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This comprehensive review aims to elucidate the state of the art related to research trends regarding the use of brewer's spent grains (BSG), the main solid by‐product generated in breweries. Its status, future opportunities, and emerging trends were evaluated by bibliometric analysis, which contributed to clarifying the knowledge and perspectives in the field. In total, 510 documents were obtained from the Web of Science© database in a timespan from 1900 to 2020. VosViewer software and R‐bibliometrix package were used to investigate and map the most frequently cited papers, international collaborative networks, keywords, and the main countries and journals associated with this research. The results showed that, globally, 65 countries have been engaged in research related to BSG, and Brazil has been the most productive country, with up to 70 publications. Keyword analysis revealed that the studies on BSG are divided into four main knowledge areas: (i) pretreatment; (ii) nutritional quality; (iii) bioactive compounds, and (iv) pyrolysis. It was also found that a biorefinery can be designed for the complete utilization of BSG to obtain several valuable compounds. In this sense, different technological routes can be applied to produce arabinoxylans, proteins, ferulic acid, xylitol, xylose, lactic acid, butanol, biogas, fertilizer, and ethanol. In conclusion, BSG is a cost‐effective and feasible raw material for the sustainable production of bio‐based products and bioenergy and its valorization in a biorefinery is a powerful strategy to promote the circular economy transition of the beer industry. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyse how the systematisation of environmental training can contribute to the development of individual competences aligned to the environmental dimension of sustainability.Design/methodology/approach A qualitative research approach was used in a multiple case study with three chemical companies: Braskem, Solvay and Beta (fictitious name).Findings Data analysis allowed descriptive characterisation of the phases of environmental training and the identification of individual competencies aligned to the environmental dimension of sustainability in the companies surveyed. The results showed that the systematised environmental training, its phases structured to meet the organisational strategic goals of sustainability, helps to develop individual competences of environmental sustainability in the companies analysed.Research limitations/implications The contribution of the study to the academy is presented in the deepening of the studies taking into account the gaps presented in the theoretical bases on the subject environmental education. This is the first study that seeks to investigate the stages of environmental training in the development of individual competences in the context of three Brazilian chemical industries. It was possible to describe the process of environmental training in a strategic dimension, used by the companies studied that can contribute to the market, assisting professionals in the areas of human resources and environmental management in the development of training actions.Originality/value The value of the paper is given by the reflection on the development of individual competencies for sustainability through environmental training, which can guide future public policies of environmental development for companies in the chemical sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND The use of spinosyn insecticides is one of the major control strategies of the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) in Brazil. In this study, we selected a spinetoram‐resistant strain from a field‐population of S. frugiperda to characterize the inheritance of the resistance and cross‐resistance relationship between spinosyn insecticides. RESULTS: The values of LC50 (95% CI) obtained from concentration–response bioassays were 0.63 (0.55–0.73) μg spinetoram mL−1 for the susceptible strain (SUS), and 1170.96 (1041.61–1323.89) μg spinetoram mL−1 for the strain resistant to spinetoram (SPT‐R). These values resulted in a resistance ratio of 1844‐fold. The SPT‐R strain showed cross‐resistance with spinosad (resistance ratio = 1196‐fold). The reciprocal crosses showed LC50 values of 3.91 (2.97–5.84) and 5.37 (4.52–6.52) μg spinetoram mL−1, suggesting that the resistance of S. frugiperda to spinetoram is autosomal and incompletely recessive. The backcrosses of the F1 progeny with the SPT‐R strain suggest a resistance with polygenic effect. Estimates of the effective number of loci with equal contributions to the resistance effect were from 1.18 to 1.76, suggesting that resistance to spinetoram is associated with a few genes. CONCLUSION: The inheritance pattern of resistance of S. frugiperda to spinetoram was characterized as autosomal, incompletely recessive and polygenic. Cross‐resistance between spinosyns was confirmed in S. frugiperda. The importance of this information for implementing insect resistance management strategies is discussed in this paper. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Brazilian petroleum and chemical industry had basically used medium-voltage (MV) power assemblies based on ANSI/NEMA for many years. However, in the last three decades, due to the Brazilian Standard Association orientation, the users and manufacturers have been changing their philosophies to the IEC culture. As there has been an everyday increase in the opportunity and also in the need of MV electrical power distribution in petrochemical facilities, there is the chance of adopting an MV switchgear or controlgear design based on ANSI or IEC standards, according to each plant specifications. Although the use and design of MV assemblies are based on the electric power system needs and characteristics, they are also a result of the current scenario and experience of a specific petrochemical facility. Since both ANSI and IEC universes have strong experience, knowledge, and huge safety concerns in electrical equipment design and application, the final choice is an interesting decision. It is important to keep in mind that the use of MV assemblies has to face technical and safety key issues as they are connected to an industrial power system, and both ANSI and IEC deal with such requirements very carefully: each one in its own way. This paper deals with impacting topics related to MV switchgear and controlgear such as the following: 1) ANSI and IEC requirements; 2) rated values and characteristics; 3) ancillary and power equipment application; 4) safety; and 5) ergonomics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the Illinois State Variety Test results for total and extractable starch content in 708 samples of 401 commercial varieties of corn. It is shown that the normally distributed extractable starch content has the mean of 66.2% and the standard deviation of 1.13%. The corresponding maximum theoretical yield of ethanol is 0.364 kg EtOH/kg dry corn, and the standard deviation is 0.007. In the ethanol industry units, this yield translates to 2.64 gal EtOH/nominal wet bushel, and the standard deviation is 0.05 gal/bu. The U.S. ethanol industry consistently has inflated its ethanol yields by counting 5 volume percent of # 14 gasoline denaturant (8% of energy content) as ethanol. Also, imports from Brazil and higher alcohols seem to have been counted as U.S. ethanol. The usually accepted USDA estimate of mean ethanol yield in the U.S., 2.682 gal EtOH/bu, is one standard deviation above the rigorous statistical estimate in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to identify conflicts and gaps between the operators' strategies and actions and the organizational managerial approach for human reliability. In order to achieve these goals, the research approach adopted encompasses literature review, mixing action research methodology and Ergonomic Workplace Analysis in field research. The result suggests that the studied company has a classical and mechanistic point of view focusing on error identification and building barriers through procedures, checklists and other prescription alternatives to improve performance in reliability area. However, it was evident the fundamental role of the worker as an agent of maintenance and construction of system reliability during the action research cycle.

The aim of this paper is to analyze the consequences of the current processes of formation of production chains and networks on the development of competencies at the firm level. The empirical study was performed on the Brazilian plastics transformation industry. The results indicate a very strong relationship exists between the competencies that are mastered by any given firm and its positioning in the various productive chains or networks. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Chemical accidents involving explosions, large fires and leakages of hazardous substances occurring during transport, storage and industrial production of chemicals constitute a real challenge to health, environmental and industrial safety professionals. The aim of this article is to discuss the main questions that this kind of accident provokes, in terms of public health, particularly in developing countries such as Brazil. The paper defines and characterises these accidents and the various health risk they involve excluding the leakages of hazardous substances during "normal" production in industry--through the combination of quantitative and qualitative information drawn from the international literature on the subject. From some examples of chemical accidents such as occurred in Bhopal (India), Vila Socó (Brazil), São Paulo (México) and data of the World Health Organization (WHO), the authors seek to show that these events present a worsening, in terms of immediate deaths and injuries, in developing countries. The statistics of chemical accidents which occurred during the last ten years (1984 to 1993) in the State of Rio de Janeiro are used taken as a frame reference for the purpose of bringing to light the great number of occurrences made with no registration of basic information regarding assessment or surveillance. The complexity of causes and consequences, together with the structural problems of developing countries, present public health professionals and institutions, with some important tasks especially those of health risk assessment and the formulation of strategies to prevent and control future major chemical accidents.

