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6-Shogaol is one of the main active phenolic components of ginger and has neuroprotective effects by protecting brain against the oxidative stress and regulate the levels of neurotrophic factors. The objective of the present study was to verify the effect of 6-shogaol on neurochemical parameters in offspring after maternal immune activation by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in rats. Twelve pregnant Wistar rats received 100 μg/kg of LPS or saline solution on the gestational day 9.5. Male offspring participated in the study and from the postnatal days (PND) 30 and 55, respectively, they were supplemented with 6-shogaol or saline solution, by gavage at a dose of 10 mg/kg/day, orally for 5 days. In PND 37 and 62, analysis of kinase signaling regulated by extracellular signal 1/2 (ERK 1/2), levels of neurotrophic factor derived from the brain (BDNF), and neuron-specific enolase (NSE), lipid and protein oxidative damage was evaluated by 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE) and 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT), respectively, and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity was performed in the hippocampus. Prenatal exposure to LPS significantly decreased ERK and BDNF levels in PND 37 and 62, increased NSE levels and lipid damage in rats in PND 37, and increased 3-NT level in rats in PND 62. With treatment using 6-shogaol, an increase in ERK and BDNF levels was identified in PND 37 and 62 and a reduction in HNE and MPO activity in rats in PND 37 and 62, respectively. 6-Shogaol positively increased markers of neuronal growth, plasticity and synaptic activity and reduced oxidative damage in the hippocampus in an animal model of autism by maternal immune activation.

Zingiber officinale Roscoe var. Bentong or locally known as Bentong ginger is exclusively planted and harvested in the district of Bentong, Pahang, Malaysia. The demand for this ginger species has dramatically increased due to its high food and medicinal values, owing to the presence of 6-shogaol and 6-gingerol as active compounds. This study aimed to measure the concentrations of those active compounds with respect to their one-year plantation duration (January - December 2018). The proximate analysis, heavy metals and antioxidant activity were simultaneously determined during the plant growth. 6-gingerol was present in both fresh and dried samples whilst 6-shogaol could only be found in dried samples. Fresh ginger recorded the highest 6-gingerol content (2.09 mg/g) in the seventh month of harvesting time. On the other hand, in the sixth month of harvesting time, dried ginger had the highest concentration of 6-gingerol (0.66 mg/g) and 6-shogaol (1.85 mg/g). Notably, the accumulation of heavy metals such as As, Pb, Cd and Hg in Bentong ginger was relatively low and within the permissible limit. Meanwhile, the total polyphenol and phenolic content of Bentong ginger extract solution were observed to decrease as the ginger was maturing. In conclusion, Z. officinale Roscoe var. Bentong yielded different amounts of active compounds with respect to its harvesting time. Nevertheless, it generally exhibits good values in terms of chemical compositions that can be potentially used as nutraceutical food.

Ginger is attributed with beneficial bioactivities. The aims of this study were to analyse the bioactive compounds in commercial ginger powders and assess acceptability and satiety responses to ginger-enriched wheat pasta in healthy human volunteers. Powders were extracted with methanol and extracts analysed by HPLC-UV/LC-MS. Results indicated that 6-gingerol, 8-gingerol, 10-gingerol and 10-shogaol were the principal bioactive components. The liking of pasta enriched with 1%, 3% and 5% (w/w) ginger powder was evaluated for four sensory attributes and overall liking using a 9-point hedonic scale. All pasta products were generally liked to a similar extent to the control, with the exception of the liking for colour of the pasta with 5% ginger (P < 0.02). Ten healthy subjects consumed two samples of equal weight: control and ginger-enriched pasta (3%), on two occasions. Subjective feelings of satiety were assessed pre-consumption, immediately after and for 2 h post-consumption using a 7-point intensity scale analysed using Rasch modelling. Results show that the ginger pasta sample had a similar satiety response compared to the control pasta up to 2 h after consumption. In conclusion, ginger-enriched pasta is generally accepted by consumers, but does not lead to higher satiety compared to the control.

High blood pressure is one of the main risk factors for cardiovascular disease which causes 20- 50% of all deaths. The people of Onepute, West Petasia District, North Morowali Regency have a very high percentage of high blood pressure with a percentage of 65%. One of the risk factors for high blood pressure is consuming foods high in fat and salt, medicinal plants are plants or parts of plants commonly used by Indonesian people as an alternative to treat various diseases. The purpose of this study was to determine the types and parts of plants used, processing, how to use, the rules of use or the dosage of treatment, as well as the compatibility between empirical knowledge of the Onepute community, West Petasia District, North Morowali Regency with ethnopharmochological studies that had been previously researched. The research method used was purposive sampling method, namely the technique of taking members of the sample from the population with certain considerations. The research was conducted by means of semi-structured interviews with open questions to 6 sandro people of the Onepute community, West Petasia District, North Morowali Regency and the form of data presentation in a qualitative way. The results showed that there were 6 types of plants, and what is widely used by the community is leaves with a percentage of 66.67%. Plant parts used include leaves, fruit and rhizomes. The processing method is boiled, squeezed, brewed and direct consumption. Compounds that play a role in lowering high blood pressure are monotetrahydrofuran acetogenin compounds, such as anomuricin A and B, gigantetrosin A, annonasin-10-one, muricatosin A and B, annonacin, and goniothalamicin, postasium, potassium, gingerol, shogaol, sodium, flavonoids, tannins, triterpenoids, saponins, polyphenols. Keywords: Ethnopharmacology, High Blood Pressure Disease, Onepute Society.

Ginger has been proven to possess various therapeutic effects, including antibacterial, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant effects. However, data on the comparison of ginger antioxidant activity with that of other natural products are still lacking. This study aimed to analyse and compare the antioxidant properties of two types of Malaysian ginger extracts (GE1 and GE2) with that of selected natural products. The antioxidant activities were measured by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate (DPPH) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays, while cell viability was determined by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfonyl)-2H-tetrazolium (MTS) assay. The order of the DPPH scavenging activities was as follows: vitamin C > palm tocotrienol-rich fraction (TRF) > á-tocopherol > N-acetylcysteine (NAC) > Ficus deltoidea > butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) > Centella asiatica > GE2 > GE1 > Moringa oleifera > Kelulut honey; the order of the mean FRAP value was as follows: NAC > á-tocopherol > BHT > TRF > Ficus deltoidea > Moringa oleifera > GE2 = GE1 > Centella asiatica > Kelulut honey. The viability assays showed that both ginger extracts significantly increased the percentage of viable cells (p < 0.05). In conclusion, neither of the ginger extracts was cytotoxic toward cells and both possessed comparable antioxidant properties, indicating their potential for ameliorating oxidative stress.

