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Photoactivities and photoinduced antibacterial functions of two vitamin B2 (VB2) derivatives, riboflavin (RF) and flavin mononucleotide (FMN), were investigated by computational modeling and variou...

A great deal of research was being done in studying of the age-related characteristics of carbohydrate metabolism and the provision of vitamins B1, B2 among the population of the Subarctic (SR) and Arctic (AR) regions, differing in the extreme natural and climatic-geographic living conditions. The surveyed population was divided into five age groups: 16-21, 22-35, 36-45, 46-60 and 61-74 years old. The parameters of carbohydrate metabolism (glucose, lactate, pyruvate) were determined in the blood serum, the content of thiamine (thiamin diphosphate effect) and riboflavin - in hemolysates, and the values of the lactate/pyruvate ratio (Lac/Pyr) were calculated. Statistical data processing was performed by nonparametric methods. An increase in glucose levels was found in persons of older age groups. Age-related fluctuations of metabolites of carbohydrate metabolism were manifested by a lower content of lactate and the value of the Lac/Pyr ratio in persons aged 16-21 years. Regardless of the age and region of the survey, there were revealed high lactate concentrations, Lac/Pyr values and reduced pyruvate levels, as well as low glucose levels in group aged 16-21 year in AR. For vitamins B1, B2, no pronounced age-related changes were observed, while the content of riboflavin was higher in persons of SR. Moderate hypovitaminosis of thiamin was detected in 13-20,1% and 6,1-22,7% of cases in SR and AR, pronounced - 8,3-11,6% and 4,6-23,5%, respectively, vitamin B2 deficiency was noted in 19,4-23,9% of persons in the AR and in 33,8-42,9% of persons in the AR. Vitamins in both regions at different age periods contributed to the formation of levels of indicators of carbohydrate metabolism: glucose and pyruvate in SR, lactate in AR.

For reasons of aspired naturalness and cost reduction, vitamin additions should be kept low in organic livestock systems. To define safe lower threshold levels of riboflavin supplementation in organic poultry feeding, 135 hybrid layers were allocated to three dietary treatments supplemented with either 4.5 (R4.5), 3.0 (R3.0) or 1.5 mg (R1.5) GMO-free riboflavin added per kg feed. This resulted in total measured concentration averages of 5.0, 4.5, and 3.1 mg kg−1 feed for R4.5, R3.0 and R1.5, respectively. For 18 weeks, each treatment was replicated in three groups of 15 hens. Feed consumption, laying performance, egg quality, riboflavin concentration in the yolk, and clinical health scores were assessed. Two hens per group (six per treatment) were slaughtered in weeks 11 and 18, respectively, for measurement of pancreas, spleen, liver and heart weights, and determination of liver riboflavin. No treatment effects on feed consumption, body weight, laying performance, egg weights, eggshell strength and yolk colour or plumage and keel bone integrity were observed. No symptoms of lameness or footpad damage were found. The riboflavin concentration in egg yolks in R1.5 was lower than in other treatments. Liver riboflavin concentration increased between week 11 and 18 in all treatments, but it was also lower in R1.5. Based on these results, the addition of 3 mg riboflavin kg−1 feed appeared to be sufficient with respect to the health and performance of laying hens. Supplementation with only 1.5 mg kg−1 resulted in some metabolic signs of deficiency. These results apply only to organic winter diets.

This study aimed to determine an optimum formula for producing gluten-free pasta using banana flour. A mixture design experiment was conducted, and three factors were analyzed, 40-60% banana flour, 7-27% modified starch, and 23-43% water. The most appropriate formula included 40% banana flour, 27% modified starch, and 33% water. The nutritional profile of this gluten-free pasta per 100 grams was 469.29 kilocalories of total energy, 4.71 grams of protein, 7.60 grams of dietary fiber, 26.69 micrograms of vitamin A, 0.039 milligrams of vitamin B, 0.093 milligrams of vitamin B2, 60.30 milligrams of calcium, and 1.33 milligrams of iron. Further, these pasta products exhibited prebiotic properties and their overall preference score was at a moderate level of 7.02. Consequently, the gluten-free pasta made using banana flour differed from the commercial product due to its soft and flexible texture. Altogether, the pasta was nutritious and had prebiotic properties.

