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Data are presented which indicate thatsolutions of urea peroxide in glycerin, in ethylene glycol, and in isopropyl alcohol are stable under ordinary storage conditions for relatively long periods of time.

SummaryUsing the iontophoretic technics it was observed that pyribenzamine hy-drochloride inhibited histamine wheal formation in the human skin whereas sodium chloride, ephedrine hydrochloride, ephedrine sulphate and procaine hydrochloride failed to produce this effect in the concentrations used.

ConclusionsI. Changes in the drying time, to four minutes, of membranes prepared from collodion and fixed with water does not appreciably alter their permeability to sodium chloride, whereas membranes prepared under the same conditions containing fifty per cent. of “ Lecithin ” by weight become relatively semi-permeable with decreasing drying times.II. Changes in the sizes of the aggregates of the lecithin molecules is suggested as a possible influence on the permeability of the leci thin-collodion membranes.

SummaryAbsorption spectra of ragweed pollen extracts prepared by a new electro-phoretic preparative method and by extracting the pollen with methanol are reported. Two main absorption bands were observed for crude aqueous extracts at about 2600 A and 3600 A. The 2600 and 3600 A bands may be correlated with an impurity. The main components separated electrophoretically by the preparative method still showed a marked absorption band at 2600 A, but none at 3600 A. Ninety percent methanol leached, lyophilized ragweed pollen extracts (MLL) show a marked depression of the 2600 A and the 3600 A bands. Biological activity of the essentially pigment-free preparation is identical with the preparation containing all of the pigment thus confirming our previous point of view that the pigments do not contribute substantially to the biological activity. Electrophoretic analysis reveals that a new substantially colorless major component is formed, on removal of the pigment, with an electric mobility of approximately 0.3 ...

(1964). Antiserotonin Action of LSD-25 and other Lysergic Acid Derivatives: Fact and Fiction. Journal of Asthma Research: Vol. 1, No. 3, pp. 207-211.

In 1938 experiments were undertaken, using a conventional moving boundary technique, to separate the fractions and to determine the electrical charge of the constituents of giant ragweed pollen extracts. At that time it was observed that the pigments in dialyzed ragweed extracts at pH 7.0 were negatively charged. The results during that summer and the succeeding winter, however, were contradictory, because the relation of the pigments to the biologically active constituents was uncertain.Using the Tiselius1 cell for the study of the moving boundaries of protein solutions and the Philpot-Svensson2 technic to analyze the quantity and nature of the constituents, further progress may now be reported. Figures la and 1 b are illustrations of the type of curves given by the major constituent. This major constituent is negatively charged, slow moving, unpigmented, and highly skin reactive in persons sensitive to ragweed. A minor constituent, about 1/5 that of the unpigmented major constituent, appearing in the pi...

1.1. A simple and effective way of preparing a gelatin vehicle for subcutaneous injection where a slow acting pharmacologic effect is desired is described. 2.2. The method consists in adding sufficient urea to the gelatin solution to maintain the gel in the sol state at room temperature. 3.3. Experiments on plasticity have shown that an 8.5 per cent solution of gelatin plus 15 per cent urea becomes and remains liquid at room temperature when removed from the refrigerator. 4.4. The mixture does not readily support the growth of bacteria. 5.5. The experiments and clinical trials reported illustrate that this preparation is suitable for the administration of epinephrine as well as other drugs and biologically active substances where retardation of the pharmacologic effect is desired.

1. 1. The electrical properties of quartz particles covered with material adsorbed from ragweed extracts are those typical of ampholytes. 2. 2. The isoelectric point of these particles covered with a fresh extract was at pH 3.9. On standing this shifted to pH 4.3 where it was stabilized for some time. 3. 3. Experiments with paraffin oil and collodion particles showed that these particles acquired similar amphoteric surface properties in ragweed extracts, corresponding exactly with those found when the adsorbent was quartz. 4. 4. The titration curves of ragweed extracts were typical of solutions of proteins with a maximum acid-binding capacity near pH 2.6. 5. 5. The data obtained are evidence supporting the point of view that the skin reactive constituent in ragweed extracts is protein-like in nature.

Quantitative methods are described for studying the whealing response to cold. A case of cold urticaria was treated with graded doses of histamine and histaminase; 50 mg. of histamine and 525 units of histaminase were administered without any effect upon the size of the wheal or its rate of formation after the application of a standard cold stimulus.

