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Amidst a world of never-ending waste production and waste disposal crises, scientists have been working their ways to come up with solutions to serve the earth better. Two such commonly found trashes deteriorating the environment are glass and tin can waste. This study aims to investigate the comparative suitability of response surface methodology (RSM) and artificial neural network (ANN) in predicting the mechanical strength of concrete prepared with fine glass aggregate (GFA) and condensed milk can (tin) fibers (CMCF). An experimental scheme has been designed in this study with two input variables as GFA and CMCF, and two output variables as compressive and splitting tensile strength. The results show that both variables influenced the compressive and splitting tensile strength of concrete at 7, 28, and 56 days (p

Due to its high theoretical capacity and appropriate potential platform, tin-based alloy materials are expected to be a competitive candidate for the next-generation high performance anodes of lithium-ion batteries. Nevertheless, the immense volume change during the lithium-ion insert process leads to severe disadvantages of structural damage and capacity fade, which limits its practical application. In this work, a three-dimensional (3D) multicore-shell hollow nanobox encapsulated by carbon layer is obtained via a three-step method of hydrothermal reaction, annealing and alkali etching. During the electrochemical reactions, the CoSn@void@C nanoboxes provide internal space to compensate the volumetric change upon the lithiation of Sn, while the inactive component of Co acts as chemical buffers to withstand the anisotropic expansion of nanoparticles. Owing to the above-mentioned advantages, the elaborated anode delivers an excellent capacity of 788.2 mAh/g at 100 mA/g after 100 cycles and considerable capacity retention of 519.2 mAh/g even at a high current density of 1 A/g after 300 cycles. The superior stability and high performance indicate its capability as promising anodes for lithium-ion batteries.

Microalgae based biophotovoltaic (BPV) cells are substantiated as innovative renewable energy generation devices, owing to their ability in mimicking the catalytic activity of microorganisms for water splitting reaction along with an effectual reduction of carbon footprint in our environment. As the direct contact between algal cells and anodic surface effectually governs the electron transfer and overall BPV performance, the development of electrochemically active and stable catalysts is crucial for the evolution of high performance BPVs. Accordingly, the monoclinic structured copper (Cu) metal organic framework (MOF) is prepared through the simple ageing process and the consequent bimetallic (Cu-Nickel(Ni)) MOF is developed via the partial substitution of Cu2+ with Ni2+ nodes without any variation in the chemical structure of Cu-MOF. The as-formulated MOFs loaded indium tin oxides (ITOs) are exploited as BPV anodes and their influences on green energy generation by using the freshwater microalgae Chlorella sp. UMACC 313 as a catalytic system are scrutinized in detail. The electrochemical activeness and robust stability of as-fabricated BPV anodes are enunciated, respectively, from the cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry techniques. Cu-Ni MOF/ITO equipped BPV establishes the power density of 40 μWm−2, which is substantially higher than those of Cu-MOF/ITO and ITO. The substantial features of Cu-Ni MOF including the elevated structural integrity, existence of different metallic ions with the rational electrical conductivity, and supplemental functionality accelerate its maximum green energy generation performance. Thus, these verdicts establish a distinctive approach in tailoring the electrochemically active and stable MOF anode materials for the evolution of ecologically benevolent fuel cells.

Catalysis today 376, S0920586121002856 (1-10) (2021). doi:10.1016/j.cattod.2021.06.018, The objective of this research was to investigate how the photocatalytic activity of pure TiO$_2$ can be improved bySnO$_2$ modification. Different molar ratios of tin to titanium were prepared. The correlation between tin concentration and structural properties was investigated to explain the mechanism of photocatalytic efficiency and to optimize the synthesis conditions to obtain enhanced activity of the SnO$_2$-modified TiO$_2$ photocatalysts under UV-irradiation. The SnO$_2$-modified TiO$_2$ photocatalysts were prepared by a low-temperature sol-gel method based on organic tin and titanium precursors. The precursors underwent sol-gel reactions separately to form SnO$_2$-TiO$_2$ sol. The sol-gels were deposited on a glass substrate by a dip-coating technique and dried at 150 °C to obtain the photocatalysts in the form of a thin film. To test the thermal stability of the material, an additional set of photocatalysts was prepared by calcining the dried samples in air at 500 °C. The photocatalytic activity of the samples was determined by measuring the degradation rate of an azo dye. An increase of up to 30% in thephotocatalytic activity of the air-dried samples was obtained when the TiO$_2$ was modified with the SnO$_2$ in a concentration range of 0.1–1 mol.%. At higher SnO$_2$ loadings, the photocatalytic activity of the photocatalystwas reduced compared to the unmodified TiO$_2$. The calcined samples showed an overall reduced photocatalyticactivity compared to the air-dried samples. Various characterization techniques (UV-Vis, XRD, N2-physisorption,TEM, EDX, SEM, XAS and photoelectrochemical characterization) were used to explain the mechanism for the enhanced and hindered photocatalytic performances of the SnO$_2$-modified TiO$_2$ photocatalysts. The results showed that the nanocrystalline cassiterite SnO$_2$ is attached to the TiO$_2$ nanocrystallites through the Sn-O-Ti bonds. In this way, the coupling of two semiconductors, SnO$_2$ and TiO$_2$, was demonstrated. Compared to single-phase photocatalysts, the coupling of semiconductors has a beneficial effect on the separation of charge carriers, which prolongs their lifetime for accessibility to participate in the redox reactions. The maximum increase in activity of the thin films was achieved in the low concentration range (0.1–1 mol.%), which means that an optimal ratio and contact of the two phases is achieved for the given physical parameters such as particle size, shape and specific surface area of the catalyst., Published by Elsevier, Amsterdam

The synthesis of homolimonenol by Prins condensation of limonene and paraformaldehyde over heterogeneous tin-based catalysts is reported for the first time. The tin supported MCM-41, SBA-15, and KIT-6 materials were prepared by incipient wetness impregnation method, using SnCl2·2H2O as a tin precursor. The synthesized catalysts were characterized by N2-physisorption, X-ray diffraction (XRD), diffuse reflectance-infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS), pyridine adsorption (Py-FTIR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and chemical analysis. Sn4+ species were identified on the surface of the catalysts, and the materials showed mainly Lewis acid sites, which are responsible for the activity in the Prins reaction. Production of homolimonenol was confirmed by GC-MS and NMR analysis. Among the evaluated catalysts, the best conversion (26%), selectivity (90%) and TOF (12.7 h−1) were obtained over Sn-SBA-15, in the presence of ethyl acetate; Sn-SBA-15 catalyst was reused five times without loss of activity. The reaction was scaled up from 2 to 200 mL glass reactor with a local orange oil (93% wt/wt limonene) as a substrate, obtaining a 30% conversion of limonene and a 93% selectivity to homolimonenol.