Vitamin analogs can be potent antibiotics. We exemplarily study the structural riboflavin (vitamin B2) analog roseoflavin synthesized by Streptomyces davaonensis to pave the way for the structured analysis of other vitamin analogs yet to be discovered. We investigate the biosynthesis of roseoflavin, its mechanism of action, and the resistance mechanism of the producer. As riboflavin is the most important organic cofactor roseoflavin has a broad impact on the soil microbiome.

Fortification is the process of adding minerals and vitamins that have been lost during flour processing to improve the nutritional composition and reduce micronutrient deficiencies. The study was conducted to determine the nutritional composition of Finger millet (FM) flours fortified with vitamin B2 and zinc oxide (ZnO). The milky cream (MC), brown, black and pearl millet (PM) flours were used as reference samples. Flours were completely randomized in three replicates. Determination of the physicochemical properties, vitamin B complex, macro and trace minerals concentration were conducted for flour and reference samples. The moisture of brown instant fortified finger millet (IFFM) flour was significantly (p < 0.05) higher for MC and black IFFM flours as compared to other flours. The MC raw finger millet (RFM) flour had a significantly (p < 0.05) highest amount of Zn, 2.64±0.01 mg/100 g when compared to other flours. The MC flour showed significantly (p < 0.05) higher values for vitamin B2 in both RFFM and IFFM flours when compared to other flours. MC flours may be preferred by the consumers due to its semblance to the maize white flour. The anticipation of the study was to produce and characterise FM flour fortified with vitamin B2 and ZnO that may be utilised for value-added products.

Objective: The present work was undertaken to evaluate the effects of storage time, choline chloride, and high concentrations of Cu and Zn on the kinetic behavior of vitamin degradation during storage in two vitamin premixes and four vitamin-trace mineral (VTM) premixes.Methods: Two vitamin premixes (with or without 160,000 mg/kg of choline) were stored at 25°C and 60% humidity. Besides, four VTM premixes were used to evaluate the effects of choline (0 vs 40,000 mg/kg) and trace minerals (low CuSO4+ZnO vs high CuSO4+ZnO) on vitamin stability in VTM premixes stored in room, and the VTM premixes were stored in room temperature at 22°C. Subsamples from each vitamin and VTM premix were collected at 0, 1, 2, 3, 6, and 12 months. The retention of vitamin A (VA), vitamin D3 (VD3), vitamin E (VE), vitamin K3 (VK3), vitamin B1 (VB1), vitamin B2 (VB2), vitamin B3 (VB3), vitamin B5 (VB5), and vitamin B6 (VB6) in vitamin premixes and VTM premixes during storage was determined. The stability of vitamins in vitamin premixes and VTM premixes was determined and reported as the residual vitamin activity (% of initial) at each sampling point.Results: The effect of choline on VK3 retention was significant in vitamin premixes (p3, VK3, VB1, VB2, VB5, and VB6 in vitamin premix (p3, VB1, and VB2 loss during storage (p3 and VB6 (p

After 6 months, children require increased food and nutrient intake from complementary food for their growth and development. However, quantitative data on macro and micronutrient intakes from complementary food is limited. Thus, this study is designed to identify the adequacy of energy and micronutrient intake from complementary foods among children aged 6–23 months and to characterize current feeding practice in Southern Ethiopia. A community‐based cross‐sectional study was conducted from February to March 2016. Simple random sampling was used to recruit 190 mothers/primary caregivers of children aged 6–23 months. A repeated interactive multiple‐pass 24‐hr recall survey was used to assess' food and nutrient intake of children. Complementary food was low in animal sources, fruits, and vegetables. Most of the children (94.7%) consume grain, roots, and tubers. Vitamin A‐rich fruits and vegetables are consumed by 71 (37.8%) children. Very few (1.6%) children consume iron‐fortified food. Median protein intake exceeds the estimated requirement from complementary food. Except for vitamin B2 and B6, intake of energy and micronutrient were below world health organization (WHO) recommendations among children aged 9–23 months. In conclusion, infant and young child feeding practices in Butajira district did not conform to recommendations. Intake of energy and micronutrient from complementary food among children aged 6–23 months in Butajira district was inadequate. Consumption of a diverse diet by including animal source food (ASF) such as poultry, organ meat, chicken liver, beef, fruits, and vegetables is needed to fill the nutrient intake gap among the study participant., This article assess the feeding practice and energy and nutrient intake of children aged 6–23 months the study found that feeding practice does not conform to the international recommendation. Energy and nutrient intake of these children is also inadequate.

