sampling campaigns were carried out during 2014–2016 in four sites of the Matanza-Riachuelo basin. The physical-chemical and hydrological variables were measured and, the ecological indices were calculated and evaluated by ANOVA. The responses of Chironomidae to the environmental variables were evaluated by redundancy analysis (RDA), and the sampling sites were grouped according to the populations of chironomids and the main environmental variables. Finally, the Spearman correlation was made to determine which of these variables were significant. In total, 13 chironomid taxa were found in 36 samples during the study period. The greatest density registered belongs to Rheotanytarsus and Cricotopus. The ANOVA detected the greatest Chironomidae density and taxonomic richness in the sites with agricultural-urban impact. The changes in the distribution of Rheotanytarsus, Thienemanniella, and Polypedilum were mainly explained by the increase in current velocity, organic matter, and hardness, and the decrease of NH3 and BOD. On the other hand, Goeldichironomus, Chironomus, Parachironomus, Dicrotendipes, and Cricotopus were explained by the increase in conductivity, dissolved oxygen, and temperature, and the decrease of the variables NO3, BOD, and Cu. In addition to this, the sites with urban-agricultural impact were clearly separated from sites with urban-industrial impact. The last one was more related to the increase in BOD, Cu, and NO3 that indicates moderate to poor water quality. In conclusion, we can infer that the physical and chemical variables are correlated with changes in the structure and distribution of the chironomid community and there are genera that respond differently at high and intermediate situations of disturbances. This knowledge contributes to the execution of strategies for the conservation and restoration of the lotic ecosystems. Fil: Cortese, Bianca. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto de Limnología "Dr. Raúl A. Ringuelet". Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. Instituto de Limnología; Argentina Fil: Zanotto Arpellino, Juan Pablo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto de Limnología "Dr. Raúl A. Ringuelet". Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. Instituto de Limnología; Argentina Fil: Paggi, Analia Constancia. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto de Limnología "Dr. Raúl A. Ringuelet". Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. Instituto de Limnología; Argentina Fil: Rodrigues Capitulo, Alberto. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - La Plata. Instituto de Limnología "Dr. Raúl A. Ringuelet". Universidad Nacional de La Plata. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo. Instituto de Limnología; Argentina

Made available in DSpace on 2018-12-11T17:36:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2018-03-01 Chironomidae stand out among aquatic insects associated with organic matter decomposition due to their abundance, cosmopolitan distribution, the varied forms in which they use detritus, as well as the feeding plasticity of their larvae. The objective of this study was to investigate the structure and composition of the Chironomidae community (Diptera) in the decomposition of Eichhornia azurea leaves in a marginal lake. The working hypothesis is that the taxonomic and functional density and richness of Chironomidae increase over time during the degradation of E. azurea leaves. Decomposition was analyzed in leaves kept in 2-mm mesh litter bags and collected at set successive sampling intervals. Significant differences were found in Chironomidae density and composition in the time scale. The density of individuals increased significantly during the experiment, in contrast to the taxonomic and functional richness. Subfamily Chironominae was the most representative in terms of density and taxonomic richness. The densities of taxa Labrundinia sp., Tanytarsus sp., Dicrotendipes sp., Endotribelos sp. Chironomus sp. and Ablabesmyia sp. were mainly responsible for intragroup similarity in the groups formed at each sampling time. In contrast, the taxonomic composition varied throughout the experiment with characteristic ecologic succession and dynamic stabilization of the colonizing community towards the end of the experiment. In conclusion, the Chironomidae community structure presented an increase in larva density during the experimental period associated with changes in taxon composition; however, the total taxonomic richness variation was low and functional richness did not vary. Departamento de Zoologia Instituto de Biociências Universidade Estadual Paulista “Julio de Mesquita Filho” (UNESP) Departamento de Zoologia Instituto de Biociências Universidade Estadual Paulista “Julio de Mesquita Filho” (UNESP)

Mitochondrial DNA sequences from cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) were used to provide a phylogeny of the Chironomidae (Diptera) from Turkey. Data were obtained from 70 species of Chironomidae belonging to the genera Ablabesmyia, Chironomus, Cladotanytarsus, Conchapelopia, Cricotopus, Cryptochironomus, Dicrotendipes, Endochironomus, Eukiefferiella, Kiefferulus, Macropelopia, Micropsectra, Microtendipes, Paracladopelma, Paracricotopus, Paratanytarsus, Paratendipes, Paratrichocladius, Polypedilum, Psectrocladius, Psectrotanypus, Rheocricotopus, Tanytarsus, Thienemannimyia, Virgatanytarsus and Zavrelimyia. Neighbour-joining (NJ) and maximum likelihood (ML) analyses were used to identify the relationships among species. We confirmed monophyly of all sampled subfamilies and also tribes Chironomini, Tanytarsini, Macropelopiini and Pentaneurini, with the exception of subfamily Tanypodinae in ML analysis. However, in Chironomini, genus Chironomus, Cryptochironomus, Endochironomus and Paratendipes were monophyletic, while Polypedilum was not. Likewise, in Tanytarsini, genus Paratanytarsus and Cladotanytarsus were monophyletic, while Tanytarsus and Micropsectra were not. Also, in Macropelopiini and Pentaneurini, genus Macropelopia and Zavrelimyia were monophyletic. However, Ablabesmyia, genus of Pentaneurini, formed monophyletic group only in NJ analysis. In this study, we determined an unexpected inclusion of a Tanytarsus brundini individual into Micropsectra group. According to our pairwise distance analyses, the mean interspesific divergence was 19.4% for all species studied. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Dicrotendipes - Fourteen specimens of an undescribed Dicrotendipes were collected. The species possesses an apically bifid inferior volsella. Although such a volsella is known from Afrotropical and Palaearctic species, as well as several Amazonian species (Epler 1988), this is the farthest north I have seen such a species in the Western Hemisphere., Published as part of Epler, John H., 2017, AN ANNOTATED PRELIMINARY LIST OF THE CHIRONOMIDAE (DIPTERA) OF ZURQUÍ, COSTA RICA Abstract Introduction, pp. 4-18 in CHIRONOMUS Journal of Chironomidae Research 30 (30) on page 9, DOI: 10.5324/cjcr.v0i30.2240, http://zenodo.org/record/7987298, {"references":["Epler. J. H. 1988. Biosystematics of the genus Dicrotendipes Kieffer, 1913 (Diptera: Chironomidae: Chironominae) of the World. - Memoirs of the American Entomological Society 36: 1 - 214."]}

The nucleotide sequences of the mtDNA cytochrome oxidase I (COI) gene fragment 535 bp long (pos. 100 to 634) in 14 midge species (Diptera, Chironomidae): Dicrotendipes nervosus, Endochironomus albipennis, E. tendens, Glyptotendipes barbipes, G. glaucus, G. gripekoveni, G. imbecillis, G. mancunianus, Polypedilum sordens, Stenochironomus gibbus, Synendotendipes kaluginae, Xenochironomus xenolabus, Xenochironomus sp., Cricotopus glacialis, and those of the mtDNA COII gene fragment 561 bp long (pos. 22 to 583) in 3 midge species: Chironomus plumosus, Chironomus balatonicus, and Baeotendipes noctivaga were determined. The time of gene COI divergence in the phytophilous midges of various taxa was estimated. The wood-mining species Stenochironomus gibbus belongs to the most ancient midges which diverged together with the ancestor form of two subfamilies, Chironominae and Orthocladiinae, about 104 Mya. Phytophily evolved in the midge larvae at different times in different taxa: among Chironominae, about 47.2 Mya in P. sordens, not earlier than 20 Mya in Glyptotendipes, Kiefferulus, and Dicrotendipes, and not earlier than 13 Mya in Endochironomus albipennis; among Orthocladiinae, 19 Mya in Cricotopus. The divergence of the genera containing phytophilous and fouling species, both in Chironominae (Dicrotendipes, Glyptotendipes, Kiefferulus) and Orthocladiinae (Orthocladius and Cricotopus), occurred approximately 20 Mya, and coincided with the beginning of formation of the recent-type limnofaunas 23 Mya.

The taxonomic position of the chironomid midge Dicrotendipes sp. afr. from the Republic of South Africa, earlier considered within the genus Glyptotendipes Kieffer (Petrova and Zhirov, 2010), is specified. The morphological characteristics of its larvae and features of its polytene chromosomes are analyzed in comparison with those of the known Dicrotendipes species. Data on inversion polymorphism are presented. In morphological characteristics, the species studied was found to be the closest to Dicrotendipes septemmaculatus Becker, 1908.