CO2 electroreduction reaction (CO2RR) has been considered as an effective technology to close the anthropogenic carbon cycle. Formate, a product of two-electron transfer in CO2RR, is an economically valuable feedstock. In this work, nanoporous tin oxides were controllable synthesized by a facile and scalable electrochemical anodic oxidation method. XPS result indicated that the increased Sn4+ species after anodic oxidation were beneficial to reduce the overpotential of formate formation. Operando Raman spectra revealed that the enhanced formate selectivity could be attributed to the high local pH within the porous structure, which suppresses hydrogen evolution reaction (competing reaction against CO2RR). Further flow cell test showed a formate partial current density of 285 mA·cm−2 with the selectivity of 96.4%, indicating a promising industrial application prospect.

Metal/oxide support perimeter sites are known to provide unique properties because the nearby metal changes the local environment on the support surface. In particular, the electron scavenger effect reduces the energy necessary for surface anion desorption, thereby contributes to activation of the (reverse) Mars-van Krevelen mechanism. This study investigated the possibility of such activation in hydrides, carbides, nitrides, and sulfides. The work functions (WFs) of known hydrides, carbides, nitrides, oxides, and sulfides with group 3, 4, or 5 cations (Sc, Y, La, Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Nb, and Ta) were calculated. The WFs of most hydrides, carbides, and nitrides are smaller than the WF of Ag, implying that the electron scavenger effect may occur when late transition metal nanoparticles are adsorbed on the surface. The WF of oxides and sulfides decrease when reduced. The surface anion vacancy formation energy correlates well with the bulk formation energy in carbides and nitrides, while almost no correlation is found in hydrides because of the small range of surface hydrogen vacancy formation energy values. The electron scavenger effect is explicitly observed in nanorods adsorbed on TiH2 and Ti2O3; the surface vacancy formation energy decreases at anion sites near the nanorod, and charge transfer to the nanorod happens when an anion is removed at such sites. Activation of hydrides, carbides, and nitrides by nanorod adsorption and screening support materials through WF calculation are expected to open up a new category of supported catalysts., Supplementary material available at https://doi.org/10.1039/D1CP02068D

There is keen interest in using Ti alloys as lightweight structural materials for aerospace and automotive industries. However, a long-standing problem for these materials is their poor oxidation resistance. Herein, we designed and fabricated a Ti5Si3 reinforced Ti-4(wt.%)Mo composite with two-scale network architecture by low energy milling and spark plasma sintering. It displays superior oxidation resistance at 800°C owing to the in-situ formation of a multi-component surface layer. This oxide layer has a dense grain size gradient structure that consists of an outer TiO2 layer and an inner SiO2-padding-TiO2 layer, which has remarkable oxidation resistance and thermal stability. Furthermore, it was revealed that the hitherto unknown interaction between Ti5Si3 reinforcement and nitrogen during oxidation would contribute to the formation of a TiN nano-twin interface layer, which accommodates the thermal mismatch strain between the oxide layer and matrix. This, along with high adhesion, confers excellent thermal cycling life with no cracking or spallation during long-term oxidation. In this regard, the secure operating temperature of this new composite can be increased to 800°C, which provides a design pathway for a new family of Ti matrix composites for high-temperature applications.

The properties of two-dimensional (2D) materials are highly dependent on their phase and thickness. Various phases exist in tin disulfide (SnS2), resulting in promising electronic and optical properties. Hence, accurately identifying the phase and thickness of SnS2 nanosheets is prior to their optoelectronic applications. Herein, layered 2H-SnS2 and 4H-SnS2 crystals were grown by chemical vapor transportation and the crystalline phase of SnS2 was characterized by X-ray diffraction, ultralow frequency (ULF) Raman spectroscopy and high-resolution transmission electron microscope. As-grown crystals were mechanically exfoliated to single- and few-layer nanosheets, which were investigated by optical microscopy, atomic force microscopy and ULF Raman spectroscopy. Although the 2H-SnS2 and 4H-SnS2 nanosheets have similar optical contrast on SiO2/Si substrates, their ULF Raman spectra obviously show different shear and breathing modes, which are highly dependent on their phases and thicknesses. Interestingly, the SnS2 nanosheets have shown phase-dependent electrical properties. The 4H-SnS2 nanosheet shows a current on/off ratio of 2.58 × 105 and excellent photosensitivity, which are much higher than those of the 2H-SnS2 nanosheet. Our work not only offers an accurate method for identifying single- and few-layer SnS2 nanosheets with different phases, but also paves the way for the application of SnS2 nanosheets in high-performance optoelectronic devices.

The Mesoproterozoic Rondônia Tin Province of the Amazonian craton records a protracted history of about 600 m.y. of successive rare-metal granite intrusions and hosts the youngest known event of tin-granite emplacement of the craton—a rare-metal granite suite known as the Younger Granites of Rondônia intrusive suite. The ~1 Ga suite is currently interpreted as intracratonic magmatism resulting from a Grenvillian-age orogeny during the assembly of Rodinia. The Santa Bárbara massif is a tin-granite system of the Younger Granites of Rondônia intrusive suite that hosts Sn-Nb-Ta-W–bearing endogreisen and stockwork, as well as important placer deposits. The Santa Bárbara mine produces about 800 to 1,000 t Sn/year from placers and weathered greisen and represents about 20% of the tin mine output of the Rondônia Tin Province. Here, we report laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) cassiterite U-Pb ages of 989 ± 3 and 987 ± 6 Ma for the Santa Bárbara greisen and the cassiterite-quartz vein system, respectively. Alluvial cassiterite from placer mining has a U-Pb age of 995 ± 4 Ma, which is, within uncertainty, indistinguishable from those of primary cassiterite. These ages agree well with the previously published zircon and monazite U-Pb ages for the Santa Bárbara granite (978 ± 13 and 989 ± 13 Ma), which indicate a coeval relationship between hydrothermal tin mineralization and granite magmatism. The previously suggested 20- to 30-m.y. time span between granite magmatism and hydrothermal tin mineralization, which was based on mica K-Ar and Ar-Ar age data, is likely due to younger thermal disturbance of the isotopic systems.