The Camaçari Petrochemical Complex (CPC) is the biggest and most important industrial complex of the northeastern region of Brazil. At present, its 54 companies employ directly and indirectly about 50,000 people. Used there as solvent and raw material, compounds such as benzene and its homologues n-hexane, haloalkanes, and some alcohols have as their prime targets the central and peripheral nervous systems. Despite widespread use of these chemicals, the workers are little aware of their toxicity, and the evaluation of exposure to them has only recently become a worrisome issue. This paper discusses the contamination of occupational environments in some industries of the CPC, as well as the neurobehavioral impairment that could be found among their workers.

Bioeconomy development requires the adoption of a comprehensive concept of biorefinery. This study analyzes the experts' perceptions regarding biorefinery concepts and discusses the implications for development of the bioeconomy in Brazil. Forty‐five statements about biorefinery concepts were prepared. Statements were grouped accordingly to assess whether the experts agree more with a conventional, transitional or comprehensive biorefinery concept. The statements were organized and submitted to the experts following the procedures outlined by Q‐methodology. Thirty‐six experts from the government (13), academia (17) and industry (6) participated in the study. Government, academic and industry experts answered 'what is a biorefinery?' differently. Biorefinery as a biobased value chain, a bioecological economic model and the basis for sustainable energy production were the most relevant among the eight factors explaining the experts' perspectives on biorefinery (63.35% of the total variation). Since the perspectives on biorefinery vary among experts from different sectors, we conclude that joint efforts should be made to adopt a comprehensive biorefinery concept to enhance the transition to the bioeconomy. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Chemical control is commonly used against Euschistus heros (F.) and Chrysodeixis includens (Walker) in soybean fields in South America. However, previous studies reported that these pests have reduced susceptibility to pyrethroids in Brazil. On this basis, we developed and evaluated nanoencapsulated‐based bifenthrin (BFT) and λ‐cyhalothrin (LAM) with the synergists piperonyl butoxide (PBO) and diethyl maleate (DEM) for insect resistance management (IRM). Results: Nanoformulations of BFT and LAM with PBO and DEM presented good physical–chemical characteristics and were stable. The spherical morphology of all systems and the encapsulation efficiency in nanostructured lipid carriers did not change when synergists were added. Nanoencapsulated BFT with DEM applied topically increased the susceptibility of E. heros to BFT by 3.50‐fold. Similarly, nanoencapsulated BFT and LAM with PBO in diet‐overlay bioassays increased the susceptibility of C. includens to both chemicals by up to 2.16‐fold. Nanoencapsulated BFT and LAM with synergists also improve control efficacy of both species, causing higher mortality than commercial products containing these chemistries. Conclusions: It is possible to develop nanoencapsulated‐based formulations of BFT and LAM with PBO or DEM, and these nanoformulations have the potential to improve control of E. heros and C. includens with recognized low susceptibility to pyrethroids. This study provides updates for designing new insecticide formulations for IRM. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ensaios FEE is the property of Fundacao de Economia e Estatistica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The objectives of this paper are to present some results of a research carried out in four large chemical companies operating in Brazil and to describe these companies' organizational performance measurement and evaluation systems. This is an exploratory and descriptive research based on multiple case studies, in accordance with a literature review on this subject. At the end, some conclusions and recommendations are presented, despite the limitations characteristic of the applied methodology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This paper assessed the economic impact of alternative depreciation methods on the development of combined heat-and-power (CHP) systems in the Brazilian industrial sector. Alternative depreciation methods were proposed and the case study of a Brazilian chemical plant showed that the most effective depreciation method for the promotion of CHP plants in Brazil was the Matheson method with an accelerated depreciation schedule of 7 years. This alternative method was then applied to the Brazilian chemical industry as a whole, increasing its installed capacity in CHP systems by 24%. Therefore, fiscal incentives can be an interesting tool for promoting energy efficiency in the Brazilian industrial sector, promoting the expansion of CHP plants. It reduces government fiscal revenues, but it also induces the technological reposition and improves the feasibility of ventures that are not installed without this kind of incentive. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