Genus Dicrotendipes Kieffer Dicrotendipes Kieffer, 1913: 23. Type species, Dicrotendipes pictipennis Kieffer (mon.). Refs.: See Epler, 1988: 6 for synonyms; Spies & Reiss, 1996: 70 (cat.)., Published as part of Mendes, Humberto Fonseca & Pinho, Luiz Carlos, 2016, FAMILY CHIRONOMIDAE, pp. 142-153 in Zootaxa 4122 (1) on page 146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4122.1.16, http://zenodo.org/record/263669, {"references":["Kieffer, J. J. (1913) Chironomidae et Cecidomyidae. Resultats Scientifiques. Voyage de Ch. Alluaud et R. Jeannel en Afrique Orientale (1911 - 1912) (Dipt.), I, 1 - 43.","Epler, J. H. (1988) Biosystematics of the genus Dicrotendipes Kieffer, 1913 (Diptera: Chironomidae) of the world. Memoirs of the American Entomological Society, 36, 1 - 214.","Spies, M. & Reiss, F. (1996) Catalog and bibliography of Neotropical and Mexican Chironomidae (Insecta, Diptera). Spixiana Supplement, 22, 61 - 119."]}

Dicrotendipes hulberti Epler, sp. n. Dicrotendipes sp. A Epler 1992: 7.43, 7.47; 1995: 7.43, 7.47; 2001: 8.60, 8.64 (larva in key) Adult male (n=10). Coloration. In life pale green to light brown; in alcohol stramineous/light brown, sometimes with light brown anal point and base; some species with abdomen almost completely pale brown, others with light brown band on posterior margin of tergites I���IV; others with abdomen entirely stramineous; thoracic vittae light brown/orange, preepisternum light brown, postnotum brown. Wings unmarked, with pale veins. General dimensions. Thorax 857���925, 770 (8); abdomen 1.97���2.84, 2.36 mm (9); total 2.52���3.73, 3.08 mm (7); wing 1.22���1.48, 1.32 mm long (5), 360���440, 406 wide (5). Head. Temporal setae 13���22, 18 (4); clypeal setae 9���12, 11 (6); cibarial sensilla 3���12, 10 (6). AR 1.87���2.18, 2.06 (5). Frontal tubercles L 2.5���15, 10 (4); W 2.5���10, 6.3 (4). Maxillary palp with 5 palpomeres; lengths of palpomeres (3): 27���30; 28���30; 63���70; 80���92; 90���128. Thorax. Setae: acrostichals 8���11, 9 (5); dorsocentrals 5���10, 7; scutellars 1���9, 5(8); prealars 2���5, 4 (8); 1 specimen with a single supraalar seta. Wing. Wing length 1.22���1.48, 1.32 mm (5), width 360���440, 406 (5). Wing setae: squama 2���7, 4 (9); R 12���16 (3), R 1 6���10 (3), R4+ 5 2���13, 7 (5). VR 1.12���1.11, 1.18 (5). Legs. Lengths and ratios in Table 1. Fore tarsi without beard. Metatarsus of middle leg with 4���12, 8 (6) palmate sensilla chaetica. Abdomen. S VI with (0?)1���5, 1 (6) ventral accessory setae. Hypopygium (Fig. 1). Phallapodeme length 63���98, 83. Gonostylus normal (not inflated), moderately curved, with 6���8, 7 larger setae apicomedially, apical seta about �� length of preceding setae; setae sometimes with bifid or fimbriate apex. Superior volsella pediform (Fig. 2); length 40���63, 54 (7); width 35���45, 39 (7); with 6���8, 7 (9) large ventral setae, volsella mostly covered with microtrichia, with small bare area posteriorly. Inferior volsella with apex of club slightly expanded, slightly indented apically; club dorsally with 2���3 longitudinal rows of 2���11, 6 large setae, setae sometimes with bifid/fimbriate apex. Anal point bare, pyriform, moderately deflexed apically; with 3��� 9, 5 (7) dorsal basal setae. Adult female (n =2). Only pharate material available; most counts/measurements not possible. Coloration. Apparently as in male. Thorax. Setae: dorsocentrals 10���12; scutellars 5���9; prealars 4. Wing. Squama with 5���7 setae. Genitalia. Typical for Nearctic members of the genus, as figured in Epler (1988: Figs. 4A, 4B), apodeme lobe weakly sclerotized (Fig. 3). Each side of S VIII with 11���17 setae; T IX with 34���48 setae; T X with 2���3 setae. Cercus 88���98 long. Pupa (n = 9). Typical Dicrotendipes pupa, very similar to D. modestus. Coloration. Exuviae light brown. General dimensions. Cephalothorax 1.14���1.24 mm (2); abdomen 2.27���3.02, 2.79 mm (8); total length 3.90��� 4.26 mm (2). Cephalothorax. With weak to moderate dorsal pebbling. Cephalic tubercles conical, 48���63, 56 (5) long; frontal setae 28���48 (3) long. With typical 4 dorsocentral setae; Dc1 33���45, 38 (5); Dc2 not measurable; Dc3 48 (1); Dc4 33���35 (2). Scutal tubercle absent. Abdomen. T II with posterior transverse row of 55���70, 65 hooklets. T I without shagreen; T II���IV with median subquadrate shagreen area, shagreen points small, subequal; T V and VI with narrower median subquadrate shagreen area, shagreen points larger, especially in center of patch. T VII with pair of weak ovoid shagreen areas anteriorly, points small; T VIII with pair of weak longitudinal shagreen areas, points small. Most sternites without shagreen, sometimes with small oval/circular areas of fine points anteriorly; S I with posterior transverse row of 30���72, 60 (7) fine, clear spinules>5 ��m long. S II with anterior transverse row of 39���132, 84 (8) fine, clear spinules>5 ��m long; with posterior transverse row of 39���97, 64 (8) fine, clear spinules>5 ��m long. S III without anterior or posterior transverse rows of clear spinules>5 ��m long. Each side of T VIII with single caudolateral spur, thorn���like to mostly straight to slightly curved (Figs. 4, 5). Anal lobe with uniserial fringe of 31���38, 35 taeniae. Disc ratio 1.94���2.69, 2.40. Fourth instar larva (n = 8). Coloration. Head capsule light brown. General dimensions. Medium sized larvae, total length about 6 mm. Head. Frons with anterior margin mostly smooth, with 2���4 crenations on each anterolateral projection, with uvula-like medial frontal pit (Fig. 7); clypeal sclerite smooth posterodorsally. Postmentum length 198���235, 214. Antenna (Fig. 8) with 5 antennomeres, lengths (1���5):53���60, 58; 18���20, 19; 10���13, 11; 10���15, 13; 5. AR 1.03���1.33, 1.17. Antennal blade 45���58, 50, extending to middle or apex of 4th antennomere. Premandible 95���108, 100 long, with 2 apical teeth. Mandible (Fig. 9) 145���170, 155 (5) long; outer margin mostly smooth to crenulate/furrowed; with pale dorsal tooth, dark apical tooth and 3 dark inner teeth; proximal inner tooth directed medially to slightly posteriorly; seta subdentalis length 20���24, 22 (6); pecten mandibularis with 9���11, 10 setae. Mentum (Fig. 6) 113��� 130, 124 (6) long; with 13 teeth, 2nd lateral tooth fused/appressed to 1st, 6th lateral tooth rounded and fused/ appressed to 5th. Ventromental plates with finely crenulate anterior margin, 88���98, 91 wide, 38���48, 44 long; with 24���30, 26 full-length strial ridges; interplate distance 48���50, 49 (6). Body. Ventral and lateral tubules absent. Procerci 15���25, 18 long; longest anal seta 700���840, 759 long; supraanal seta 250���288 (2) long. Posterior parapods with simple claws. Type material. Holotype, male with associated pupal and larval exuviae, U.S.A.: FLORIDA: Palm Beach County; Lake Okeechobee nr Kramer Island; 3-ix-1991; leg. J.H. Epler, L.M. Epler. Slide mounted in Canada balsam. Holotype in FSCA. Paratypes: 1 male / Pex / Lex, 1 pharate male pupa/ Lex; same data as holotype; [JHE]; 3 pharate male pupae/ Lex, 2 pharate female pupae/ Lex, FL: Palm Beach County; Lake Okeechobee nr Winnie���s Cove; 4-ix-1991; leg. J.H. Epler, L.M. Epler, D. Strom [FSCA, JHE]; 54 males (4 slide mounted), FL: Marion Co., Buck Pond near Moss Bluff, 4-viii-2003, UV, leg. D.R. Denson [JHE]. Slide mounted in Canada balsam or Euparal. Other, non-type, material examined: 1 male, FL: Levy Co, Manatee Springs State Park, 3-v-1989, leg. C.A. Bennett, ex ���adult emerge in jars with Najas guadalupensis ���; 1 male, same locality, xi-xii-1990, Gainesville DPI quarantine, ex Hydrellia rearing jars with Hydrilla verticillata [JHE]; 1 male, FL: Osceola Co., Kissimmee, Lake Tohopekaliga, 28.24136N, 81.40636W, 17-ix-2010, leg. K. Stratman [JHE]; 1 male, PANAMA: Canal Zone, Gamboa, Rio Agua Salud, July 1967, W.W. Wirth, light trap [USNM]. I���ve also seen larvae from the following locations in Florida: Alachua Co., Santa Fe River at Hwy 21 nr Worthington Springs, 4-vi-2004; Gilchrist Co., Santa Fe River at US 129, 13-iii-1996; Gilchrist Co., Suwannee River at SR 340 nr Rock Bluff, 14-vi-1995; Washington Co., Cypress Spring spring run, 25-vii-2007. Distribution. Known from the Panhandle of Florida south to Lake Okeechobee; I���ve seen a single male assignable to this species from Panama. Etymology. I am honored to name this species for my friend and colleague Jim Hulbert, formerly a biologist with the Florida Department of Environmental Protection. Jim���s foresight and knowledge of the state bureaucracy made the first of my larval midge identification manuals (Epler 1992) possible. This began the series of identification manuals for Florida���s aquatic macroinvertebrates that today covers the majority of freshwater and some inshore marine taxa. Comments. Adults are extremely similar to D. modestus; genitalia of the two species are indistinguishable from each other. Adult males will key to D. modestus in Epler (1988) but may be separated by the lower counts of dorsocentral and squamal setae in D. hulberti, which has 5���10, mean of 7, dorsocentrals and 2���7, mean of 4, squamal setae. In D. modestus these numbers are 12���44, mean of 26, dorsocentrals; and 7���21, mean of 13, squamal setae (Epler 1987a: 70). In alcohol D. hulberti may usually be separated from D. modestus by their slightly more delicate habitus and the