Ginger (Zingiber officinale) is a common kitchen spice that belongs to the family Zingiberaceae. It is rich in phytochemistry that is promoting health benefits. It is used as a home remedy to support the common cold, headaches, and pharmacological properties such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiemetic, antiulcer, and anti-cancer, antiplatelet, anti-diabetic and lipid-lowering activities. Gingerols are key ingredients found in ginger that convert into zingerone, shogaol, and parasols, giving flavor and odor. Zingerone and shogaol are present in limited quantities in fresh ginger and more in dried or extracted goods. Especially 6-gingerol and 6-shogaol are pharmacological properties that are effective in antipyretic, analgesic, and hypotensive. The present review is about different therapeutic properties of ginger, including antioxidant properties, anti-diabetic properties, anti-cancer properties etc.

Background Peptic ulcer (PU) is a collective term used for a group of chronic manifestations that affect mucosal integrity of stomach and/or duodenal lining. It is characterized by pain, perforations, bloating, nausea, blood in stool or vomit, loss of appetite and weight loss. Purpose Although a number of conventional treatment approaches such as antihistaminics, proton pump inhibitors, prostaglandins, antacids and antimicrobial agents are available for the management of PU, but they all are associated with various side effects. Herbal drugs are alternative remedies for the treatment of various pharmacological conditions and are generally considered to be much safer as compared to synthetic drugs. The present review summarizes the different phytoconstituents that have been explored for their antiulcer potential in various preclinical studies. Methods Literature search was conducted across four electronic databases (Google, PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus) for potentially relevant literature. Search was performed using various key words such as “peptic ulcer”, “herbal drugs”, “anti-ulcer”, “anti-ulcer plants”, “phytomedicine for peptic ulcer”, and “plant derived drugs for peptic ulcer”. Further studies were screened through examination of abstracts, reference sections and well on the basis of previously published review articles. Results A number of natural products are reported to exhibit antiulcer property in various animal studies and some of them are currently being used in various herbal formulations. Prominent phytoconstituents exhibiting anti-ulcerogenic activity include friedelin (Maytenus robusta Reissek); squalene (Muntingia calabura L.); brasiliensic acid (Calophyllum brasiliense Cambess.); shogaol (Zingiber officinale Roscoe); allitridin (Allium sativum L.); rutin (Stryphnodendron rotundifolium Mart.); ligustilide (Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) Diels); curcumin (Curcuma longa L.); and rosmarinic acid (Ocimum tenuiflorum L.). Conclusion Phytoconstituents have been reported to exhibit antiulcer property by targeting various enzymes, inflammatory mediators and/or by other pathways. Although they have shown promising results in preclinical studies, however, further research is required to ensure their safety and efficacy in human beings.

Uraria picta is a medicinally important ‘dashmula’ plant found in dry grasslands of India and is facing overexploitation in wilds. Its roots have been used in traditional treatments while in modern medicine it is known to promote osteogenesis and possess anti-cancer properties. Rhizobium rhizogenes ATCC-15834 was used to induce hairy roots (HR) in in vitro raised U. picta seedlings. This is the first report of U. picta HR induction and characterization. The comparative biochemical and functional analysis showed that U. picta true roots (TR) and HR extracts display high free radical scavenging activity (~ 84%) and higher cytotoxic activity in cancer cell lines HeLa (71.18%) and MCF-7 (89.36%) as compared to the normal cell line HEK (58.87%). There was a twofold increase in HR biomass upon jasmonic acid (JA) treatment, while salicylic acid (SA) and abscisic acid (ABA) had no significant effects, though ABA led to increase in the HR thickness. In comparative metabolomics HR-LC/MS study, 39% metabolites were commonly detected in TR, HR and Hairy root exudates (HREx). Major chemical classes of the metabolites detected were lipids, benzenoids and organic acids represented by glutinone; estra-1,3,5(10)-triene-3,6 beta, 17 beta-triol triacetate; azokisaponin III; gingerol, shogaol and mucronine B with well-known therapeutic potentials. Additionally, a high proportion of unknown masses were also found in U. picta TR, HR and HREx, which needs further investigation. Due to the parallels in the biochemical, metabolomic and functional aspects of TR and HR, U. picta HR represents a sustainable alternative source of U. picta bioactives. Comparative metabolomics reveals similarities in the hairy roots and true roots of Uraria picta, making it a suitable biotechnological alternative for biosynthesis of specialized metabolites.

Ginger is a spice that is renowned for its characteristic aromatic fragrance and pungent taste, with documented healing properties. Field studies conducted in several Asian and African countries revealed that ginger is used traditionally in the management of cancer. The scientific community has probed into the biological validation of its extracts and isolated compounds including the gingerols, shogaols, zingiberene, and zingerone, through in-vitro and in-vivo studies. Nonetheless, an updated compilation of these data together with a deep mechanistic approach is yet to be provided. Accordingly, this review highlights the mechanisms and therapeutics of ginger and its bioactive compounds focused on a cancer context and these evidence are based on the (i) cytotoxic effect against cancer cell lines, (ii) enzyme inhibitory action, (iii) combination therapy with chemotherapeutic and phenolic compounds, (iv) possible links to the microbiome and (v) the use of nano-formulations of ginger bioactive compounds as a more effective drug delivery strategy in cancer therapy.

Background:Background: Acrylamide [ACR] is an essential chemical that is extensively used in many industries and also in laboratories such as treatment of drinking water, wastewater, and soil, production of paper, petroleum, mine, asphalt, dyes, adhesives, and polishes; it is known as a possible carcinogenic compound. Ginger oleoresin's hepatoprotective role can be attributed to its free radical scavenging, anti-inflammatory, and hypolipidemic activities and is partially mediated by the 6-gingerol, shogaol, and zingerone of its active component. Cinnamomum zeylanicum is used to treat many diseases and to prevent such diseases. Aim of the work:Evaluation of the effects of cinnamon and ginger extracts administration on Hepatotoxicity adult male albino rats. Materials and Methods: The groups were divided into five adult male albino rats of a local strain: Group I: acted as a control group with regular salines, group II: hepatotoxicity caused by acrylamid, groups III: hepatotoxicity plus cinnamon, group IV: hepatotoxicity plus ginger, group V: hepatotoxicity plus cinnamon and ginger. Samples for alanine aminotransferase [ALT], aspartate transfers of amino [AST], urea, creatinine, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), total cholesterol, triglyceride [TG], malondialdehyde, tumor necrosis factor α [TNF], superoxide dismutase [SOD], glutathione peroxidase [GPX], as well as total antioxidant [TAC] levels were obtained at the end of the experimental period. Results: Administration of cinnamon and ginger to hepatotoxic rats led to a significant decrease in the mean value of ALT, AST, urea, creatinine, BUN, MDA, and TNF. In addition, it is associated with a significant increase of SOD, GPX, and TAC. Conclusion: Cinnamon and ginger have a protective effect against abnormalities in hepatotoxic rats due to its several protective properties.

