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Dynamic friction coefficient (COF) of the reciprocating sliding contact of the conventional UHMWPE, was investigated in four different environments (dry contact; distilled water; pure Ringer's solution and with PMMA particles), at five values of low normal load (0.1–1 N) and three values of sliding speed (4 - 12 mm/s). Significant differences of COF values occurred at the lowest load (0.1 N), whereas sliding speed did not influence COF values. Addition of PMMA particles in Ringer's solution produced significant increase of COF values, especially at the lowest load of 0.1 N. For the dry contact and the highest load (1 N), steady state was reached shortly after the beginning of the test and friction coefficient had uniform behaviour. In the case of wet environment and the lowest load, steady state was not reached and the friction coefficient exhibited non-reproducible random behaviour. According to the Hertz theory, 0.5 N load corresponded to the elastic stress of 48.7 MPa, thus surpassing the values of the elastic limits, hardness and true yield stress of the UHMWPE, and the behaviour of the friction coefficient was drastically different below and above this load value. It can be assumed that below the 0.5 N load, viscoelastic response, accompanied with plastic deformation is dominant, with transition to mainly plastic deformation for the higher loads.

Ringer's solution might be used to treat volume depletion (extracellular dehydration) and hemorrhage, but there is no integrated view of how these fluid balance disorders influence the kinetics of the infused volume.Acute dehydration (mean 1.7 L) was induced by repeated doses of furosemide (5 mg) in 10 healthy male volunteers, and 0.5 L and 0.9 L of blood was withdrawn in random order on different occasions in another 10 male volunteers, just before administration of Ringer's acetate solution. Infusions performed in the normovolemic state served as controls. Measurements of blood hemoglobin and urinary excretion were used to create volume kinetic profiles that were analyzed using mixed-effects modeling software.Infusions over 15 to 30 min showed a marked distribution phase during which the plasma volume transiently increased by 50% to 75% of the administered volume. Dehydration and hemorrhage accelerated redistribution but retarded the elimination; the half-life of the infused fluid increased from 36 to 51 min (mean) from 1 L of dehydration and to 95 min from 1 L of hemorrhage. Extravascular accumulation decreased with the dehydration volume and increased with the hemorrhage volume.Simulations show that 60% as much Ringer is needed to replace volume depletion amounting to 1 L as compared with hemorrhage over a 2-h period. A continued but slower drip after the initial fluid resuscitation prevents rebound hypovolemia.Furosemide-induced dehydration and blood withdrawal in normotensive volunteers had modest effects on the Ringer's acetate kinetics. Urinary excretion was inhibited more by hemorrhage than by dehydration.

Introduction Methotrexate (MTX) is a cytotoxic antimetabolite. Intravenous (IV) hydration and urine alkalinization with sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) can mitigate nephrotoxicity associated with high-dose MTX (HDMTX, doses ≥500 mg/m2). A shortage of IV NaHCO3 in 2017 prompted Alberta Children’s Hospital (ACH) and Stollery Children’s Hospital (SCH) to adopt an alternative protocol including oral NaHCO3 and IV hydration with Lactated Ringer’s (LR). Methods A retrospective chart review was conducted for ACH and SCH inpatients who received HDMTX between January and December 2017. The primary outcome was the proportion of cycles with delayed HDMTX clearance within the IV and oral cohorts. Secondary outcomes include NaHCO3 administered until clearance, NaHCO3 required to reach pH ≥7, time to reach pH ≥7, incidence of pH 3 administration were also reported. Results 112 MTX cycles were included, 50 and 62 from the IV and oral cohorts, respectively. Clearance delays beyond protocol expectations occurred in 10 cycles (8.9%), 5 from each cohort ( p = 0.72). Differences between cohorts were not statistically significant, except the amounts of NaHCO3 required until clearance (383 vs. 277 mmol/m2, p = 0.005) and to reach pH ≥7 (52 vs. 40 mmol/m2, p = 0.004) were lower in the oral cohort. Incidences of adverse effects were not different. Conclusions Oral NaHCO3 with LR is a feasible alternative for urine alkalinization. The total dose of NaHCO3 utilized was lower in the oral cohort, with no additional delays in clearance.

Background Our previous study showed that ultraviolet C (UVC) from xenon (Xe) flash without any photoreactive compounds inactivated bacteria in platelet concentrates (PCs) with less damage to platelets (PLTs) as compared with Xe flash containing ultraviolet A, ultraviolet B, and visible light. Here, we report a UVC irradiation system for PCs under flow conditions consisting of a flow path-irradiation sheet, a peristaltic pump, and a collection bag. Study design and methods Platelet concentrates containing Ringer's solution (R-PCs) inoculated with bacteria were injected into a flow path sheet using a peristaltic pump, being irradiated with UVC from Xe flash. The quality of the irradiated PCs containing platelet additive solution (PAS-PCs) was assessed based on PC variables, PLT surface markers, and aggregation ability. Results Streptococcus dysgalactiae (12 tests) and Escherichia coli (11) were all negative on bacterial culture, while Staphylococcus aureus (12) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (14) grew in one and two R-PCs, respectively. Bacillus cereus spores were inactivated in 7 of 12 R-PCs. PC variables became significantly different between irradiated and nonirradiated PAS-PCs. P-selectin, first procaspase-activating compound (PAC-1) binding, and phosphatidylserine increased by irradiation. Aggregability stimulated by adenosine diphosphate, collagen, or thromboxane A2 increased in the irradiated PAS-PCs, while that by thrombin became smaller compared with nonirradiated controls. Conclusion This newly developed system inactivated bacteria including spores in R-PCs. PAS-PCs irradiated by this system retained acceptable in vitro quality and aggregability. Usage of a peristaltic pump instead of agitator during irradiation may enable this system to be directly combined with an apheresis blood cell separator.