Pb-free Sn-based perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have recently made inspiring progress, and power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 14.8% has been achieved. However, due to the energy-level mismatch and poor interfacial contact between commonly used hole transport layer (i.e., poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate), PEDOT:PSS) and FASnI3 film, it is still challenging to effectively extract holes at the interface. Owing to the p-type nature of Sn-based perovskites, the efficient hole extraction is of particular significance to improve the PCE of their solar cells. In this work, for the first time, the role of chiral cations, α-methylbenzylamine (S-/R-/rac-MBA), in promoting hole transportation of FASnI3-based PSCs is demonstrated. The introduction of MBAs is found to form 2D/3D film with low-dimensional structures locating at PEDOT:PSS/FASnI3 interface, which facilitates the energy level alignment and efficient charge transfer at the interface. Importantly, chiral-induced spin selectivity (CISS) effect of R-MBA2SnI4 induced by chiral R-MBA cation is found to further assist the specific interfacial transport of accumulated holes. As a result, R-MBA-based PSCs achieve decent PCE of 10.73% with much suppressed hysteresis and enhanced device stability. This work opens up a new strategy to efficiently promote the interfacial extraction of accumulated charges in working PSCs.

We have developed a pressure calibration method in the high-pressure THz ESR system using induction coils set outside the pressure cell. The pressure is calibrated using alternating current (AC) magnetization measurements of the superconducting transition temperature of tin set inside the pressure cell with an ESR sample. The system fits the developed pressure cell with a wide frequency range of 0.05–0.8 THz. The pressure range was extended to 2.8 GPa. The ESR system was applied to the well-known cobalt Tutton’s salt $$({\text {NH}}_{4})_{2} {\rm {Co}}({\text {SO}}_{4})_{2}\cdot {\rm {6H}}_{2} {\text {O}}$$ , and its g principal values at 0 GPa were determined as $$g_{1}=6.61$$ , $$g_{2}=3.05$$ , and $$g_{3}=2.94$$ for the first time. Furthermore, we succeeded in observing the large change in these g values with pressure.

INTRODUCTION While tin prefiltration is established in various CT applications, its value in extremity cone-beam CT relative to optimized spectra has not been thoroughly assessed thus far. This study aims to investigate the effect of tin filters in extremity cone-beam CT with a twin-robotic X-ray system. METHODS Wrist, elbow and ankle joints of two cadaveric specimens were examined in a laboratory setup with different combinations of prefiltration (copper, tin), tube voltage and current-time product. Image quality was assessed subjectively by five radiologists with Fleiss' kappa being computed to measure interrater agreement. To provide a semiquantitative criterion for image quality, contrast-to-noise ratios (CNR) were compared for standardized regions of interest. Volume CT dose indices were calculated for a 16 cm polymethylmethacrylate phantom. RESULTS Radiation dose ranged from 17.4 mGy in the clinical standard protocol without tin filter to as low as 0.7 mGy with tin prefiltration. Image quality ratings and CNR for tin-filtered scans with 100 kV were lower than for 80 kV studies with copper prefiltration despite higher dose (11.2 and 5.6 vs. 4.5 mGy; p

This work investigated the influence of introduction methods of cerium and tin on the physicochemical properties as well as the activity and durability of titanium-based catalysts for the selective catalytic reduction of NO by NH3 (NH3-SCR). Precipitation and impregnation methods were adopted to synthesize a series of cerium-tin-titanium catalysts. These catalysts were characterized by XRD, Raman, N2 adsorption–desorption, HRTEM, EDS mapping, XPS, H2-TPR, NH3-TPD and in situ DRIFT. Notably, Ce/Sn/Ti(imp) catalyst prepared by stepwise-impregnation method could provide an interface between Ce and Sn for more facile electron transfer than Sn/Ce-Ti(co), Ce/Sn-Ti(co) and Sn/Ce/Ti(imp) catalysts. It promoted the redox equilibrium of Ce4+ + Sn2+ ↔ Ce3+ + Sn4+ shifting to right to produce adequate Ce3+ and surface adsorbed oxygen, resulting in optimal reducibility and surface acidity of Ce/Sn/Ti(imp) catalyst. Besides, the activation of NH3 and desorption of NOx readily occurred on the surface of Ce/Sn/Ti(imp), which were favorable for the proceeding of subsequent reactions and excellent performance of NH3-SCR.

The thermodynamic stability limits of Sn(II) under ambient conditions imposes constraints on the densification of divalent tin based oxides. In the case of tin monoxide (SnO), a low temperature (≤ 300 °C) electric field assisted processing route (Cool-SPS) affords densification up to 90% of theoretical density. This is demonstrated for both conventional SnO and reactive tin(II) oxyhydroxide [Sn6O4(OH)4] precursor powders. The choice of starting precursor impacts both the optimized processing parameters and the resulting ceramic microstructure. Characterization of phase content and stability has been performed on both the precursor powders and resulting ceramics. Preliminary electrochemical property measurements are presented and their connection to observed microstructure and choice of initial precursor is discussed.

Ti2AlN powders were synthesized through molten salt method and re-calcination process using TiH2, Al and TiN powders as raw materials at 1100 ℃. The composition of final composite was directly influenced by the initial Al and TiH2 content in the starting mixture. The purity of the synthesized Ti2AlN powder could reach 97.1 wt% when the Al molar ratio was 1.05. Then high strength Ti2AlN ceramics were successfully prepared in different modes, including two forms of pulse electric current sintering (PECS/SPS) and hot-pressing sintering (HP). A record-high flexural strength of 719 MPa was obtained for the PECS/SPS with an electrical insulating die (PECS/SPS II) sintered sample, based on the synthesized powder in which the initial molar ratio of Al was 1.1. The sintering behaviors in various modes were analyzed, confirming the shrinkage of particles starting at lower temperature in PECS/SPS II. The density, microstructure, Vickers hardness and elastic modulus of sintered ceramics were also investigated. Therefore, the present work provided the new methods about powder preparation and ceramic sintering of Ti2AlN, making it possible to be used as high strength structural ceramics.