Aims This study aimed to assess the antifungal and anti-biofilm effects of 6-shogaol against Candida auris using in vitro phenotypic and genotypic analyses. Methods and results Our results showed that 6-shogaol exhibited antifungal as well as anti-biofilm activity by inhibiting biofilm formation and eradicating the preformed biofilms of C. auris. The rate and extent of antifungal activity were further confirmed by a time-kill assay. The XTT reduction assay confirmed that 6-shogaol decreased cellular metabolic activity in the biofilm. The effect of 6-shogaol on established C. auris biofilms was visualized by confocal laser scanning microscopy. Also, this study demonstrated that 6-shogaol reduced the levels of aspartyl proteinases and downregulated the expression of the efflux pump-related CDR1 gene in C. auris. Conclusions The data indicated that 6-shogaol extracted from ginger had antifungal and anti-biofilm effects on C. auris. Significance and impact of the study This study demonstrated the value of the plant-derived 6-shogaol as a promising and potent bioactive compound. The mode of action of this compound against C. auris biofilm was also proposed.

Ginger is a widely consumed spice and possesses numerous pharmacological properties. However, studies addressing the efficacy of ginger in humans have been inconsistent. Many confounding factors need to be considered when evaluating the health effects from ginger against chronic diseases, especially the levels of bioactive components in the ginger formulations used in human trials. Gingerols, the major compounds in fresh ginger, are liable to dehydrate and convert to shogaols, the major compounds in dried ginger, as a result of the instability of β-hydroxyl ketone when exposed to heat and/or acidic conditions. As a result of various heating and processing methods, the concentrations of gingerols and shogaols in ginger products vary significantly. Increasing evidence has shown that gingerols and shogaols have different bioactivities, molecular targets, and metabolic pathways, suggesting the importance of identifying the optimal oral ginger composition for a specific disease. In this perspective, we highlighted differences in the composition between fresh ginger and dry ginger, bioactivities, molecular targets, and metabolic pathways of gingerols and shogaols as well as future perspectives regarding precision research on ginger.

Herbal medicinal plants are used to treat various disorders in many traditional medicinal systems around the world. Usage of this herb found in Indian and Chinese medicinal systems. The availability of ginger herb is Universal these days, where it is cultivated for its underground stem (Pseudo-stem). Most commonly used part is rhizome. This ginger rhizome has many therapeutic uses including anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetics, antioxidant, anti-microbial and also curing in vomiting, constipation, indigestion, cold, fever,cough, nausea, reparatory conditions, bronchitis etc., these activities were checked using different solvents of different polarity. Arthritis is known for its extreme joint pain and swelling may be treated by using ginger essential oil extract. It was studied that it has the capacity to reducing the pro-inflammatory molecules by lowering the RA-F, CRP, ESR level in the blood.The essences of ginger are due to the chemicals present in them. The products obtained from the ginger like essential oil and oleoresin are used all around the world for its food and pharmaceutical properties.The bioactive compounds like [6]- gingerol and its dehydrated form [6]- shogaol can inhibits the production of free radicals and oxidative stress, along with this properties it can reduce the pro-inflammatory molecules like prostaglandins by inhibiting COX-1 and COX-2.It also observed by the recent studies that the ginger and its extract have the capacity of suppressing the leukotriene biosynthesis by inhibiting 5-lipoxygenase. To this effect in-vitro study conducted in the lab shows the maximum inhibition as well as maximum protection by the ginger essential oil extract. The essential oil extraction were administered external apply and the variation in the certain proteins and inflammation related antibodies were studied. Keywords: Zingiber offcinale, Spice, Arthritis, Essential oil, Anti-Inflammatory, Gingerol, Shogaol, Auto-Immune Disorders.

Objective: Development and validation of a High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) method for the simultaneous estimation of 6-, 8-, 10-Gingerols and 6-Shogaol in ginger extract using authentic standards. Methods: The chromatographic separation was achieved by using a C18 column and a mobile phase composed of acetonitrile, ortho-phospohoric acid in water and methanol. The proposed method was validated in terms of the analytical parameters such as specificity, accuracy, precision, linearity, range, the limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) according to ICH guidelines. Results: Linear calibration curves were obtained over concentration ranges of 10-250 µg/ml for 6-, 8-, 10-gingerols and 6-shogaol with determination coefficients more than 0.99 for each analyte. Intra and inter-day precisions of the method were found to be below 2% for each analyte, with relative standard deviation (% RSD) values in the range of 0.47 to 1.55% for 6-gingerol, 0.44 to 1.51% for 8-gingerol, 0.24 to 1.90% for 10-gingerol and 0.25 to 1.67% for 6-shogaol. The percentage recovery of gingerols and shogaol was obtained with an average of 99.53%, 99.97%, 100.13% and 100.53% respectively, which was well within acceptance range. Conclusion: Simple, accurate, precise and rapid HPLC method was developed for the simultaneous analysis of 6-, 8-, 10-gingerols and 6-shogaol and validated in accordance with ICH guidelines. The developed method was found to be suitable for the standardization of herbal extracts and polyherbal formulations for the content of 6-, 8-, 10-gingerols and 6-shogaol.

Ginger (Zingiber officinale) and meniran (Phyllanthus niruri L.) is a cultural heritage in Madura ethnic, Indonesia. Madurese herbs were traditionally boiled using pottery which is made from clay. Clay consists of Silica (SiO2), Aluminum silicate (Al2O3), Magnesium (MgO), Calcium (CaO),) Iron (Fe2O3) and Potassium (K2O). This component contributes to the efficacy of traditional Madurese herbal medicine by forming bioinorganic complex compounds. The present study aimed to characterize the bioinorganic complex compounds from Madurese herbal medicine and predict their pharmacokinetics activity. Madurese traditional herbal medicine composition was determined using Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry/Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Then, Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FITR), X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis were used to determine the functional group, transition metal composition, morphology, and the crystal structure of bioinorganic complex compounds from Madurese traditional herbal medicine, respectively. The pharmacokinetic activity was predicted using ADMET software. The results showed that Fe and Mn bind to hydroxyl groups (-OH) in the 6-gingerol and shogaol compounds to form bioinorganic complex compounds. The morphological structure of Madurese herbal powder was porous slabs. The crystal structures of Madurese herbal powder were amorphous and uniform in size. The pharmacokinetic activity analysis showed that Madura traditional herbal has a high solubility in water and easily absorbed by the body. In conclusion, bioinorganic complex compounds of Madurese traditional herbal medicine can be considered as a therapeutic agent in further research.

Myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) evolves due to genomic instability, dysregulated signalling pathway and overproduction of inflammatory markers. Reactive oxygen species contribute to the inflammatory response, which causes gene damage, cellular remodelling and fibrosis. MDS can be a debilitating condition, and management options in patients with MDS aim to improve cytopenias, delay disease progression, and enhance quality of life. High serum ferritin levels, a source of iron for reactive oxygen species production, correlate with a higher risk of progression to acute myeloid leukaemia, and iron overload is compounded by blood transfusions given to improve anaemia. 6-shogaol is a natural phenolic compound formed when ginger is exposed to heat and/or acidic conditions, and it has been shown to possess anti-tumour activity against leukaemia cell lines and antioxidant effects. This narrative review assessed the potential benefits of this phytochemical in lower-risk MDS patients through examining the current evidence on the pharmacological and therapeutic properties of ginger and 6-shogaol.