Plasma medicine is a rapidly expanding new field of interdisciplinary research that combines physics, chemistry, biology, and medicine. Non-thermal atmospheric pressure plasma (NTAPP) has recently been applied to living cells and tissues, and has emerged as a novel technology for medical applications, such as wound healing, blood coagulation, and cancer treatment. NTAPP was found to affect cells indirectly through the treatment of cells with previously prepared medium irradiated by NTAPP, termed plasma-activated medium (PAM). The treatment of culture media with NTAPP results in the generation of a large amount of reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species, and their derived species. We found that PAM triggered a spiral apoptotic cascade in the mitochondrial-nuclear network in A549 cancer cells. This process induced the depletion of total cellular NAD+ and elevations in intracellular calcium ion, ultimately leading to cell death. We also detected the production of hydroxyl radical and elevations in intracellular ferrous ions in PAM-treated cells. The elevations observed in ferrous ions may have been due to their release from the intracellular iron store, ferritin. However, difficulties are associated with applying PAM to the clinical phase because culture media cannot be used for medical treatments. The anti-tumor activity of plasma-activated Ringer's solution was significantly stronger than that of PAM. At the end, we herein demonstrated the advantages of the combined application of plasma-activated acetate Ringer's solution and hyperthermia, a heat treatment at 42℃, for A549 cancer cell death and elucidated the underlying mechanisms.

Backgroud: The choice of the perioperative crystalloid is a key component of the fluid management and must take into account the liver function and the appearing metabolic disorders to avoid increase the liver extra metabolism. The aim of this study is to analyze the effect of acetate Ringer's solution or lactate Ringer's solution in biliary atresia patients.Methods: We included 68 infant patients aged between 21~65 d, ASA physical status II or Ⅲ, who underwent elective Kasai hepatoportoenterostomy, received either AR and LR for intravenous fluid resuscitation according to their group allocation. Lactate concentration, serum electrolytes and pH were noteded before skin incision (T1), end of surgery (T2) and postoperative 12 h. We also recorded the time of operation, stay of hospital, loss of blood and urinary, total volume of infusion of crystalloid.Results: Lactate level was significantly higher in Group LR than in Group AR patients at T2 ( 0.76 ± 0.13 versus 0.57 ± 0.22, P=0.03 ). Compared with T3, sodium and chlorine were significantly higher in two groups at T2 ( 145.2 ± 3.1 versus 143.4 ± 3.4 and 104.6 ± 3.7 versus 105.2 ± 2.1 ). No significant differences were noted in potassium, HCO3- and calcium. There was no statistically significant difference in pH. No glycopenia was recorded in two groups. No significant difference was noted in administration of vasoactive drug (0.7% versus 1% ).Conclusions: Resuscitation with AR and LR is associated with similar clinical improvement in infants with biliary atresia. Use of AR reduced the level of lactate in comparison with LR.

The influence of nitriding temperature (900 and 850°C) and partial pressure of nitrogen (105 and 1 Pa) on morphology and phase structural state of modified surface layers of commercially pure titanium (cp-Ti) was determined. It was shown that nitrided titanium provided much better anti-corrosion protection than nitrided Ti-6Al-4V alloy, and its corrosion resistance increased with decreasing nitriding temperature and partial pressure of nitrogen.

The main aim of the present study was to determine the impact of Zn on the surface structure and corrosion behavior of Mg-based metallic glasses after immersion in Ringer’s solution. The corrosion rate expressed by the volume of released hydrogen in the form of a function of immersion time in Ringer’s solution at 37 °C was presented. The surface structure and corrosion products, which were formed during the immersion tests, were examined by means of scanning electron microscopy and the following spectroscopic methods: x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, x-ray diffractometry, secondary ion mass spectrometry and energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy. As a result of the investigations of the surface structure, oxides (MgO, CaO, ZnO), hydroxides (Mg(OH)2, Ca(OH)2) and carbonates (CaCO3) were identified. The analysis of the research results allowed the determination of a probable course and corrosion mechanism of the above-mentioned metallic glasses during immersion in Ringer’s solution.

Corrosion in human body can cause changes in materials structure and release of undesirable products which may bring about complications such as toxicity and inflammation, and jeopardize the mechanical stability of the prosthesis. In biomaterials engineering, attempt has been made on design and manufacture of implant materials with less corrosion, and reduced complications. In the present study, corrosion characteristics of titanium-alumina composites (25 vol% and 50 vol% Al2O3) fabricated by spark plasma sintering were analyzed by polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Physiological Ringer's solution was used as corrosion medium. The corrosion experiments were conducted in two time intervals. Pure titanium was also fabricated and analyzed for comparison. Furthermore, the samples were immersed in Ringer's solution for about 50 days and then characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM). From the results of corrosion tests, it was indicated that pure Ti and the Ti-25% Al2O3 had fully passive behavior and experienced breakdown at high voltage in the test potential region. The composite with 25% Al2O3 content also showed superior corrosion resistance. The SEM images of the samples after long time immersion revealed both corroded regions and deposition zones on the surfaces.

New compositions of Ca-based metallic glasses were studied in aim to reduce their rapid degradation in physiological body fluids. The studies were performed on Ca47Mg18Zn35-xAux (x = 0,1,3 at.%) samples in the form of plates. The effect of Au addition on the corrosion behavior of new Ca-based alloys in Ringer's solution was reported. It was found that the Ca47Mg18Zn34Au3 and Ca47Mg18Zn34Au1 glasses show more positive corrosion potential than Ca47Mg18Zn35 alloy. Moreover, samples with Au addition Ca47Mg18Zn34Au3 (0.18 ml/cm2) and Ca47Mg18Zn34Au1 (1.32 ml/cm2) exhibited significantly less hydrogen evolution rates than base alloy Ca47Mg18Zn35 (7.25 ml/cm2) after 7 h. The reduced hydrogen volumes of the alloys with Au addition indicated that they can be used for wide range of biomedical applications.

Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) is the most common standard surgical procedure used for benign prostatic hyperplasia. Transurethral resection in saline (TURis) is a bipolar electrosurgery system used to prevent TURP (or TUR) syndrome. The bicarbonate Ringer's solution is not generally used as perfusate for TURP. Hence, we compared the efficacy of the bicarbonate Ringer's solution with that of physiological saline as perfusate during TURP. This prospective, multicenter, cooperative study was conducted on 40 adult patients admitted to a medical college hospital. After obtaining informed consent from all the patients, they were divided into two groups (20 patients per group). For patients of one group, bicarbonate Ringer's solution, and for other group, physiological saline was used as perfusate. Compared to the physiological saline, the electrolyte composition of the bicarbonate Ringer's solution was closer to that of plasma. Hence, the group using bicarbonate Ringer's solution as perfusate was exhibited less variation in plasma electrolytes and blood gas data. The primary endpoints were adverse events of grade 1 or higher according to the JCOG postoperative complication criteria ver. 2.0, unintended diseases, or related signs in patients who underwent the protocol therapy. The secondary endpoints were changes in blood pH, bicarbonate ion level, anion gap (AG), base excess (BE), and chloride (C1), which occurred during and after the surgeries. Therefore, bicarbonate Ringer's solution has superior with that of physiological saline as perfusate during TURP which is directly administered into the blood vessels as an infusion solution.Bicarbonate Ringer's solution is directly administered into the blood vessels as an infusion solution.

Objective The objective of this study was to compare the efficacy of renal perfusion with Custodiol (Dr Franz-Kohler Chemie GmbH, Bensheim, Germany) versus enriched Ringer's solution for renal protection in patients undergoing open thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysm (TAAA) repair. Methods Ninety consecutive patients scheduled for elective open TAAA repair were enrolled between 2015 and 2017 in a single-center, phase IV, prospective, parallel, randomized, double-blind trial (the CUstodiol versus RInger: whaT Is the Best Agent [CURITIBA] trial), and randomized to renal arteries perfusion with 4°C Custodiol (Dr Franz-Kohler Chemie GmbH, Bensheim, Germany; n = 45) or 4°C lactated Ringer's solution (n = 45). The incidence of acute kidney injury (AKI) in patients undergoing TAAA open surgery using Custodiol renal perfusion versus an enriched Ringer's solution was the primary end point. Results Ninety patients completed the study (45 patients in each group). The incidence of postoperative AKI was significantly lower in the Custodiol group (48.9% vs 75.6%; P = .02). In the multivariable model, only the use of Custodiol solution resulted as protective from the occurrence of any AKI (odds ratio, 0.230; 95% confidence interval, 0.086-0.614; P = .003), whereas TAAA type II extent was associated with the development of severe AKI (odds ratio, 4.277; 95% confidence interval, 1.239-14.762; P = .02). At 1-year follow-up, serum creatinine was not significantly different from the preoperative values in both groups. Conclusions The use of Custodiol during open TAAA repair was safe and resulted in significantly lower rates of postoperative AKI compared with Ringer's solution. These findings support safety and efficacy of Custodiol in this specific setting, which is currently off-label.

Ringer’s or phosphate buffer saline (PBS) solution buffer usually was used as dilution butter in intraperitoneal injection. Stress could activate immune response, inflammatory response and glycogen metabolic process. The impact of solution buffer as a stressor to immune system was ignored in immunostimulatory experiment. In this report, we tested the hypothesis that the innate immune response and glycogen metabolic process were altered when it were challenged with Ringer’s in Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). RNA-seq was performed after challenge with Ringer’s at 8 h and 48 h. The data revealed that the expression profiles of blood, gill, and kidney were significantly changed. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified, and energy metabolic and immune-related genes were up-regulated or down-regulated obviously. GO and KEGG analyses showed that DEGs were mainly enriched in innate immune terms and pathways. Weighted gene co-expression networks analysis (WGCNA) also indicated the highest association module with stress. A total of 16 genes were detected in the gray module, which were immune-related and metabolic-related genes. These results provided fundamental information on intraperitoneal injection with solution buffer. It offered useful clues to further explore the functional mechanism of stress and immunity.

Titanium dental implants show very good properties, unfortunately there are still issues regarding material wear due to corrosion, implant loosening, as well as biological factors&mdash, allergic reactions and inflammation leading to rejection of the implanted material. In order to avoid performing reimplantation operations, changes in the chemical composition and/or modifications of the surface layer of the materials are used. This research is aimed at explaining the possible mechanisms of titanium dissolution and the role of oxide coating, and its damage, in the enhancement of the corrosion process. The studies of new and used implants were made by scanning electron microscopy and computer tomography. The long-term chemical dissolution of rutile was studied in Ringer&rsquo, s solution and artificial saliva at various pH levels and room temperature. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) conjugated plasma ion spectrometry was used to determine the number of dissolved titanium ions in the solutions. The obtained results demonstrated the extremely low dissolution rate of rutile, slightly increasing along with pH. The diffusion calculations showed that the diffusion of titanium through the oxide layer at human body temperature is negligible. The obtained results indicate that the surface damage followed by titanium dissolution is initiated at the defects caused by either the manufacturing process or implantation surgery. At a low thickness of titanium oxide coating, there is a stepwise appearance and development of cracks that forms corrosion tunnels within the oxide coating.

