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Concurrent exposure to a multitude of environmental toxicants pose serious health hazard to humans and animals. The present investigation was conceptualized to determine deleterious effects of concomitant subacute arsenic and quinalphos exposure on antioxidant responses of liver and erythrocytes of Wistar rats. Fifty-four Wistar rats were divided into nine groups with six animals in each. Animals were exposed to either quinalphos (1/100th and 1/10th of LD50) through oral gavage daily or arsenic (50 and 100 ppb) in drinking water alone and in combination for 28 days. While treatment with different toxicants alone also significantly reduced hemoglobin concentration, hepatic biomarkers and levels of antioxidant parameters as compared with control values, concomitant exposure significantly (P

Graphical abstract, Highlights • Juglans regia L. fruit is commonly used as nutraceuticals especially for development of brain tissue. • Isoprenaline administration produces oxidative damage, reduced antioxidant status and cholinergic crisis along with histopathological alterations in rat brain. • Hull extract administration reduced the lipid and protein peroxidation, restored antioxidant status and histopathological changes in brain induced by isoprenaline., The study was aimed at assessing isoprenaline (ISO) induced oxidative damage in brain of Wistar rats and its protection by hydroethanolic hull extract of Juglans regia. Administration of ISO significantly increases catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione reductase (GR), malondialdehyde (MDA) and advanced oxidation protein product (AOPP) levels and significantly reduced activities of antioxidant status (TAS), total thiols (TTH), acetylcholinesterase (AChE), arylesterase (AE), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in rat brain. Histopathologically, neuronal degeneration, spongiosis and gliosis were seen in cerebral cortex after ISO administration. Pretreatment with hull extract restored TAS, TTH, AChE, CAT and SOD values. Additionally, significant reductions were noted in levels of MDA, AOPP, and severity of histomorphological changes in cerebral cortex following hull extract treatment. Altered antioxidant biomarkers along with histopathological changes indicate oxidative injury in rat brain following ISO administration. Repeated administration of J. regia hull extract demonstrating presence of neuroprotective properties against ISO induced oxidative damage in rat brain.

This study was designed to determine alterations in renal biomarkers, antioxidant profile, and histomorphology of renal tissue following subacute exposure to quinalphos alone or in conjunction with arsenic in rats. A total of 54 adult Wistar rats were randomly divided into nine groups of six rats each and were administered sub-lethal concentrations of quinalphos (1/100th and 1/10th of LD50) orally daily and arsenic (50 and 100 ppb) in drinking water for 28 days. Significantly (p

Graphical abstract, Highlights • The present study assessed whether imidacloprid (IMI) at NOAEL dose to potentiate the arsenic induced oxidative renal damage in Wistar rats. • Elevated renal damage indicators and reduced antioxidant biomarkers following repeated administrations of IMI or arsenic indicate renal damage. • Such renal tissue alterations were more pronounced in co-exposed toxicant groups of rats. • Study indicating the potentiation of arsenic induced renal damage by IMI in wistar rats., The aim of present study was to assess whether No Observed Effect Level (NOEL) of imidacloprid (IMI) potentiates the arsenic induced renal toxicity at its maximum contaminant level in drinking water in Wistar rats. Significant elevation of lipid and protein oxidation with reduced level of total thiols and antioxidant enzymes (catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione-s-transferase) in renal tissue may have contributed to increased renal plasma biomarkers (creatinine and blood urea nitrogen) following repeated exposure of IMI and arsenic alone and in-combination. The altered renal biomarkers in co-exposed groups corroborated with histopathological alterations in renal tissue. The observations indicated that altered thiol homeostasis in renal tissue may be associated with increased lipid and protein oxidation in IMI and arsenic administered rats. It is concluded that administration of IMI potentiate the arsenic induced renal damage in Wistar rats.

The study was aimed to determine fluoride levels in plasma, brain, and bones of Wistar rats following chronic administration of fluoride at different dose levels and the consequent oxidative damage inflicted in these tissues. Brain histomorphology and bone radiographs were also evaluated to assess the extent of damage in these organs. Eighteen rats were randomly divided into three groups with six animals in each group. Group I served as control and groups II and III received 50 and 100 ppm fluoride in tap water, respectively for 180 days. A dose-dependent rise in the levels of fluoride in plasma, brain, and bones was observed in rats. Significant (P

Background It is an established fact that humans and animals are exposed to more than one chemical concurrently from various sources such as food, air and water. In the past, much emphasis was laid on evaluating the toxic effects of a single chemical. Nowadays an increased attention is being paid to the interaction of xenobiotics with one another. Therefore, a study was aimed to evaluate the potentiating effect of imidacloprid (IMI) on arsenic-induced testicular toxicity in rats. Methods Adult male Wistar rats randomly divided into eight groups with six in each were subjected to daily oral administrations for 28 days. Group I served as control, group II received IMI at the dose rate of 16.9 mg/kg body weight, group III, IV and V received arsenic at the dose rate of 50, 100 and 150 ppb in drinking water whereas group VI, VII and VIII received both arsenic and IMI. Results Repeated oral administrations of IMI or arsenic (150 ppb) alone resulted in a significant (P