Ginger (Zingiber officinale Rosc.) is a popular spice used globally in ethnic cuisines and witnessed its extensive use in traditional medicine. In this study, we identified 12 phytochemicals from the ginger rhizome extract (hexane) through GC/MS analysis. After evaluating drug-likeliness, these phytochemicals were docked with 16 target proteins in silico, and docking scores were compared with their respective control drugs. Furthermore, multivariate statistical analysis (principal component analysis-PCA) was performed, and three different chemical clusters were identified. Pharmacophore analysis further identified common functional descriptors in the compounds under study. Finally, we developed a unique three-level network taking phytochemicals, target proteins and associated diseases based on the optimum docking scores. Overall, Oleic acid, Palmitic acid and Shogaol showed the highest coverage to the target proteins (12, 10 and 9 targets, respectively) and Oleic Acid scored the highest (5956) in PatchDock when docked against Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PDB id 1KNU, UniProt id P37231). This work provided significant insight into developing the protocol for rapid identification of potential drug likeliness of the identified phytochemicals.

Sepsis-associated liver dysfunction presents a significant public health problem. 6-Shogaol is the key bioactive component in dry ginger, which has antioxidant and anti-inflammation capacity. The present study aims to investigate the preventive effect of 6-shogaol on sepsis-induced liver injury. 6-Shogaol was administered to mice for 7 consecutive days before being intraperitoneally injected with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). After 24 h, mice were sacrificed, and biochemical and transcriptomic analyses were performed. Our results demonstrated that 6-shogaol prevented LPS-induced impairment in antioxidant enzymes and elevation in malondialdehyde level in the liver. The hepatic inflammatory response was significantly suppressed by 6-shogaol through suppressing the MAPK/NFκB pathway. RNA-sequencing data analysis revealed that 41 overlapped genes between the LPS vs. control group and 6-shogaol vs. LPS group were identified, among which 36 genes were upregulated, and 5 genes were downregulated for the LPS vs. control group. These overlapped genes are enriched in inflammation-related pathways, e.g., TNF and NFκB. The mRNA expression of the overlapped genes was also verified in the LPS-induced BRL-3A cell model. In summary, 6-shogaol shows great potential as a natural chemopreventive agent to treat sepsis-associated hepatic disorders.

Acute kidney injury (AKI) due to renal ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) is a major clinical problem without effective therapy. Ginger is one of the most widely consumed spices in the world, and 6-shogaol, a major ginger metabolite, has anti-inflammatory effects in neuronal and epithelial cells. Here, we demonstrate our novel findings that 6-shogaol treatment protected against renal I/R injury with decreased plasma creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, and kidney neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin mRNA synthesis compared with vehicle-treated mice subjected to renal I/R. Additionally, 6-shogaol treatment reduced kidney inflammation (decreased proinflammatory cytokine and chemokine synthesis as well as neutrophil infiltration) and apoptosis (decreased TUNEL-positive renal tubular cells) compared with vehicle-treated mice subjected to renal I/R. In cultured human and mouse kidney proximal tubule cells, 6-shogaol significantly attenuated TNF-α-induced inflammatory cytokine and chemokine mRNA synthesis. Mechanistically, 6-shogaol significantly attenuated TNF-α-induced NF-κB activation in human renal proximal tubule cells by reducing IKKαβ/IκBα phosphorylation. Furthermore, 6-shogaol induced a cytoprotective chaperone heme oxygenase (HO)-1 via p38 MAPK activation in vitro and in vivo. Consistent with these findings, pretreatment with the HO-1 inhibitor zinc protoporphyrin IX completely prevented 6-shogaol-mediated protection against ischemic AKI in mice. Taken together, our study showed that 6-shogaol protects against ischemic AKI by attenuating NF-κB activation and inducing HO-1 expression. 6-Shogaol may provide a potential therapy for ischemic AKI during the perioperative period.

The components in the methanol extract of Zingiber officinale var rubrum (red ginger) were isolated by a series of column chromatography and identified by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOFMS). Thirteen components, including eleven vanilloid compounds, were isolated from the extract. All the isolated components reduced extracellular melanin contents. Structure-activity relationship studies suggested that elongation of the carbon chain of shogaol and gingerol increased the extracellular melanogenesis inhibitory activity, and that the carbonyl and hydroxyl groups on the carbon chain in gingerol played an important role in this effect. In order to reveal the importance of the vanillyl group for the melanogenesis inhibitory activity, 6-gingerol (1) and 6-shogaol (5), which were the main compounds in the extract, were glucosylated and their effects were evaluated. The glucosylated 6-shogaol resulted in improved melanogenesis inhibitory activity, while the glucosylated 6-gingerol had no such effect. These results indicated different mechanisms for the melanogenesis inhibitory activity of the two vanilloid compounds.

Aims: The aim was to improve the absorption and bioavailability of [6]-shogaol with β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) prior to in vitro and in vivo evaluation.Methods: [6]-Shogaol/β-CDs inclusion complexes (6-...

Ovarian cancer is predominant form of malignant which occupies 70 % cancer in women worldwide. Taxals, anthrocyclins and platinum based drugs are used as chemotherapeutic for treatment of ovarian cancer. These drugs were limited by drug resistance and it produces several toxicity. Therefore, we used natural drug which inhibits the cancer cell growth by modulating specific molecular mechanisms. This study, we evaluated the 6-shogaol a active component from ginger inhibits cell proliferation by modulation of JAK/STAT-3 signalling in ovarian cancer cell lines (A2780). In this study, we found that 6-shogaol induces cytotoxicity, ROS production and apoptosis in A2780 cell lines by time depending manner. Moreover, signal transducer and activating transcription-3 (STAT-3) has been consider as novel transcriptional factor which regulates apoptosis, cell proliferation and angiogensis. Inhibition of STAT-3 transcription considered as novel strategy to inhibiting ovarian cell growth. In this study, we found that 6-shogaol inhibits STAT-3 translocation there by inhibits the over expression of PCNA, cyclin-D1, Bcl-2 and decreased expression of Bax, caspase-9 and 3 in A2780 cell lines. This results concluded that 6-shogaol inhibits ovarian cell growth and induces apoptosis through inhibits the translocation STAT-3.