The present study investigated whether the pulmonary intersegmental planes could be identified with the intravenous injection of vitamin B2 using a fluorescent camera and whether this method can be used instead of the inflation–deflation technique or the intravenous indocyanine green (ICG) method. In experiment 1, the vitamin B2 was intravenously injected to visualize the pulmonary intersegmental plane and perform segmentectomy, and the visualized pulmonary intersegmental line was then compared to the inflation–deflation line in six pigs. In experiment 2, using six pigs, the fluorescent area and duration of fluorescence were compared after the intravenous injection of vitamin B2 and ICG in the same animals. In all animals in experiment 1, it was possible to clearly detect yellow–green fluorescence in the lung, in segments other than the one intended for resection, for at least 60 min. Moreover, the line visualized with vitamin B2 fluorescence matched the inflation–deflation line in all animals. In experiment 2, the area of vitamin B2 fluorescence corresponded to the area of ICG fluorescence in each animal. The visualization of fluorescence after the intravenous injection of vitamin B2 using a fluorescent camera was a simple, safe, and accurate method for detecting intersegmental planes in a pig model. This method can be an alternative to the inflation–deflation technique and the intravenous ICG method.

In this study, we designed and fabricated a poling-free piezoelectric nanogenerator using bio-based polymer and filler, a poly(l-lactic acid) (PLLA)/vitamin B2 (VB2) composite film. The addition of VB2 to PLLA led to improved crystallinity and enhanced the molecular orientation of PLLA, resulting in a significantly enhanced output performance of the PLLA/VB2 nanogenerator. The proposed nanogenerator provides a maximum power density of 75.68 mW cm−3, which is approximately 28.7 times higher than that of pure PLLA nanogenerator. Moreover, the PLLA/VB2 nanogenerator exhibits good electrical responses under both mechanical and acoustic stimulations. The collected mechanical energy from the motion of human joints can power up several LEDs. The PLLA/VB2 nanogenerator can sensitively detect sound frequency from 1 to 27 kHz. Thus, it has great application potential in ambient mechanical and acoustic energy harvesting, wearable devices, and human–machine controlling systems.

The process of self-assembly of riboflavin molecules in aqueous and binary mixtures of solvents was investigated by the spectroscopic method. It was shown that during the assembly of vitamin B2 molecules, dipole-dipole interaction occurs, as a result of which resonant splitting of excited electronic levels of riboflavin molecules occurs. And the observable hypo chromic effect is due to a decrease in the intense absorption capacity of the aggregated riboflavin molecules themselves.

Studies have been conducted on the effect of residual quantities of the most common herbicide Glyphosate (0.8; 1.4; 17) mg / kg of soil on the greens of peas and oats. Spectrophotometrically analyzed samples for their content of beta-carotene, which protects the cells of the immune system from damage by free radicals and can improve the immune system. The data obtained showed that the higher the content of herbicide in the soil, the less beta-carotene in samples of hay. The results of the experiments showed that the height of pea seedlings decreases when the soil is treated with Glyphosate. When the concentration of the herbicide is 1.4 mg / kg, it decreases by 32 % compared to the control; when selenium is added, the difference compared to untreated soil is 23 %. less than in the control sample. A sharp decrease in vitamin B2 and vitamin A in greens of peas grown in soil treated with Glyphosate is shown. The content of vitamins increases with the addition of selenium to the soil. The obtained experimental data indicate a decrease in beta-carotene, vitamins A and B2 in greens grown on soil containing Glyphosate.

Drug (vitamin B2, riboflavin, VB2)/nanoparticle (TiO2, coated on drug surface) loaded poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) nanofiber webs were successfully produced by the electrospinning process. The charact...

Flavin analogues are dispersants of carbon nanotubes. We report the finding that riboflavin, which is a nutrient that is much less expensive than a flavin mononucleotide, is a good SWNT dispersant ...