Ethnopharmacological relevance Bergenia ciliata (Haw.) Sternb. is a plant growing in the Himalayan region of India where locals use its rhizomes for a variety of disease conditions including wounds and fractures. Although some of its pharmacological benefits have been documented, scientific validation of its wound healing property has not been done so far. Aim of the study To ensure use of this natural remedy as an alternative therapy to the faster wound healing, this study evaluated the wound healing activity of the ethanolic extract of Bergenia ciliata rhizome using excision wound model in Wistar rats. Material and methods Four groups (n = 10) of rats were subjected to different topical wound regimens for 14 days. Simple paraffin-lanolin ointment was applied to the control group rats. One group was applied povidone-iodine 10% (w/w) ointment. The other two groups were treated with ointment of ethanolic extract of Bergenia ciliata at 5 or 10% (w/w) rhizome, respectively. Blood and wound tissue samples were collected on 7th and 14th day of treatment and were correspondingly subjected to histopathology, and the assays of L-hydroxyproline, D-glucosamine, antioxidants and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Results Wound histology revealed increased collagenation, re-epithelialization and neovascularization while decreased bacterial colonies in the treatment groups. These histological changes and wound contraction were better in the 10% Bergenia ciliata group. Tissue L-hydroxyproline levels, blood enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants were increased in the treatment groups. On 7th day of treatment glucosamine levels increased in the treatment groups, while as a reverse trend was observed on day 14. Plasma levels of TNF-α and IL-6 decreased in the treatment groups. Conclusions The results indicate that treatment with Bergenia ciliata extract ointment provides satisfactory wound healing which is comparable to that of the standard wound healing ointment, povidone-iodine and is surpassing simple lanolin-paraffin ointment. The improved wound healing, especially in the 10% Bergenia ciliata groups, can be attributed to satisfactory profile of the above studied parameters in these treatment groups which is also construed by the phytochemical analysis of its extract revealing the presence of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory compounds gallic acid, catechin, quercetin and rutin as the major active components.

The present investigation was aimed to determine the alterations in antioxidant, biochemical and histopathological parameters in cisplatin (cDDP) induced nephrotoxicity and its protection by treatments with aqueous and ethanolic leaf extracts of Alstonia scholaris. Acute nephrotoxicity was induced by single intra-peritoneal administration of cDDP (12 mg kg−1) in wistar rats. Nephrotoxic rats were treated with quercetin (50 mg kg−1), aqueous and ethanolic leaf extracts (300 mg kg−1) by oral gavage. Cisplatin treatment elevated (P 0.05) creatinine, albumin, TOS, GSH and activities of antioxidant enzymes in blood and renal tissue. Leaf extracts administration also reduced (P

The present study was undertaken to investigate the cisplatin (cDDP) induced oxidative damage in hepatic tissue of wistar rats and mechanisms of protection by quercetin. A total of 24 wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups with six animals in each. Group I served as control, group II received cDDP (12 mg kg−1 body weight) and group III quercetin (50 mg kg−1 body weight) intra-peritoneally. Group IV received quercetin 6 h prior to cDDP administration intra-peritoneally. Administration of cDDP in rats resulted in significant (P

The aim of present study was to unravel the protective role of vitamin C on oxidative stress parameters in lung homogenates of bifenthrin intoxicated rats. Rats were divided into four groups. Group I served as control while group II animals were treated with bifenthrin @ 5.8mg/Kg/day. In group III, vitamin C was orally administered @ 60mg/Kg/day where as group IV received both vitamin C and bifenthrin @ 60mg/Kg/day and 5.8mg/Kg/day respectively. After 30th day of treatment, lung samples were taken and analysed for oxidative stress parameters. Significant (P

Background/aim: Chronic renal disorder is becoming a major health problem worldwide. The purpose of the present study was to investigate alterations in the renal antioxidant system in rats induced by repeated exposure to chlorpyrifos (CPF) alone and in conjunction with fluoride. Materials and methods: Wistar rats were randomly allocated to seven groups, each consisting of six rats, and were subjected to different treatment regiments for 28 days. Results: Significant increases (P < 0.05) in plasma protein, blood urea nitrogen, and creatinine levels indicated alterations in renal functions on repeated exposure to CPF or fluoride; moreover, these changes were more pronounced in animals exposed to both toxicants concurrently. A significant increase (P < 0.05) in malondialdehyde levels and decreases in superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase activities in renal tissue were noted, indicating renal damage on exposure to CPF, fluoride, or the combination of those. Conclusion: Our observations suggested that the concurrent exposure to CPF and fluoride increased the extent of renal damage. These findings indicate that this damage is due to increased free radical formation and a reduced function of the antioxidant system in renal tissue. Thus, the application of CPF as an insecticide should be reduced in areas where the fluoride levels in ground waters are high in order to minimize renal damage in exposed populations.

Alstonia scholaris (Linn.) leaves extracted in aqueous, dichloromethane (DCM), methanolic and ethanolic solvents were assessed for different polyphenolic constituents endowed with antioxidant/antiradical activity. Total phenolic, flavonoids and tannin contents were significantly (P

Oxidative stress inducing potential of bifenthrin was evaluated in the liver, kidney, and lung of rats following its repeated oral administration for 20 and 30 days. Bifenthrin-treated rats showed a significant lipid peroxidation in all three tissues. By 20th day of treatment, there was a significant decrease in superoxide dismutase activity of the liver, catalase and glutathione peroxidase activity of the liver and lung, and glutathione S-transferase activity of the kidney and lung. By 30th day of exposure, the activities of these enzymes were significantly decreased in all three tissues. The highest oxidative stress, indicated by lipid peroxidation and alteration in antioxidant enzymes, is produced in the liver followed by the kidney and lung. In conclusion, bifenthrin has a potential to induce severe oxidative stress in the liver, kidney, and lung. The extent of oxidative stress is increased with the duration of exposure.