To significantly improve the electrochemical performance of tin-based materials as anodes for lithium ion batteries, hybridizing tin-based nanomaterials with carbon is an effective way. This is due to carbon materials serving not only as conductive networks to increase the electrical conductivity, but also as construct void to buffer volume expansion. However, the use of excess carbon in hybrids and the low lithium storage ability of the carbon could lead to the reduced total capacity of the electrode. Herein, we develop a simple and effective approach to the synthesis of EG/SnO2-x in which SnO2 nanoparticles are tightly anchored on the surface of expanded graphite (EG) with well-defined expanded structures and highly conductive frameworks. Benefiting from the rational mass loading of SnO2, as well as the high conductivity and strong lithium storage characteristic of EG, the EG/SnO2-3 hybrid displays outstanding electrochemical performance with excellent rate capability (e.g., 406.3 mAh g–1 at 1 A g−1) and long cycling stability (e.g., 262.7 mAh g−1 over 500 cycles). In particular, the large proportion of capacity secured from a narrow voltage range of 0.01–0.3 V, corresponding to a low average working potential, is vital for the hybrids applied in high voltage full-cell LIBs.

To inhibit the agglomeration of tin-based nanomaterials and simplify the complicated synthesis process, a facile and eco-friendly self-formed template method is reported to synthesize tin submicron spheres dispersed in nitrogen-doped porous carbon (Sn/NPC) by pyrolysis of a mixture of disodium stannous citrate and urea. The vital point of this strategy is the formation of Na2CO3 templates during pyrolysis. This self-formed Na2CO3 acts as porous templates to support the formation of NPC. The obtained NPC provides good electronic conductivity, ample defects, and more active sites. Serving as anode for Li-ion batteries, the Sn/NPC electrode obtains a stable discharge capacity of 674.1 mAh/g after 150 cycles at 0.1 A/g. Especially, a high discharge capacity of 331.2 mAh/g can be achieved after 1100 cycles at 3 A/g. Additionally, a full cell coupled with LiCoO2 as cathode yields a discharge capacity of 524.8 mAh/g after 150 cycles at 0.1 A/g. In-situ XRD is implemented to investigate the alloying/dealloying reaction mechanisms. Density functional theory calculation ulteriorly explicates that NPC heightens intrinsic electronic conductivity, and NPC especially pyrrolic-N and pyridinic-N doping facilitates the Li-adsorption ability. Climbing image nudged elastic band method reveals low Li+ diffusion energy barrier in presence of N atoms, which accounts for the terrific electrochemical properties of Sn/NPC electrode.

This paper reports the improvement of electrical, ferroelectric and endurance of Hf0.5Zr0.5O2 (HZO) thin-film capacitors by implementing W electrode. The W/HZO/W capacitor shows excellent pristine 2Pr values of 45.1 μC/cm2 at ±6 V, which are much higher than those of TiN/HZO/W (34.4 μC/cm2) and W/HZO/TiN (26.9 μC/cm2) capacitors. Notably, the maximum initial 2Pr value of W/HZO/W capacitor can reach as high as 57.9 μC/cm2 at ±7.5 V. These strong ferroelectric polarization effects are ascribed to the W electrode with a fairly low thermal expansion coefficient which provides a larger in-plane tensile strain compared with TiN electrode, allowing for enhancement of o-phase formation. Moreover, the W/HZO/W capacitor also exhibits higher endurance, smaller wake-up effect (10.1%) and superior fatigue properties up to 1.5 × 1010cycles compared to the TiN/HZO/W and W/HZO/TiN capacitors. Such improvements of W/HZO/W capacitor are mainly due to the decreased leakage current by more than an order of magnitude compared to the W/HZO/TiN capacitor. These results demonstrate that capping electrode material plays an important role in the enhancement of o-phase formation, reduces oxygen vacancies, mitigates wake-up effect and improves reliability.

For this study, NiCrBSi–TiN composite coatings were fabricated on Q235 steel substrates by reactive plasma spraying and the coatings were heat treated at 600 °C, 700 °C, 750 °C and 800 °C for 1 hour. The microstructure evolution of these coatings untreated and treated at different temperatures was analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) combined with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The hardness of the coatings was characterised using the Weibull distribution while the wear and corrosion resistance were studied using a block-ring tribometer and an electrochemical workstation. The phase composition of coatings after heat treatment changed, the compactness of coatings was increased, and the interlayer bonding was significantly improved. Comprehensive experimental results illustrated that the performance of the NiCrBSi–TiN composite coatings was excellent at the heat treatment temperature of 700 °C.

To enhance the corrosion resistance of an aluminum (Al) 6082 alloy, our research used electroless deposition to coat a trio sequence of Zn-Cu-Sn layers: zinc, copper and tin. To isolate the reactions and micro-mechanisms in the tin coating, the Zn-Cu layering parameters of time, temperature, and bath concentration were held constant while varying those during the Sn electroless deposition. Microstructures and layer thicknesses of the coated samples were studied using both optical and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Local chemical compositions were analyzed using energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). Tin deposition on the Cu layer starts with a displacement reaction formed by the nucleation of discontinuous bulges that gradually grow into inhomogeneous crowns. During Sn deposition, surface Cu consumption and bath composition varies hindering access to displacement reactants, thus curtailing the significance of displacement. However, deposition continues via reduction and disproportionation directly tied to the solution. Peak layer quality was deposited at a temperature of 45 oC with a 1.5 times concentration for 1200 sec. Anti-corrosion behavior of the Sn-coated sample was examined by Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) to detect notable enhancement.

BACKGROUND: Computed tomography (CT) is currently the imaging modality of choice for guiding pulmonary percutaneous procedures. The use of a tin filter allows low-energy photons to be absorbed which contribute little to image quality but increases the radiation dose that a patient receives. Iterative metal artefact reduction (iMAR) was developed to diminish metal artefacts. This study investigated the impact of using tin filtration combined with an iMAR algorithm on dose reduction and image quality in CT-guided lung biopsy. METHODS: Ninety-nine consecutive patients undergoing CT-guided lung biopsy were randomly assigned to routine-dose CT protocols (groups A and B; without and with iMAR, respectively) or tin filter CT protocols (groups C and D; without or with iMAR, respectively). Subjective image quality was analysed using a 5-point Likert scale. Objective image quality was assessed, and the noise, contrast-to-noise ratio, and figure of merit were compared among the four groups. Metal artefacts were quantified using CT number reduction and metal diameter blurring. The radiation doses, diagnostic performance, and complication rates were also estimated. RESULTS: The subjective image quality of the two scan types was compared. Images with iMAR reconstruction were superior to those without iMAR reconstruction (group A: 3.49±0.65 vs. group B: 4.63±0.57; P0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Tin filtration combined with an iMAR algorithm may reduce the radiation dose compared to the routine-dose CT protocol, while maintaining comparable diagnostic accuracy and image quality and producing fewer metal artefacts.