more restricted pigmentation of the anal point; at higher power it is possible to count the reduced setae of the squama and thorax. PLATE 1. Fig. 1. Dicrotendipes hulberti male, genitalia. Fig. 2. Dicrotendipes hulberti male, superior volsella, ventral. Fig. 3. Dicrotendipes hulberti female, apodeme lobe. Figs. 4, 5. Dicrotendipes hulberti pupa, variation of caudolateral spur on tergite VIII. PLATE 2. Fig. 6. Dicrotendipes hulberti larva, mentum and ventromental plate. Fig. 7. Dicrotendipes hulberti larva, frons, anterior margin. Fig. 8. Dicrotendipes hulberti larva, antenna. fig. 9. Dicrotendipes hulberti larva, mandible (setae of pecten mandibularis not shown). On two males, R4+5 had only 2 setae, near the apex of the wing. Pupae may be impossible to separate from those of some D. tritomus (Kieffer) with a single T VIII caudolateral spur. Pupae are also similar to those of D. modestus and D. neomodestus (Malloch), but those species usually possess a sinuate caudolateral spur on T VIII; that of D. hulberti is mostly straight. Larvae are keyed as Dicrotendipes sp. A in Epler (1992, 1995, 2001). They are distinguished by having the second lateral teeth of the mentum closely appressed/fused to the first lateral teeth and the 6th lateral teeth are reduced or fused to the 5th lateral teeth. In addition, the proximal inner mandibular tooth is directed mediad, rather than slanting forward as the other inner teeth do. I have found larvae of D. hulberti and D. modestus in the same sample. Little is known of the biology of this new species. Larvae have been associated with aquatic plants such as Najas guadalupensis (Spreng.) Magnus (family Najadaceae) and Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royale (family Hydrocharitaceae); they���ve been collected from lakes, rivers and spring runs. Dicrotendipes hulberti is a member of a group of species (the ��� Dicrotendipes modestus group���) that share similar morphology in the adult, pupal and larval stages. As adult males D. hulberti, D. modestus, D. neomodestus, and ��� D. pulsus (Walker) ��� are the most similar, but in the Nearctic the group also includes D. adnilus Epler, D. californicus (Johannsen), D. crypticus Epler and D. thanatogratus Epler based on genitalia similarities (all have a pediform superior volsella). Pupae of all of these species share the character of one to two horizontal bands of fine, clear spinules on sternites I���II, and sometimes III. Note that this pupal character is also found in at least two other species, D. tritomus and D. lobiger (Kieffer); D. tritomus is closely related but lacks the pediform superior volsella; D. lobiger belongs to a different clade within the genus (see Epler 1988). Dicrotendipes pulsus, as D. modestus, was last described in the adult male, pupa and larva stages by Contreras- Lichtenberg (1986); she used information from Epler (1983) and placed D. pulsus as a junior synonym of D. modestus. However, Epler (1983) is an unpublished Master���s thesis; this information was eventually published as Epler (1987a), thus the date of synonymy of the two species is 1986. Langton & Visser (2003) used the name D. objectans (Walker) instead of D. modestus for this taxon in their key for West Palaearctic pupal exuviae, with no explanation of synonymy. In his previous key, upon which the key in Langton & Visser (2003) is based, Langton (1991) used ��� D. modestus ��� in a similar couplet. Note that later Spies & Saether (2004) pointed out that the name ��� objectans ��� was incorrect and that ��� pulsus ��� should be used. Apparently Langton & Visser (2003) based their synonymy on a couplet in an unpublished manuscript key for Nearctic pupal exuviae by ���Langton, Coffman & Oliver��� that has been available in one form or another for many years. There is a note on the front page that states ���Publication expected in 1996���, but this key has yet to be published. In the manuscript���s Chironominae chapter, under couplet 81 it was stated: ��� D. pulsus has been synonymized with modestus by Epler, but the pupae are consistently different in the size of the cephalic tubercle, which is over twice the size in pulsus. D. pulsus is also a much less variable taxon. The median point patches usually nearly reach D2 on IV and V, whereas in modestus they never (?) extend that far. The specimens recorded below accord well with Palaearctic pulsus. Lake. May. [WPC M48.97, M51.55] ��� The last numbers refer to specimens in Coffman���s collection; material was from Somerset and Warren Counties in Pennsylvania (Carlos de la Rosa, pers. comm. 5-x-2016). Thus, the authors considered both D. modestus and D. pulsus to occur in the Nearctic. Epler (1987a) did not include measurements for pupal cephalic tubercles. I have re-examined some of the material used in the revision, from Colorado, Florida and Pennsylvania in the USA and Manitoba, Canada, plus additional more recent material. Utilizing only associated male/Pex/Lex material (n=6), I found a range of 63���193, mean 115 ��m for D. modestus cephalic tubercle length. Contreras-Lichtenberg (1986) gave measurements of 157��� 223 ��m for pupal cephalic tubercles in D. modestus (= ��� pulsus ���). The extent of the ���median point patches��� on IV and V was also investigated. The majority of specimens had the median point patches extending to the level of D2, even as far as D1; the patches also often contained the D2 seta within the area of the point patch. Epler (1987a) had examined ��� pulsus ��� material from Great Britain (the holotype of pulsus), West Germany and Italy, which included some associated material. I also re-examined 3 males of ��� D. pulsus ��� from Germany���s Bodensee; they do not differ from D. modestus as defined by Epler (1987a) (i.e., they had numerous thoracic dorsocentral setae and squamal setae). Note that Contreras-Lichtenberg (1996) did not include adult thoracic setal counts or squamal setal counts. Epler (1987a) recognized significant variation in D. modestus, based on the study of over 80 associated specimens from much of the United States and Canada, in addition to hundreds of adults. Thus, if D. modestus is as variable as Epler (1987a) stated, the characters given in the Langton, Coffman & Oliver manuscript key do not separate D. modestus from D. pulsus. With no published criteria to justify splitting the species, especially with no inclusion of characters from other life stages, I consider the synonymy proposed by Epler (1987a) to remain valid. No doubt more cryptic species may occur within the D. modestus group. In over 35 years of studying Dicrotendipes, I have found that pupae offer the most ambiguous characters for species discrimination within the genus���here is just too much overlap of counts, measurements and shagreen patterns between some species, especially in the D. modestus group. This paper demonstrates that by using at least two life stages, in the instance of Dicrotendipes the adult and larva, it may be possible to delimit new species within the group. An in-depth study of these taxa throughout the Holarctic would be necessary, a project beyond the scope of this paper., Published as part of Epler, J. H., 2016, A new species of Dicrotendipes (Diptera: Chironomidae) from Florida, pp. 77-83 in Zootaxa 4208 (1) on pages 78-83, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.202022, {"references":["Epler, J. H. (1992) Identification Manual for the Larval Chironomidae (Diptera) of Florida. Florida Department of Environmental Regulation, Orlando, Florida, 302 pp.","Epler, J. H. (1988) Biosystematics of the genus Dicrotendipes Kieffer, 1913 (Diptera: Chironomidae: Chironominae) of the World. Memoirs of the American Entomological Society, 36, 1 - 214.","Epler, J. H. (1987 a) Revision of the Nearctic Dicrotendipes Kieffer, 1913 (Diptera: Chironomidae). Evolutionary Monographs 9, 102 pp. + 37 plates.","Epler, J. H. (1995) Identification Manual for the Larval Chironomidae (Diptera) of Florida. Revised edition. Florida Department of Environmental Protection, Tallahassee, Florida. 317 pp.","Epler, J. H. (2001) Identification Manual for the larval Chironomidae (Diptera) of North and South Carolina. A guide to the taxonomy of the midges of the southeastern United States, including Florida. Special Publication SJ 2001 - SP 13. North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Raleigh, North Carolina, and St. Johns River Water Management District, Palatka, Florida, 526 pp.","Contreras-Lichtenberg, R. (1986) Revision der in der Westpalaarktis verbreiteten Arten des Genus Dicrotendipes Kieffer, 1913 (Diptera, Nematocera, Chironomidae). Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien, 88 / 89, 663 - 726.","Epler, J. H. (1983) Taxonomic revision of the Nearctic Dicrotendipes Kieffer, 1913 (Diptera: Chironomidae). M. Sc. thesis, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida, 283 pp.","Langton, P. H. & Visser, H. (2003) Chironomidae exuviae - a key to pupal exuviae of the West Palaearctic Region. CD - ROM, Expert Center for Taxonomic Information, Amsterdam.","Langton, P. H. (1991) A key to pupal exuviae of West Palaearctic Chironomidae. Huntingdon (privately published), 386 pp.","Spies, M. & Saether, O. A. (2004) Notes and recommendations on taxonomy and nomenclature of Chironomidae (Diptera). Zootaxa, 752, 1 - 90."]}