Medical support for traumatic haemorrhage is lacking for far-forward combat units. VIR-HBOC (haemoglobin-based oxygen carrier) is a novel biological therapeutic under development as a field-stable resuscitation fluid. HBOCs have a long history of complications, chief among them is vasoconstrictive hypertension, which must be resolved before efficacy testing. As such, VIR-HBOC was compared against Lactated Ringers (LRS; vehicle) and a cross-linked haemoglobin (ααHb; a known vasoactive HBOC) in a rat topload model. Twenty-three male, Sprague Dawley rats were randomly assigned to receive a 10% infusion (estimated total blood volume) of one test article while normotensive and under anaesthesia. Cardiovascular, blood chemistry and oximetry, microvascular arteriolar diameters, and interstitial tissue oxygenation parameters were measured. Circulatory half-life was calculated by plasma total haemoglobin. Treatment with ααHb caused immediate increases in mean arterial pressure compared to LRS and VIR-HBOC groups, and corresponding arteriolar vasoconstriction (

Owing to their superior biocompatibility, titanium and its alloys are often the first choice for implant materials in biomedical applications, especially for dental and bone repairs (orthodontics and prosthodontics). Titanium has low density and shows good mechanical and chemical properties. Although Ti-6Al-4V alloy exhibits excellent corrosion resistance properties, the metal ions released during corrosion are likely to induce aseptic loosening in long-term implantations. In the present study, Ti-6Al-4V alloy was subjected to two specific heat treatments, namely, air cooling and water quenching. The potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements revealed remarkable improvement in the corrosion resistance properties of the heat-treated specimens. The presence of the &beta, phase is a plausible reason for the improvement. Scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction phase composition analysis, and microstructural characterization were performed to confirm the presence of the &beta, phase.

Currently, the optimal resuscitation fluid remains debatable. Therefore, in the present study, we designed a trometamol-balanced solution (TBS) for use as a resuscitation fluid for hemorrhagic shock. Hemorrhagic shock was induced in 18 male Wistar-Kyoto rats, which were assigned to normal saline (NS), Ringer's solution (RS), and TBS groups. During the hemorrhagic state, their hemodynamic parameters were recorded using an Abbott i-STAT analyzer with the CG4+ cartridge (for pH, pressure of carbon dioxide, pressure of oxygen, total carbon dioxide, bicarbonate, base excess, oxygen saturation, and lactate), the CG6+ cartridge (for sodium, potassium, chloride, blood glucose, blood urea nitrogen, hematocrit, and hemoglobin), and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits (calcium, magnesium, creatinine, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, bilirubin, and albumin). Similar trends were found for the parameters of biochemistries, electrolytes, and blood gas, and they revealed no significant changes after blood withdrawal-induced hemorrhagic shock. However, the TBS group showed more effective ability to correct metabolic acidosis than the NS and RS groups. TBS was a feasible and safe resuscitation solution in this study and may be an alternative to NS and RS for resuscitation in hemorrhagic shock patients without liver damage.

Fretting corrosion of boride coated commercially pure titanium (CpTi) is investigated in Ringer's solution using open circuit potential (OCP) method. Coating is synthesized at 850, 910 and 1050 °C for 1, 3 and 5 h. Upon fretting, borided specimens exhibited lower galvanic coupling than bare and correspondingly the wear loss. TiB 2 +TiB and/or TiB 2 thickness plays a significant role in determining the fretting resistances. Passivation/repassivation is attributed by TiO 2 /B 2 O 3 and TiO 2 formations in borided and bare CpTi respectively. Study revealed that suppression of summation of synergistic and corrosion components improved the fretting performance of coated CpTi. Boriding of CpTi has enhanced the biocompatibility response.

Non-thermal plasma (NTP) is applicable to living cells and has emerged as a novel technology for cancer therapy. Plasma-activated medium (PAM), which is prepared by the irradiation of culture medium with NTP, induces cell death in cancer cells. However, difficulties are associated with applying PAM to the clinical phase because culture media cannot be used for medical treatments. The objectives of the present study were to demonstrate the inhibitory effects of plasma-activated lactated Ringer's solution (PAL) on the viability of the A549 cancer cell line and elucidate the underlying mechanisms. The anti-tumor activity of PAL was significantly stronger than that of PAM, whereas their concentrations of H2O2 and nitrite were similar. Lactated Ringer's solution (Lac-R) consists of lactate and three types of inorganic salts. The results showing that NTP irradiation of the lactate solution rather than the inorganic salt solution induced the inactivation of catalase were dependent on the presence or absence of nitrite in these solutions. We detected nitrotyrosine in A549 cells treated with PAM or PAL, and the addition of catalase to PAM rather than to PAL reduced its production. The PAL treatment of A549 cells led to mitochondrial dysfunction with the down-regulation of NF-κB-Bcl2 signaling.

In this work, different electrochemical analyses in Ringer's solution at 37 °C were implemented to understand the electrochemical response of diversity of titanium boride coatings developed on the commercially pure titanium (CP–Ti) via pack cementation method. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images indicated that the boriding creates the TiB whiskers and TiB whiskers/TiB2 dense layer on the top of the surface of CP–Ti in respect to the heat-treatment at 900 and 1000 °C for 3 h. Potentiodynamic polarization curves cleared the passive behavior of the borided samples. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) assays revealed the satisfactory corrosion resistance of the borided samples in Ringer's solution. Mott–Schottky (M–S) assessments represented that the passive films formed on CP–Ti and the borided samples behaved as doped n-type semiconductor properties. Furthermore, M–S assessments indicated that the donor concentration of the passive films decreased with increasing the time. Finally, the borided sample at 900 °C in comparison with the borided sample at 1000 °C illustrated to be the more suitable selection for bioimplant applications, mainly due to better surface conditions to form a less defective and more protective passive film.