The consumption of wheat flour in Indonesia is very high reaching 5.9 million tons during year 2016 and tends to increase steadily every year. The National Standardization Agency of Indonesia (BSN) of Wheat Flour (2009) requires the fortification with minimum iron of 50 ppm (as Fe-elemental). Study conducted byIndonesian ministry of health based on WHO recommendation (2006) states that for wheat consumption 75-149 g/day, fortificication wheat flour with iron should be as much as 60 ppm (in the form of Fe-fumarate or Fe-sulphate) or 40 ppm (in the form of NaFeEDTA compound), zinc 55 ppm (in the form of zinc oxide compound), and folic acid 2.6 ppm. The aim of this research was to evaluate the effect of fe fortification using 3 types of fe fortifcants: Ferous fumarat, Ferous sulfat and NaFeEDTA), zinc (in form of Zn oksida), vitamin B1, vitamin B2, asam folat (as premix) on sensory quality of wheat flour products such as bread, pao, cookies, noodle and macaroni. The result showed that Fe fortification using Fe-sulfat, Fe-fumarat dan Na Fe-EDTA in wheat flour did not significantly affect sensory properties of breads and pao. For cookies, NaFeEDTA slightly affect on texture (slightly harder). For noodle and macaroni, NaFeEDTA dan ferous-sulfat affect on color of productss to become darker. Overall, fe-fumarat was recommended fortificant for iron fortification of wheat flour with the lowest effect on sensory properties of wheat products.

Objective-To study the dietary changes of Chinese flight personnel in the past 60 years, and to provide a basis for formulating reasonable nutritional intervention measures. Methods-The changes of dietary structure of Chinese pilots from 1963 to 2018 were analyzed by retrospective statistical classification and analysis according to each 10-year-period. It involved a total of 10,327 flight personnel, 68 civil aviation personnel, 10,259 military aviation personnel. Results- The average carbohydrate energy intake ratio is 50.21%, decreasing year by year, and the fat is 34.89%, increasing yearly. The intakes of vitamin B1 and vitamin PP decreased while Vitamin B2 increased. Conclusions-The aircrew have been in a high-fat, low-carbohydrate diet for in the past 60 years, and their total energy intake was high. Therefore, attention should be paid to the long-term potential negative effects of these results on flight occupations. Attention should be paid to the intake of vitamin B1 and PP.

Following a request from the European Commission, the Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the safety and efficacy of vitamin B2 98% and vitamin B2 80% in the form of riboflavin produced by fermentation with a genetically modified strain of Bacillus subtilis (KCCM 10445) as nutritional additives in feed and water for drinking for all animal species. The production strain harbours antimicrobial resistance genes. With the data available the Panel is not in the position to confirm the correspondence between the strain deposited under accession number KCCM 10445 and the strain under the current assessment. The production strain and its recombinant DNA were not detected in the final products. Therefore, the additives do not pose any safety concern associated with the genetic modification of the production strain. The additives are safe for the target species, the consumer and the environment. Vitamin B2 80% is not hazardous by inhalation. In the absence of data, no conclusions on the possible risk by inhalation of vitamin B2 98% can be reached. Neither vitamin B2 98% nor vitamin B2 80% are irritant to skin or eyes. In the absence of data, no conclusions on the skin sensitisation potential of the additives can be reached. The additives under assessment are effective in covering the animals’ requirements for vitamin B2 when administered via feed and/or water for drinking.

The effect of sodium tripolyphosphate, glycerol, vitamin B2, mannitol and solid malt extract on the freeze-dried powder survival rate and the viable cells of the B. bifidum BB01 were studied by single-factor test in this study. The optimal concentration of protectant for B. bifidum during freeze-drying were 1.5% (W/V) sodium tripolyphosphate, 12% (W/V) glycerol, 6% (W/V) vitamin B2, 6% (W/V) mannitol and 6% (W/V) solid malt extract, and the survival rate of bacteria was 18.63%, 22.98%, 24.13%, 24.19% and 39.77%, respectively.