Imidacloprid (IMI), a newer neonicotinoid insecticide, induces oxidative insult to hepatocytes due to the formation of reactive metabolites during hepatic metabolism. The present study aimed to determine the potentiating effect of arsenic (As) on IMI-induced hepatic damage in Wistar rats. Rats, randomly divided into eight groups with six in each, were subjected to daily oral administration for 28 days. Group I served as control; group II received IMI at the dose rate of 16.9 mg/kg body weight; groups III, IV, and V received As at the dose rate of 50, 100, and 150 ppb, respectively, in drinking water; groups VI, VII, and VIII received both IMI (16.9 mg/kg) and As in drinking water at the rate of 50, 100, and 150 ppb, respectively. Repeated oral administration of IMI or As resulted in significant ( p < 0.05) elevation of plasma phosphatases, transferases, hepatic malondialdehyde, and advanced oxidation protein product levels, but significantly ( p < 0.05) decreased levels of total proteins, thiols, and activities of antioxidant enzymes that indicate oxidation-induced hepatotoxicity. These findings were further corroborated by histological alterations in hepatic tissue of IMI or As-administered rats. The coadministration of both IMI and As in rats produced more severe alterations in these parameters in hepatic tissue. Reduced antioxidant indices and increased hepatic damage biomarkers with pronounced histopathological alterations in hepatic tissue after combined exposure to toxicants indicate potentiating toxic effect of As on IMI-induced hepatotoxicity.

The present study was aimed to determine the total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS) and oxidative stress index (OSI) of plasma and renal tissue in cisplatin (cDDP) induced nephrotoxic rats and its protection by treatments with floral extracts of Calendula officinalis Linn. Treatment with cDDP elevated (p0.05) the levels of blood urea nitrogen, creatinine (CR), TOS, OSI and malondialdehyde (MDA) but lowered (p0.05) total plasma proteins, TAS, total thiols (TTH), blood glutathione (GSH) and antioxidant enzymes compared to the control group. Pre- and post-treatments of ethanolic floral extract of C. officinalis along with cDDP restored (p0.05) CR, albumin, TOS, GSH and activities of antioxidant enzymes in blood and renal tissue. Ethanolic extract treatments reduced (p0.05) MDA level in renal tissue without restoring the erythrocyte MDA level following cDDP treatment. These observations were further supported by the histopathological findings in renal tissue. Observations of the present study have shown that treatments with ethanolic floral extract of C. officinalis protect cDDP induced nephrotoxicity by restoring antioxidant system of the renal tissue.

Detection of resistance levels against deltamethrin and cypermethrin in Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus collected from Jammu (India) was carried out using larval packet test (LPT). The results showed the presence of resistance level II and I against deltamethrin and cypermethrin, respectively. Adult immersion test (AIT) and LPT were used to evaluate the in vitro efficacy of ethanolic and aqueous floral extracts of Calendula officinalis against synthetic pyrethroid resistant adults and larvae of R. (B.) microplus. Four concentrations (1.25, 2.5, 5 and 10 %) of each extract with four replications for each concentration were used in both the bioassays. A concentration dependent mortality was observed and it was more marked with ethanolic extract. In AIT, the LC50 values for ethanolic and aqueous extracts were calculated as 9.9 and 12.9 %, respectively. The egg weight of the live ticks treated with different concentrations of the ethanolic and aqueous extracts was significantly lower than that of control ticks; consequently, the reproductive index and the percent inhibition of oviposition values of the treated ticks were reduced. The complete inhibition of hatching was recorded at 10 % of ethanolic extract. The 10 % extracts caused 100 % mortality of larvae after 24 h. In LPT, the LC50 values for ethanolic and aqueous extracts were determined to be 2.6 and 3.2 %, respectively. It can be concluded that the ethanolic extract of C. officinalis had better acaricidal properties against adults and larvae of R. (B.) microplus than the aqueous extract.

The study evaluated the effect of commercial preparation of deltamethrin, Butox®, and fluoride (F-) co-exposure on the brain antioxidant status and cholinesterase activity in rats. Group A was untreated. Group B was gavaged Butox®, providing deltamethrin at the dose rate of 1.28 mg per kg body weight per day. Group C was administered F-, as NaF, in drinking water providing 20 ppm F-. Group D received both deltamethrin and F- at the same dosages as groups B and C, respectively. Although, glutathione S-transferase activity was induced only in Butox® alone treated group, the activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase were inhibited in all treatment groups when compared to the control group. Elevated lipid peroxidation was observed in the groups exposed to F-. The activity of erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase (AChE) was inhibited in Butox® treated groups, whereas brain AChE activity was inhibited in all treatment groups. In conclusion, both deltamethrin (given as Butox®) and F- inhibit AChE activity and produce oxidative stress in brain with F- producing more oxidative damage. However, compared to the individual exposures, the co-exposure of these chemicals does not produce any exacerbated alteration in these biochemical parameters.

Background: Among the dietary polyphenolic, quercetin is the most common compound available in vegetables and fruits. The phytochemicals are used to treat diabetic wounds and diabetes, and specifically dietary polyphenols are being extensively studied for their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant abilities. Objective: The objective of the study was to assess the hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, and wound healing potential of quercetin in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic Wistar rats. Materials and Methods: Induction of diabetes was done by intraperitoneally administration of STZ at the dose of 55 mg/kg in Wistar rats. An excision wound was created in diabetic rats that were treated with quercetin (100 mg/kg) orally and quercetin ointment topically to evaluate the antidiabetic and wound healing potential of quercetin. Results: Repeated oral administration of quercetin along with topical application of quercetin ointment in diabetic rats normalized the altered blood glucose, hydroxyproline, and glucosamine levels. Topical application of quercetin ointment alone on the excised wound was sufficient enough to heal the wound area in diabetic rats. Conclusions: The result of the present study indicates that quercetin produces hypoglycemic effect in STZ-induced diabetic rats and normalized plasma lipids and protein profiles. Besides, this quercetin also has an excellent wound healing property when applied topically on the wound area in diabetic rats. SUMMARY Quercetin has hypoglycaemic and hypolipidemic potential in streptozotocin induced diabetes in wistar ratsDermal application along with oral administrations of quercetin has more effective in wound healing in diabetic animalsHistopathological studies of pancreas, skin and liver shows significant reduction in archaeological alterations on quercetin administrations in diabetic rats. Abbreviation used: STZ: Streptozotocin; CMC: Carboxy methyl cellulose; HDL: High density lipoproteins; LDL: low density lipoproteins.