1. Quartz particles and certain other particles move cataphoretically in certain soft gelatin gels, with the same velocity as in the sol. The speed is a function of the true viscosity of the sol or gel, and it is See PDF for Structure apparently not altered in these soft gels by the presence of gel structure. It is proportional to the applied difference of potential. 2. This finding is compatible with the fact that certain sols undergo gelation with no increase of the true viscosity although a marked change in the apparent viscosity takes place. 3. Red cells in soft gelatin-serum gels show a distinct difference in behavior. They migrate through the sol or gel with a speed that is about twice as great as the leucocytes and quartz particles, which latter particles migrate with the same velocity. This ratio has been found to hold for serum and plasma. The absolute velocities are comparatively slightly decreased by the presence of the gel. 4. In more concentrated or stiffer gels, leucocytes, red cells and quartz particles all move at first with the same velocity. By producing mechanical softening of these gels (shearing from cataphoretic movement of the micells within the cell) the red cells presently resume their previous property of independent migration through the gel. 5. The movements of particles in gelatin gels produced by a magnetic force or the force of gravity are of a different nature than those movements produced by cataphoresis. 6. The mechanical nature of obstruction to the cataphoretic migration of leucocytes and red cells in fibrin gels is briefly described. 7. The correlation of cataphoresis of microscopic particles in gels with the order of magnitude and nature of the potential differences in the capillary wall, lends additional evidence to the theory that polymorphonuclear leucocyte emigration and migration are dependent upon these potential differences.

Although derivatives of d-lysergic acid have been employed in medicine for many years, the knowledge of their unique action on the central nervous system is dependent upon comparatively recent studies. The antiserotonin action of these compounds makes them of special value in the study of allergic mechanisms. Antiserotonin drugs may possibly lead to a more general method of therapy. It is the purpose of this communication to briefly review, and coordinate where possible, the reports of some pertinent investigators looking toward future research.

1. The conditions are described which are necessary for the comparison of certain types of electrokinetic potentials. An experimental comparison is made of (a) electrophoresis of quartz particles covered with egg albumin; and (b) similar experiments by Briggs on streaming potentials. A slight, consistent, difference is found between the electrophoretic potential and the streaming potential. This difference is probably due to the difference in the protein preparations used rather than to real difference in the electrophoretic and streaming potentials. 2. Data are given which facilitate the measurements and enhance the precision of the estimation of electrical mobilities of microscopic particles.

"Five Ss were tested on nine occasions under two placebos of tap water and under an average effective dose of 7 drugs--ergometerine (Ergonovine), ethyl alcohol, scopolamine (hyroscine), d-1-brom lysergic acid diethylamide (BOL-148), methamphetamine hydrochloride (Methedrine or Pervitin), lysergic acid monoethylamide (LAE-32), and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD-25) during 9 different experimental sessions . . ... The Ss completed a questionnaire inquiring about their perceptual, physiological and cognitive state before they received the drug or placebo and .5, 2.5 and 4.5 hours after receiving it . . ... Although differentiation between 3 lysergic acid derivatives, Ergonovine, LAE-32, and BOL-148, and between alcohol, methamphetamine, and scopolamine was not clear cut, the number of responses to the questionnaire under these drugs was clearly greater than those given under water . . ... LSD-25 clearly produced the most frequent and the largest positive responses. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2006 APA, all rights reserved)

Measurements of the electrical mobility of washed rabbit red cells and of ghosts produced by hypotonic solutions, freezing-and-thawing, chloroform, and saponin were made in the Abramson horizontal microelectrophoresis cell. These different forms of lysis, which corresponds to a variety of degrees of injury to the red cell, are unaccompanied by any change in electrical mobility. These observations are discussed from the standpoint of the possible structure of the cell membrane and the action of lysins upon it.

