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Far infrared radiation (FIR) within the wavelength range of 4-14 μm can offer human health benefits, such as improving blood flow. Therefore, additives that emit far infrared radiation have the potential to be incorporated into polymer/fabric matrices to develop textiles that could promote health. In this study, biochar derived from candlenuts and pyrolyzed with activated carbon (AC) was incorporated into polypropylene (PP) films and investigated for its potential as a health-promoting textile additive. The properties of biochar were compared with other far infrared (FIR) emitting additives such as hematite, Indian red ochre, and graphene. The addition of biochar increased FIR emissivity to 0.90, which is 9% higher than that of pristine PP. Additionally, biochar enhanced UV and near-infrared (NIR) blocking capabilities, achieving an ultra-protection factor (UPF) of 91.41 and NIR shielding of 95.85%. Incorporating 2 wt% biochar resulted in a 3.3-fold higher temperature increase compared to pristine PP after 30 s of exposure to an FIR source, demonstrating improved heat retention. Furthermore, the ability to achieve the lowest thermal effusivity among other additives supports the potential use of biochar-incorporated fabric as a warming material in cold climates. The tensile properties of PP films with biochar were superior to those with other additives, potentially contributing to a longer product lifespan. Additionally, samples with red ochre exhibited the highest FIR emissivity, while samples with hematite showed the highest capacity for UV shielding.

Biodegradable composites were prepared from polylactic acid (PLA) and bamboo charcoal (BC) by melt blending and hot pressing. The effects of BC addition on the mechanical properties, water absorption, DMA, TGA, DSC, and CONE of BC/PLA composites were investigated. The microscopic morphology of the composites was analyzed by SEM. The results showed that for BC addition of 40 wt%, the mechanical strength, thermal properties, and flame retardant properties of the composites were improved compared with those of PLA, with a 2.24 % increase in flexural strength and a 1535 % increase (500 °C) in TG mass retention rate. The crystallinity increased by 129.66 %, the peak loss factor decreased by 31.15 %, the time required for combustion was delayed by 168 s, the peak heat release rate decreased by 29.40 %, the carbon residue rate detected by cone calorimetry increased by 48.50 %, and the peak mass loss rate decreased by 48.82 %. The addition of BC enhanced the crystallization capacity of PLA, and improved the thermal properties and flame retardant properties of the prepared composites. The results showed that materials prepared with a BC content of 40 wt% exhibited the best overall performance., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Applications for polylactic acid (PLA) are significantly impacted by its poor mechanical properties and lack of thermal stability. The goal of this work is to bridge the gap of poor compatibility among the components and enhance their interface interlocking capability to improve the toughness and thermal stability. Ultrafine bamboo charcoal (UFBC) was treated through deep eutectic solvent (DES) method to deposit sodium lignosulfonate (LS) on its surface. LS was used with PLA as a bio-coupling agent to create an eco-friendly PLA composite film with a wide range of characteristics. Benefiting from the penetration of PLA to the internal pores in UFBC, the resultant L-UFBC/PLA film has a good mechanical interlocking structure. Ls can increase the compatibility and strengthen the interface interlocking capability through DES method, which greatly improves the mechanical properties of the system. In comparison to pure PLA one, the elongation at break was 136.24 % greater, and the crystallinity (Xc) increased from 1.09 % to 3.33 %. Furthermore, the thermal stability of the system was also improved, and the residual at 600 °C rose by 4.83 %. These characteristics offer the prepared L-UFBC/PLA film a wide range of potential applications in the packaging, medical, agricultural, and other sectors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to develop polymer composite masterbatches by using poly(lactic) acid as a carrier resin and bamboo charcoal particle as a natural pigment. Moreover, antioxidant and dispersing agent were added to the masterbatches where the antioxidant improves thermal and ultraviolent stability of pigment masterbatches while dispersing agent enhances the distribution and dispersion of bamboo charcoal particles in the polymer matrix. The natural pigment masterbatches were diluted in the poly(lactic) acid matrix. The morphology, thermal property, and rheological properties of bamboo charcoal particles/poly(lactic) acid composites comparing before and after weathering tests are studied. It was concluded that natural pigment charcoal masterbatches can make good bamboo charcoal particles/poly(lactic) acid composites for high‐temperature food packaging applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A charring behavior was found during the combustion of para-aramid chopped fibers/polyphenylene sulfide (ACFs/PPS) composite paper, which formed a highly graphitized carbon layer structure with specific mechanical properties. This sturdy structure is composed of a dense carbon layer mixed evenly between the inner and outer layers, the outer layer can effectively block the spread of oxygen and degradation products, as well as external heat radiation, while safeguarding the inner layer's structural integrity. Herein, we systematically researched the flame retardancy