Nowadays spices are known not only for their taste and flavour, but also for their medicinal value. Zingiber officinale Rosc. (Zingiberaceae family) contains a number of bioactive phenolic constituents, which in pure form or it‘s derivates might be potential antioxidants, in the most cases scientists discover 6-gingerol and 6-shogaol as a major constituents of ginger rhizomes. Methods.For this investigation we have chosen four different food supplements, containing ginger and one traditional herbal medicine. The presence of two major ginger constituents in the investigation objects were analysed through TLC analysis, which was performed using CAMAG TLC Visualizer and other method was HPLC analysis, which required a high performance liquid chromatographic system Waters 2695 with fotodiode detector Waters 966 PDA. Results.Our results suggest that ginger-containing food supplements and medicine contain two major constituents which leads to ginger biological active properties. Chromatographic analysis might be useful in providing information about quality of ginger rhizomes and commercial ginger products. Conclusions.Selected chromatography methods are suitable for qualitative and quantitative evaluation of 6-gingerol and 6-shogaol in dietary supplements and other products

Specific isolates of Vibrio parahaemolyticus bacteria that cause acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) colonize and form biofilms on the chitin lining of the shrimp stomach where they release toxins that cause necrosis in the adjacent hepatopancreas. One potential strategy to prevent AHPND is to inhibit biofilm formation in the stomach using feed additives. Thus, we tested ethanolic extracts of ginger (0.2 mg/ml and 2 mg/ml) for their ability to inhibit biofilm formation by an AHPND-causing isolate of V. parahaemolyticus (3HP) using chitosan coated 96-well polystyrene plastic plates to mimic the shrimp stomach lining. The extract significantly (p

Background Diabetes is characterized by hyperglycemia due to impaired insulin secretion and aberrant glucagon secretion resulting from changes in pancreatic islet cell function and/or mass. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of ginger on various tissues (i.e., pancreas, kidney, and liver) and insulin resistance in streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. The pleasant aroma of ginger comes from the constituents present in its volatile oil, while its non-volatile pungent phytochemicals consist of gingerols, shogaols, and paradols. Methods This research was conducted to determine the effects of 6-shogaol administration on blood glucose and insulin production in type 1 diabetic mice. Mice were intraperitoneally injected with shogaol at 5 or 10 mg/kg body weight. Untreated mice were injected with an equivalent volume of buffer, three times a week for 2 weeks. The animals were randomly divided into four experimental groups: control group mice (n = 3) were given an intraperitoneal (IP) injection of streptozotocin (STZ) vehicle (1 mL citrate buffer/100 g body weight) at day 1 and received an IP injection of 6-shogaol vehicle [1 mL buffer (0.5% DMSO, 10% Tween 20, and 89.5% PBS)/100 g body weight] every other day for 4 consecutive days. Results 6-Shogaol exhibited an antidiabetic effect by significantly decreased the level of blood glucose, body weight and attenuated the above pathological changes to the normal levels in the diabetic mice, and has effect against pancreas, kidney, liver damage in the diabetic mice. Since, 6-shogaol prevented the damage for STZ induced stress. Conclusion 6-Shogaol can be used as a therapeutic agent for preventing complications in diabetic patients. Diabetic treatment consider the 6-shogaol as a pharmatheuticals or combination drug with herbal plant or others 6-shogaol may be a good therapeutic drug because it covers not only pancreatic β-cell but also liver and kidney. Ginger may be ideal because they contain a variety of pharmacological compounds with different known pharmacological actions.

Nanotechnology is a prominent science knowledge applied in miscellaneous disciplines. The effect of nanotechnology on the phenolic profile of herbs is lacking in the literature, thus this study was conducted to assess the effect of nanotechnology onbioactive polyphenolic compounds of z. officinale (ginger) rhizome. The effect of the nanotechnology process on the content ofbioactive polyphenolic compounds in the nanoparticle ginger was compared to the conventional prepared namely coarse and fineparticle ginger. The phenolic acids of ginger rhizome powder (of 6 - gingerol, 8 - gingerol, 10 - gingerol, 6 - shogaol, gallic acid,chlorogenic acid, ascorbic acid, vanillic acid, ferulic acid, and p-coumaric) were identified using HPLC-SPE method. Nanotechnology process found to increase 88.03% of 6 - gingerol, 0.23% in 8 - gingerol and 100% in 10 - gingerol as shown inthe nanoparticle ginger rhizome but 74%, 34.13% and almost 100% decreased in the gallic acid, chlorogenic acid and pcoumaric acid respectively as compared to the conventional prepared ginger powder. Hence it can be suggested that nanotechnology significantly affects the constituents of the phenolic acid of herbs which may be beneficial for the food and pharmaceutical industry

Combination therapies, using medicinal herbs, are broadly recommended to attenuate the chemotherapy adverse effects. Based on our previous findings considering the anti‐leukaemic effects of ginger extract on acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) cells, the present study was aimed to investigate the anti‐cancer role of this pharmaceutical plant on ALL mice models. Moreover, we worked towards identifying the most anti‐leukaemic derivative of ginger and the mechanism through which it may exert its cytotoxic impact. In vivo experiments were performed using five groups of six C57BL/6 nude mice, and the anti‐leukaemic activity of ginger extract alone or in combination with methotrexate (MTX) was examined. Results showed increased survival rate and reduced damages in mice brain and liver tissues. Subsequently, MTT assay demonstrated synergistic growth inhibitory effect of 6‐shogaol (6Sh) and MTX on ALL cell lines and patients primary cells. Eventually, the molecular anti‐neoplastic mechanism of 6Sh was evaluated using Bioinformatics. Flow cytometry illustrated 6Sh‐mediated apoptosis in Nalm‐6 cells confirmed by Western blotting and RT‐PCR assays. Further analyses exhibited the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) through 6Sh. The current study revealed the in vivo novel anti‐leukaemic role of ginger extract, promoted by MTX. Moreover, 6‐shogaol was introduced as the major player of ginger cytotoxicity through inducing p53 activity and ROS generation.

Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disorder that results in distorted insulin signaling and microvascular complications. Current antidiabetic drugs possess harmful long term side effects, necessitating the need for alternate or compliment therapy with lesser issues. Medicinal plants such as ginger have been reported to possess several beneficial activities including antidiabetic activity. The antidiabetic efficacy of microwave-assisted polyphenolic extracts of Indian ginger cultivars from Odisha (MPO) and Tamil Nadu (MPT) is reported here. MPT and MPO showed insulin stimulated glucose uptake of 1.74 ± 0.25 and 1.47 ± 0.15 fold at 6.25 µg/ml of concentrations in C2C12 cells respectively when compared to control. MPT possessed α-amylase, α-glucosidase inhibitory and anti-glycation properties. It also showed DPPH radical scavenging activity (7.69 ± 0.001%), inhibited LPS-induced nitric oxide production (1.06 ± 0.004 fold) than the latter and increased the GLUT4 protein expression by 1.4 fold. Major active compounds such as shogaol and gingerol derivatives, curcumene, zingiberone were identified through GC-ESI/MS analysis and D-pinitol (cyclitol) was identified through HPLC analysis in this variety. This is the first paper to report the presence of an antidiabetic compound, D-pinitol, in the ginger variety. Polyphenol rich, biologically potent ginger extracts can be a good food and nutraceutical supplement to address diabetes and related complications. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Ginger is a native spice of South Asian Countries including India. Ginger extracts possess several medicinal properties such as anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic and antioxidant activities. It is used to treat nausea, vomiting and commonly used as a food flavouring agent and dietary food supplement. Our study shows the antidiabetic, anti-glycation and antioxidant efficacy of polyphenol rich Indian ginger cultivars grown in different geographical regions. Variations in the biological activities between the MPT and MPO ginger variety was observed. Different environmental conditions and their corresponding metabolite accumulation can be correlated with the better activity shown by MPT variety. It showed an increased GLUT4 expression even at a lower dose of 6.25 µg/ml. Ginger cultivar, especially MPT variety can be used as an adjuvant therapy for treating diabetes. Therefore, our study indicates that polyphenols rich ginger cultivar has major application in functional food product development.