Background Serum lactate increases in states of severe sepsis and shock, but its interpretation may be subject to confounders. Lactated Ringer's solution (LR) is used in the resuscitation of septic patients and contains 28 mmol/L of sodium lactate. Objectives We sought to determine if a bolus of 30 mL/kg of LR increases serum lactate levels. Methods In this double-blind, randomized controlled trial, 30 volunteers were assigned to receive either 30 mL/kg of intravenous LR or normal saline (NS). Serum lactate was measured before and after the fluid bolus. The primary outcome was the difference in the change in lactate between the LR and NS groups. Secondarily, we assessed the change in pH, bicarbonate, sodium, and chloride in each group. Results After 30 mL/kg of intravenous LR, the mean serum lactate level increased by 0.93 mmol/L (95% confidence interval 0.42–1.44 mmol/L). However, there was also a small increase in the mean serum lactate level in the NS group of 0.37 mmol/L (95% confidence interval −0.26 mmol/L to 1.00 mmol/L), such that there was not a statistically significant difference in the change in lactate when comparing the LR group to the NS group (p = 0.2). The NS group saw larger declines in pH and bicarbonate and greater increases in chloride compared with the LR group. Conclusion In healthy individuals, a modest but significant rise in mean serum lactate was seen after a 30 cc/kg LR bolus. There was no difference in mean serum lactate when comparing a 30 mL/kg bolus of NS to LR.

Potassium bromide overdose (bromism) in the management of canine epilepsy has been known. However, a protocol to reduce bromide concentrations rapidly has not been previously established. The effects of three infusion fluids with different chloride contents on the steady-state serum concentrations of bromide in beagles were determined. After stabilization of the serum bromide concentrations, seven dogs were infused with saline (Na+ 154 mmol/L; Cl- 154 mmol/L), lactated Ringer's (Na+ 131 mmol/L; Cl- 110 mmol/L), or maintenance solutions (Na+ 35 mmol/L; Cl- 35 mmol/L) at a rate of 2 or 10 ml kg-1 hr-1 for 5 hr. Serum and urine were collected hourly, and the bromide concentrations were measured. When saline and lactated Ringer's solutions were infused at a rate of 10 ml kg-1 hr-1 for 5 hr, serum bromide concentrations were decreased by 14.24% and urine bromide concentrations by 17.63%, respectively. Of all compositions of infusion fluids, only sodium and chloride contents were associated with the decreased serum concentrations and the increased renal clearance of bromide. In summary, saline and lactated Ringer's solutions reduced serum bromide concentrations in a sodium chloride-dependent manner in dogs were found when infused at 10 ml kg-1 hr-1 for 5 hr.

LC-MS/MS methods to measure prexasertib in mouse plasma and Ringer’s solution containing 0.5% BSA (Ringer’s/BSA) were developed and validated. Liquid-liquid extraction with tert-butyl methyl ether was used to extract prexasertib from mouse plasma and Ringer’s solution with 0.5% bovine serum albumin (Ringer’s/BSA). Reverse phase chromatography with gradient elution was performed to separate prexasertib from the endogenous interference in the matrix, followed by MS detection using positive ion MRM mode. The initial calibration curve for mouse plasma samples ranged from 1 to 500 ng/ml, and after validation of that curve and use in a preliminary study another calibration curve (0.2–200 ng/ml) was created to enable the quantitation of prexasertib at lower concentrations. The method described was precise and accurate with %CV in precision studies of ≤6.7% and accuracies within 95.0–110% of nominal target concentration across all concentrations tested for both matrices. This validated method was successfully applied in the analysis of prexasertib in mouse plasma and dialysate samples collected during a cerebral microdialysis study.

The corrosion behavior of Ca65−xMg10+xZn25 (x = 0,10) and Ca32Mg12Zn38Yb18 alloys was studied by potendiodynamic tests and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy in Ringer's solution. The solution of NaCl, KCl and CaCl2 components reacted with outer layer of alloys and produced corrosion products. The influence of Ca content on the hydrogen volume as a function of time was discussed. The measurements exhibited significantly less hydrogen evolution volumes for Ca55Mg20Zn25 alloy (5.0 ml/cm2) than for Ca65Mg10Zn25 glass (11.3 ml/cm2) after 2 h. The lowest value of hydrogen evolution was observed for Ca32Mg12Zn38Yb18 glass (1.1 ml/cm2). The hydrogen volume for Ca32Zn38Mg12Yb18 sample fulfilled the non-toxic amount of H2, which must be low than ~1 ml/h. The XPS survey spectra for the glassy samples after corrosion test in Ringer's solution represent the surface components. The corrosion products were identified as to be CaCO3, Mg(OH)2, CaO, MgO and ZnO compounds. In addition, the EDS and X-ray analysis of a layer of corrosion products after immersion tests in Ringer's solution identified calcium and ytterbium hydroxide, calcium carbonate and also calcium zinc hydroxide hydrate.