californicus (Johannsen, 1905: 217) (Chironomus). Type locality: [U.S.A.] “Pasadena, California”. HT M (CUIC). Distr.: U.S.A., Mexico, Costa Rica, Panamá, Colombia, Peru, Chile: Refs.: Epler, 1987: 22 (redesc.); Epler, 1988: 61 (distr.); Spies & Reiss, 1996: 70 (cat.)., Published as part of Mendes, Humberto Fonseca & Pinho, Luiz Carlos, 2016, FAMILY CHIRONOMIDAE, pp. 142-153 in Zootaxa 4122 (1) on page 146, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4122.1.16, http://zenodo.org/record/263669, {"references":["Johannsen, O. A. (1905) Aquatic nematocerous Diptera II. In: Needham, J. G., Morton, K. J. & Johannsen, O. A. (Eds.), Mayflies and midges of New York. New York State Museum Bulletins, 86, pp. 76 - 327.","Epler, J. H. (1987) Notes on the Dicrotendipes (Diptera: Chironomidae) of Mexico, with descriptions of two new species. Entomologica Scandinavica Supplement, 29, 147 - 154.","Epler, J. H. (1988) Biosystematics of the genus Dicrotendipes Kieffer, 1913 (Diptera: Chironomidae) of the world. Memoirs of the American Entomological Society, 36, 1 - 214.","Spies, M. & Reiss, F. (1996) Catalog and bibliography of Neotropical and Mexican Chironomidae (Insecta, Diptera). Spixiana Supplement, 22, 61 - 119."]}

A new species of Dicrotendipes is described in all life stages from Florida. Adults of this new species are nearly identical to D. modestus (Say); pupae are similar to D. modestus, D. neomodestus (Malloch) and D. tritomus (Kieffer); while the larvae are unique and were keyed by Epler (1992, 1995, 2001) as Dicrotendipes sp. A. The taxonomic status of D. modestus and D. pulsus (Walker) is discussed.

Chironomid communities were studied in a sediment core collected from Lake Moreno Oeste, located in Nahuel Huapi National Park. A major change in midge assemblages occurred at ∼AD 1760, which was characterized by a decrease of “cold taxa” including Polypedilum sp.2 and Dicrotendipes, and an increase of “warm taxa” including Apsectrotanypus and Polypedilum sp.1. These taxa are likely related to climatic conditions concurrent with the end of a cold period at ∼AD 1500–1700 and the beginning of a drying climate at ∼AD 1740–1900 in northern Patagonia. Coarse tephra layers had low midge diversity; however they did not disrupt the climatic trend as the community recovered rapidly after the event. Since AD 1910, after the increase in suburban housing, fish introduction, and the construction of a road, there was an increase in the relative abundances of taxa typically associated with the littoral zone, such as Parapsectrocladius, Riethia, Apsectrotanypus, and some Tanytarsini morphotypes. The main change in the chironomid community appears to be associated with long-term climate change. At the beginning of the 20th century, other site-specific environmental factors (catchment change and fish introduction) altered the chironomid assemblages, making it more difficult to understand the relative importance of each driver of assemblage change. Fil: Williams Velázquez, Natalia Noemi. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte; Argentina. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica. Gerencia del Área de Energía Nuclear. Unidad de Actividad de Ingeniería Nuclear. Laboratorio de Análisis por Activación Neutrónica; Argentina Fil: Rieradevall, Maria. Universidad de Barcelona; España Fil: Añón Suárez, Diego Alejandro. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universitario Bariloche; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente. Universidad Nacional del Comahue. Centro Regional Universidad Bariloche. Instituto de Investigaciones en Biodiversidad y Medioambiente; Argentina Fil: Rizzo, Andrea Paula. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte; Argentina. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica. Gerencia del Área de Energía Nuclear. Unidad de Actividad de Ingeniería Nuclear. Laboratorio de Análisis por Activación Neutrónica; Argentina Fil: Daga, Romina Betiana. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte; Argentina. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica. Gerencia del Área de Energía Nuclear. Unidad de Actividad de Ingeniería Nuclear. Laboratorio de Análisis por Activación Neutrónica; Argentina Fil: Ribeiro Guevara, Sergio. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica. Gerencia del Área de Energía Nuclear. Unidad de Actividad de Ingeniería Nuclear. Laboratorio de Análisis por Activación Neutrónica; Argentina Fil: Arribere, Maria Angelica. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica. Gerencia del Área de Energía Nuclear. Unidad de Actividad de Ingeniería Nuclear. Laboratorio de Análisis por Activación Neutrónica; Argentina. Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica. Gerencia del Área de Energía Nuclear. Instituto Balseiro; Argentina

A survey of the aquatic weed Hydrilla verticillata was conducted in selected Kenyan and Ugandan lakes, and emerging chironomid adults were collected from samples of Hydrilla and seven other aquatic macrophytes. Hydrilla was absent from Lake Victoria, in sites where it previously occurred. Hydrilla was found in four of nine lakes examined in Uganda, i.e. Bisina, Kyoga, Bunyonyi and Mutanda. From 7424 collected chironomid adults, 43 species were identified, 21 (49%) representing new Ugandan records. Thirty-nine (91%) of the species were found on Hydrilla. Three species represent probable undescribed taxa. At our primary site, Lake Bisina, the genera Tanytarsus and Dicrotendipes dominated the chironomid community, comprising 76% of emerged adults. A species accumulation curve for chironomid species associated with Lake Bisina macrophytes suggested that further plant sampling would uncover additional species. Polypedilum wittei, formerly considered for possible biological control of Hydrilla, was not...

The genus Dicrotendipes Kieffer from China, including 8 species, is reviewed. Two new species, D. nudus sp.n. and D. saetanumerosus sp.n. are described and the male imagines are illustrated; the record of D. fusconotatus (Kieffer) is the first for China. A key to the males of Dicrotendipes in China is given.

To search for potential biological control agents of the aquatic weed, Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royle, emerging chironomid adults were collected from aquatic macrophytes sampled between 2007 and 2009 from near shore sites in Lake Tanganyika, Burundi. Initial surveys identified H. verticillata populations at all sampled locations between Bujumbura and Nyanza Lac. Twenty-six (26) species of Chironomidae emerged from collections of four plant species; Hydrilla, Ceratophyllum demersum variety apiculatum (Cham.) Asch., Potamogeton schweinfurthii A.Benn., and Vallisneria spiralis f. aethiopica (Fenzl) T.Durand and Schinz. Twenty-four of the chironomid species were new country records, but none of them represented undescribed species. Dicrotendipes fusconotatus (Kieffer) dominated the chironomid community, comprising 82% of 32,090 reared adults. The six most common species contributed over 96% of the total midge fauna. Most species were uncommon or rare; nine species were represented by 10 or fewer specimens. A species accumulation curve for the 25 chironomid species reared from Hydrilla suggested that our sampling completely describes the community associated with this plant in northern Lake Tanganyika. Quantitative β-diversity values indicated that chironomid communities of the two Hydrocharitaceae species, Hydrilla and Vallisneria, were most similar to each other, even though they have very different growth forms. Chironomids also emerged in greater numbers from the two Hydrocharitaceae than from the other plants. No chironomid species, including Polypedilum wittei Freeman and Polypedilum dewulfi Goetghebuer, two species formerly considered for possible biological control of Hydrilla, were specific to that plant. Polypedilum species emerged from all sampled aquatic macrophytes. No chironomid-caused damage was seen on Hydrilla. African Chironomidae do not appear to be suitable candidates for biological control of Hydrilla.