Diabetes and diabetes-related complications remain a major health issue in the United States and around the world. Despite the discovery and clinical use of modern antidiabetic medicines, 387 million people were living with diabetes in 2014, and this number is expected to grow to 592 million by 2035. To fight this problem, many patients use complementary and alternative medicines to supplement standard therapy. The reasons for this include low cost, easy availability, and the presumption of relatively better safety of nutraceuticals. Over the past three decades, interest in natural solutions to health ailments has grown dramatically across the world, including the United States, and the trend appears to be continuing. In view of such extensive use of nutraceuticals, it is extremely important that adequate and authentic scientific information about their efficacy and safety is available to the public and healthcare professionals in a format similar to that which is available for pharmaceuticals. This chapter provides efficacy and safety information for some of the most common nutraceuticals used as supplements for the management of type II diabetes. Based on a review of the literature, information is presented in an easy-to-follow format with sections included for general introductory overview, bioactive component(s), preclinical efficacy, clinical efficacy, mechanism(s) of action, and margins of safety with respect to the dose suggested for the supplement. Also, the potential for adverse effects related to plant component(s) that may be present, but not desired for efficacy, is discussed where applicable. Steps to mitigate such adverse effects are also discussed. The nutraceuticals discussed in this chapter include cinnamon, fenugreek, Momordica charantia (bitter melon), Gymnema sylvestre (Gur-Mar), ginger (gingerol and shogaol), and others. In addition to herbal nutraceuticals, the beneficial roles of vitamin D, trivalent chromium, and some other compounds used in managing hyperglycemia are discussed.

Background. Emerging viral infections are among the major global public health concerns. The pandemic COVID-19 is a contagious respiratory and vascular disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). There are no medicines that can treat SARS-CoV-2 except the vaccines. Therefore, searching for plant-originated therapeutics for the treatment of COVID-19 is required. Consequently, reviewing medicinal plants used to treat different viral infections is mandatory. This review article aims to review the ethnobotanical knowledge of medicinal plants traditionally used to treat different viral diseases by the Ethiopian people and suggests those plants as candidates to fight COVID-19. Methods. Articles written in English were searched from online public databases using searching terms like “Traditional Medicine,” “Ethnobotanical study,” “Active components,” “Antiviral activities,” and “Ethiopia.” Ethnobotanical data were analyzed using the Excel statistical software program. Result. From the 46 articles reviewed, a total of 111 plant species were claimed to treat viral infections. Fifty-six (50.4%) of the plant species had reported to have antiviral active components that are promising to treat COVID-19. Lycorine, gingerol shogaol, resveratrol, rhoifolin, oleanolic acid, kaempferol, rosmarinic acid, almond oil, ursolic acid, hederagenin, nigellidine, α-hederin, apigenin, nobiletin, tangeretin, chalcone, hesperidin, epigallocatechin gallate, allicin, diallyl trisulfide, ajoene, aloenin, artemisinin, glucobrassicin, curcumin, piperine, flavonoids, anthraquinone, hydroxychloroquine, and jensenone were some of them. Conclusion. The Ethiopian traditional knowledge applies a lot of medicinal plants to treat different viral infections. Reports of the chemical components of many of them confirm that they can be promising to fight COVID-19.

This study explored the anti-obesity effect of 6-shogaol and the underlying mechanisms by using Network pharmacology for the prediction and verification of molecular targets and pathways of 6-shogaol against obesity. Furthermore, the results were verified by molecular docking and cell experiments. A total of 86 core targets of 6-shogaol towards obesity were identified. Among them, AKT1 and PIK3CA were confirmed by using the molecular docking. In 3T3-L1 preadipocyte model, 6-shogaol significantly inhibited proliferation and differentiation, reducing the accumulation of lipid droplets. Compared with the control group, the inhibition rates of 6-shogaol on TG and TC were 90.8% and 40.0%, respectively. Additionally, 6-shogaol down-regulated the expression of PPAR-γ and C/EBP-α, while it decreased the phosphorylation of IRS-1, PI3K and AKT. This study, for the first time, confirmed the effect of 6-shogaol on improving obesity through PI3K/AKT pathway. An anti-obesity bioactivity study was further recommended for the development of novel anti-obesity products.

Natural products and leads inspired by them have acted as a probe for successful drug discovery for many decades. Pain is an obnoxious sensory and emotional experience associated with potential tissue damage. It affects the quality of life of patients to a greater extent. Despite the availability of several agents targeting TRP receptors, none of them can proficiently alleviate neuropathic pain. TRPV1 is a prospective target for treating neuropathic pain as it is recognized to modulate the pain circuitry at the periphery and the central level. In this review, we have discussed several natural molecules, such as Capsaicinoids, Capsinoids, Piperine, Eugenol, Scutigeral, Ginsenosides, Cinnamaldehyde, Camphor, Shogaol, Gingerols, Zingerone, Allicin, Evodiamine, Allylisothiocyanate, Cannabidiol, Ricinoleic acid, Isovelleral, Capsazepine, Thapsigargin, Pellitorine, Yohimbine, Curcumin and some semi-synthetic analogues that activate TRPV1 channels and consequently, can be further harnessed for the treatment of neuropathic pain.

Ginger (Zingiber Officinale Roscoe) has been known reduce muscle pain after exercise, and 6-shogaol {(E)-1-(4-Hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)dec-4-en-3-one)} is the major essential oil contained in ginger. In this study, the protective effect of 6-shogaol on L6 muscle cells against oxidative damage was measured. 6-shagol inhibited the damage of L6 cell induced by H2O2, and allowed the increase in mRNA and protein expression levels of intracellular HO-1 and NRF2. 6-shogaol also reduced the production of intracellular ROS. These results suggested that 6-shagol effectively inhibits oxidative damage of skeletal muscle cell.

Capsaicin is the most abundant pungent molecule identified in red chili peppers, and it is widely used for food flavoring, in pepper spray for self-defense devices and recently in ointments for the relief of neuropathic pain. Capsaicin and several other related vanilloid compounds are secondary plant metabolites. Capsaicin is a selective agonist of the transient receptor potential channel, vanilloid subfamily member 1 (TRPV1). After exposition to vanilloid solution, C. elegans wild type (N2) and mutants were placed on petri dishes divided in quadrants for heat stimulation. Thermal avoidance index was used to phenotype each tested C. elegans experimental groups. The data revealed for the first-time that capsaicin can impede nocifensive response of C. elegans to noxious heat (32°C – 35°C) following a sustained exposition. The effect was reversed 6h post capsaicin exposition. Additionally, we identified the capsaicin target, the C. elegans transient receptor potential channel OCR-2. Further experiments also undoubtedly revealed anti-nociceptive effect for capsaicin analogues, including ginger (Zingiber officinale) and turmeric (Curcuma longa) secondary metabolites.