Corrosion and fretting corrosion of boride coating on Ti-6Al-4V (TAV) are investigated in Ringer’s solution for bio-implant applications. Boride coatings are fabricated as a function of temperature (900–1100 °C) and soaking time (1–5 h). Coatings are characterized for phase evaluation, microstructural analysis, thickness and microhardness measurement. The coating contained TiB2 and TiB whiskers as outermost and inner layers respectively. The increasing thickness of outer TiB2 at a relatively higher boriding temperature and time impeded the TiB formation. A large microhardness value of ∼3248 Hv15gf at the outermost surface (

Titanium dioxide nanotubes (TNTs) layer fabricated via anodizing process in fluoride-containing polar organic electrolyte. The corrosion mechanism of pure Ti and the TNTs immersed in Ringer's solution was investigated and compared using the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) method. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis were also used to investigate the TNTs. Results showed better corrosion resistance of TNTs compare to the bare Ti. An electrical equivalent circuit (EEC) model including three time-constant was proposed to fit the experimental data obtained for the TNTs. This behavior is attributed to the tube’s wall composition which is consisted of two different regions including an outer region (OR) of the tube and a C- and F-rich inner region (IR). EDX analysis and AT-FTIR spectrum confirmed the presence of C and F

The tribocorrosion behaviour of biomaterial Ti-25Nb-3Mo-3Zr-2Sn alloy in Ringer's solution was evaluated by micro-abrasion experiments, electrochemical tests and scanning electron microscope (SEM) observations. Potentiodynamic polarization results suggested that the effect of particle concentration on the electrochemistry characteristic is greater than the applied load. When the particle concentration and applied load were 0.05g·cm-3 and 0.25N, respectively, the Ecorr reached the maximum as -0.381V. The micro-abrasion-corrosion results showed that the wear rates of the Ti-25Nb-3Mo-3Zr-2Sn alloy increased with increasing particle concentration and decreased as applied load increased. The wear rates acquired under various conditions regarding to the main wear mechanism of two-body grooving wear with less three-body rolling wear; three-body abrasive wear modes are more efficient at material loss than two-body wear. The variation in material loss indicated that the contribution of corrosion is lower than the contribution of micro-abrasion. The wear regime, wastage and micro-abrasion-corrosion synergy maps associated with the particle concentration and applied load were established to evaluate the tribocorrosion behaviour of the Ti-25Nb-3Mo-3Zr-2Sn alloy as a potential surgical implant material.

Influence of roughness (ra) from 43 to 474 nm on corrosion and fretting corrosion of commercially pure titanium (CpTi) was studied in the Ringer’s solution. The anodic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) revealed the highest corrosion resistance of CpTi with ra 43 nm and correlated well with the surface energy (SE). The highest potential drop associated with the fretting corrosion is observed for CpTi with ra 43 nm followed by 474 nm; this is found to correspond with the worn out area. The fretting current density (ifretting) is several order higher than obtained during the potentiodynamic polarization (without fretting) study. Fretting corrosion manifested by the drop in electrochemical potential is simulated with high accuracy using fretting current density and an initial contact area. Fretting corrosion at an applied potential (+250 mV(SCE)) is produced much larger fretting corrosion current density than during the open circuit potential (OCP).

In the present study, various electrochemical tests were used to investigate the passive and electrochemical response of annealed and nano-grained commercial pure Titanium in Ringer's physiological solution at 37°C. Nano-grained pure Titanium, which typically has an average grain size of 90±5nm, was obtained by six-cycle accumulative roll bonding process. Polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy plots illustrated that as a result of grain refinement process, the passive response of the nano-grained sample was improved compared to that of its coarse-grained counterpart in Ringer's physiological solution. Mott-Schottky analysis indicated that the passive films behaved as n-type semiconductors in Ringer's physiological solution and grain refinement did not change the conductivity type of the passive films. Additionally, Mott-Schottky analysis showed that the donor density decreased by grain size reduction. Finally, nano-grained sample appeared to be more suitable for implant applications, mainly due to the formation of thicker and less defective oxide film.

Ag-doped TiO2 films were coated via the sol-gel method on commercially pure titanium (CP-Ti), and their corrosion properties in simulated body fluid, artificial saliva and Ringer's solution were investigated by potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Both un-doped and Ag-doped TiO2-coated samples exhibited higher corrosion resistances than uncoated samples. It was determined that Ag-doping improved the corrosion resistance compared with untreated and un-doped TiO2 film-coated samples in the three electrolytes. It was also observed that the Ag-doped TiO2 coating had the highest corrosion resistance in saliva. The use of the Ag-doped TiO2 coating in a saliva medium is more suitable for real medical applications. Additionally, Ag-doped TiO2-coated implants can be used in dental applications.

The present study aimed to investigate the effects of cold atmospheric plasma (CAP)‑activated Ringer's solution on osteosarcoma cell lines MG63 and U2OS, and to identify the molecular mechanism underlying these effects. CAP‑activated Ringer's solution was used to treat osteosarcoma cell lines MG63 and U2OS for 30 min. Cell viability was measured using the MTT method. The apoptosis rate was detected using Annexin‑V and propidium iodide. The expression levels of cytochrome c, caspase‑3 and polyADP ribose polymerase (PARP) in MG63 cells were analyzed via western blotting. The change in mitochondrial membrane potential was detected via the JC‑1 dye method and verified by the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS). CAP‑activated Ringer's solution inhibited the proliferation of MG63 and U2OS cells in a dose‑ and time‑dependent manner. Furthermore, CAP‑activated Ringer's solution induced the apoptosis of MG63 cells, increased the intracellular ROS level, decreased the mitochondrial membrane potential level, and induced the release of cytochrome c. CAP‑activated Ringer's solution inhibits osteosarcoma cell proliferation through intracellular ROS‑mediated mitochondrial apoptosis.