Concurrent exposures of more than one environmental contaminants are commonly encountered by human beings and animals. This study investigated the effect of chlorpyrifos alone and in conjunction with fluoride on plasma and tissue acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in wistar rats. Fluoride at 1 or 10 ppm in drinking water produced significant (P < 0.05) inhibition of AChE activity in a dose dependant manner and inhibition was maximum in brain (26.39 %) and least in heart (10.23 %). Similarly repeated oral administration of chlorpyrifos at 1 or 10 mg/kg produced a significant dose dependant inhibition of AChE activity (P < 0.05) which was observed maximum in brain (28.93 %) and least in heart (12.86 %). Co-exposure of chlorpyrifos and fluoride at higher doses produces more pronounced inhibition as compared to chlorpyrifos or fluoride exposed groups. Co-exposure produces maximum inhibition in erythrocyte (37.54 %) and least in plasma (18.26 %) of exposed animals as compared to control group. Observations from the present study suggested that co-exposure of fluoride and chlorpyrifos produces more pronounced inhibition of AChE than the individual exposure of either toxicant. Therefore the applications of chlorpyrifos as a pesticide should be reduced in areas where fluoride level in soil or ground water is high to avoid AChE inhibition.

The present study was conducted to evaluate the changes in oxidative stress parameters on experimental infection with Cryptosporidium parvum in Swiss albino mice. The mice were divided into four groups viz., group I–IV, each group comprising of 15 mice. Group I mice served as healthy control. In Group II mice, C. parvum oocysts @ 104/os were administered, mice of group III were given dexamethasone @ 30 µg/ml in drinking water whereas group IV mice were given dexamethasone @ 30 µg/ml along with C. parvum oocysts @ 104/os. Significant changes were seen in oxidative stress parameters which included significant increase in LPO and decrease in levels of SOD, CAT and GSH in liver and intestine in group IV mice at 10th DPI when compared to others indicating an important role played by free radical induced oxidative stress in the development of C. parvum infection in mice which was clinically characterized by loss of body condition, profuse bloody diarrhoea and peak oocyst shedding intensity occurring at 10th DPI.

Plants have been used for thousands of years as medicine for treating variety of diseases and medical complaints by most of the civilizations. Juniperus communis L. is an evergreen aromatic shrub with high therapeutic potential for the treatment of diseases in human and animals. The plant is rich in aromatic oils, invert sugars, resins, catechin, organic acid, terpenic acids, leucoanthocyanidin, alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, gums, lignins, wax, etc. Juniper berries or extract of the plant has traditionally been used as diuretic, anti-arthritis, anti-diabetes, antiseptic as well as for the treatment of gastrointestinal and autoimmune disorders. The essential oil and extracts of juniper have been experimentally documented to have antioxidant, antibacterial, antiviral and antifungal activities. Recent studies have also found anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic, hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects of berries in experimental models. Further, the essential oil incorporation retarded lipid peroxidation in preserved meat due to its high antioxidant effect which not only improved meat product quality but also improved shelf life of the product. Thus natural antioxidant such as juniper can be used in place synthetic antioxidant for the preservation and improving self-life of meat products. New well designed clinical trials in human and animals using well-characterized J. communis extract or oil need to be conducted so that additional information is generated which can support the use of this natural product as a nutraceutical.

The objective of the study was to evaluate the in vitro efficacy of different concentrations of chloroform extract obtained from the aerial parts of Artemisia absinthium in comparison to amitraz on adults, eggs and larvae of the dog tick Rhipicephalus sanguineus using the adult immersion test (AIT), egg hatchability test (EHT) and larval packet test (LPT), respectively. Five concentrations of the extract (1.25, 2.5, 5, 10 and 20 %) with three replications for each concentration were used in all the bioassays. A control group was established (water + dimethylsulphoxide) together with a positive control group (amitraz), with three repetitions each. In AIT, the mortality rates were 0.0, 13.3, 16.7, 33.3 and 93.3 % in concentrations of 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10 and 20 %, respectively, and the variation was significant (p=0.0151). The LC50 (CI) and LC95 (CI) values were calculated as 8.793 % (8.217-9.408) and 34.59 % (29.71-40.26), respectively. The egg production was reduced by 6.6, 6.6, 18.3, 42.5 and 85.1 % in the concentrations of 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10 and 20 %, respectively, and it was statistically significant (p=0.0274). In EHT, hatching was completely inhibited at 5, 10 and 20 % displaying 100 % ovicidal action while at the concentrations of 1.25 and 2.5 %, the inhibition rates were 20 and 60 %, respectively. In LPT, the extract caused 100 % mortality of larvae in the concentrations of 5, 10 and 20 % after 24 h while at the concentrations of 1.25 and 2.5 %, the mortality rates were 54.3 and 96.7 %, respectively. The LC50 (CI) and LC95 (CI) values were determined to be 1.11 % (1.099-1.121) and 2.37 % (2.328-2.423), respectively. The results show that the extract of A. absinthium has acaricidal properties and could be useful in controlling R. sanguineus which is an efficient vector of pathogens both in dogs and humans.