Over the recent past, lead-based halide perovskite materials have drawn significant attention due to their excellent optical and electrical properties for solar cells and optoelectronics applications. However, the toxicity of lead elements and instability under ambient conditions leads to develop alternative compositions. Herein, we report a novel mechanochemical synthesis of tin iodide-based double perovskites (A2SnI6; A = Rb+, Cs+, methylammonium, and formamidinium), and their structural, optical, and electrical properties are investigated. Importantly, we found that the hydrogen iodide (HI) addition during the ball-milling process minimizes secondary phase formation in the synthesized A2SnI6 powders. The effects of HI addition and the A-site substitution are investigated with respect to the lattice parameters, optical bandgaps, and electrical properties of the synthesized perovskite materials. Our results demonstrate essential information to improve the understanding of halide perovskite materials and develop efficient lead-free perovskite photoelectric devices.

In this work, a rapid coprecipitation reaction is developed to obtain nano-sized Zn-doped tin oxide samples (Zn-SnO-II or Zn-SnO2-IV) for the first time by simply mixing tin ion (Sn2+ or Sn4+) and zinc ion (Zn2+) containing salts in a mild aqueous condition. Characterization results illustrate the Zn-SnO-II sample is constituted by an overwhelming quantity of Zn-doped SnO nanobelts and a small quantity of Zn-doped SnO2 nanoparticles. The redox reaction between the Sn2+ ions from the Zn-SnO-II sample and the surface oxygen-containing functional groups from functionalized carbon nanotube (F-CNT) and graphene oxide (GO) leads to the formation of the final Zn-SnO2/CNT@RGO composites. As an anode active material for lithium-ion batteries, the Zn-SnO2/CNT@RGO product showed superior electrochemical performance than the controlled Zn-SnO2/CNT and Zn-SnO2/RGO samples, which had a high gravimetric capacity of 901.3 mAh·g−1 at a high charge and discharge current of 1000 mA·g−1 after 300 cycles and excellent rate capability. The reaction mechanism for the successful synthesis of the Zn-doped tin oxide samples has been proposed, and the insight into the outstanding lithium-ion storage performance for the Zn-SnO2/CNT@RGO composite has been revealed. The synthetic processes for both the Zn-doped tin oxides and derived carbon supported composites are straightforward and involve no harsh conditions nor complicated treatment, which have good potential for massive production and application in wider fields.

In this work, a hierarchical reduced graphene oxide (RGO) supportive matrix consisting of both larger two-dimensional RGO sheets and smaller three-dimensional RGO spheres was engineered with ZnO and SnO2 nanoparticles immobilized. The ZnO and SnO2 nanocrystals with controlled size were in sequence engineered on the surface of the RGO sheets during the deoxygenation of graphene oxide sample (GO), where the zinc-containing ZIF-8 sample and metal tin foil were used as precursors for ZnO and SnO2, respectively. After a spray drying treatment and calcination, the final ZnO@SnO2/RGO-H sample was obtained, which delivered an outstanding specific capacity of 982 mAh·g-1 under a high current density of 1000 mA·g-1 after 450 cycles. Benefitting from the unique hierarchical structure, the mechanical strength, ionic and electric conductivities of the ZnO@SnO2/RGO-H sample have been simultaneously promoted. The joint contributions from pseudocapacitive and battery behaviors in lithium-ion storage processes bring in both large specific capacity and good rate capability. The industrially mature spray drying method for synthesizing RGO based hierarchical products can be further developed for wider applications.

The capacitance of MnO2 supercapacitors (SCs) is not high as expected due to its low conductivity of MnO2. The synergistic effects of MnO2 with high theoretical specific capacitance and TiN with high theoretical conductivity can extremely enhance the electrochemical performance of the MnO2-TiN electrode material. In this work, we synthesized different nanostructured and crystalline-structured MnO2 modified TiN nanotube arrays electrode materials by hydrothermal method and explained the formation mechanism of different nanostructured and crystalline-structured MnO2. The influences of MnO2 nanostructures and crystalline-structures on the electrochemical performance has been contrasted and discussed. The specific capacitance of δ-MnO2 nanosheets-TiN nanotube arrays can reach 689.88 F g−1, the highest value among these samples TN-MO-SS, TN-MO-S, TN-MO-SR, TN-MO-RS, and TN-MO-R. The reason is explained based on MnO2 nanostructure and crystalline-structure and electron/ion transport properties. The specific capacitance retention rates are 97.2% and 82.4% of initial capacitance after 100 and 500 cycles, respectively, indicating an excellent charging-discharging cycle stability.

The introduction of tin (Sn) into Zn-based catalyst can change its intrinsic properties of the electrochemically reduction of CO2 to CO, obtaining a high formate yield. The electron transfer from Zn to Sn lowers down the d-band center of Sn, leading to a more reliable surface adsorption of the *OCHO intermediate and resulting high formate selectivity. The obtained ZnSn catalyst enables formate formation with a drastically boosted Faradaic efficiency (FE) up to 94%, which is 2.04 and 1.34 times of pure Zn and Sn foils, respectively, indicating a synergistic effect between Zn and Sn. During the electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction (eCO2RR) process, the morphology of the ZnSn catalyst evolved from nanoparticles to nanosheets, nanoneedles and collapsed structures, corresponding to the activation, stabilization and decay stages, respectively. This study provides a facile and controllable approach for the construction of novel bimetallic catalyst favoring formate selectivity based on the synergistic effect.