The apically localized riboflavin (RF) transporter-3 (RFVT-3) is involved in intestinal absorption of vitamin B2. Previous studies have characterized different physiological/biological aspects of the RFVT-3, but there is a lack of knowledge regarding possible existence of interacting partner(s) and consequence of interaction(s) on its function/cell biology. To address the latter, we performed yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) screening of a human colonic cDNA library and have identified transmembrane protein 237 (TMEM237) as a putative interactor with the human (h)RFVT-3; the interaction was further confirmed via “1-by-1” Y2H assay that involved appropriate positive and negative controls. TMEM237 was found to be highly expressed in human native intestine and in human intestinal epithelial cell lines; further, confocal images showed colocalization of the protein with hRFVT-3. The interaction between TMEM237 with hRFVT-3 in human intestinal epithelial HuTu-80 cells was established by coimmunoprecipitation. Expressing TMEM237 in HuTu-80 cells led to a significant induction in RF uptake, while its knockdown (with the use of gene-specific siRNA) led to a significant reduction in uptake. Transfecting TMEM237 into HuTu-80 cells also led to a marked enhancement in hRFVT-3 protein stability (reflected by an increase in the protein half-life). Interestingly, the level of expression of TMEM237 was found to be markedly reduced following treatment with TNF-α (a proinflammatory cytokine that inhibits intestinal RF uptake), while its expression was significantly upregulated following treatment with butyrate (an inducer of intestinal RF uptake). These findings identify TMEM237 as an interactor with the intestinal hRFVT-3 and show that the interaction has physiological/biological significance.

Great success has been achieved in recent years in the development of synthetic or assembled nanobiomaterials. Among these, biomolecule-based nanoarchitectures with special optical property are of particular interest. Here, we demonstrate that vitamin B2 nanocrystals assembled as nanorods can be obtained with precise control. Excitingly, such one-dimensional nanostructures not only exhibit intrinsic optical waveguiding properties but also the ability to sensitize oxygen to produce reactive oxygen species. With these properties, we applied the obtained vitamin B2 nanorods under remotely localized light illumination into single tumour cells in vitro for anticancer photodynamic therapy. Further, vitamin B2 nanorods were explored for in vivo photodynamic therapy by using a tumour model. With such bionanostructures, new features and functions of vitamin B2 and its derivatives have been developed.

The paper presents the results of studying the effect of the probiotics biological product (Plex-Em LLC) on green crops (lettuce, parsley, dill, coriander, celery, green onion), strawberries, the development of sweet pepper seedlings and eggplant, when grown in hydroponic greenhouse of Belgorod State Agrarian University; a tendency to increase the linear parameters of cotyledons and true leaves in the treated seedlings of sweet pepper and eggplant plants was noted. With the use of the drug “Probiotics” an increase was observed in the height of plants in green crops by 13-29 % and in the mass of one plant by 19-38 %. The yield of green products per unit area increased from 8 % for parsley to 51 % for coriander. The drug “Probiotics” contributed to the improvement of economically valuable plants of strawberry: the number of fl owering plants increased by 35 %, the berry weight by 38%. The content of vitamin A, C and E in berries increased, but the amount of vitamin B2 decreased.

A simple, quick, and sensitive HPLC procedure for simultaneous quantification of eight water-soluble vitamins (WSVs) in 11 ricebean (Vigna umbellata) varieties (JCR-08-7, JCR-08-8, JCR-08-10, JCR-08-12, JCR-08-15, JCR-08-16, JCR-08-32, JCR-13-11, JCR-13-13, JCR-50 and Nagadal) is described. The method includes enzymatic digestion followed by clean-up with solid phase extraction column and then analysis of extracted compounds by reverse phase column using UV-detector. The optimum conditions revealed that the method had an excellent linearity with good regression coefficient (r > 0.993), precision (0.3–2.77%), and accuracy (83–124%), and relatively short analysis time (13 min). The detection and quantification limits for all WSVs ranged 0.1470–1.1583 µg/mL and 0.4456–3.51 µg/mL, respectively. The average content (mg/100 g) of WSVs in 11 ricebean varieties was—B1: 0.579 ± 0.22, C: 2.111 ± 0.86, B3: 2.292 ± 1.15, B6 (pyridoxal-5-phosphate): 7.002 ± 1.31, B6 (pyridoxine hydrochloride): 2.79 ± 3.23, B5: 6.163 ± 3.35, B9: 0.289 ± 0.14, and B2: 0.163 ± 0.06. Principal components analysis showed that Nagadal belongs to third group which had the highest amount vitamin B1, vitamin B3, vitamin B5, and vitamin B2.