In this work, the corrosion behaviors of the AZ31B alloy in Ringer&rsquo, s solution at 20 &deg, C and 37 &deg, C were compared over four days to better understand the influence of temperature and immersion time on corrosion rate. The corrosion products on the surfaces of the AZ31B alloys were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) provided information about the protective properties of the corrosion layers. A significant acceleration in corrosion rate with increasing temperature was measured using mass loss and evolved hydrogen methods. This temperature effect was directly related to the changes in chemical composition and thickness of the Al-rich corrosion layer formed on the surface of the AZ31B alloy. At 20 &deg, C, the presence of a thick (micrometer scale) Al-rich corrosion layer on the surface reduced the corrosion rate in Ringer&rsquo, s solution over time. At 37 &deg, C, the incorporation of additional Mg and Al compounds containing Cl into the Al-rich corrosion layer was observed in the early stages of exposure to Ringer&rsquo, s solution. At 37 &deg, C, a significant decrease in the thickness of this corrosion layer was noted after four days.

The purpose of study was to obtain the best combination of natural cryoprotectant (honey solution) and synthetic cryoprotectant (methanol) on the quality of spermatozoa Chromobotia macracanthus Bleeker 1852, after freezing at -80 ℃ for 48 hours. The combination of 10% methanol with various concentrations of honey solution (0%, 0.1%, 0.3%, 0.5%, 0.7% and 0.9%) was tested in this study. Ringer's solution was used as an extender. The diluted sperm was then equilibrated for 25 minutes at 4 ℃, then frozen at -80 ℃ for 48 hours. The sperm was then thawed at 40 ℃ for 13 seconds. Viability, motility and percentage of fertilization were evaluated. The results of the analysis of variance showed that the combination of 10% methanol with several concentrations of honey solution had a significant effect (P 0.05). The combination of 0.1% honey solution and 10% methanol showed the highest percentage of both motility (89.4 ± 5.45%), viability (85.75 ± 4.79%), and the percentage of fertilization (98.55 ± 1.69%). %). The conclusion of this study is that 0.1% honey solution combined with 10% methanol in Ringer's solution is the best cryoprotectant for C. macracanthus spermatozoa stored at -80 ℃ for 48 hours

Subcutaneous fluid administration is a commonly used therapy in veterinary practice. Its safety and efficacy have been demonstrated in human clinical studies, but have only rarely been discussed in the veterinary literature. This prospective observational study was performed to evaluate changes during a 24 h period in serum biochemistries associated with administration of lactated Ringer's solution subcutaneously to healthy cats. Lactated Ringer's solution was administered subcutaneously once to ten healthy, euvolemic cats at a dose of 22 mL kg−1. Blood biochemistry analytes were sampled at baseline and at serial time points for a total of 24 h. Changes in biochemical analytes at each time point were compared to baseline and evaluated for statistical significance. Serum blood urea nitrogen (BUN) was significantly less than baseline at 4, 6, 12, 18, and 24 h post‐infusion. Serum creatinine was significantly less than baseline at 2, 4 and 6 h. Packed cell volume (PCV) was significantly less than baseline at 6, 12, 18, and 24 h. Total plasma proteins were significantly less than baseline at all time points. Serum electrolytes did not change from baseline at any time point. Urine specific gravity was significantly increased from baseline only at 6 h post‐Lactated Ringer's solution (LRS) administration. Subcutaneous administration of lactated Ringer's solution appears to result in haemodilution with minimal change to serum electrolyte concentrations in clinically normal, euvolemic cats.

Much is still unknown about why freshwater mussels (Unionidae) are particularly sensitive to environmental change. A better understanding of freshwater mussel metabolism is needed, and the field of environmental metabolomics holds the promise to inform these questions. A number of protocols exist for the extraction of metabolites for identification from animal tissues. As a first step in the application of environmental metabolomics to the study of freshwater mussels, we compared extraction protocols using an inorganic oxidizing acid (perchloric acid), an organic nitrile (acetonitrile), and a salt/water solution (Ringer's solution) to establish an uncomplicated, robust, repeatable and inexpensive tissue extraction protocol for freshwater mussel tissue. Perchloric acid resulted in notable extraction of energy-related nucleotides (AMP/ADP/ATP), yet had the lowest peak count of the three extraction methods and showed poor repeatability. Acetonitrile and Ringer's solution yielded metabolite extracti...

Applications of non-thermal plasma (NTP) discharges in medicine, particularly cancer therapy, have increased in recent years. The aim of the present study was to investigate the advantages of the combined application of NTP-irradiated acetated Ringer's solution (PAA) and hyperthermia, a heat treatment at 42 °C, on A549 cancer cell death and elucidate the underlying mechanisms. Cell death was enhanced more by the above combined treatment and was accompanied by increases in intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i). The activation of transient receptor potential melastatin 2 (TRPM2) may enhance cell death because the addition of TRPM2 inhibitors and knockdown of TRPM2 significantly abrogated the above phenomena. TRPM2 is a temperature-sensitive, Ca2+-permeable, non-elective cation channel and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and ADP ribose are its main agonists. PAA functioned as a donor of reactive oxygen species, mainly H2O2, and a treatment with PAA under hyperthermia induced both mitochondrial and nuclear damage with DNA breaks. The activation of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 as the DNA repair mechanism induced TRPM2 activation because this enzyme accumulates ADP ribose. The sensitivity of fibroblasts as normal cells to PAA was less than that of A549 cells. These results suggest that hyperthermia synergistically induces the sensitivity of cancer cells to PAA.