With the global dye pollution situation becoming severe, a highly promising material is needed to purify water to safeguard ecological stability and public health. Studies have shown that semiconductor oxides are capable of generating a large number of photogenerated carriers under visible light irradiation as a way to degrade toxic dyes in wastewater. In this paper, CuO films were synthesized on indium tin oxide-coated glass substrates by ionic liquid-assisted electrodeposition. The samples were characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, ultraviolet visible spectrophotometer and energy-dispersive spectrometer. The effects of ionic liquid concentration, electrodeposition parameters and annealing temperature on the structure and properties of CuO films were investigated in detail, as well as an in-depth analysis of the mechanism of the interaction between methylene blue and CuO films. The experimental results show that ionic liquids as reaction media, CuO films modified with ionic liquid have smoother surface and uniform thickness, and their smaller crystal size and uniformly distributed particles can provide more active reaction sites. The CuO film prepared under the optimal conditions has stable absorption and response performance to light, and the degradation rate of methylene blue reached 95% in 180 min, showing good ability to degrade organic matter in wastewater. Therefore, the CuO films prepared by ionic liquid-assisted electrodeposition can be used as an effective photocatalyst for the removal of organic dyes from wastewater to ensure water safety and have potential practical applications for human health.

The conversion efficiency of energy-harvesting devices can be increased by utilizing hot-carriers (HCs). However, due to ultrafast carrier-carrier scattering and the lack of carrier injection dynamics, HC-based devices have low efficiencies. In the present work, we report the effective utilization of HCs at the nanoscale and their transfer dynamics from a non-noble metal to a metal oxide interface by means of real-space photocurrent mapping by using local probe techniques and conducting femtosecond transient absorption (TA) measurements. The photocurrent maps obtained under white light unambiguously show that the HCs are injected into the metal oxide layer from the TiN layer, as also confirmed by conductive atomic force microscopy. In addition, the increased photocurrent in the bilayer structure indicates the injection of HCs from both layers due to the broadband absorption efficiency of TiN layer, passivation of the surface states by the top TiN layer, and smaller barrier height of the interfaces. Furthermore, electrostatic force microscopy and Kelvin probe force microscopy provide direct evidence of charge injection from TiN to the MoOx film at the nanoscale. The TA absorption spectra show a strong photo-bleaching signal over wide spectral range and ultrafast decaying behavior at the picosecond time scale, which indicate efficient electron transfer from TiN to MoOx. Thus, our simple and effective approach can facilitate HC collection under white light, thereby achieving high conversion efficiency for optoelectronic devices.

Outstanding material properties allowed perovskite solar cells’ power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) exceed 25% within a decade, demonstrating the most rapid increase rate in PCEs among all the existing photovoltaic (PV) technologies. Despite such significant progress perovskite technology commercialization requires further enhancement in device performance. Here, we report a strategy for optimizing interfacial quality of the perovskite solar cells (PSCs). The interfacial layer between the electron transport layer (ETL) and the perovskite absorber were optimized by interface engineering technique via preparing the ETL consisted of Tin(IV) oxide (SnO2) quantum dots (QDs), SnO2 nanoparticle (NP) and a passivation layer based on Poly(methyl methacrylate): [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PMMA:PCBM). It was demonstrated that the PSCs with a single-layer ETL made of SnO2 QDs exhibit strong I-V hysteresis, while the application of a triple-layer ETL effectively suppresses the hysteresis due to the optimization of ETL/perovskite interface. This work demonstrated the effective protocol which can substantially improve the performance of PSCs and eliminate the I-V hysteresis.

As the desired sulfur host of lithium-sulfur battery, the strong polarity and fast electron migration capability are indispensable for achieving effective adsorption and conversion of lithium polysulfides (LiPSs), that is, restricting the shuttle effect. Herein a porous microdisk Ti4O7/TiN/C heterojunction with strong polar N-Ti-O covalent bonds is precisely constructed. Compared with O-Ti-O or N-Ti-N bond in single Ti4O7 or TiN, the N-Ti-O bond with stronger polarity could adsorb and bond with S and Li atoms in LiPSs, which is beneficial for LiPSs adsorption. Beside, the Ti4O7/TiN heterostructure favors the electron transfer, which could promote the conversion of LiPSs. The design strategy is to construct abundant polar N-Ti-O bonds at Ti4O7/TiN heterogeneous interface that would realize the associative process of LiPSs adsorption, trapping, and conversion, thereby restraining the shuttle effect efficiently. In the current study, as the host of the sulfur cathode, the porous microdisk TiN/Ti4O7/C heterojunction exhibits a high specific capacity of 1204.5 mAh g−1 at 0.2 C, and a high specific capacity of 616.5 mAh g−1 at an ultrahigh current density of 4 C. In addition, 86.4% and 116.9% capacity are retained over 1000 cycles at 1 C and 2 C, respectively. This strategy provides an insight into developing lithium-sulfur battery with extraordinary performance, and opens promising routes to design the next-generation electrochemical energy storage devices.

Tin phosphide (Sn4P3) is a promising anode material for sodium-ion batteries because of its relatively large theoretical capacity, appropriate Na+ alloying potential, and good cyclic stability. Herein, the Sn4P3 embedded into a carbon matrix with good rate performance and long cycle life is reported. The Sn4P3-C composite exhibits excellent rate performance (540 mAh g−1 at 5 A g−1) and the highest reversible capacity (844 mAh g−1 at 0.5 A g−1) among Sn4P3-based anodes reported so far. Its reversible capacity is as high as 705 mAh g−1 even after 100 cycles at 0.5 A g−1. Besides, its initial Coulomb efficiency can reach 85.6%, with the average Coulomb efficiency exceeding 99.75% from the 3rd to 100th cycles. Na2C6O6 is firstly used as a cathode when Sn4P3 acts as anode, and the Na-Sn4P3-C//Na2C6O6 full cell shows excellent electrochemical performance. These results demonstrate that the Sn4P3-C composite prepared in this work displays high-rate capability and superior cyclic performance, and thus is a potential anode for sodium ion batteries.

This present research paper discusses about the fabrication of metal matrix composite coating on AZ31B magnesium alloy substrate with Al, Co and TiN mixed precursor powders by gas tungsten arc (GTA) cladding process. Firstly, Co and TiN powders were mixed properly in the ratio of 1:1. Thereafter, three samples with different compositions of 20 wt% (Co + TiN)), 25 wt% (Co + TiN)), 30 wt% (Co + TiN)) and balance aluminium powder were developed by preplaced technique. The samples were heated by TIG torch at the optimized parameter as current of 110 Amp, voltage of 25 V, welding speed of 4.23 mm/s and thermal energy of 3.12 kJ/cm. After melting and solidification metallurgical bonding between coating and substrate occurs. The microstructure and chemical composition of the coated samples were analysed by field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) respectively. The micro hardness of coated samples were analysed by Vickers micro hardness testing. It was found that with increase in percentage content of Co + TiN the amount of microhardness increases. Furthermore, it was found that the value of maximum microhardness was 422 HV0.1, which was nearly seven times higher than that of the magnesium alloy substrate (64 HV0.1).