1. By combining the theories of Smoluchowski, Debye and Hückel, and Henry it is possible to state explicitly (making necessary assumptions) under what conditions the following simple rule should be valid for proteins: In solutions of the same ionic strength, the electric mobilities of the same protein at different hydrogen ion activities should be proportional to the number of hydrogen (hydroxyl) ions bound. 2. Data of Tiselius and of the writer confirm this rule for (a) egg albumin, (b) serum albumin, (c) deaminized gelatin and gelatin, and (d) casein. 3. On the basis of the confirmed theory the titration curves of certain proteins are predicted from their mobilities. 4. It is shown that when certain proteins are adsorbed by quartz the apparent dissociation constant of the adsorbed protein is practically unchanged. The mass law must also be valid at the phase boundary. 5. The facts of paragraphs (1) to (4) are discussed in connection with the mechanism of (a) protein adsorption, (b) enzyme activity, (c) immune reactions, (d) the calculation of the electric charge of cells, and (e) criteria of surface similarity.

1. Although the isoelectric points of dissolved cystine, tyrosine, and aspartic acid molecules lie at widely differing pH values, the isoelectric points of the surfaces of these substances in the crystalline state are all near pH 2.3. This was found to be true in solutions of hydrochloric acid and in acetate buffers of approximately constant ionic strength. 2. When suspended in gelatin, tyrosine and cystine crystals adsorb the protein and attain a surface identical in behavior with gelatin-coated quartz or collodion particles. 3. Aluminum ions at low concentrations reduce the electric mobilities of tyrosine crystals to zero in a manner analogous to their effect on other surfaces. 4. Alkyl benzene droplets also have their electric mobility reduced to zero at low pH values but, unlike the amino acids, a change in sign was never noticed. 5. The mobility of tyrosine crystals is independent of crystal length between 2–100µ. Below this size the mobilities are decreased. 6. These results are discussed in connection with the concept of the general definition of the isoelectric point and the behavior of certain insoluble proteins such as wool and silk fibroin.

1. No significant change with time (to 24 hours) in the cataphoretic velocity of certain mammalian red cells occurs when the cells are suspended in M/15 phosphate buffer at pH = 7.35. Neither successive washings nor standing effect a change. 2. In M/15 phosphate buffer at pH 7.35 ± 0.03 the following order of red cell velocity has been obtained. The numbers in parenthesis are µ per second per volt per centimeter. See PDF for Structure The order, though not the absolute values, was the same in buffered isotonic dextrose. Human and rabbit cells showed similar differences when both were studied simultaneously in the serum of either. Under these conditions, there is no apparent relationship between zoological Order and cataphoretic velocity. 3. Cholesterol and quartz adsorb gelatin from dilute solution in the phosphate buffer. Red cells, on the other hand, even after 24 hours contact with gelatin solution, retain their previous velocity. 4. Pregnant and non-pregnant white female humans have the same red cell cataphoretic velocity. (The cells were not agglutinated.) 5. In a series of severe anemias no significant change in cataphoretic velocity was in general apparent, although marked changes in the morphology of the red cells were present.

Two theories which predict different values for the ratio of VE, the electroendosmotic velocity of a liquid past a surface, to Vp, the electric mobility of a particle of the same surface through the same liquid are discussed. The theory demanding that See PDF for Equation was supported by certain data of van der Grinten for a glass surface. Re-calculation of van der Grinten's data reveals that the ratio varies between 2.1 and 2.8. These results are in accord with previous data of Abramson. It is pointed out that glass is unsuitable for the investigation. The ratio See PDF for Equation is here determined for a flat surface and particles when both are covered by the same proteins. Under these conditions See PDF for Equation The theory is similarly tested for a round surface using a micro-cataphoresis cell. It is shown that See PDF for Equation for a round surface is approximately 1.00. These findings are confirmatory of previous data supporting the view that cataphoretic mobility is independent of the size and shape of the particles when all particles compared have similar surface constitutions.

The electrophoretic method of introducing certain allergens into the skin is a useful reproducible technique for transporting these allergens into the dermis. Giant ragweed, dwarf ragweed, and timothy extracts have been employed in this way. An electrophoretic unit of pollen dosage is defined. Giant and dwarf ragweed extracts have been used satisfactorily in the preseasonal treatment of a series of seven cases of hay fever by electrophoresis of the skin-reactive constituents. Analysis of undialyzed ragweed extract, using both the Philpot-Svensson and Longsworth techniques to estimate the amount of skin-reactive, unpigmented constituent present, has revealed that a very large amount of the unpigmented fraction is present in undialyzed extract of giant ragwee. We have, 7 therefore, been using undialyzed extracts in treatment experimentally since they are much simpler to prepare and less expensive. It is possible to introduce large quantities of skin-reactive material from undialyzed extracts by electrophoresis. Several patients treated preseasonally in this way in New York City have thus far (Aug. 27, 1940) had a satisfactory season.