Background and objectives Drug induced hepatotoxicity is a major health issue concern by drug regulatory agencies, pharmaceutical industry and health care professionals. Present study was aimed to investigate the hepatoprotective mechanisms of n-hexane and acetone extract of Ageratum conyzoides on oxidative damage induced by acetaminophen (APAP) in Wistar rats. Materials and methods 42 Wistar rats were randomly divided into seven groups. Group I and II receive distilled water, CMC respectively. Group III was fed with standard drug silymarin, group IV and V received plant extracts only whereas group VI and VII received pretreatment with acetone and n-hexane extracts for seven days respectively and APAP was administered on the 5th day. Samples were collected on 48 h of post APAP administration and analysis was done using standard protocols. Results Significant (p

The neuropharmacological studies of Paramphistomum cervi were conducted ex vivo by extracellular electrical activity. The instrumentation and methodology described in the experiment, quantitatively measure the extracellular electrical potentials associated with motor activity and provide highly sensitive objective techniques for studying the effects of antitrematodal compounds and for evaluating P. cervi as a model for neuropharmacological investigations. In the present investigation, the effects of various neuropharmacological agents viz. amino acid neurotransmitters [l-glutamate, gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA), glycine], GABA antagonists (picrotoxin and bicuculline) and glycine antagonist (strychnine) were investigated on the spontaneous muscular activity of P. cervi. l-Glutamate, an excitatory neurotransmitter produced significant increase in amplitude and baseline tension at 10−7–10−5 M concentration, and frequency at 10−4–10−3 M concentration. Glycine, an inhibitory neurotransmitter on the other hand, produced significant reduction of amplitude at 10−6–10−3 M concentration and baseline tension and frequency at 10−3 M concentration. On the contrary, strychnine an antagonist of glycine produced significant increase of amplitude, baseline tension and frequency at 10−6–10−3 M concentration. Another inhibitory neurotransmitter, GABA mediated significant reduction in amplitude and baseline tension at 10−3 M concentration. Picrotoxin, being an antagonist of GABA produced marked significant increase in amplitude (g) and baseline tension (g) at 10−7–10−3 M concentration with an increase in frequency at 10−4 and 10−3 M concentration. In the present study another GABAA antagonist, bicuculline was found to be non responsive in P. cervi.

Coccidiosis is severe disease and important from an economic point of view in poultry industry. So, proper control measures should be followed for its prevention of occurrence. Control measures include good husbandry, as a prime requirement and the use of anticoccidial drugs for both prophylaxis and treatment. For the drug to be effective anticoccidial, it should be used prophylactically instead of therapeutical ly. Most of the anticoccidials show their greatest efficacy against the 1st and 2nd asexual cycle, some inhibits sexual stages of the life cycle. Selection of a n anticoccidial is based on the ability of the drug to improve weight and feed conversion and to suppress the development of lesions. The emergence of drug resistant strains of coccidia presents a major problem. So, to avoid the development of drug resistance a method is used which include switching around different classes of drugs and the ‘shuttle programme’. In present overview, we are discussing about some anticoccidials used for the prevention and control of coccidial infection by affecting different stages of life cycle of coccidia. The common anticocidials/class of anticoccidoals are ionophores, amprolium, sulphonamides, ethopabate, clopidol and quinolones.

The oxidative stress-inducing potential of the pyrethroid insecticide, bifenthrin, was evaluated in rats at 5.8 mg/kg body weight once daily for 20 or 30 days. Bifenthrin treated animals showed significantly increased lipid peroxidation, evidenced by increased blood malondialdehyde levels. Blood glutathione levels and activities of catalase and glutathione peroxidase decreased significantly in the bifenthrin treated animals after both 20 and 30 days of treatment, whereas, the activities of superoxide dismutase and glutathione S-transferase decreased significantly only on the 30th day. In conclusion, bifenthrin has a potential to induce severe oxidative stress in rats exposed to sublethal concentrations.

Bifenthrin is an insecticide, used extensively on some crops, including corn. Roughly 70 % of all US-grown hops and raspberries are treated with bifenthrin. The current study on bifenthrin was undertaken to investigate the potential alterations in biochemical parameters, induced by sub-acute oral exposure of bifenthrin, in goats. The animals were randomly divided into two groups. Group A (n = 3) received only tap water and served as control, whereas, Group B goats (n = 4) received bifenthrin by gavage (Telstar 10 EC) at the dose rate of 5 mg Kg−1 body weight for 28 consecutive days. Bifenthrin exposed group showed significant alterations in the enzyme biochemical parameters. The activities of erythrocyte cholinesterase and plasma cholinesterase reduced significantly from 7th day and 28th day of bifenthrin exposure, respectively. The activity of plasma aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase increased significantly from the 21st day of bifenthrin exposure. The activity of acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase increased significantly from the 14th day of bifenthrin exposure. All these parameters returned to the non-significant levels by 7th day of post-exposure period. Non-significant alterations in blood urea nitrogen, creatinine and plasma proteins were also observed. The current study thus reveals that sub-acute oral administration of bifenthrin produces reversible liver damage.

Our previous study suggested that toxicokinetic parameters of fluoride were significantly changed on the 30th day as compared with 1st day, after repeated oral administration of sodium fluoride alone for 30 days in goats. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether aluminum sulfate has ameliorative effect on the toxicokinetics of fluoride. For this, sodium fluoride (20 mg kg−1 b. wt.) along with aluminum sulfate (150 mg kg−1 b. wt.) was administered in goats for 30 days to investigate its effect on toxicokinetics of fluoride on days 1 and 30. The fluoride levels against time were adequately described by one compartment open model. The peak plasma level of fluoride was observed at 2 h. The toxicokinetics data revealed a nonsignificant decrease in β (elimination rate constant) and C max (the maximum plasma concentration) and increase in t 1/2 K a (absorption half-lives), t 1/2 β (elimination half-lives), area under the plasma (AUC) concentration versus time curve and mean residence time (MRT) was o...