BACKGROUND: Pot‐pollen is a fermented product stored by stingless bees in cerumen pots and traditionally used as food or medicine by natives in tropical regions. Knowledge of pot‐pollen composition from the Amazon region is important to strengthen the breeding of native bees and consequently contribute to sustainable development in this region. The aim of the present study was to determine the chemical composition of Melipona seminigra pot‐pollen from Amazonas, Brazil. RESULTS: We report the identification of 21 phenolic compounds using ultra‐performance liquid chromatography– electrospray ionization–quadrupole time‐of‐flight–mass spectrometry. Overall, the predominant constituents of pot‐pollen were protein (333.8–470.7 g kg−1) and dietary fibers (247.6–353.3 g kg−1). The predominant fatty acids were polyunsaturated (44.95–59.57% of total fatty acid content) and the samples contained all essential amino acids. Total carotenoid content ranged from 3.2 to 48.0 μg g−1, total flavonoid content (as catechin equivalents) from 1.9 to 4.5 mg g−1, total reducing capacity (as gallic acid equivalents) from 7.0 to 15.0 mg g−1, ferric‐reducing antioxidant power from 2.8 to 8.9 μmol g−1 and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (as Trolox equivalents) from 224.9 to 1117.0 μmol g−1. CONCLUSIONS: This study reports for the first time a comprehensive chemical characterization of M. seminigra pot‐pollen. The samples presented antioxidant activity, high values of nutrients and bioactive compounds such as polyphenols, carotenoids, insoluble dietary fibers, polyunsaturated fatty acids, and essential amino acids, comparable to other health foods. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two different fractal regression methodologies were employed with the aim of understanding the relationship between prices of ethanol produced in the USA and Brazil, the most important producers of ethanol. These methodologies, which have the advantage of giving us information about the relationships between different timescales, could also provide interesting and important information about this particular market. Our results suggest, first, some differences in the basic price in these markets, and second, a positive relationship between prices (as expected) but not a one‐to‐one relationship. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Active packaging containing natural flavonoid has recently emerged as a result of its potential to inhibit the oxidation of foods by interacting with it and/or its surrounding environment, with the aim of counteracting oxidation reactions and extending the shelf‐life of foods. The plant Spondias purpurea L. is widely found in northeastern Brazil and is known to contain bioactive flavonoids. The present study aimed to obtain a flavonoid‐rich fraction from the pulp of S. purpurea L. and incorporate it into the cellulose acetate film to obtain biodegradable films with antioxidant properties. RESULTS: The fractionation in SiO2 open‐column chromatography of the S. purpurea pulp crude extract furnished an antioxidant active fraction containing the flavonols quercetin 3‐O‐rutinoside and kaempferol 3‐O‐rutinoside as the major compounds. This active fraction was incorporated (10, 20 and 30 g kg−1) into the substance produced with the casting method for cellulose acetate films. The films produced were characterized concerning mechanical properties, water vapor permeability (WVP) and antioxidant activity. CONCLUSION: The incorporation of the active flavonoid fraction from S. purpurea in the cellulose acetate films decreases WVP and elongation at break, at the same time as increasing antioxidant activity, tensile strength and elastic modulus. Thus, the S. purpurea pulps may be an alternative as a source of antioxidants for use in cellulose acetate films. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brazilian bioethanol is one of the most prominent biofuels produced on a large scale, representing 30% of the global fuel ethanol production share. Around 8.6 billion gallons were produced in 2019, second only to the US fuel ethanol production in the same period (15.8 billion gallons). Obtained from sugarcane in a highly energy‐efficient process, the biofuel, which can be used in Brazil as 100% ethanol (hydrated, minimum mass content of 92.5%) or in a volume proportion of 27% (anhydrous ethanol) in common gasoline, has contributed to the reduction of oil dependency and CO2 emissions, as well as to the development of an important economic sector. Pioneer biofuel policies and important advances in science and technology led to the establishment of a 46% renewable energy matrix. In this manuscript, an overview of the impacts of ethanol production and utilization will be given, with respect to environmental and socio‐economic concerns. The public policies and some technical aspects of sugarcane and ethanol production and energy cogeneration will be reviewed and discussed. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This Review highlights the principal crops of Brazil and how their harvest waste can be used in the chemicals and materials industries. The Review covers various plants; with grains, fruits, trees and nuts all being discussed. Native and adopted plants are included and studies on using these plants as a source of chemicals and materials for industrial applications, polymer synthesis, medicinal use and in chemical research are discussed. The main aim of the Review is to highlight the principal Brazilian agricultural resources; such as sugarcane, oranges and soybean, as well as secondary resources, such as andiroba brazil nut, buriti and others, which should be explored further for scientific and technological applications. Furthermore, vegetable oils, carbohydrates (starch, cellulose, hemicellulose, lignocellulose and pectin), flavones and essential oils are described as well as their potential applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Exacta is the property of Exacta - Engenharia de Producao and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The urgency with which the world economy needs to be decarbonized could lead to the emergence of regions with the capacity to produce renewable feedstock such as biomass. The competitiveness of these regions could result from their ability to produce high value‐added chemicals at the lowest cost. The biomass embodied in a chemical product could reduce carbon emissions, leading to net CO2 removal. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that bio‐ethylene could make the Brazilian chemical industry more competitive. This would be achieved by applying the revenues from carbon credits associated with using ethanol and sugarcane bagasse as feedstocks for bio‐ethylene production. Three production routes were compared according to their estimated cost of production in Brazil under a simplified life‐cycle analysis: sugar‐cane‐derived ethanol to ethylene (with and without CO2 capture and storage – BECCS); bio‐methanol to olefin; and conventional steam cracking of naphtha. When associated with the production of long‐lasting materials, the ethanol‐to‐ethylene with BECCS route achieved the lower CO2 break‐even price (US$75/t CO2), followed by ethanol to ethylene without BECCS (US$82/t CO2) and bio‐methanol to ethylene (US$106/t CO2). Our findings highlight the advantage for the Brazilian chemical industry of implementing a national or, even better, a global carbon‐pricing instrument. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: The use of Bt plants has been the main strategy for controlling the fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) in Brazil. However, many resistance cases were already registered. The resistance of S. frugiperda to the Vip3Aa20 protein was recently characterized under laboratory conditions but it is still efficient under field conditions. Here, resistance monitoring studies were conducted using phenotypic (purified protein and Bt maize leaves) and genotypic (F1 and F2 screen) methods to support insect resistance management (IRM) programs and preserve Vip3Aa20 technology on maize. RESULTS: Phenotypic monitoring with purified protein showed two populations significantly different from the susceptible strain on the second crop season in 2016. This number increased for the first and second crop seasons in 2017 in several regions. The genotypic monitoring estimated a mean frequency of the resistance allele of 0.0027 for the F1 screen and 0.0033 for the F2 screen. Three new resistant strains to Vip3Aa20 were selected from F2 screen assays. Complementation tests on these new resistant strains were positive with the previous resistant strain. CONCLUSION: Here we showed that the resistance allele of S. frugiperda to Vip3Aa20 protein is widely distributed in maize‐producing regions in Brazil and its frequency increases throughout crop seasons. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: The Cerrado occupies 23% of Brazil. A. othonianum is a native Cerrado species that presents differently colored pseudofruits. This report describes the morphometric properties, physicochemical characterization, and phenolic and flavonoid compound compositions of 30 accessions of A. othonianum. RESULTS: The morphometric properties show that an average fruit had 21.97 mm length, 18.61 mm width, and 11.13 mm thickness, with 2.52 g mass. The pseudofruits had 28.84 mm apex width with 12.83 g of mass. The hue parameters of the pseudofruits were 18.67 ± 2.00 and 83.32 ± 1.97° (P < 0.05), reflecting their red to yellow color. The titratable acidity of the accessions was 0.91 ± 0.09 to 3.02 ± 0.02% (P < 0.05), soluble solid content was 9.60 ± 0.17 to 13.47 ± 0.38 °Brix (P < 0.05), and pH ranged from 2.83 ± 0.06 to 3.83 ± 0.06 (P < 0.05). Fourteen flavonoid compounds were identified. The most common compounds in the accessions were vitexin (93% of the accessions), hesperidin (57% of the accessions), epicatechin (34% of the accessions), and kaempferol‐3‐O‐glucoside (30% of the accessions). Cluster analysis generated four groups with the traits ΔE, °h, C, soluble solid content, titratable acidity, pH, total flavonoids, and their identified compounds. CONCLUSIONS: Although all accessions are A. othonianum, there the chemical composition and the physical characteristics of these fruits vary. This is the first report in the literature using wild accessions. Greater disclosure of the species characteristic is interesting because it can increase income for the local population. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we examine how firms in an emerging economy perform research and development (R&D) activities in regards to the concept of open innovation. Most literature on open innovation shows multinational knowledge-intensive firms with wellestablished R&D processes mainly in developed countries. Searching for management contributions for firms in emerging economies, we qualitatively analyzed two chemical firms in Southern Brazil that have different profiles and are representative samples of typical firms in the region. Our results show that firms did not fully exploit the potential benefits brought by open innovation, even when complete opening was not the main goal. The firms were similar concerning interactions with partners and stages where relationships occur. The generation of ideas was an open activity performed both by firms and by clients, and interactions with universities were getting stronger. On the other hand, intellectual fproperty has not been used as means of profiting from innovation activities. Our main finding refers to the internal mediation of relationships with partners. R&D teams rarely contact external organizations directly; instead, they leave such interactions to other departments within their firms. Relationships with clients are mediated through technical and commercial departments, and interactions with suppliers are intermediated by the supply staff. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The need to change non-renewable raw materials by biomass as an oil substitute has been shown to be a strategic challenge for the 21st century. Chemicals have the highest potential to add value to a vegetable biomass chain because of the importance of conventional chemical industry and fine chemical chemistry for different sectors of the economy; these compounds may be used as building blocks, intermediaries of synthesis, and specialties. This article deals with the economic potential of the usage of residual biomass as a raw material in chemistry, with a special interest in residues from bioenergetic chains (biodiesel and ethanol). It focus on showing a scenario related to the perspectives and challenges for the development of a Brazilian renewable chemistry, considering that Brazil is one of the largest global producers of agro-industrial biomass for several purposes, especially for bioenergy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The facilities location problem for companies with global operations is very complex and not well explored in the literature. This work proposes a MILP model that solves the problem through minimization of the total logistic cost. Main contributions of the model are the pioneer carrying cost calculation, the treatment given to the take-or-pay costs and to the international tax benefits such as drawback and added value taxes in Brazil. The model was successfully applied to a real case of a chemical industry with industrial plants and sales all over the world. The model application recommended a totally new sourcing model for the company. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses a study which examines two hypothesis about how the chemical industry in Brazil is preparing for the sustainability challenge. The first hypothesis is that a firm's strategic planning process is an important factor in defining its posture to sustainable development. The second hypothesis is that when companies have more mature behavior towards sustainable development, they experience a positive impact on their economic, social and environmental results.

This article investigates both the marketing and the production activities of a multinational enterprise (MNE) operating in the Brazilian chemical industry. The case chosen illustrates how the MNE has managed to adapt or to upgrade some of its main policies, programs, production activities, and products in conformity with both its long-term strategic positioning and the host country's environmental regulatory policy. The company established two effective environmental programs that deserve mention. One of the programs has been set up to generate receipts through the provision of environmental services for a price. The other one pursued systematic procedures to better serve clients through customized applications of waste reduction practices. The latter reveals how proactive companies may profit from effectively envisaging the whole product cycle along their value chain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]