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The deposition of polyelectrolyte (PEL) multilayers (PEMs) of poly(l-lysine)/cellulose sulfate (PLL/CS) onto germanium (Ge) substrates depending on salt concentration (c S ) and deposition step z at constant PEL concentration c PEL = 0.01 M and pH = 7.0 was studied. In situ ATR-FTIR spectroscopy was used for the quantitative determination of alternate PLL/CS deposition profiles (adsorbed amount versus z) and total deposited PEM amount. By varying c S from 0 M to 1.0 M, a maximum of deposited amount was obtained at 0.1 M, so that both no salinity (0 M) and high salinity (1.0 M) revealed deposited amounts that were far lower than for mean salinity (0.1 M). Furthermore, in situ ATR-FTIR allowed to determine the detailed modulation of the PEL composition during the consecutive PEM deposition, which was interpreted as being due to both diffusion of given PEL from the PEM interior towards the outermost region and release of the PEM upon contact with the bulk oppositely charged PEL solution. Finally, ex situ ATR-FTIR measurements on the PEL solutions after deposition of PEM-20 revealed the distinct release of PEL from the PEM solely for c S = 1.0 M, due to the highest mobility of PEL under high salt conditions. These studies help to prepare functional PEM coatings with defined thicknesses and morphologies for the passivation and activation of material surfaces in the biomedical and food field.

Spinal cord injury can lead to severe dysfunction as a result of limited nerve regeneration that is due to an inhibitory environment created at the site of injury. Neural tissue engineering using materials that closely mimic the extracellular matrix (ECM) during neural development could enhance neural regeneration. Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), which are sulfated polysaccharides, have been shown to modulate axonal outgrowth in neural tissue depending upon the position and degree of sulfation. Cellulose sulfate (CelS), which is a GAG mimetic, was evaluated for its use in promoting neurite extension. Aligned fibrous scaffolds containing gelatin blended with 0.25% partially sulfated cellulose sulfate (pCelS), having sulfate predominantly at the 6-carbon position of the glucose monomer unit, and fully sulfated cellulose sulfate (fCelS), which is sulfated at the 2-, 3-, and 6-carbon positions of the glucose monomer unit, were fabricated using the electrospinning method. Comparisons were made with scaffolds containing native GAGs, chondroitin sulfate-A (CS-A) and chondroitin sulfate-C (CS-C), which were obtained from commercial sources. CS-A and CS-C are present in neural tissue ECM. The degree of sulfation and position of sulfate groups was determined using elemental analysis, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Raman microspectroscopy, and 13 C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). In vitro studies examined both nerve growth factor (NGF) binding on scaffolds and neurite extension by dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. NGF binding was highest on scaffolds containing pCelS and fCelS. Neurite extension was greatest for scaffolds containing fCelS followed by pCelS, with the lowest outgrowth on the CS-A containing scaffolds, suggesting that the degree and position of sulfation of CelS was permissible for neurite outgrowth. This study demonstrated that cellulose sulfate, as a GAG mimetic, could be used for future neural tissue regeneration application. STATEMENT OF SIGNFICANCE: Scaffolds that closely mimic the native extracellular matrix (ECM) during development may be a promising approach to enhance neural regeneration. Here, we reported a glycosaminoglycan (GAG) mimetic derived from cellulose that promotes neurite extension over native GAGs, chondroitin sulfate-A (CS-A) and chondroitin sulfate-C (CS-C), which are present in neural ECM. Depending upon the degree and position of sulfation, the GAG mimetic can impact nerve growth factor binding and permissive neurite outgrowth., (Copyright © 2019 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Polyphosphates are important polyanionic electrolytes that play a major role in stabilization and consolidation of colloids surface and interior microstructures. In this study, the polyelectrolyte complexes (PEC) microcapsules (sodium cellulose sulfate-chitosan hydrochloride, sample 1), and the patched ones via sodium tripolyphosphate (sample 2), sodium pyrophosphate (sample 3) and sodium hexametaphosphate (sample 4) were fabricated under mild conditions. The effects of polyphosphates on the formation of the PEC microcapsules were investigated systematically. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) observation showed that both of the sample 2 and sample 3 had more compact interior microstructures with higher fluorescence intensity, compared with the sample 4 with macroporous ones and sample 1 with irregular ones. Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) showed the electrostatic interactions occurred among the -NH 3 + groups, -SO 3 - groups, HP 3 O 10 4- groups, P 2 O 7 4- groups and H 2 PO 4 - groups, and the sample 2 and sample 3 had a more thermal stability comparatively. The sample microcapsules showed good capacity of drug loading and encapsulation efficiency (max. 66.9 ± 4.6% and 74.2 ± 5.1%). In the in vitro release studies showed that the sample 2 and sample 3 had a larger accumulative drug release rate of 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) at the same time point and released completely at 12 h; the drug release mechanisms analysis indicated that the sample 1 and sample 3 were mainly diffusion controlled, while the sample 2 and sample 4 were followed the mechanism of non-Fickian transport. Under the polyphosphate's consolidation, the PEC microcapsules fabricated with sustained drug release profiles could be used as the promising drug vehicles., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Articular cartilage has a limited capacity to heal and, currently, no treatment exists that can restore normal hyaline cartilage. Creating tissue engineering scaffolds that more closely mimic the native extracellular matrix may be an attractive approach. Glycosaminoglycans, which are present in native cartilage tissue, provide signalling and structural cues to cells. This study evaluated the use of a glycosaminoglycan mimetic, derived from cellulose, as a potential scaffold for cartilage repair applications. Fully sulfated sodium cellulose sulfate (NaCS) was initially evaluated in soluble form as an additive to cell culture media. Human mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) chondrogenesis in pellet culture was enhanced with 0.01% NaCS added to induction media as demonstrated by significantly higher gene expression for type II collagen and aggrecan. NaCS was combined with gelatine to form fibrous scaffolds using the electrospinning technique. Scaffolds were characterized for fibre morphology, overall hydrolytic stability, protein/growth factor interaction and for supporting MSC chondrogenesis in vitro. Scaffolds immersed in phosphate buffered saline for up to 56 days had no changes in swelling and no dissolution of NaCS as compared to day 0. Increasing concentrations of the model protein lysozyme and transforming growth factor-β3 were detected on scaffolds with increasing concentrations of NaCS (p < 0.05). MSC chondrogenesis was enhanced on the scaffold with the lowest NaCS concentration as seen with the highest collagen type II production, collagen type II immunostaining, and expression of cartilage-specific genes. These studies demonstrate the feasibility of cellulose sulfate as a scaffolding material for cartilage tissue engineering. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., (Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.)