Cypermethrin is a synthetic pyrethroid insecticide used for pest control in agriculture and as an acaricide in man and animals. This study was undertaken with the objective to investigate the propensity of cypermethrin to induce oxidative stress in rats following repetitive dermal exposure and its possible attenuation by L-ascorbic acid. Results obtained showed that cypermethrin significantly (p < 0.05) increased malonaldehyde levels, activity of catalase in rat erythrocytes and plasma protein levels. Whereas, activities of glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were significantly (p < 0.05) reduced in the cypermethrin exposed rats as compared to the control. Supplementation of L-ascorbic acid in cypermethrin-exposed rats decreased lipid peroxidation of erythrocytes, total plasma protein and catalase activity significantly (p < 0.05) compared to non-cypermethrin-exposed group. However, L-ascorbic acid did not alleviate the negative effects of cypermethrin on the...

The toxicokinetics of fluoride was investigated in healthy cross breed goats after single and repeated oral administration of sodium fluoride (20 mg kg−1 b.wt.) for 30 days. Serial blood samples at various predetermined time intervals were collected for plasma separation on days 1 and 30 of administration. The plasma fluoride levels were estimated by using ion selective electrode of Orion Fluoride Analyzer using 96-09 combination fluoride electrode. The plasma levels of fluoride against time were adequately described by one compartment open model. The plasma peak level of fluoride was observed for 2 h. The toxicokinetic data revealed that for last dose, the mean values of β and ClB were significantly (p < 0.01) lower, whereas, the values of t 1/2β, AUC and MRT were significantly (p < 0.05) higher from their respective first dose values. The time concentration profile of plasma fluoride levels and toxicokinetics data revealed that repeated oral administration of fluoride has a cumulative effect in the body...

Acetylcholine is the major endogenous classical neurotransmitter in the central and peripheral nervous system of trematodes and mammals. This study investigates the effects of cholinergic drugs on muscle activity in the amphistome, Gastrothylax crumenifer. In the present investigation, acetylcholine (10− 7–10− 3 m) did not produce any marked effect, whereas carbachol (10− 7–10− 3 m) elicited a concentration-dependent decrease in amplitude, baseline tension and frequency of contractions as compared to the control. Nicotine (10− 7–10− 3 m) produced a significant decrease in the amplitude and frequency of spontaneous muscular activity in a concentration-dependent manner, as compared to control amplitude (0.5 ± 0.01 g) and frequency (58.5 ± 3.45 per 5 min). However, the baseline tension was also reduced significantly by 10− 3 m nicotine. Atropine (10− 7–10− 3 m) elicited a concentration-dependent increase in amplitude and baseline tension, whereas there was no significant effect on the frequency of the spontaneous contractions of rumen flukes. These observations indicate that G. crumenifer has an inhibitory cholinergic system and that the inhibitory activity of nicotine is more pronounced than that of carbachol or acetylcholine.

Infection with Haemonchus contortus is one of the most important economic problems in small ruminants worldwide. Resistance development by parasites, drug residues in meat, toxicity, non-availability and high cost limit the usefulness of currently used synthetic drugs. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to evaluate in vitro anthelmintic efficacy of aqueous extract of seeds of Butea monosperma (Lam.) Kuntze against H. contortus. Phytochemical analysis of extract showed high concentration of phenolic (11.93 ± 0.64 mg of GAE/g of extract), flavonoids (238.17 ± 19.14 mg of quercetin/g extract) and tannin (10.80 ± 0.70 mg of GAE/g of extract) content. The observations revealed that parasites were sluggish and movement was little at 4 h post exposure of 25, 50 mg/ml and very sluggish in 100 mg/ml concentration. The extract showed complete mortality of the adult H. contortus worms at the concentrations of 100 mg/ml at the time exposure of 6 h and with the concentration of 50 mg/ml at the post exposure of 8 h. At 25 mg/ml concentration 50 % mortality was recorded at 6 h and complete at 8 h post exposure. The LC50 at 6 and 8 h were 45.20 and 17.50 mg/ml respectively. Levamisole at concentration of 0.5 mg/ml caused 50 % mortality at 2 h post exposure and full mortality at 4 h post exposure. These cidal effects may be due to presence of high phenolic, flavonoids and tannin content in the extract. The results confirm the aqueous extract of B. monosperma (Lam.) Kuntze on adult H. contortus worms.

The present study was aimed to evaluate the modulatory role of L-ascorbic acid against oxidative stress in bifenthrin intoxicated rats. Rats were divided into four groups with six rats in each group. Group I animals received corn oil and served as control while as group II animals were orally treated with bifenthrin @ 5.8mg/Kg/day. In group III, vitamin C was orally administered @ 60mg/Kg/day where as group IV received both vitamin C and bifenthrin @ 60mg/Kg/day and 5.8mg/Kg/day respectively. After 30th day of treatment, blood samples were taken and analysed for oxidative stress parameters. Significant (P

Amino acid neurotransmitters play an important role in regulating neuromuscular activity of helminth parasites. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of different amino acid neurotransmitters [l-glutamate, glycine, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)] on spontaneous muscular activity of isometrically mounted Gastrothylax crumenifer. l-Glutamate caused a significant increase in the amplitude and frequency of spontaneous contractions of rumen fluke at 10− 7–10− 4 m and at 10− 5–10− 4 m concentrations, respectively. Glycine application (10− 7–10− 3 m) produced a significant decrease in the amplitude and frequency of spontaneous muscular contractions in a concentration-dependent manner, as compared to control amplitude (0.53 ± 0.02 g) and frequency (51 ± 4.65/5 min). Similarly, GABA produced a significant (P G. crumenifer. To further substantiate the GABA effect, GABAA receptor antagonists, picrotoxin and bicuculline were applied. Picrotoxin (10− 5–10− 3 m) caused a significant (P l-glutamate has an excitatory, whereas GABA and glycine have an inhibitory, effect on the spontaneous muscular activity of G. crumenifer.