Substitution of lead (Pb) with tin (Sn) is a very important way to reduce the bandgap of metal halide perovskite for applications in solar cells, and near infrared (NIR) light-emitting diodes (LEDs), etc. However, mixed Pb/Sn perovskite becomes very disordered with high trap density when the Sn molar ratio is less than 20%. This limits the applications of mixed Pb/Sn perovskites in optoelectronic devices such as wavelength tunable NIR perovskite LEDs (PeLEDs). In this work, we demonstrate that alkali cations doping can release the microstrain and passivate the traps in mixed Pb/Sn perovskites with Sn molar ratios of less than 20%, leading to higher carrier lifetime and photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY). The external quantum efficiency (EQE) of Sn0.2Pb0.8-based NIR PeLEDs is dramatically enhanced from 0.1% to a record value of 9.6% (emission wavelength: 868 nm). This work provides a way of making high quality mixed Pb/Sn optoelectronic devices with small Sn molar ratios.

Most tungsten (W) and tin (Sn) deposits are associated with highly evolved granites derived from the anatexis of metasedimentary rocks. They are commonly separated in both space and time, and in the rare cases where the W and Sn mineralization are part of a single deposit, the two metals are temporally separate. The factors controlling this behavior, however, are not well understood. Our compilation of whole-rock geochemical data for W- and Sn-related granites in major W-Sn metallogenic belts shows that the Sn-related granites are generally the products of higher-temperature partial melting (~800 °C) than the W-related granites (~750 °C). Thermodynamic modeling of partial melting and metal partitioning shows that W is incorporated into the magma formed during low-temperature muscovite-dehydration melting, whereas most of the Sn is released into the magma at a higher temperature during biotite-dehydration melting; the Sn of the magma may be increased significantly if melt is extracted prior to biotite melting. At the same degree of partial melting, the concentrations of the two metals in the partial melt are controlled by their concentration in the protolith. Thus, the nature of the protolith and the melting temperature and subsequent evolution of the magma all influence the metallogenic potential of a magma and, in combination, helped control the spatial and temporal segregation of W and Sn deposits in all major W-Sn metallogenic belts.

Indium tin oxide (ITO) nanoparticles synthesized by green combustion method using Carica papaya seed extract as a novel fuel and, indium (In) and tin (Sn) as precursor is presented in this paper. Indium nitrate and tin nitrate solution were prepared by dissolving the In ingots and Sn in nitric acid. Carica papaya seed extract was prepared using dried Carica papaya seeds. Carica papaya seed extract along with indium nitrate and tin nitrate solution was heated in muffle furnace at 600 °C for 1 h. The obtained powder was calcinated at 650 °C for 3 h to obtain ITO nanoparticles. The effect of Sn concentration (5%, 10% and 50%) on microstructure, dielectric and ac conductivity of ITO nanoparticles were studied. These properties were investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), high resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM), UV–Vis spectroscopy, thermal gravimetry and differential scanning calorimetry (TG-DSC) and computer-controlled impedance analyser. The XRD analysis of synthesized ITO nanoparticles exhibits cubic bixbyite structure with increase in crystallite size from 17 nm to 22 nm as Sn concentration increases. SEM and HRTEM investigations exhibit an increase in grain size as Sn concentration increases. TG-DSC analysis reveals a constant weight in the temperature region 200 to 800 °C. The diffused reflectance spectral studies revealed that the band gap decreases from 3.01 eV to 2.75 eV as Sn concentration increases. The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of ITO nanoparticles was found to increase with increase in Sn concentration and temperature. With improved microstructural properties, higher optical band gap and increased ac conductivity, synthesized ITO nanoparticles with 10% Sn concentration are suitable material for sensor and optoelectronic applications.

Organotin chemistry is among the intensively researched fields of organometallic chemistry as the tin nucleus can be studied by various sophisticated characterization techniques. Among all spectral characterization techniques, the use of 119Sn NMR has contributed a lot to the advancement of tin chemistry and describes the coordination environment around tin centre. This technique has helped in the growth of organotin chemistry to a large extent and preparations, structural characterization and applications of organotin compounds have been extensively exploited. This review describes the tin NMR studies of tetra, penta and hexa coordinated organotin complexes. The chemical shift value of 119Sn NMR is affected by the coordination number surrounding the element tin. Increasing coordination number increases electron density on the tin centre, which causes the resonance signals to move upfield and the resonance signals to move downfield, respectively.

New tin-based metal-phosphine complexes of [Sn(OH)4(PPh3)2] and [Sn(OH)2(PPh3)2] have been successfully synthesized and used as supercapacitor electrodes for the first time, exhibiting a high specific capacitance, a good rate capability, and an excellent cycling stability. The specific capacitances (highest specific capacitance for tin-based materials) of 1204F g−1 and 764F g−1 for two samples at a current density of 1 A g−1 in 6 M KOH can respectively be achieved, and their capacitance retention remained at 95.1% and 89.2% even after 15,000 cycles at a current density of 10 A g−1. Furthermore, a flexible quasi-solid-state asymmetric supercapacitor composed of Sn(OH)2(PPh3)2 and activated carbon was assembled and exhibited a specific capacitance of 290.6 mF cm−2 at a current density of 1 mA cm−2. More importantly, this device also displayed excellent cyclic stability of ∼100% for 1800 cycles during the galvanostatic charge/discharge process at 5 mF cm−2.

Bimetal oxides have attracted much attention due to their unique characteristics caused by the synergistic effect of bimetallic elements, such as adjustable operating voltage and improved electronic conductivity. Here, a novel bimetal oxide Sn0.918Sb0.109O2@graphene (TAO@G) was synthesized via hydrothermal method, and applied as anode material for lithium ion batteries. Compared with SnO2, the addition of Sb to form a bimetallic oxide Sn0.918Sb0.109O2 can shorten the band gap width, which is proved by DFT calculation. The narrower band gap width can speed up the lithium ions transport and improve the electrochemical performances of TAO@G. TAO@G is a structure in which graphene supports nano-sized TAO particles, and it is conducive to the electrons transport and can improve its electrochemical performances. TAO@G achieved a high initial reversible discharge specific capacity of 1176.3 mA h g−1 at 0.1 A g−1 and a good capacity of 648.1 mA h g−1 at 0.5 A g−1 after 365 cycles. Results confirm that TAO@G is a novel prospective anode material for LIBs.