and thermal degradation properties of ACFs/PPS composite paper. In combustion testing, the char of ACFs/PPS composite paper could support a weight of 50 g, while the neat aramid paper was burned through by fire, which indicates the Charcoal-forming property of ACFs/PPS composite paper is better than that of neat aramid paper, and ACFs/PPS composite paper has better fire resistance because of its good char formation. Meanwhile, we further showcase the application in electrically insulating and firefighting clothing interlayers. This study has revealed a distinct charring behavior during the combustion of ACFs/PPS composite paper. The combustion, thermal degradation, fireproofing, and flame retardancy of ACFs/PPS were all thoroughly researched. The PPS has a considerable impact on the production of a more compact char layer in a condensed phase on the aramid surface during combustion. This structure maximum extent to ensure the structural integrity of ACFs and form residual carbon with certain mechanical properties. At the same time, the carbon structure has good flame and fire resistance. In addition, ACFs/PPS composite paper has the advantages of being lightweight and flexible, which indicates that it has great flexibility in demand. This kind of aramid composite paper with good flame retardant, fireproofing, and heat insulation properties provides a feasible way to be used as the interlayer of firefighting clothing and electrically insulating materials. [Display omitted] • Adding PPS greatly improve the flame retardancy and char yield of aramid paper. • Highly graphitization char layer was formed during the combustion of ACFs/PPS composite paper. • ACFs/PPS composite paper showcase the application in electrically insulating and firefighting clothing interlayer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Activated carbon from bamboo charcoal (BC) was diffused into the C12A7 mayenite compound via carbon diffusion process for synthesizing BC and C12A7 composite (BC/C12A7 composite). The BC/C12A7 composite was fabricated by carbon diffusion at holding time 5, 10 and 20 h for investigating electrical and thermal properties at high temperature. Result of XRD revealed the C12A7 structure and confirmed by Raman spectrum. Obtained energy gap showed at 4.93, 5.26, 5.19 and 5.09 eV at holding times of 0, 5, 10 and 20 h, respectively. Electrical conductivity significantly increased with increasing temperature and increased as a function of increasing holding time. Carrier concentration showed approximately 1.27 × 1017, 1.32 × 1017 and 2.76 × 1017 cm−3 of 5, 10 and 20 h, respectively. Temperature dependence of thermal conductivity showed as proportion of T −1 due to phonon-phonon scattering of Umklapp process. The thermal conductivity decreased from pristine C12A7 approximately 0.4 W m−1 K−1 in all BC/C12A7 composite samples. Highlights • BC/C12A7 composite was prepared via carbon diffusion using bamboo charcoal. • Influence of carbon diffusion was observed on electrical and thermal properties. • Electrical conductivity increased rapidly in BC/C12A7 composite. • Thermal conductivity dropped at approximately 0.4 W/mK in all BC/C12A7 composites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Physical and thermal properties of briquettes produced by recycling charcoal dust under different processing conditions have been reported in this study. The main aim was to investigate the effects of the binder and processing conditions on the properties of briquettes. The effect of adding molasses binder on combustion properties of the briquette was first assessed. Then by fitting experimental data, mathematical models to predict gross calorific value, ash content, moisture content, relaxed density and shatter index with respect to binder mass fraction, drying temperature and compaction pressure were developed. All briquettes properties were predominantly affected by amount of molasses used. Molasses mass fraction increment in briquette results in significant increment in ash content, moisture content, relaxed density and shatter index and significant reduction in gross calorific value. Drying temperature did not have major influence on briquette properties except moisture content. Compaction pressure (50-150 MPa) used in this study had negligible influences on all briquette properties. Therefore, such high pressure which involves energy consumption is not necessary during production of charcoal dust briquettes. Optimized values of gross calorific value and shatter index were 29.031 MJ/kg and 80.363%, respectively, for 50 MPa compaction pressure, 29.512 °C drying temperature and 10% molasses mass ratio. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper shows the results of a study on the effect of starch binder on the mechanical, physical and burning properties of charcoal briquettes. Two types of binders were repeatedly used to make briquettes of native wheat starch and modified wheat starch, at 8% of the whole. Briquetting was performed in a roller press unit, and pillow-shaped briquettes were made. The moisture of the mixed material ranged from 28 to 32%. The product, whether the former or the latter, was characterized by very good mechanical properties and satisfactory physical properties. Moreover, the type of starch binder had no effect on toughness, calorific heating value, volatiles, fixed carbon content and ash content. However, the combustion test showed quite different burning properties. As briquettes should have short firing up time and lower smokiness, as well as high maximum temperature and long burning time, we have concluded that briquettes with native wheat starch as a binder are more appropriate for burning in the grill. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to enhance the oxidation and adsorption capacity of catalyst, two kinds of activated carbon (AC) are mechanically mixed with VO-WO/TiO catalyst respectively. In this study, the mixtures (M-1: catalyst mixing with AC based on lignite; M-2: the one on coconut shell) are investigated to destroy high concentration (9.8 ng I-TEQ Nm) PCDD/Fs at low temperature (160 °C). Adding AC into the catalyst obviously increases removal efficiency (RE) and destruction efficiency (DE). However, M-2 presents higher RE value and lower DE value compared with M-1 at the same conditions as the stronger adsorption capacity of AC based on coconut shell. For the M-2 mixture, RE values are decreasing while DE values show an opposite trend with the ratios of catalyst to AC increasing. Oxygen plays a positive role on the destruction of PCDD/Fs by accelerating the conversion of VO and VO. Adjusting oxygen content from 0 to 20 % could increase the DE value from 27.4 to 82.2 % for the M-1 and from 15.8 to 68.9 % for the M-2. In the presence of ozone, a dark brown flock will be generated when the ratio of AC and catalyst is 4:1 due to the reaction between AC and ozone, which results in the lower RE and DE values. The RE and DE values reach the maximum of 96.3 %, 90.6 % in this paper, respectively, when the ratio of AC and catalyst is 1:1 with ozone. Finally, the regenerating of mixture is investigated. Most of dioxin residues in the mixture are desorbed and oxidized by catalysis at 200 °C in the presence of oxygen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To illustrate the effects of nano-bamboo charcoal (NBC) on the properties of bamboo plastic composites (BPC), nano-bamboo charcoalbamboo plastic composites (NBC-BPC) were prepared at 0%, 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, 10%, and 12.5% (w/v) NBC and characterized. The effects of NBC on the water absorption, fractured surfaces, mechanical properties, and thermal properties of the composites were investigated. NBC had strong interfacial interaction in the BPC, which greatly improved the interfacial adhesion of bamboo flour (BF) and high-density polyethylene (HDPE). The water resistance, flexural strengths, and tensile strengths of the composites were enhanced compared with traditional BPC when the volume of NBC reached a specific loading. These results demonstrated that the incorporation of NBC slightly improved the thermal properties of the synthesized composites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • BCN nanosheets were applied as an efficient heat-conduction microwave absorber. • Various building blocks integrated in BCN could provide multiple polarization loss mechanism. • Strong absorption and wide broadband were achieved for BCN with a thin coating thickness. • BCN nanosheets exhibited good thermal management performance. Multifunctional materials with high-efficiency microwave absorption properties and effective thermal conductivity are urgently required for modern electronic devices and systems. Herein, we successfully prepared biomass-derived borocarbonitride (BCN) nanosheets with excellent electromagnetic wave absorption and thermal management properties by a general, green and economical strategy using biomass coconut shell as carbon source, and explored the effect of the coconut-shell charcoal content on its performance. The as-prepared BCN nanosheets exhibit a large specific surface area, which is favorable to the formation of conductive network and multiple reflection and scattering, thus resulting in strong absorption. The results show that the minimum reflection loss value of −54.24 dB is obtained at 5.2 GHz, and the maximum effective absorption bandwidth reaches up to 4.16 GHz with a thickness of only 1.4 mm. Furthermore, the thermal diffusivities and conductivities of the BCN/natural rubber composites are significantly improved. Thus, this research offers an idea for exploring high-performance multifunctional absorbing materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] Bamboo charcoal (BC) was used as reinforcing filler of wood-plastic composites. [•] BC could have strong interfacial interaction in the wood-plastic composites (WPCs). [•] The BC-WPC composites displayed lower water absorption properties. [•] The BC-WPC composites displayed higher flexural, tensile and thermal properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Compounds of styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) filled with bamboo charcoal powders (BCPs) were prepared with a laboratory-sized two-roll mill. The effects of the BCP loading on the curing characteristics and mechanical and thermal properties were investigated. The results indicate that the addition of BCP resulted in a longer curing time and a higher Mooney viscosity in the SBR materials. The incorporation of BCP into SBR improved the mechanical properties and dynamic properties. Furthermore, the mechanical properties of the vulcanizates after thermal aging were also studied, and the experimental results indicate that most of the mechanical properties improved after thermal aging. The overall results indicate that BCP could be used as a cheaper filler for SBR materials. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 130: 4534-4541, 2013 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The thermo-physical properties and combustion behavior of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) composite formulations that contain bamboo charcoal (BC) fillers are studied. The experimental results showed that the volume resistance decreased sharply but with little effect on thermal conductivity, when PET was loaded with more than bamboo charcoal. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) revealed that higher bamboo charcoal loading was associated with a higher onset temperature of 50% degradation (T). The SEM images and filter test results showed a strong coupling effect between bamboo charcoal and PET and uniform dispersion of bamboo charcoal in a PET matrix. A flammability test was performed using cone calorimetry, and 3 wt% bamboo charcoal filler in PET was found to give the best flame retardancy and the most effective smoke suppression. The rheological properties of dynamic viscosity, modulus and yield stress revealed that a higher bamboo charcoal loading was associated with greater shear thinning and thus viscosity at higher frequencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Olive husk, hazelnut shell, spruce wood, and beech wood samples were pyrolyzed to obtain pyrolysis oil. Liquid fuel produced from biomass is pyrolysis oil, formed by rapidly heating biomass to drive off the organic volatile components, then condensing the fuel vapors into a fuel oil. Thermal depolymerization and decomposition of biomass structural components, such as cellulose, hemicelluloses, lignin form liquids, and gas products as well as a solid residue of charcoal were studied. The structural components of the biomass samples mainly affect pyrolytic degradation products. A reaction mechanism is proposed which describes a possible reaction route for the formation of the characteristic compounds found in the pyrolysis oils. A large fraction of the oil is the phenolic fraction, consisting of relatively small amounts of phenol, eugenol, cresols, and xylenols and much larger quantities of alkylated polyphenols. The pyrolysis oil contents and the higher heating values of the oils vary from 32.1 to 49.3% of dry and ash-free basis and from 22.5 to 25.7 MJ/kg, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A powder mix of wood charcoal and SiO2 was sintered into a SiC/C composite. The heat treatment temperatures were 1400–1800 °C, the SiO2 concentration 0, 10, 30 and 50 wt.% with respect to the dry weight of wood charcoal. The microstructure, electrical resistance and thermal conductivity were studied. SEM and EDX confirmed that a 1 μm thick layer of β-SiC was formed on the surface of the wood charcoal pieces. The bulk density did increase only slightly with temperature and SiC contents. The electrical resistance decreased slightly with temperature but increased with SiO2 contents. The thermal conductivity did increase both with temperature and SiC contents. By coating the wood charcoal in this rather natural way by such a ceramic layer we can use the SiC/C composite at least up to 1800 °C, far beyond the carbon oxidation limit of 500 °C. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

In this study, bamboo fiber filled polypropylene composites (BPCs) were prepared using bamboo and coconut shell charcoal as reinforcing fillers for enhancing the properties of composites. Bamboo and coconut shell biomass were carbonized at different carbonization temperatures (300, 400, 600, and 900OC); 1 h soaking time and at 5OC−min heating rates. The effect of carbonization temperature and charcoal content (0.5%, 1.0% and 1.5%) on mechanical, thermal and water absorption properties of BPCs has been investigated. The experimental results show that charcoal which is obtained at lower pyrolysis temperature (300OC and 400OC) improves the strength properties of BPCs, whereas, strength properties remains unaltered when charcoal prepared at elevated temperatures (600OC and 900OC) are added to BPCs. Compared to coconut shell charcoal (CSC) better mechanical properties were obtained through bamboo charcoal (BC). This has been attributed to flakes like appearance of BC, having pores present on their surfaces. The study also shows that addition of charcoal provides thermal stability to BPCs, particularly via charcoal prepared at elevated temperature (900OC). The optimum temperature for achieving sufficient hydrophobicity in BPCs is found to be 300OC and 600OC for BC and CSC, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The verification of the blasting parameters of Ammonium Nitrate Fuel Oil (ANFO) with the addition of microstructured charcoal (MC) produced by destructive wood distillation was performed. Additional investigation of specific surface and pore distribution by the nitrogen adsorption of the two granulations of MC was also carried out. High-resolution scanning electron microscopy was used for morphology evaluation and revealed smoothening of the initially developed external surface of carbon with intensive milling. In addition, the analysis of the thermal properties of the studied samples (TG/DSC) indicated that the size of the microstructured charcoal additives influenced the decomposition temperature of the prepared materials. The explosives containing microstructured charcoal grains of −90 μm underwent decomposition at lower temperatures in comparison with those containing higher sizes of microstructure charcoal grains (−1.18 mm), for which the decomposition temperature reached 292 °C. The obtained results of blasting parameters compared to the results derived from thermodynamic simulation showed the non-ideal character of the explosives (much lower values of blasting parameters than in established thermodynamic models). It was indicated that higher velocities of detonations (VOD) were obtained for non-ideal explosives where finer MC grains were added. Blasting tests confirmed that the studied type of MC can be applied as an additive to the ANFO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]