Wear and corrosion in artificial hip replacements are known to result in metal ion release and wear debris induced osteolysis. This may lead to pain and sensitivity for patients. This infers that pre-clinical testing is critical in determining the long-term performance, safety, and reliability of the implant materials. For this purpose, micro-abrasion-corrosion tests were carried out on a biocompatible material, Ti-6Al-4V ELI, using a T-66, Plint micro-abrasion test rig in conjunction with Gill Ac corrosion testing apparatus for the range of applied loads and electrical potentials in the hip joint simulated environment. A Ringer&rsquo, s solution, with and without an abrasive particle (silicon carbide), was used to enable the interactions between abrasion and corrosion. In this paper, the effects of applied load and electrochemical potential on the tribo-corrosion behaviour of Ti-6Al-4V in a bio-simulated environment are presented. The wastage, micro-abrasion-corrosion mechanisms, and synergy behaviour were identified and mapped. A significant difference in corrosion current densities was observed in the presence of abrasive particles, suggesting the removal of the protective oxide layer. The results also indicate that Ti-6Al-4V had significant abrasive wear loss when coupled with a ceramic counterpart. According to the mechanism, micro-abrasion plays a predominant role in the abrasion-corrosion behaviour of this material and the material losses by mechanical processes are substantially larger than losses, due to electrochemical processes.

By characterizing electrochemical properties and oxide species on the surface layer with XPS analysis, the corrosion behavior of (TiZrNbTa)90Mo10 high entropy alloy (HEA) was investigated under exposure to Ringer’s solutions. The protectiveness of passive film formed on the alloy was deteriorated when the exposure solution became more acidic. Under exposure in neutral solution, passive film spontaneously formed on exposed surface consists of multiple species oxides. In comparison with constituting pure metals in the alloy, the HEA exhibits robust corrosion resistance in Ringer’s solution.

Purpose: To evaluate the effect of hydration with simple Ringer's solution submitted to magnetic field in rats under renal ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) model, using biochemical and histopathological evaluation. Methods: Wistar rats were allocated into 2 equal groups of 6 animals each: Renal ischemia/reperfusion group + hydration with magnetic Ringer (mag Ringer). The left kidney underwent ischemia for 30 minutes. The right kidney was not manipulated. Thereafter, i.v. hydration was performed with 3 ml mag Ringer; Group renal I/R + hidration with simple Ringer. The simple Ringer solution was submitted to a magnetic field of 20mT intensity for 2 hours immediately prior to the surgical procedure. After 24 hours, under anesthesia blood was collected for dosing serum urea and creatinine. Histopathological analysis was performed on the left kidney (HE staining). Results: There was no significant difference between the creatinine (p=0.764) and urea (p = 0.926) values ​​between the control and test groups (non-parametric Mann-Whitney test). Comparing the histopathological scores, there was a significant difference between the groups, with higher levels of lesions in the mag Ringer treated group (p=0.025) - Mann-Whitney test. Conclusion: The use of Ringer's solution submitted to magnetic field for intravenous hydration in a renal ischemia/reperfusion model did not alter the renal function and had a negative influence on the histopathological findings on the kidney, when compared to control. Objetivo: Avaliar o efeito da hidratação com solução de Ringer simples submetida à ação de campo magnético, em ratos sob modelo de isquemia e reperfusão (I/R) renal, através de métodos bioquímicos e histopatológicos. Métodos: Ratos Wistar foram divididos por sorteio em 2 grupos iguais de 6 animais cada: Grupo Isquemia/reperfusão renal + hidratação com Ringer tratado com magnético (Ringer mag) – Provocada isquemia no rim esquerdo durante 30 minutos. O rim direito não foi manipulado. Em seguida, realizou-se a hidratação de infusão i.v. com 3 ml de Ringer mag; Grupo I/R renal + reposição volêmica com Ringer simples. A solução de ringer simples foi submetida a campo magnético de intensidade 20mT. A solução foi exposta ao CM durante 2 horas imediatamente antes da realização do procedimento cirúrgico. Após 24 horas, sob anestesia foi colhido sangue para dosagem de Ureia e Creatinina. Análise histopatológica foi realizada no rim esquerdo (coloração HE). Resultados: não houve diferença significativa entre os valores de creatinina (p=0,764) e ureia (p=0,926) entre os grupos controle e tratado, usando o teste não paramétrico de Mann-Whitney. Comparando os escores histopatológicos, houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entres os grupos, observando-se maiores níveis de lesões no grupo tratado p-valor= 0,025 (teste de Mann-Whitney). Conclusão: O uso se solução de Ringer submetida a campo magnético para hidratação intravenosa em modelo de isquemia/reperfusão renal não alterou as provas de função renal e influiu negativamente nos achados histopatológicos do rim, quando comparado com o controle.

To determine the effect of pulpal perfusion on the fluid flow through human tooth after different treatments at the enamel surface. Changes in mineral density along with fluid flow rate were also analyzed before and after etching.The experiments were carried out on 97 human premolars. Ringer's solution and distilled water (DW) were applied under pressure of 20 mm Hg to the pulpal cavity of tooth crowns in the Ringer's-perfused and water-perfused groups respectively. Fluid flow through each specimen was recorded before and 0, 30, 60, 180 min after treatments at the enamel surface. The treatments included DW, 0.2% sodium fluoride solution, 1.23% acidulated phosphate fluoride gel (APF), 2.26% fluoride varnish (FV), 37% phosphoric acid gel (Etch) and artificial saliva (AS). Mineral density of the enamel was evaluated using micro-computed tomography.In water-perfused group, fluid flow rates recorded after etching were significantly increased (p = 0.005) with the significant reduction of mineral density (p = 0.018) from baseline. A significant negative correlation was found (r = -0.78, p = 0.015). After FV, the percentage reduction from baseline was significant at 180 min (p = 0.003). In Ringer's-perfused group, etching immediately produced the greatest mean flow rate and subsequently returned to the baseline within 60 min after treatment (p 0.001). There were approximately 40, 55, and 63% reductions of flow rates within 60 min after AS, APF and FV respectively.Under simulated pulpal pressure, enamel fluid involves the process of enamel remineralization, particularly after etching.