Carrier extraction in mixed tin–lead perovskite solar cells is improved by modifying the top and bottom perovskite surfaces with ethylenediammonium diiodide and glycine hydrochloride, respectively. Trap densities in perovskite layers are reduced as a result of surface passivation effects and an increase in film crystallinity. In addition, the oriented aggregation of the ethylenediammonium and glycinium cations at the charge collection interfaces results in the formation of surface dipoles, which facilitate charge extraction. As a result, the treated mixed tin–lead perovskite solar cells showed improved performance, with a fill factor of 0.82 and a power conversion efficiency of up to 23.6%. The unencapsulated device also shows improved stability under AM1.5 G, retaining over 80% of the initial efficiency after 200 h continuous operation in an inert atmosphere. Our strategy is also successfully applied to centimeter-scale devices, with efficiencies of up to 21.0%., スズを含むペロブスカイト太陽電池：23.6%の世界最高効率を達成 --ペロブスカイト薄膜の上下表面構造修飾法を開発--. 京都大学プレスリリース. 2022-04-13.

Tin perovskites are rising as the most promising lead-free perovskite material candidate that have drawn intensive attention in recent years. In this forum, the unique properties of tin perovskites and their applications in solar cells, light emission, and photodetectors are briefly introduced, along with the chances and challenges in each field.

Most of the global Sn resources are from granite-related ore deposits, which form in response to cassiterite precipitation from hydrothermal fluids. However, the physical and chemical controls on the efficiency of Sn extraction from upper crustal plutons by exsolving magmatic fluids are still unclear. In this study, we determine the partition coefficient of Sn between aqueous fluids and granitic melts ( D S n f l u i d / m e l t ) at 800 °C, 150 MPa and the fO2 of the Ni-NiO buffer. To obtain equilibrium partition coefficients, a new experimental method has been used relying on local equilibrium between silicate melt and microscopic-sized fluid bubbles. The latter formed synthetic fluid inclusions in the quenched glasses, which in turn were analyzed by laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry along with the enclosing glass. The results show that at constant aluminum saturation index (ASI = 1.05–1.08) of the silicate melt, D S n f l u i d / m e l t increases from 1.9 to 35.0 as the total Cl concentration ( m C l t o t a l ) in fluid increases from 1.0 to 16.6 mol/kg H2O. At a fixed m C l t o t a l = 2 mol/kg H2O, D S n f l u i d / m e l t increases from 4.3 to 10.6 as the HCl concentration in the solution increases from 0.15 to 0.79 mol/kg H2O, which in turn is a function of the ASI of the melt (ASI = 1.06–1.29). Numerical modeling suggests that Sn is extracted by magmatic fluids from upper crustal plutons most efficiently at the late stage of crystallization and degassing. At a similar degree of crystallization, granitic magma with lower initial water concentration and higher ASI will separate a fluid phase with higher Sn concentration and thus has higher Sn mineralization potential. Due to the relatively high D S n f l u i d / m e l t value, fluids exsolved from highly evolved magmas can sequester enough Sn to form Sn deposits and the sub-solidus remobilization of Sn from granite bodies is not a pre-requisite for ore genesis.

This paper presents compositional modifications on lead-free material system based on barium titanate to optimize its electrocaloric (EC) properties. By addition of strontium and tin we prepared solid solutions of Ba1-xSrxSnyTi1-yO3 (BSSnT-100∙x-100∙y) which allow for shifting of maximum EC effect to room temperature as well as broadening the temperature range of high EC temperature changes Δ T E C . Bulk ceramic samples of BSSnT were prepared by solid-state reaction route and the influence of Sn:Sr ratio on dielectric and ferroelectric properties was investigated. The EC temperature change was measured directly using resistance welded thermocouple wires. Most promising results could be achieved for BSSnT-18−6.5, which showed a maximum Δ T E C of 0.49 K around 30 °C with Δ T E C > 0.3 K in the temperature range from 10 °C to 50 °C under a comparatively low electric field change of 2 V μm−1.

Addition of redox active/ inactive dopants often promotes the battery performance of any anode material. In this research work, we report the tin antimony (SnSb) alloy anodes included with three different dopants viz. Cu, Ti and Ce. The relative performances of these three different alloys have been systematically analyzed and reported. The electrochemical studies carried out by cyclic voltammetry analysis exhibit amplified redox activity and better reversibility of doped samples compared to the pristine. The specific capacitance values for 50 cycles are found to be in the range of 34 mAhg−1, 52 mAhg−1, 47 mAhg−1 and 65 mAhg−1 when tested with aqueous LiNO3 electrolyte solution for the pristine, Cu, Ti and Ce doped SnSb alloys respectively. The room temperature AC Impedance analyses of these samples reveal the augmented electrical conductivities of the doped samples. Overall, SnSb: Cu and SnSb: Ce samples are found to offer better anodic properties compared to the other samples.

Water-stable, lead-free zero-dimensional (0D) organic–inorganic hybrid colloidal tin(IV) perovskite, A2SnX6 (A is a monocationic organic ion and X is a halide) nanocrystals (NCs) with high photoluminescence (PL) quantum yield (QY) have rarely been explored. Herein, we report solution-processed colloidal NCs of blue light-emitting T2SnCl6 and orange light-emitting T2Sn1-xSbxCl6 [T+ = tetramethylammonium cation] from their corresponding single crystals (SCs). These colloidal NCs are well-dispersible in non-polar solvents, thereby maintaining their bright emission. This paves the way for fabricating homogeneous thin films of these NCs. Due to organic cation (T+)-controlled large spin–orbit coupling (SOC), the T2Sn1-xSbxCl6 NCs exhibit bright orange emission with an enhancement in PL QY of 41% compared to their bulk counterpart. Furthermore, we explore T2Sn1-xBixCl6 and T2Sn1-x-yBixSbyCl6 SCs, which show blue and green emission, respectively; the latter is attributed to the newly formed Sb 5p and Sb 5 s orbital-driven band structures confirmed by applying density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The SCs and NCs exhibit excellent stability in water under ambient conditions because of the in-situ generation of a hydrophobic and oxygen-resistant passivating layer of oxychloride in the presence of water. Our findings open a pathway for designing lead-free perovskites materials for thin-film-based optoelectronic devices.