The supply of the with magnesium and vitamin B2 is essential to maintain the energy metabolism of cells, hormonal balance, endurance, immunity, cardiovascular health of athletes. As a result, by increasing the availability of these micronutrients, it is possible to increase maximum aerobic power, achieve better sports results and stimulate adequate recovery after competition or after intensive training. A promising way to increase the supply of athletes with magnesium and vitamin B2 is the use of aqueous solutions of magnesium citrate in combination with riboflavin.

Actuality.The article presents and founds a new dessert technology with a high biological value. The making orange jelly technology “Sunny-sunny” with the addition of quince has been developed. Based on the study of the chemical composition of the dessert, a dessert quality model with high biological value has been constructed. Developed orange sunny-jelly has got a high content of dietary fiber, vitamins and minerals. Designed desserts with quince can be recommended for therapeutic and prophylactic and baby food.Purpose and methods.The purpose of scientific research is the development of a new dessert technology with the increased biological value of orange jelly with the quince addition. The object of the research is the newest dessert technology with high biological value. The subject of the research is orange jelly, quince, model compositions, technology, and a prototype. Research methods are organoleptic, physio-chemical; methods of experiment planning and mathematical processing of experimental data which are based on computer technologies.Results.The results of a theoretical and experimental study of the creation of an innovative technology for desserts of high biological value are presented. It has been used the dessert orange jelly technology using quince, the technological scheme of orange jelly “Sunny-sunny” with the addition of quince. The organoleptic characteristics of the dessert have been investigated. The nutritional, energy value and vitamin-mineral composition of the control and experimental samples of the sweet dish orange jelly “Sunny-sunny” with the addition of quince have been calculated. In the developed jelly, the magnesium content increased by 269%, potassium by 186% and iron by 750%. The vitamin composition increased in such indicators: vitamin PP by 250%, vitamin B2 by 500%, vitamin E by 200%, vitamin C by 319%. Designed dessert – orange jelly “Sunny-sunny” with the addition of quince, provides the child’s body’s need for dietary fiber by 9.2%, iron by 12.1%, potassium by 3.69%, and vitamin C by 21.5%.Conclusions and discussion.An orange dessert technology using quince superior in quality with traditional foods has been developed. “Sunny-sunny” designed orange jelly with the addition of quince with a high content of dietary fiber, vitamins and minerals, and the richer the food on their composition, the greater is its positive effect on the child’s body. Designed desserts with quince can be recommended for therapeutic and prophylactic and baby food.

New antitumor active polyrotaxanes, presynthesized from β-cyclodextrin and polypropylene glycol, were first end capped with antitumor active drug, 5-fluorouracil, and further conjugated with 5-fluo...

Injection of microparticulate and nanoparticulate zero valent iron has become a regularly used method for groundwater remediation. Because of subsurface inhomogeneities, however, it is complicated to predict the ZVI transport in the subsurface, meaning that tools capable of determining its distribution after injection are highly useful. Here, we have developed a new direct-push based technique, which combines fluorescent and visible imaging, for detection of sulfidized nanoparticulate zero valent iron (S-nZVI) in the subsurface. Laboratory experiments show that the redox sensitive fluorophore riboflavin is rapidly reduced by S-nZVI within 200 s. Because the reduced riboflavin losses its green fluorescence, it can be used as S-nZVI sensitive indicator. Secondly, S-nZVI is black and tints light coloured sediment to a degree that allows detection in images. For quartz sand, 70 mg/kg of S-nZVI can be detected by visible imaging. Based on these results, a new direct-push probe (Dye-OIP) was designed based on Geoprobe's Optical Image Profiler (OIP), which was equipped with a fluorophore injection port below the OIP-unit. The injectant consisted of the redox active riboflavin mixed with the redox inactive fluorophore rhodamine WT, which fluoresces red and was used to verify that the mixture was indeed injected and detectable. Small scale experiments show that the fluorescence of this mixture in S-nZVI amended sand changes within 150 s from green with a hue of ~50 to red with a hue of ~30 when imaged with Dye-OIP. Tests of the Dye-OIP after a S-nZVI injection in a 1 m3 sized tank show that the tool could detect S-nZVI via fluorescence and visible imaging, when S-nZVI concentration was >0.2 mg per g dry sediment. Thus, these novel methods should be able to detect S-nZVI in the subsurface, without relying on infrastructure such as wells. Based on our results, the Dye-OIP could be further improved to make it suitable for regular use in the field.