Ginger Zingiber officinale Roscoe is a natural dietary rhizome. The plant is a herbaceous tropical monocotyledon perennial plant which belongs to the family Zingiberaceae and subfamily Zingiberoideae and possesses various biological properties and/or activities. Ginger has been reported to play several roles in ameliorating several health conditions which might be linked to the presence of numerous biological components including gingerols, gingerdiols, shogaols, paradols, and zingerones. However, shogaol has been found to be a major active component of ginger which exists in various forms such as 4-, 6-, 8-, 10-, and 12-shogaol. Also, 6-shogaol has been discovered to be the most active component which possesses a non-pungent metabolite called 6-paradol. 6-Shogaol has various importance in the health, food, and beverage industries. The wide range of the usefulness of shogaol is associated with its taste, biocompatibility, and effect in ameliorating and/or preventing health challenges. Some uncountable medical benefits of shogaol include their application as anticancer drugs, antimicrobials, antioxidants, cardiovascular, anti-ulcer, and neuroprotective among others. Therefore, this review highlights recent advances and findings to the use of shogaol present as a bioactive substance in ginger and its wide application in medical, biological, and food industry.

Background: 6-Gingerol (6G) and 6-Shogaol (6S) are the main active components of ginger. 6-Gingerol is known for its anti-metastatic and anti-invasive pharmacological activities on cancer cells, besides, 6-Shogaol also inhibits breast cancer cell invasion. Objective: in this study, radioiodination (I-131) of 6G and 6S was aimed. Additionally, it is aimed to monitor their incorporation behavior on breast cancer cell lines. Methods: 6-Gingerol was isolated from the fresh ginger-roots extract, additionally, dehydrated to obtain 6-Shogaol. 6G and 6S were radioiodinated using iodogen method. Quality control studies of radioiodinated ginger compounds (6G and 6S) were performed by thin layer radio-chromatography. in vitro studies of radioiodinated ginger compounds on MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells were performed with incorporation assays. Results: 6-Gingerol and 6-Shogaol were radioiodinated (I-131-6G and I-131-6S) in high yields over 95%. I-131-6S demonstrated higher incorporation values than I-131-6G on MDA-MB-231 cells. Incorporation behavior of I-131-6G and I-131-6S was similar to MCF-7 cells. Conclusion: It has been observed that ginger compounds were radioiodinated successfully and I-131-6S have a noteworthy incorporation on MDA-MB-231 cells which is a known breast carcinoma cell line with highly invasive characteristics., Aliye Uster Foundation, Ege University, Turkey, This research was supported by Aliye Uster Foundation, Ege University, Turkey.

Objective: Ginger and its compound, 6-shogaol, have been known for improving gastrointestinal (GI) function and reducing inflammatory responses in GI tract. Recently, the treatment of GI dysfunctio...

Theaimis to study the effect of dry extract of ginger on the morphological state of the pancreas of Syrian golden hamsters against the background of a metabolic syndrome induced by a hypercaloric diet. Materials and methods.The metabolic syndrome was modeled with the help of golden male hamsters, 20 weeks old, that had a hypercaloric diet enriched with energy sources (including 29% fat - predominantly saturated lipids) and fructose (1 g per 100 g body weight) for 6 weeks. Dry extract of ginger in a dose of 80 mg/kg, species "Arphasetin" at a dose of 16 ml/kg and metformin tablets at a dose of 60 mg/kg were administered intragastrically once a day, starting at 4 weeks of experiment for 14 days. On the histological sections of the pancreas, the total number of pancreatic islets in the micropreparation was determined, their area was measured, the islets were divided into small, medium and large, and the percentage of each category of pancreatic islets was determined. Results.Prolonged consumption of food rich in fat and carbohydrates by hamsters leads to the development of the state of prediabetes, which is characterized by the morphological inhibition of the insular apparatus: an increase in the relative proportion of small and a decrease in the proportion of medium pancreatic islets, a decrease in availability. According to the morphological characteristics, the introduction of a dry extract of ginger at a dose of 80 mg/kg to hamsters with a metabolic syndrome restores the state of pancreatic islets, their area, β- and α-cells of the pancreas to the level of intact animals. The pharmacological effect of the dry extract of ginger is most likely due to the phenolic compounds that make up its composition - gingerol and shogaol, which may modulate the release of insulin due to the antioxidant effect. Conclusions. According to the severity of the protective action, the dry extract of ginger exceeds the reference preparations - metformin at a dose of 60 mg/kg and the species of "Arphasetin" in a dose of 16 ml/kg. The obtained results testify to the prospects of further experimental and clinical study of the pharmacological properties of dry extract of ginger with the aim of creating an effective antidiabetic phytopreparation

Activation of nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a crucial cellular defense mechanisms against oxidative stress and also an effective means to decrease the risk of oxidative stress-related diseases including cancer. Thus, identifying novel Nrf2 activators is highly anticipated. Inspired from [6]-shogaol (6S), an active component of ginger, herein we developed a novel potent Nrf2 activator, (1E,4E)-1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-7-methylocta-1,4,6-trien-3-one (SA) by an electrophilicity-based strategy. Compared with the parent 6S, SA bearing a short but entirely conjugated unsaturated ketone chain manifested the improved electrophilicity and cytoprotection (cell viability for the 10 μM 6S- and SA-treated group being 48.9 ± 5.3% and 76.1 ± 3.2%, respectively) against tert-butylhydroperoxide ( t-BHP)-induced cell death (cell viability for the t-BHP-stimulated group being 42.4 ± 0.4%) of HepG2. Mechanistic study uncovers that SA works as a potent Nrf2 activator by inducing Keap1 modification, inhibiting Nrf2 ubiquitylation and phosphorylating ERK in a Michael acceptor-dependent fashion. Taking 6S as an example, this works illustrates the feasibility and importance of applying an electrophilicity-based strategy to develop Nrf2 activators with dietary molecules as an inspiration due to their low toxicity and extraordinarily diverse chemical scaffolds.