Salinity of inland waters is affected by a range of human activities and is regarded as a major environmental contaminant in many parts of the world. Changes in salinity are well known to be associated with changes in macroinvertebrate communities of flowing waters. However, as many environmental factors co-vary with salinity, it is not known whether, and if so how, salinity causes communities to change. Being able to measure the osmoregulatory stress that individual stream macroinvertebrates are experiencing would be useful to understand if and how salinity affects their populations and thus communities. Additionally, inferring salinity stress in individual invertebrates could provide a valuable biomonitoring tool to detect the initial effects of salinity before major ecological changes have occurred. Osmoregulation in larval Chironomidae (Diptera) takes place in the anal papillae and their size is believed to be associated with osmoregulatory stress. In two laboratory experiments and a field survey in southern Victoria, Australia, we determine if the size of the anal papillae of larva chironomids is a useful biomarker of salinity stress. Experiments with Chironomus oppositus showed that the surface area of the anal papillae was similar in larva hatched across 5 egg masses collected from 3 sites but were affected by salinity treatments. Furthermore, the (transformed) ratio of this surface area to the body length of the larva was independent of the size of C. oppositus. However, for Chironomus cloacalis, this surface area differed between larva hatched from egg masses collected from the same site. The expected trend in surface area of the anal papillae relative to the size of larva (Chironomu alternans, C. cloacalis, Dicrotendipes sp., Criptochironomus sp. and Tanypodinae) was not duplicated in the field survey. It would appear that unknown factors, other than salinity, are affecting the size of the anal papillae of chironomids in southern Victoria.

The influence of physical and chemical parameters on the abundance and diversity of chironomids was studied in six rivers with moderate to highly polluted water in the Juru River Basin. The rivers: Ceruk Tok Kun (CTKR) as reference site, and polluted rivers of Pasir (PR), Juru (JR), Permatang Rawa (PRR), Ara (AR) and Kilang Ubi (KUR) were sampled over a period of five months (November 2007-March 2008). Nine chirnomid species: Chironimus kiiensis, C. javanus, Polypedilum trigonus, Microchironomus sp., Dicrotendipes sp., Tanytarsus formosanus, Clinotanypus sp., Tanypus punctipennis and Fittkauimyia sp. were identified. Assessment of their relationships with several environmental parameters was performed using the canonical correspondence analysis (CCA). Tanytarsus formosanus was the most dominant in the relatively clean CTKR and moderately polluted JR with mean densities of 19.66 and 25.32 m(-2), respectively while C. kiiensis was abundant in more polluted rivers. Tanytarsus formosanus, Dicrotendipes sp. and Microchironomus sp. were grouped under moderate to high water temperature, total organic matter (TOM), total suspended solids (TSS), velocity, pH, phosphates and sulphates. However, Tanypus punctipennis, Fittkauimyia sp., and Clinotanypus sp. were associated with high contents of river sediment such as TOM, Zn and Mn and water ammonium-N and nitrate-N and they were associated with higher dissolved oxygen (DO) content in the water. Chironomus kiiensis, C. javanus and P. trigonus showed positive relationships with TOM, ammonium-N and nitrate-N as well as trace metals of Zn, Cu and Mn. These three species could be considered as tolerant species since they have the ability to survive in extreme environmental conditions with low DO and high concentrations of pollutants. Based on the water parameter scores in all rivers, the highest diversity of chironomid larvae was reported in CTKR. With higher concentrations of organic and/or inorganic pollutants as reported in PPR, KUR and AR, the chironomid larval diversity decreased, and the abundance of tolerant species, mainly Chironomus spp., increased.

The results of a study of littoral chironomid communities from 89 lakes in the Alps are presented. The lakes are located on the northern and southern sides of the Alps from the western Bernese to the eastern Julian Alps. Due to the different origins of the data set here considered, different sampling years and sampling methodologies were adopted. All of the lakes were sampled during the ice-free season, but 79/89 lakes were sampled mainly in autumn 2000, while for a few of them the sample dated back to 1996 or the early 90s. Samples were taken by kicking the different substrata or a stretch of lakeshore (10–30 m) for at least 2–5 min with a standard net and were then preserved in alcohol. Larvae and pupal exuviae were sampled by skimming the lake surface with the same net, to extend identification to species level. Notwithstanding the large altitudinal gradient, almost all of the lakes are situated above the timberline, and show a wide range of morphological (depth, watershed and lake area) and chemical characteristics. Chironomids were the most abundant insects represented in these lakes, with highest abundances at pH between 6.0 and 7.5. In particular, Orthocladiinae and Chironominae were the two subfamilies with the widest distribution. Altitude and temperature played an important role in determining their distribution, the higher altitudes were dominated by the former, whereas the latter were more numerous in lower lakes. The prevalence of Orthocladiinae and Tanytarsini at high altitudes was regarded as a general pattern of taxonomic composition in harsh climatic areas. A reverse condition occurred only in the Julian Alps, where Tanytarsini dominate, followed by Tanypodinae and rare Orthocladiinae. Although our results demonstrated that the composition of chironomid assemblages was also determined by pH, the pattern was unbalanced. Due to the fact that no cases of strong water acidification were present, taxa restricted to very low pH were poorly represented (only three taxa—Limnophyes, Endochironomus and Orthocladius (O.) spp.) compared with circumneutral (8) and alkaline (14) taxa, which occurred in slightly acid and non-acidified soft water lakes. As regard conductivity and altitude, we found that almost all the taxa present at higher pH were contemporary present at conductivity higher than 100 μeq l−1 and altitude lower than 2100 m a.s.l. At species level, Pseudodiamesa branickii, Corynoneura arctica, Heterotrissocladius marcidus and Paratanytarsus austriacus resulted to be the most ubiquitous and abundant species in the Alps. When the west to east distribution of taxa was taken into account, Chironomini (particularly the genera Chironomus and Dicrotendipes) and Tanypodinae (Larsia and Paramerina) were more typical of the eastern lakes (JA). They may be better indicators of more alkaline waters. Assembling all the existing data and presenting a comprehensive panorama of lake-littoral chironomid taxa of the Alps was one of the aims of this paper. Further monitoring, but also harmonization of the sampling methodologies and taxonomical identification including inter-calibration exercises among laboratories are recommended, to provide reliable basis and more knowledge for future studies of comparative biogeography, and to preserve these environments where global climatic changes may cause abrupt shifts in the faunal assemblages with a loss of taxa typical of these mountainous areas.

The Ibirite watershed is subject to several forms of environmental degradation such as the presence of a petroleum refinery industry, urbanization of its surrounding landscape, and non treated domestic sewage from over 135,000 inhabitants. Benthic macroinvertebrates represent a useful tool in the evaluation of environmental quality through studies of the structure of communities and their relationship to anthropic activities within the watersheds. The objective of this study was to evaluate the environmental impact to the Ibirite reservoir caused by the petroleum refinery industry, urbanization, and sulphatation. Degradation of the watershed was measured by using the richness, diversity, evenness, and density of benthic macroinvertebrates. Twelve sampling stations were established as follows: five stations on Pintados and Ibirite streams (upstream from the reservoir), six in the reservoir and one station downstream from the reservoir. From 2002 to 2003, during both the dry and rainy seasons (in the tributaries) and the stratified and non-stratified periods (in the reservoir) were evaluated. A total of 289,777 organisms were collected and the most abundant organisms found in the streams were Oligochaeta (60%), Chironomidae (Chironomus, Goeldichironomus, Dicrotendipes, Cryptochironomus, Polypedilum, Parachironomus, Tanytarsus, Tribelos, Tanypus, Ablabesmyia, Cricotopus, Oliveriella) (38%) and Gastropoda (Biomphalaria straminea, Physa sp., Melanoides tuberculatus, Pomacea haustrum) (2%). In the reservoir, the most abundant specimens were Chaoboridae (46%) and Chironomidae larvae (Chironomus, Goeldichironomus, Tanypus, Coleotanypus, Labrundinia) (17%), in addition to Oligochaeta (24%) and Gastropoda (Melanoides tuberculatus) (13%). Evaluation of the structure and distribution of benthic communities showed a rapid environmental degradation process within the studied aquatic systems, in which low values of richness and diversity and high densities of tolerant organisms were observed. This environmental degradation is a result of the intense discharge of domestic sewage into the streams, reducing water quality and contributing to rapid artificial eutrophication.