International audience; Until now, there are few information on vitamin B 2 concentration variability in milk. In this study, a novel analytical method to quantify total vitamin B 2 in milk was developed and applied on 676 samples. In parallel, spectral analysis (colorimetry and near infrared spectroscopy) were performed to develop prediction models of vitamin B 2 concentration in milk. The analytical method includes an acid and enzymatic extraction followed by vitamin B 2 quantification by Ultra High Performance Liquid Chromatography coupled with fluorimetry. Samples analysis showed a wide range of concentration from 0.78 to 4.58 mg/L with a mean of 2.09 ± 0.48 mg/L. Two prediction models based on colorimetric analysis allow estimation of vitamin B 2 concentration in milk. Thus, this work shows an analytical method and, for the first time, a prediction method to enable enhancement of researches on vitamin B 2 content of milk and its variation factors.

Summary Fibrosing chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD) is a debilitating complication of allogeneic stem cell transplantation (alloSCT). A driver of fibrosis is the kynurenine (Kyn) pathway, and Kyn metabolism patterns and cytokines may influence cGVHD severity and manifestation (fibrosing versus gastrointestinal [GI] cGVHD). Using a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry approach on sera obtained from 425 patients with allografts, we identified high CXCL9, high indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) activity, and an activated Kyn pathway as common characteristics in all cGVHD subtypes. Specific Kyn metabolism patterns could be identified for non-severe cGVHD, severe GI cGVHD, and fibrosing cGVHD, respectively. Specifically, fibrosing cGVHD was associated with a distinct pathway shift toward anthranilic and kynurenic acid, correlating with reduced activity of the vitamin-B2-dependent kynurenine monooxygenase, low vitamin B6, and increased interleukin-18. The Kyn metabolite signature is a candidate biomarker for severe fibrosing cGVHD and provides a rationale for translational trials on prophylactic vitamin B2/B6 supplementation for cGVHD prevention., Graphical abstract, Highlights High IDO activity and an activated Kyn pathway are common in all cGVHD subtypes Specific Kyn metabolism patterns were identified for gastrointestinal and fibrosing cGVHD A pathway shift toward anthranilic and kynurenic acid was found in fibrosing cGVHD A rationale for vitamin B2/B6 adjustment for cGVHD prevention is presented, Orsatti et al. show that severe cGVHD is a debilitating complication after alloSCT. The authors demonstrate that cytokines/chemokines that associate with cGVHD also correlate with metabolic alterations in the kynurenine pathway and the composition of metabolites known to influence fibrosis. Vitamin B2/B6 deficiencies are possibly involved and may be adjusted.

Background: To investigate the efficacy and safety of supplementation with a fixed combination of magnesium, vitamin B2, feverfew, andrographis paniculata and coenzyme Q10 in episodic migraine (EM) prevention. Methods: A pilot, single-arm, open-label study was conducted. After a one-month baseline period, the above-described supplementation was introduced in 113 EM Greek patients, who were prospectively followed-up for three months. The primary endpoint was the change in monthly migraine days between baseline period (BSL) and the third month of supplementation (T3). Secondary endpoints included changes in mean intensity of migraine and in days with use of acute migraine medications. Changes in scores of Migraine Disability Assessment questionnaire (MIDAS), Headache Impact Test-6 (HIT-6), Migraine Therapy Assessment questionnaire (MTAQ), Migraine-Specific Quality-of-life questionnaire (MSQ-QOL), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) were also evaluated. Those with &ge, 50% reduction in monthly migraine days at T3, compared to BSL were considered supplementation-responders. Results: The mean number of migraine days was significantly decreased between BSL and T3 (9.4 &plusmn, 3.7 vs. 6.1 &plusmn, 3.5, p &lt, 0.001). Likewise, days with peak headache intensity of &gt, 4/10 (5.7 &plusmn, 3.4 vs. 4.9 &plusmn, 3.1, 0.001) as well as days using acute headache medications per month (8.9 &plusmn, 3.6 vs. 5.7 &plusmn, 3.4, 0.001) were significantly reduced. At T3, 64 patients (56.6%) were classified as responders. The beneficial effect of supplementation was also associated with significant changes in HIT-6, MIDAS, MTAQ and MSQ-QOL scores. There were no safety concerns. Conclusions: The supplementation we have tested appears to be an effective and well-tolerated preventive approach against EM. A randomized, placebo-controlled study is needed to confirm our results.