Objective: The use of herbal products by the majority is primarily based on the belief that herbal drugs are safe, without any side effects, accessible and available at minimal cost. However, there is need for quality assurance of the botanicals in these products in order to meet the demands of product quality and efficacy. In this study, we aimed at identifying the chemical compositions of Pax herbal bitters towards a better understanding of its pharmacological claims. Methods: Pax herbal bitters purchased from licensed pharmacies in Nigeria was extracted separately with n-Hexane, Dichloromethane (DCM) and methanol. DPPH radical scavenging activity, total phenolic and total flavonoid content analysis of the various extracts were carried out. Chemical analysis of the extracts was also done using GC-MS, FTIR and UV. Results: The DPPH radical scavenging antioxidant activity showed highest activity in the DCM extract with an IC50 of 0.0167 while the total phenolic and total flavonoid content expressed as galic acid equivalents were found to be 20.00±0.23 and 2.55±0.01 for the methanol extract respectively and 5.39+ 0.01 and 2.54+ 0.14 for the DCM extract. The GC-MS, FTIR, and UV-VIS results showed that the herbal preparation contained compounds which may offer great pharmacological values. Some of the identified compounds include Isoborneol (0.61%, antioxidant, neuroprotective), Terpinen-4-ol (4.54%, anti-inflammatory, anti-fungi), 2, 4-Ditertbutylphenol (4.61% antioxidant, antifungi), Caryophyllene (9.33%, anti-inflammatory, anticancer), Isospathulenol (2.14%, immune-inhibitory), shogaol (15.16%, anti-cough, memory enhancer) and p-Heptylacetophenone (9.435%, anti-allergic). Conclusion: This study provides chemical basis for some of the claimed pharmacological actions of Pax herbal bitters.

Aging is a key risk factor for many diseases, understanding the mechanism of which is becoming more important for drug development given the fast-growing aging population. In the course of our continued efforts to discover anti-aging natural products, the active constituent 6-shogaol was isolated from Zingiber officinale Roscoe. The chemical structure of 6-shogaol was identified by comparison of its NMR data with literature values. The lifespan-extending effect of 6-shogaol was observed in a dose-dependent manner in Caenorhabditis elegans that has been widely used as a model organism for human aging studies. Mechanism of such action was investigated using C. elegans models, suggesting that 6-shogaol is capable of increasing stress tolerances via enzyme induction. The proposed mechanism was further supported by observation of the increase in SOD and HSP expressions upon treatment with 6-shogaol in transgenic strains of C. elegans which contain GFP-based reporters. In addition, the mechanism was elaborated by confirming that the effect observed for 6-shogaol is independent from other aging-related factors that are known to affect the aging process of C. elegans.

Decision makers responsible for quality management along the food chain need to reflect on their analytical tools that should ensure quality of food and especially superfood. The “4ables” in target analysis (stable, extractable, separable, detectable) focusing on marker compounds do not cover all relevant information about the sample. On the example of ginger, a streamlined quantitative bioprofiling was developed for effect-directed analysis of 17 commercially available ginger and ginger-containing products via high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC-UV/Vis/FLD-bioassay). The samples were investigated concerning their active profile as radical scavengers, antimicrobials, estrogen-like activators and acetylcholinesterase/tyrosinase inhibitors. The [6]-gingerol and [6]-shogaol content of the different products ranged 0.2–7.4 mg/g and 0.2–3.0 mg/g, respectively. Further, multipotent compounds were discovered, characterized, and for example, assigned as [8]- and [10]-gingerol via HPTLC-ESI-HRMS. The developed bioprofiling is a step forward to new analytical methods needed to inform on the true product quality influenced by cultivation, processing, and storage.

Ginger had been reported to ameliorate painful diabetic neuropathy (PDN) in an animal model. Gingerol and shogaol were active compounds of ginger that potentially act on transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 (TRPV1), a key receptor in PDN. This study aims to predict the binding of gingerol and shogaol to TRPV1 using an in silico model. The ligands of the docking study were 3 chemical compounds of each gingerol and shogaol, i.e. 6-shogaol, 8-shogaol, 10-shogaol, 6-gingerol, 8 gingerol and 10-gingerol. Capsaicin, a TRPV1 agonist, was used as a native ligand. The TRPV1 structure was taken from Protein Data Bank (ID 3J9J). The docking analysis was performed using Autodock Vina. The result showed that among the ginger active compounds, 6-shogaol had the strongest binding energy (-7.10 kcal/mol) to TRPV1. The 6-shogaol lacked the potential hydrogen bond to Ile265 of TRPV1 protein, which capsacin had. However, it's binding energy towards TRPV1 was not significantly different compared to capsaicin. Therefore, 6-shogaol had potential to be developed as a treatment for PDN.

As one of the main bioactive compounds of dried ginger, 6-shogaol has been widely used to alleviate many ailments. It is also a major pungent flavor component, and its precursor prior to dehydration is 6-gingerol, which is reported to be responsible for the pungent flavor and biological activity of fresh ginger. Structurally, gingerols including 6-gingerol have a β-hydroxyl ketone moiety and is liable to dehydrate to generate an α,β-unsaturated ketone under heat and/or acidic conditions. The conjugation of the α,β-unsaturated ketone skeleton in the chemical structure of 6-shogaol explicates its higher potency and efficacy than 6-gingerol in terms of antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antiemetic and other bioactivities. Research on the health benefits of 6-shogaol has been conducted and results have been reported recently; however, scientific data are scattered due to a lack of systematic collection. In addition, action mechanisms of the preventive and/or therapeutic actions of 6-shogaol remain obscurely non-collective. Herein, we review the preparations, biological activity and mechanisms, and metabolism of 6-shogaol as well as the properties of 6-shogaol metabolites.

Shogaols, mainly [6]-shogaol (6S), [8]-shogaol (8S) and [10]-shogaol (10S), the predominant and characteristic pungent phytochemicals in ginger, are responsible for most of its beneficial effects. However, poor oral bioavailability owing to extensive glucuronidation limits their application. The present study aimed to characterize the glucuronidation pathways of 6S, 8S and 10S by using pooled human liver microsomes (HLM), human intestine microsomes (HIM) and recombinant human UDP-glucosyltransferases (UGTs). The rates of glucuronidation were determined by incubating shogaols with uridine diphosphate glucuronic acid-supplemented microsomes. Kinetic parameters were derived by appropriate model fitting. Reaction phenotyping assays, activity correlation analyses and relative activity factors were performed to identify the main UGT isoforms. As a result, one mono-4′-O-glucuronide was detected after incubating each shogaol with HLM and HIM. Enzymes kinetic analysis demonstrated that glucuronidation of shogaols consistently displayed the substrate inhibition profile, and the liver showed higher metabolic activity for shogaols (CLint = 1.37–2.87 mL min−1 mg−1) than the intestine (CLint = 0.67–0.85 mL min−1 mg−1). Besides, reaction phenotyping assays revealed that UGT2B7 displayed the highest catalytic ability (CLint = 0.47–1.17 mL min−1 mg−1) among all tested UGTs. In addition, glucuronidation of shogaols was strongly correlated with AZT glucuronidation (r = 0.886, 0.803 and 0.871 for glucuronidation of 6S, 8S and 10S, respectively; p < 0.01) in a bank of individual HLMs (n = 9). Furthermore, UGT2B7 contributed to 40.8%, 34.2% and 36.0% for the glucuronidation of 6S, 8S and 10S in HLM, respectively. Taken altogether, shogaols were efficiently metabolized through the glucuronidation pathway, and UGT2B7 was the main contributor to their glucuronidation.