Summary(1) The spectral response to light in a case of Urticaria solare may be connected with the pigmentation mechanism. (2) A process which produces a relatively non-diffusible whealing substance is probably responsible for the whealing in the case in question.The preceding observations, which will be reported in detail elsewhere, do not support the point of view that histamine or a readily diffusible H-substance of low molecular weight is responsible for the skin response to ultraviolet irradiation.

SummaryUltracentrifugal and diffusion studies of the major colorless components of both giant and dwarf ragweed extracts indicate that these major components are of fairly low molecular weight and do not have the ordinary chemical reactions of proteins. The low molecular weight which fits in with the high biological activity is in accord with the ability of these molecules to enter the mucous membranes, produce hay fever, and be transported into the skin by electrophoresis.

By injecting solutions of sodium iodide or Neo-silvol (Parke-Davis) into the gall bladder of the dog, the movements of the gall bladder and the fate of contained fluids may be easily studied fluoroscopically and by radiograph. Neo-silvol, a silver-proteiniodide compound, is particularly useful because it is not readily absorbed and is relatively non-irritating. Excellent radiographs of the gall bladder have been obtained after direct injection of 1 cc. of a 35 per cent solution of sodium iodide. The volume of the gall bladder in a medium sized dog is greater than 21/2 cc. Much more of the salt may therefore be used, and isotonicity still be preserved since sodium iodide is isotonic at about a concentration of 141/2 per cent. Proportionate amounts of Neosilvol may similarly be used. The presence of pneumoperitoneum remaining postoperatively or induced experimentally, is a distinct aid in visualization where it is desirable to use small concentrations of material.The following observations have been made on...

The electric mobility of freely dispersed egg albumin and of microscopic quartz particles covered with the same protein have been shown to be fairly similar between pH 3.2 and 5.5.1 Zetapotential measurements by the method of streaming potentials have confirmed this relationship.2 The mobilities of quartz and other kinds of particles covered with egg albumin and with gelatin have since then been studied in the pH range noted in conjunction with the titration curves for these proteins. Under certain conditions, the change in mobility of the protein covered particles has been found to follow the titration curves of these proteins very closely. (Fig. 1.)All of these observations indicate that the process of adsorption of the proteins mentioned does not appreciably change the ionization of the adsorbed protein at the protein-water interface. The free amino and carboxyl groups of the protein are, therefore, not primarily involved in the quartz-protein combination. These facts lend a particular biologic importa...

The phenomenon here described has been observed during the study of the cataphoresis of red cells and rouleaux in gelatin-serum sols and gels. The method of preparation of the suspension has been described elsewhere.1The red cells of the horse, since they do not become coated with proteins in the manner of quartz particles when suspended in a soft gelatin-serum (2 to 3% gelatin) gel, have the remarkable property of migrating through a protein sol or gel. If cylindroids, consisting of red cells in rouleaux formation, are moved back and forth through such a sol or gel, by virtue of their cataphoretic mobility, no orientation of these cylindroid bodies occurs during the cataphoretic migration.At the same time the gelatin and serum protein micellae are also in movement, as well as the liquid in the cataphoresis cell.2 As gelation proceeds, the speed of the cylindroid bodies becomes much slower. In spite of the fact that the cylindroids have been moved back and forth in the cell over a considerable period, i. ...

A. Introduction It has been shown1,2that 2 mg. of crude beef brain extract per milliliter of water blocks the usual effect of 2μg of LSD-25 per milliliter in the outside liquid on the Siamese fighting fish.* The experiments to be reported here are the study of a blocking effect probably produced by another mechanism: the development of tolerance3to LSD-25 in man by the prior administration for a period of days of a compound similar to LSD-25. This compound, 1-methyl-d-lysergic acid diethylamide (MLD-41), produces in man reactions indistinguishable from LSD-25 but has a higher reaction threshold. It will be shown on the basis of our data that MLD-41 affects both the Siamese fighting fish and man in a manner similar to LSD-25. However, there are important differences; in the fish it is about 1/10 as effective as LSD-25, whereas it is approximately 1/3 as effective in man.