Fourteen species of Chironomidae (Diptera) are recorded for the first time from the Hovsgol Nuur region, Mongolia, increasing the total number of chironomid species from this country to 166 (Table 1). Two major studies have contributed the most data on distribution of Chironomidae in Mongolia. The first study, summarized by Kozhova et al. (1994) and Erbaeva and Safronov (in press), was based on 20 years of research on Hovsgol Nuur, an ancient lake in Northern Mongolia. The second study, by Sasa and Suzuki (1997), described many new species and listed many species of Chironomidae from Central and Southwestern Mongolia. In addition, Reiss (1971) described and listed species of Chironomidae collected from sites throughout the country and Hayford and Ferrington (in press) studied the distribution of chironomids in Hovsgol Nuur. The current valid name-author-date and biogeographic region distribution for Mongolian Chironomidae were obtained from Ashe and Cranston (1990) and are listed with the Mongolian distribution for each species in Table 1. Of the 118 species of Chironomidae listed from the Hovsgol Nuur Region, fourteen are new records for Mongolia (Table 1). Collections were made during June and July of 1995-1997 as part of a joint United States, Mongolian, and Russian expedition to the Hovsgol Nuur Region. Adults were collected using malaise traps and sweep nets and pupal exuviae were collected using methods modified from Ferrington (1987). Eight of the fourteen newly recorded species, Ablabesmyia nr. cinctipes (Johannsen), Cricotopus (Cricotopus) cylindraceus (Kieffer), Heterotrissocla dius subpilosus (Kieffer), Parakiefferiella nr. smolandica (Brundin), Psectrocladius (Psectrocladius) schlienzi Wiilker, Psectrocladius (Psectrocladius) sordidellus (Zetterstedt), Dicrotendipes lobiger (Kieffer), and Dicrotendipes septimacullipennis (Goetghebuer) were collected from the shore of Modon Hui, an island in Hovsgol Nuur. Six species, Krenosmittia camptophleps (Edwards), Parametriocnemus boreoalpinus Gouin, Rheosmittia spinicornis (Brundin), Saetheria reissi Jackson, Cladotanytarsus vanderwalei (Edwards), and Corynocera ambigua (Zetterstedt) were collected from sandy bottom streams flowing into Hovsgol Nuur. Most of the Chironomidae in Mongolia have a cosmopolitan distribution (Table 1). Forty-seven species have a Holarctic distribution, with some additionally found in the Oriental and Neotropical regions. Seventy-nine species have a Palaearctic distribution, with some of these additionally found in the Oriental, Afrotropical and Australasian regions. Species with a Palaearctic distribution tended to have a West Palaearctic distribution, with very few species having an East Palaearctic distribution. This distribution is similar to that of caddisflies reported by Morse et al. (in press), with the exception that most caddisflies were also found in the nearby East Palaearctic region. Nearly 20% of the species of Chironomidae found in Mongolia are endemic, with most described by Sasa and Suzuki (1997). However, note that specific type localities are not clear. Thus, it is uncertain where some species were originally collected. Distribution records for species within Mongolia come primarily from the Hovsgol Nuur region or from sites close to Ulaanbaatar. Currently, two studies are underway to collect Chironomidae in central (Selenge River basin) and western (saline lake district) Mongolia, which should vastly increase the known species of Chironomidae from this country.

To investigate postglacial environmental changes in both the coastal and interior wet belts of British Columbia, fossil midges were analysed from two subalpine lakes, one adjacent to the lower Fraser canyon (Frozen Lake), and the other in Mount Revelstoke National Park (Eagle Lake). The midge stratigraphy for Frozen Lake revealed an abundance of rheophilous chironomid taxa and Simuliidae larvae, refecting the presence of an inflowing stream. An abundance of Chaoborus mandibles and Microtendipes during the early Holocene (c. 10100–770014C years BP, c. 11500–8500 cal. years BP) suggests warmer temperatures. A subsequent decline in the warm indicators and relative increases in cold stenotherms (Heterotrissocladius and Diamesa) indicate cooling until present day. This climate reconstruction is consistent with other quantitative and qualitative evidence for past climatic change in southern British Columbia. At Eagle Lake the warm indicators, Dicrotendipes and Polypedilum, are seen in the early Holocene (c. 8500–673014C years BP, c. 9600–7600 cal. years BP), but are absent during the mid-Holocene when cooler temperatures probably prevailed. In the late Holocene (c. 380014C years BP to present, c. 4200 cal. years BP to present) there is a resurgence of warm indicators, which contrasts with the evidence of continued cooling typically seen in reconstructions of southern British Columbia summer temperatures. The Eagle Lake record therefore appears to be anomalous. Multiproxy and multisite investigations are needed to reconstruct Holocene climatic changes more reliably.

Studying aquatic benthic macroinvertebrates (BMIs) in the field requires accurate taxonomic identification, which can be difficult and time consuming. Conventionally, head capsule morphology has been used to identify wild larvae of Chironomidae. However, due to the number of species and possible damage and/or deformity of their head capsules, another supporting approach for identification is needed. Here, we provide hemoglobin (Hb) protein in hemolymph of chironomids as a new biomarker that may help resolve some of the ambiguities and difficulties encountered during taxonomic identification. Chironomids collected from two locations in Maine and New Jersey, USA were identified to the genus level and in some cases to the species-level using head capsule and body morphologies. The head capsule for a particular individual was then associated with a corresponding Hb protein profile generated from sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS–PAGE). Distinct Hb profiles were observed from one group (Thienemannimyia) and four genera (Chironomus, Cricotopus, Dicrotendipes, and Glyptotendipes) of chironomids. Several species were polymorphic, having more than one Hb profile and/or having bands of the same size as those of other species. However, major bands and the combination of bands could distinguish individuals at the genus and sometimes species-level. Overall, this study showed that Hb profiles can be used in combination with head capsule morphology to identify wild chironomids.

A pond mesocosm study was conducted in a central Minnesota wetland to evaluate the potential toxicity of the microbially-derived insecticide Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (B.t.i.) to chironomids. B.t.i. was applied as VectoBac® G to mesocosms on two occasions (21 d apart) at five rates (0.3X, 1X, 2.5X, 5X, 10X) with three replicate mesocosms per rate. The 1X rate (9 kg/ha) was that operationally used by the Minneapolis-St. Paul Metropolitan Mosquito Control District for early summer mosquito control. Chironomid abundances following B.t.i. treatment were compared to abundances in untreated control mesocosms. The abundance of Chironomidae larvae was significantly reduced at the 10X treatment 4 d after the first B.t.i. application. Chironomid abundance was also reduced after the second application with 10X, but showed strong signs of recovery within 32 d. Chironominae, the numerically dominant subfamily within the Chironomidae, showed a similar response. The abundance of Orthocladiinae larvae was significantly reduced at both the 10X and 5X treatments, whereas the Tanypodinae appeared unaffected by all B.t.i. treatments. Of the two tribes comprising the Chironominae, the Chironomini displayed a response very similar to that of its parent subfamily, although reductions in abundance were not statistically significant. The tribe was dominated by Dicrotendipes, Einfeldia, and Endochironomus, none of which were significantly reduced following either 10X application. The second tribe, the Tanytarsini, were slightly more susceptible to B.t.i. than the Chironomini, displaying significant reductions in abundance after both 10X applications. The Tanytarsini were dominated by Paratanytarsus, which were reduced by 91% 4 d after both 10X B.t.i. applications. Tanytarsini and Chironomini were also reduced in abundance (by 83 and 75%, respectively) at the 5X treatment, but reductions were not statistically significant. Regressions of larval chironomid abundance versus B.t.i. treatment rate indicated that the B.t.i. rates required to reduce chironomid abundance by 25, 50, and 75% were 1.5–2.0X, 2.1–3.3X, and 3.5–11.0X, respectively. Emergence of adult Chironomidae was significantly reduced at the 10X B.t.i. treatment, but not at 5X. The same trend was observed for the Chironominae, which comprised 82% of the family, but not for Orthocladiinae and Tanypodinae. Emergence of Ceratopogonidae and Chaoboridae was unaffected by all B.t.i. treatments.

Sediments from Tugulnuit Lake in the Okanagan Valley of British Columbia, Canada, were examined for chironomid assemblages. The chironomid stratigraphy obtained encompasses the last 4000 to 5000 years and suggests a warm and fairly stable climate typical for a temperate lake at low- to mid-elevation. This is indicated by the even distribution of warm-water taxa, such as Cladopelma, Dicrotendipes, Polypedilum, Pentaneurini, Stempellina, Stempellinella/Zavrelia and Pseudochironomus throughout the core. Very few cold-water taxa occurred in the sediments. However, stream inputs have had a major impact on Tugulnuit Lake. Sandy sediments and the appearance of Simuliidae and stream-inhabiting chironomid taxa (e.g., Brillia/Euryhapsis, Eukiefferiella/Tvetenia, Rheocricotopus) indicate that a stream intruded into the current lake's basin ca. 3800 yr Before Present (BP). Sediments deposited prior to, and after, the stream's intrusion show a distinctly different chironomid assemblage exhibiting chironomid taxa more typical for lentic habitats. This result indicates that chironomids can serve to detect past stream influences on lake environments. Thus, rheophilic chironomids preserved in lake cores provide a new alternative for reconstructing stream palaeoenvironmental records.