Fluorosis or crippling disease is one of the existing environmental challenges for animal and human beings in most parts of the globe. In the present study, sodium fluoride alone and with aluminium sulphate (ameliorative agent) was administered orally daily for 30 days in healthy goats of group 1 and 2, respectively, to access the effect on the electrocardiogram. All waves of Lead I, Lead II, Lead III, aVR, aVL and aVF in electrocardiographs were recorded before and after 30 days exposure of fluoride. A significant (P < 0.05) increase in P-R, Q-T and S-T intervals were observed in goats of group 1 as compared to their pre treatment values. The T wave duration was also significantly (P < 0.05) prolonged and as a result, bradycardia was observed after subacute exposure of fluoride for 30 days in group 1. But, in group 2, no such changes were observed. On the basis of results, it may be concluded that subacute toxicity of fluoride produces significant changes in different waves of electrocardiogram and aluminium sulphate has ameliorative efficacy.

Objective: Imbalance between the concentrations of oxidant and antioxidants in mammalian cells leads to oxidative stress. The present study aimed to evaluate the protective effect of Ipomoea carnea Jacq leaves extracts on streptozotocin (STZ)-induced oxidative stress in rats. Methods: Alterations in stress biomarkers like activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and levels of blood glutathione and malondialdehyde in experimental groups administered with STZ alone and along with aqueous or alcoholic extracts of I.carnea were determined. Results: Single intra-peritoneal administration of STZ (60 mg/kg) caused significant decrease in activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and blood glutathione levels while malondialdehyde level as an indicative of oxidative stress significant increased. Administration of I.carnea extracts at the dose rate of 500 mg/kg body weight through oral gavage continuously for 3 weeks in STZ-treated group reduced malondialdehyde level significantly and increased activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and blood glutathione level as compared to STZ alone treated rats; however, the values of antioxidants remain still lower in comparison to normal control rats. Conclusion: In the present STZ-diabetes model of rats, alcoholic extract of I.carnea leaves have more potent efficacy in restoring the enzymatic and non-enzymatic components of antioxidant system of rats as than the aqueous extract.

Objective: Plants are a kind of library of diverse chemical scaffold and much of them remain to be explored. The present study aimed to evaluate the phytochemical ingredients of Ipomoea carnea Jacq leaves extracts and its antidiabetic potential in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes in Wistar rats. Methods: Diabetes was induced by single intra-peritoneal injection of STZ at a dose of 60 mg/kg body weigt (BW). The onset of diabetes happened within 5 days post-injection. Antidiabetic potential of different extracts were evaluated at the dose rate of 500 mg/kg BW through oral gavage continuously for 3 weeks in rats. Phytochemical ingredients like total phenolic, flavonoid and tannin contents were determined in hot, cold aqueous and alcoholic extracts of I.carnea leaves. Results: Alcoholic extract presented marked higher phenolic, flavonoid and tannin contents as compared to aqueous extracts. Repeated oral administration of extracts significantly decreases the blood glucose, plasma triglyceride, total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein level and increased high density lipoprotein level in rats as compared to the diabetic control group rats. Further, alcoholic extract showed better hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects than the aqueous extracts; this may be due to the presence of significantly higher levels of phenols and flavonoids. Conclusion: Observations of the study suggested that I.carnea leaf extracts have antidiabetic potential in rats. The antidiabetic potential of extracts may be due to the high content of phenols and flavonoids. © 2014 GESDAV

Objective: Chlorpyrifos (CPF) is a common organophosphorus pesticide used worldwide for the management of agricultural and household pests. Similarly excessive fluoride (F) ingestion is an important public health problem all over the world due to high fluoride content in groundwater. The present study aimed to investigate the alterations in hematological parameters by CPF alone and in conjunction with fluoride and their amelioration by vitamin C and E. Methods: The study was carried out in two phases; in the first phase toxicity was induced by toxicants and in the second phase ameliorative efficacy of vitamins was tested. Results: In the first phase, repeated oral administration of fluoride in drinking water at the dose of 1 and 10 mg/l caused increased monocyte and total leukocyte count (TLC). On the other hand, orally administered CPF (1 mg/kg) resulted in decrease of packed cell volume (PCV) with increase in TLC; in addition, granulocytes and monocytes were significantly increased. CPF at 10 mg/kg significantly decreased PCV and total erythrocyte count (TEC), whereas increase in TLC was observed. Co-administration of fluoride in drinking water (10 mg/l) and CPF via oral gavage (10 mg/kg) for 28 days resulted in decrease of hemoglobin (Hb), PCV, TEC whereas increase in TLC. The differential leukocyte count (DLC) showed a decrease in lymphocyte values but an increase in granulocytes and monocytes. Conclusion: Simultaneous administration of with vitamin C and E along with CPF and fluoride ameliorated various hematological parameters, except TLC, granulocytes and monocytes, induced by co-exposure of CPF and fluoride in Wistar rats.