Riboflavin is a crucial micronutrient that is a precursor to coenzymes flavin mononucleotide and flavin adenine dinucleotide, and it is required for biochemical reactions in all living cells. For decades, one of the most important applications of riboflavin has been its global use as an animal and human nutritional supplement. Being well-informed of the latest research on riboflavin production via the fermentation process is necessary for the development of new and improved microbial strains using biotechnology and metabolic engineering techniques to increase vitamin B2 yield. In this review, we describe well-known industrial microbial producers, namely, Ashbya gossypii, Bacillus subtilis, and Candida spp. and summarize their biosynthetic pathway optimizations through genetic and metabolic engineering, combined with random chemical mutagenesis and rational medium components to increase riboflavin production.

Riboflavin or vitamin B2 is the precursor of the essential coenzymes flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD). Despite increased interest in microbial synthesis of this water-soluble vitamin, the metabolic pathway for riboflavin biosynthesis has been characterized in just a handful of bacteria. Here, comparative genome analysis identified the genes involved in the de novo biosynthetic pathway of riboflavin in certain bifidobacterial species, including the human gut commensal Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis (B. infantis) ATCC 15697. Using comparative genomics and phylogenomic analysis, we investigated the evolutionary acquisition route of the riboflavin biosynthesis or rib gene cluster in Bifidobacterium and the distribution of riboflavin biosynthesis-associated genes across the genus. Using B. infantis ATCC 15697 as model organism for this pathway, we isolated spontaneous riboflavin overproducers, which had lost transcriptional regulation of the genes required for riboflavin biosynthesis. Among them, one mutant was shown to allow riboflavin release into the medium to a concentration of 60.8 ng mL–1. This mutant increased vitamin B2 concentration in a fecal fermentation system, thus providing promising data for application of this isolate as a functional food ingredient.

Fortification of staple foods is a cost-effective strategy that has been used to reduce the prevalence of micronutrient deficiency in the population. National mandatory maize flour fortification legislation was introduced in Kenya in 2012 to help address micronutrient deficiencies among the vulnerable groups of the population. This study aimed to quantify the amount of vitamin A, vitamin B2, B3, B9, iron and zinc in maize flour and premixes, relative to the national fortification standard, EAS 768 and determine the stability of micronutrients in fortified maize flour under normal storage conditions experienced in Kenya. A total of 27 maize flour brands and 2 brands of maize flour premixes were procured from the market and analyzed for compliance with the national standards for vitamin A, vitamin B2, vitamin B3, vitamin B9, iron, and zinc. Losses of micronutrients in fortified maize flour stored at 25°C/RH 60% and 35°C/RH 75% for six months were also quantified. Overall, the level of compliance of fortified maize flour to national standards was low with only 11.1% of the samples complying in the micronutrients analyzed. According to the Government of Kenya, compliance is accorded to brands that comply in at least three micronutrients. Only 48.1% of the samples had complied in three or more of the micronutrients analyzed. Compliance status for specific micronutrients to national standards varied greatly with minerals having higher compliance levels than vitamins. About a fifth (18%) of the samples from the market did not comply for any micronutrient analyzed. Some samples had folate and retinol levels below detectable limits. The retention of the vitamins analyzed was significantly affected by storage conditions (temperature and relative humidity). Low retention was observed for storage at 35°C/RH 75% compared to 25°C/RH 60%. In conclusion, fortification of maize flour is still low in Kenya and there is a need to strengthen efforts towards improved compliance.