Analysis of the distributions of chironomid (midge) and other dipteran subfossils from two high elevation lake sediment cores in the Cascade Mountains reveals changes in midge communities and inferred climate since the late-glacial. Cabin Lake and 3M Pond are located near treeline in the subalpine Engelmann Spruce/Subalpine Fir biogeoclimatic zone of British Columbia. In Cabin Lake, chironomid head capsule assemblages depict a typical late-glacial community, and three distinct Holocene communities. In Cabin Lake, the late-glacial community is composed of cold-stenothermous taxa dominated by Stictochironomus, Mesocricotopus, Heterotrissocladius, Parakiefferiella nigra, Protanypus and Paracladius, whereas warm water midges are absent or rare, indicating cold conditions. A late-glacial chironomid community was not found in 3M Pond. In both lakes the early Holocene is dominated by a diverse warm-adapted assemblage, corresponding to the warm climatic conditions of the xerothermic period. Cabin Lake's mid-Holocene zone records a decrease in relative abundance of the warm water types and is accompanied by an increase in cold-stenotherms. At 3M Pond this period shows a dramatic loss in diversity of warm-adapted taxa, as the temperate genus Dicrotendipes dominates. This zone corresponds to Hebda's (1995) mesothermic period. Further cooling in the late Holocene (to modern conditions) is inferred from continued reduction of warm water midges and persistence (at Cabin Lake) or appearance (at 3M Pond) of a cold-stenothermal community. This late Holocene cooling is similar in timing to Neoglacial advances in the Coast, Cascade, and Rocky Mountains of southern British Columbia. Similarities in the timing of chironomid and vegetation community changes at these high elevation sites, along with the more rapid response time of the Chironomidae, support the sensitivity of midges to postglacial climatic change at high elevation sites.

Two species of the chironomine genus Dicrotendipes Kieffer, D. balciunasi Epler, 1988 and D. lindae Epler, 1988 are described, and the queried generic placement is confirmed. The subtropical to tropical distribution of both species is documented, and information provided on their larval ecology and responses to pollution.

The effects of the intermittency of water flow on habitat structure and substrate composition have been reported to create a patch dynamics for the aquatic fauna, mostly for that associated with the substrate. This study aims to describe the spatial distribution of Chironomidae in an intermittent river of semiarid Brazil and to associate assemblage composition with environmental variables. Benthic invertebrates were sampled during the wet and dry seasons using a D-shaped net (40 cm wide and 250 μm mesh), and the Chironomidae were identified to genus level. The most abundant genera were Tanytarsus, Polypedilum, and Saetheria with important contributions of the genera Procladius, Aedokritus, and Dicrotendipes. Richness and density were not significantly different between the study sites, and multiple regression showed that the variation in richness and density explained by the environmental variables was significant only for substrate composition. The composition of genera showed significant spatial segregation across the study sites. Canonical Correspondence Analysis showed significant correspondence between Chironomidae composition and the environmental variables, with submerged vegetation, elevation, and leaf litter being important predictors of the Chironomidae fauna. This study showed that Chironomidae presented important spatial variation along the river and that this variation was substantially explained by environmental variables associated with the habitat structure and river hierarchy. We suggest that the observed spatial segregation in the fauna results in the high diversity of this group of organisms in intermittent streams.

We conducted an extensive survey of the benthic macroinvertebrate fauna of the heavily polluted Buffalo River (New York) Area of Concern (AOC), with specific emphasis on assessment of morphological deformities of aquatic larval midges (Chironomidae: Diptera). Sediments were sampled on seven occasions during 1990 - 1991, from as many as 20 sites. Abnormal mouthparts (menta) were most frequent among larvae of the genus Chironomus, occurring in 29.0% of all specimens in the Buffalo River (n = 755), and 22.4% in the adjacent Ship Canal (n = 98). Individual sites in the downstream section of the river yielded even higher deformity frequencies; 36.9% (n = 84), 48.1% (n = 27), and 66.7% (n = 9). The frequencies of abnormalities in this genus at all sites within the AOC were well above levels normally observed (0 - 3%) at non-industrial sites. Additionally, abnormal mouthparts (ligulae) were seen in 3.1% of larvae of the genus Procladius (n = 1,677). While individual downstream samples of Procladius were occasionally as much as 15.4% abnormal (n = 26), this genus was much less prone to morphological deformities than Chironomus. Abnormal menta were also noted in the genera Polypedilum, Cryptochironomus, and Dicrotendipes, but were infrequent. Community parameters such as richness and diversity of the chironomid fauna, and the prevalence of oligochaetes, provide further evidence of decreased environmental quality within the downstream reaches of the Buffalo River. The data presented here provide one biologically relevant measure against which to gauge the effectiveness of pollution abatement strategies within the AOC.

AIM: Our study aimed to compare the composition, distribution, diversity, abundance and dominance of Chironomidae in two subsystems of the Upper Paraná River floodplain, with different levels of conservation. We expected to find the highest values of diversity and lowest dominance of taxa in the most conserved areas (Ivinhema subsystem). We also expected to detect differences in the composition and distribution of communities between the subsystems, because of the level of conservation of each subsystem; METHODS: Sampling was performed in March and September 2003, in eight stations, four in the Paraná River subsystem and four in the Ivinhema River subsystem. Four samples were taken at each point with a modified Petersen-type sampler: three for biological analysis and one for sedimentological analysis. Chironomidae larvae were identified to generic level; RESULTS: Twenty-nine genera belonging to three subfamilies (Tanypodinae, Chironominae and Orthocladiinae) were recorded in this study. Chironomus, Dicrotendipes, Goeldichironomus, and Tanypus were the main genera found in the Paraná subsystem. Polypedilum was the only genus present in all sampling stations, and was dominant in five of them. In the Paraná subsystem we observed the highest values of dominance, and in the Ivinhema subsystem the largest number of rare taxa; CONCLUSIONS: Results showed differences in the structure of the Chironomidae community between the Paraná and Ivinhema subsystems. The community of Chironomidae in the Paraná subsystem was composed predominantly by generalist and tolerant genera. In the Ivinhema subsystem we observed higher richness of taxa. The greatest diversity, lowest values of dominance and exclusive taxonomic composition in the Ivinhema River subsystem could be reflecting a less degraded environment, demonstrating that the conservation of these areas is essential for maintaining the diversity of Chironomidae. OBJETIVO: Esse estudo teve por objetivo comparar a composição taxonômica, distribuição, diversidade, abundância e dominância da comunidade de Chironomidae em dois subsistemas da Planície de inundação do alto rio Paraná em diferentes estados de conservação. Esperava-se encontrar maiores valores de diversidade e menor dominância de táxons nas áreas mais conservadas (subsistema Ivinhema). Esperava-se também, diferenças na composição e na distribuição da comunidade entre os subsistemas devido a aos diferentes estados de conservação de cada estação; MÉTODOS: As coletas foram realizadas em março e setembro de 2003 em oito ambientes, quatro no subsistema Paraná e quatro no subsistema Ivinhema. Em cada ponto foram coletadas quatro unidades amostrais por período com um pegador do tipo Petersen modificado: três para análise biológica e uma para análise sedimentológica. As larvas de Chironomidae foram identificadas no nível de gênero; RESULTADOS: Foram registrados 29 gêneros pertencentes a três subfamílias de Chironomidae. Chironomus, Dicrotendipes, Goeldichironomus, e Tanypus foram os principais representantes do subsistema Paraná. Polypedilum foi o único gênero presente em todas as estações de amostragem e dominante em cinco delas. No subsistema Paraná foram observados maiores valores de dominância e no subsistema Ivinhema maior número de espécies raras; CONCLUSÕES: Os resultados demonstraram diferenças na estrutura da comunidade de Chironomidae entre os subsistemas Paraná e Ivinhema. A composição de Chironomidae no subsistema Paraná foi predominantemente de gêneros considerados generalistas e tolerantes. No subsistema Ivinhema foi observado maior riqueza de táxons. A maior diversidade no subsistema Ivinhema pode ser um reflexo de ambientes menos degradados, mostrando que a preservação dessas áreas é determinante para a manutenção da abundância e da diversidade de Chironomidae.