The A. absinthium is commonly known as wormwood having antipyretic, antimicrobial, antifungal, diuretic and anti-inflammatory properties. Natural bioactive compounds like phenols and flavonoids are the important secondary metabolites in plant posses high scavenging ability of free radical and reactive oxygen species produced in mammals. To maximize these agents in the extract different solvents viz. aqueous, ethanolic and chloroform are used for the extraction procedure (among these different extractions). Current study was aimed to determine the levels of total phenolic, flavonoids and tannin contents. Observations suggested that ethanolic extract has significantly high (P

Aim: Shorea robusta (Sal), an important traditional Indian medicinal plant used in various ailments and rituals and the indigenous use of the resin of this plant as a medicament for treatment of various inflammatory conditions is well documented in literature. In the present study, ethanolic extract of S. robusta resin (SRE) was evaluated for its analgesic activity by making use of different central and peripheral pain models. Materials and Methods: The analgesic activity of SRE was assessed by employing different pain models such as, i) hot plate and tail flick tests for central analgesia, ii) acetic acid- induced writhing (peripheral analgesic model), iii) formalin-induced hind paw licking (both central and peripheral model), iv) carrageenan-induced hyperalgesia (peripheral analgesic model) and v) post-surgical pain (peripheral analgesic model). Results: The extract produced significant central and peripheral analgesic effects, as is evident from increase in reaction time in hot plate and tail flick tests, inhibition in writhing counts in acetic acid-induced writhing test, inhibition of licking time in formalin-induced hind paw licking, increased pain threshold in paw withdrawal latency in carrageenan-induced hyperalgesia and increased paw withdrawal threshold in post-surgical pain. Conclusion: The results of the present study demonstrate marked antinociceptive effects of SRE.

Pyrethrins are obtained from the flowers of Chrysanthemum cinerarifolium. These are strong insecticides with low mammalian toxicity. The toxic effects of pyrethroid cypermethrin were studied using various biochemical parameters along with histopathological changes in a 30-day study in Wistar rats. The rats were divided into two groups. Rats of the test group were given sublethal doses of cypermethrin (14.5 mg/kg) by gavage once daily for 30 days and the control rats were given an equal volume of the vehicle. The animals were sacrificed on day 0, 10, 20 and 30 of the study. The results showed that cypermethrin caused a significant increase in the levels of serum aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, lactate dehydrogenase and plasma creatinine. It significantly lowered the levels of total proteins. The histopathological studies on various organs like liver, lungs, kidneys and heart were carried out. The changes in various biochemical parameters correlated well with the histopathological changes in various organs. In conclusion, the results of this study demonstrate that subacute oral administration of cypermethrin, even in low doses such as 1/10 LD50 for 30 days induces toxic effects on different vital organs. Key words: Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium, pyrethrins, subacute toxicity

Present study was undertaken to study the effect of cypermethrin on oxidative stress after chronic dermal application. The insecticide was applied dermally at 50 mg/kg body weight in different groups of Wistar rats of either sex weighing 150~200 g. Significant (p < 0.05) increase in catalase activity was observed after 30 days of exposure. However, the superoxide dismutase activity declined significantly after 60 days of exposure. The activity of glutathione peroxidase and blood glutathione levels declined significantly (p < 0.05) after 30 days of cypermethrin dermal application. However, the activity of glutathione S-transferase increased significantly (p < 0.05) in all groups after 60 days of dermal exposure. Significant increase in lipid peroxidation was observed from 30 days onwards and reached a peak after 120 days of application.

The aim of the study was to evaluate the in vitro efficacy of different concentrations of ethanolic extract obtained from the aerial parts of Artemisia absinthium in comparison to amitraz on adults, eggs and larvae of Hyalomma anatolicum using the adult immersion test (AIT), egg hatchability test and larval packet test (LPT), respectively. Four concentrations of the extract (2.5, 5, 10 and 20 %) with three replications for each concentration were used in all the bioassays. In AIT, the mortality rates at 2.5, 5 and 10 % were significantly different (p < 0.05) in comparison to the control group; however, at 20 %, it was similar to the positive control group. Maximum mortality of 86.7 % was recorded at 20 %. The LC50 and LC95 values were calculated as 6.51 and 55.43 %, respectively. The oviposition was reduced significantly by 36.8 and 59.1 % at concentrations of 10 and 20 %, respectively. Egg hatchability was reduced significantly at all concentrations (2.5–20 %) in comparison to the control. In LPT, the extract caused 100 % mortality of larvae at all the concentrations after 24 h. The results show that ethanolic extract obtained from the aerial parts of A. absinthium has acaricidal properties and could be useful in controlling H. anatolicum.

The study was conducted on 20 Holstein X Sahiwal cross bred dairy cows, with an average milk production of liters in days during a single lactation, that were divided in to two groups of 10 animals. We investigated the oxidative stress and antioxidant status during the transition period in dairy cows. In this study, plasma level of MDA was considered as an indicator of lipid peroxidation and SOD, catalase, GSH and GSHPx as antioxidants. The lipid peroxidation was significantly (p

The aim of the study was to investigate the ameliorative properties of ascorbic acid against the subchronic effect of co-exposure of fluoride (F) and chlorpyrifos (CPF) on oxidative damage markers such as lipid peroxidation (MDA) and antioxidant defense system in the liver of adult Wistar rats. The animal groups were provided with either vehicle or ascorbic acid (60 mg/kg, b.w.) or NOAEL dose of fluoride (1 ppm) or CPF (1 mg/kg, b.w.) or ten times of such doses orally alone and in combination or pre-treated with ascorbic acid along with co-exposure of F and CPF every consecutive day for 28 days. Hepatic damage marker analysis in blood revealed that aspartate and alanine aminotransferases, alkaline phosphatase, and lactate dehydrogenase were significantly (P < 0.05) increased with single or combined exposure of F or CPF at either dose levels. Significant increased oxidative damage of hepatocytes as indicated by increased MDA levels with decrease in tissue ascorbate and free radical scavenging enzymes like catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase was observed in groups treated with either F or CPF as well as in combinedly treated animals as compared to control animals. Supplementation of ascorbic acid restored the hepatic specific marker enzymes in blood following co-exposure of F and CPF at lower doses which were otherwise increased in the F and CPF co-exposed rats. The results show that ascorbic acid supplementation with F and CPF prevents or diminishes the hepatic damage in rats co-exposed to toxicants and may act as a putative protective agent against toxicant-induced liver tissue injury.