Density and species composition of chironomidae larvae fauna from twelve sampling sites of Lake Uluabat (a protected wetland area) were investigated. Monthly sampling was done from August 2004 to July 2005. In addition, simultaneously, physical and chemical parameters of water were measured. 1,812 chironomid larvae were examined and a total of twelve taxa were identified. Chironomid larvae were the third dominant group consisting on average 12.3% of the total zoobenthos density. Chironomus (Camptochironomus) tentans Fabricius 1805 was the most abundant chironomid species contributing with about 66.2% of the total chironomid limnofauna. Dominant species from the lake Uluabat were the following: Tanypus punctipennis Meigen, 1818 (12 sites, 12%), Procladius choreus (Meigen, 1804) (11 sites, 10.2%), Cryptochironomus defectus (Kieffer, 1913) (10 sites, 4%), Dicrotendipes tritomus (Kieffer, 1916) (8 sites, 1.6%) and Microchironomus sp. (7 sites, 1.8%). Except Dicrotendipes nervosus (Staeger 1839) all other species occurred at

A comparison of the benthic fauna found in two shallow lakes in the New Jersey Pinelands (USA) illustrated the impact of elevated pH and nutrients caused by residential and agricultural disturbance on a naturally acidic, poorly buffered aquatic environment. Detailed community analysis suggested that change in community composition was a better indicator of response to disturbance than biological diversity indices. Chironomidae (insecta) were the predominant components of the benthic macroinvertebrate assemblage of both undisturbed Oswego Lake (low pH, low nutrients) and Nescochague Lake (fluctuating pH, elevated nutrients). The genera Procladius, Tribelos, and Pagastiella dominated Oswego Lake, where as Zalutschia zalutschicola, Procladius, Dicrotendipes, and Tanytarsus dominated Nescochague Lake. Glyptotendipes was a common and unique member of the Nescochague Lake assemblage. Cluster analysis indicated that the chemical differences between lakes were the most important community determinants, although, within each lake, depth and substrate affected the local communities. Oswego Lake exhibited a depauperate nonchironomid benthic fauna typical of low nutrient, acid lakes. In turn, Nescochague Lake exhibited an enriched nonchironomid fauna including mollusks and planaria which were not found in Oswego Lake.

Morphological deformities in Procladius (Holotanypus) sp., Procladius (Psilotanypus) bellus (Loew), Clinotanypus, Coelotanypus, Psectrocladius (Psectrocladius) type sp. 2, Chironomus plumosus type, Chironomus thummi type, Cryptochironomus sp. 1, Cryptotendipes, Dicrotendipes, Parachironomus arcuatus group sp. 1, Paralauterborniella, Paratendipes, Polypedilum, Tribelos, and Tanytarsini type a larvae are described and compared. The most severely deformed larvae in Lac St. Louis were found in close proximity to the industrial complex around Beauharnois, Quebec, an area known to be seriously contaminated by PCBs and heavy metals. Further away, and particularly in areas shielded from the main flow of the St. Lawrence by the Iles de la Paix complex, the frequency and severity of deformities decreased. Interpretation of contaminant responses was less easily accomplished in the Laprairie basin where the introduction of untreated domestic sewage imposed extremely severe environmental conditions for benthos. Comparison of contemporary and subfossil community diversities indicate that extensive changes have taken place in the structure of these communities in recent times. The presence of deformities in contemporary chironomid communities suggests that these changes have been brought about, in part at least, by chemical contaminants.

Dicrotendipes Kieffer (Figs. 37–42) Dicrotendipes is one of the few genera to have been studied adequately in the region, thanks to the work of Epler (1988). Three widely-distributed species are recognised that can be distinguished using the keys of Epler (1988) and Cranston (2000). Dicrotendipes pelochloris (Kieffer), whose immature stages were described as Cladotendipes inferior (Johannsen) by Lenz (1937), occurs in several post-tsunami impacted ponds. All larval occurrences were in recovering or minimally-impacted ponds, of conductivity 169–897 µS. cm−1 and dissolved solids of 84–449 ppm. The immature stages of D. septemmaculatus (Becker) have been described by Epler (1988) and Cranston (2000). The species has been reported regionally from Lake Toba, Sumatra (Kikuchi & Sasa 1990). Larvae of D. septemmaculatus were found in three dilute pools (104–192 µS. cm−1 conductivity, dissolved solids 92–96 ppm). One larva apparently conspecific with those identified as D. ‘ sarinae /K4’ from northern Australia (Cranston, 2000) was found in a moderately impacted pool recovering 18 months post-tsunami (440 µS. cm−1 conductivity, dissolved solids 222 ppm). These three species can be distinguished as larvae as follows: 1. Frontal apotome of dorsal head with ovoid fenestra (Fig. 37). Outermost mental teeth composite and fused (Fig. 40)................................................................................... D. pelochloris – Frontal apotome of dorsal head without such ovoid fenestra (Figs. 38, 39). Outermost mental teeth separate apically (Figs. 41, 42).................................................................................. 2 2. Frontal apotome with narrow, elongate process (Fig. 38)....................................................................... D. septemmaculatus – Frontal apotome without indication of fenestra or process (Fig. 39)............................................................................... D. ‘K4’ Dicrotendipes larvae are collector-gatherers: larvae of some species will tolerate quite high nutrient and salinity levels., Published as part of Cranston, Peter S., 2007, The Chironomidae Larvae Associated With The Tsunami-Impacted Waterbodies Of The Coastal Plain Of Southwestern Thailand, pp. 231-244 in Raffles Bulletin of Zoology 55 (2) on page 239, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.5333182, {"references":["Epler, J. A., 1988. Biosystematics of the genus Dicrotendipes Kieffer, 1913 (Diptera: Chironomidae: Chironominae) of the world. Memoirs of the American Entomological Society, 61: 1 - 214.","Cranston, P. S., 2000. Electronic Guide to The Chironomidae of Australian. http: // entomology. ucdavis. edu / chiropage / index. html. Viewed November 2006.","Lenz, F., 1937. Chironomariae aus Niederlandisch-Indien. Archiv fur Hydrobiologie, Supplement, 15: 1 - 29."]}

Com o objetivo de estudar a composição da fauna de Chironomidae e outros insetos aquáticos do açude São José dos Cordeiros (07º 23'S e 36º 49'W), semi-árido paraibano, coletas qualitativas bimestrais foram realizadas durante o período de julho/1998 a julho/1999. Utilizou-se para isso um pegador manual com 0,50 mm de abertura de malha. Os arrastos foram feitos junto a vegetação da margem e as amostras fixadas em formol a 10 %. Para a triagem do material utilizou-se bandejas iluminadas e a identificação dos organismos foi feita através de estereomicroscópio. Foram determinadas algumas variáveis físicas e químicas da água para correlacionar com os dados biológicos. Aedokritus foi o gênero de Chironomidae dominante e freqüente no sedimento do açude, contribuindo com uma abundância máxima de 94,47 % em janeiro/99. Já Dicrotendipes sp3. apenas foi encontrado em julho/98 (12,50% da fauna de insetos aquáticos). Além de Chironomidade, observamos a ocorrência de Ceratopogonidae (Diptera), Gomphidae (Odonata), Coleoptera e Campsurus sp. (Polymitarcyidae, Ephemeroptera). A abundância de muitos gêneros de quironomídeos é significativamente correlacionada com a matéria orgânica do sedimento. Durante o período de setembro/98 a janeiro/99 observamos um aumento na porcentagem de matéria orgânica do sedimento, o que correspondeu a um aumento na abundância de Aedokritus sp. e uma conseqüente redução da abundância de Gomphidae. Portanto, mudanças nas variáveis físicas e químicas da água, associada principalmente a um aumento na quantidade de matéria orgânica pode produzir um conseqüente decréscimo na biomassa de insetos aquáticos. With the aim of studing the composition of Chironomidae fauna and other aquatic insects of São José dos Cordeiros dam, in São José dos Cordeiros -PB (07º 23'S e 36º 49'W), bimonthly qualitative samples were colected between July/1998 and July/1999. The insect fauna was sampled randomly with one hand net of 0.50 mm mesh size. The material collected was fixed in formol 10%, the triagem was made through illuminated tray and for identification was used a stereomicroscope. Some physical and chemical water parameters were determined to correlated with biological data. Aedokritus was the dominating and more frequent genera of Chironomidae in mud of dam, showing the maximum abundance of 94.47% in January/99. On the other hand Dicrotendipes sp3 was only found in July/98 (12.50% of the total aquatic insects fauna). Beyond of Chironomidae, the occurrence of Ceratopogonidae (Diptera), Gomphidae (Odonata), Coleoptera and Campsurus sp. (Polymitarcyidae, Ephemeroptera) was observed. The abundance of all Chironomidae genera was significantly corraleted with the organic matter of sediment. During the period of September/98 to January/99 was observed an increase in the percentual organic matter in sediment that corresponded to the increase in the abundance of Aedokritus sp. and a consequently decrease in the abundance of Gomphidae. Therefore, changing in physical and chemical conditions of water mainly associated to the increase in organic matter may produce a consequently decrease in the biomass of the aquatic insects.

The adult male of Dicrotendipes baru is described from the Dominical area of southwestern Costa Rica. The species is characterized by its elongate club-like superior volsella. This species represents the third member of the genus known from Costa Rica.