Articular cartilage has a limited capacity to heal after damage from injury or degenerative disease. Tissue engineering constructs that more closely mimic the native cartilage microenvironment can be utilized to promote repair. Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), a major component of the cartilage extracellular matrix, have the ability to sequester growth factors due to their level and spatial distribution of sulfate groups. This study evaluated the use of a GAG mimetic, cellulose sulfate, as a scaffolding material for cartilage tissue engineering. Cellulose sulfate can be synthesized to have a similar level and spatial distribution of sulfates as chondroitin sulfate C (CSC), the naturally occurring GAG. This partially sulfated cellulose (pSC) was incorporated into a fibrous gelatin construct by the electrospinning process. Scaffolds were characterized for fiber morphology and overall stability over time in an aqueous environment, growth factor interaction, and for supporting mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) chondrogenesis in vitro. All scaffold groups had micron-sized fibers and maintained overall stability in aqueous environments. Increasing concentrations of the transforming growth factor-beta 3 (TGF-β3) were detected on scaffolds with increasing pSC. MSC chondrogenesis was enhanced on the scaffold with the highest pSC concentration as seen with the highest collagen type II production, collagen type II immunostaining, expression of cartilage-specific genes, and ratio of collagen type II to collagen type I production. These studies demonstrated the potential of pSC sulfate as a scaffolding material for cartilage tissue engineering.

Experiments on rabbits showed that increasing the dose of intravenously administered cellulose sulfate from wheat straw (dynamic viscosity 3.4 cP, sulfur content 14.1%) increased plasma clotting time in some coagulation tests and plasma anticoagulant activity. When cellulose sulfate was administered in the dose of 1 mg/kg, plasma clotting time in the presence of the anticoagulant (5 min after administration) was ~3-fold higher than after saline administration.

Polysaccharide sulfates are naturally existing chemicals that show important biological activities in living organisms. Cellulose sulfate is a semi-synthesized polysaccharide sulfate with a relatively simple chain structure and unique biological properties and its biological applications have been explored in research and clinical trials. With the advance of cellulose derivatization and characterization, cellulose sulfate molecules with tailored structures have been developed to fulfill individual requirements. This review aims to provide a summary of recent development of cellulose sulfate in biomedical applications. Its synthesis pathways were discussed with structure-property relationship elucidated. The application of cellulose sulfate in drug delivery and microbe/cell immobilization were summarized with emphasis given on its polyelectrolyte complex formation processes., (Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Here, we report fabrication of polyelectrolyte multilayers by blending a natural glycosaminoglycan (heparin) with semisynthetic cellulose sulfates as polyanions paired with polycation chitosan. Two types of polyanionic blends were prepared by mixing heparin with either cellulose sulfates (CS) of high (CS2.6) or intermediate (CS1.6) sulfation degree in equal mass ratios. Multilayer growth was monitored by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and quartz crystal micro balance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D) where as surface wettability was measured by water contact angle measurements (WCA). Both SPR and QCM-D showed differences in biomolecular mass adsorption and dissipation values for different multilayers and also helped in estimating the hydration levels of layers. WCA indicated arrangement of polyanion and polycation layers within the multilayer systems, weather distinct layers, or more intermingled multilayers were established. Overall physico-chemical characterization data suggested a dominating incorporation of heparin over CS in blend multilayer systems. Biological interactions of these blend multilayers investigated with C2C12 cells also indicated a leading contribution of heparin in the blend systems. This current study suggested that heparin was preferentially incorporated over CS that are highly sulfated and points towards the dominance of carboxylic groups over sulfate groups in interacting with amino groups of chitosan., (© 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.)

Multilayer coatings of polycationic chitosan paired with polyanionic semi-synthetic cellulose sulfates or heparin were prepared by the layer-by-layer method. Two different cellulose sulfates (CS) with high (CS2.6) and intermediate (CS1.6) sulfation degree were prepared by sulfation of cellulose. Multilayers were fabricated at pH 4 and the resulting films were characterized by several methods. The multilayer 'optical' mass, measured by surface plasmon resonance, showed little differences in the total mass adsorbed irrespective of which polyanion was used. In contrast, 'acoustic' mass, calculated from quartz crystal micro balance with dissipation monitoring, showed the lowest mass and dissipation values for CS2.6 (highest sulfation degree) multilayers indicating formation of stiffer layers compared to heparin and CS1.6 layers which led to higher mass and dissipation values. Water contact angle and zeta potential measurements indicated formation of more distinct layers with using heparin as polyanion, while use of CS1.6 and CS2.6 resulted into more fuzzy intermingled multilayers. CS1.6 multilayers significantly supported adhesion and growth of C2C12 cells where as only few cells attached and started to spread initially on CS2.6 layers but favoured long term cell growth. Contrastingly cells adhered and grew poorly on to the layers of heparin. This present study shows that cellulose sulfates are attractive candidates for multilayer formation as potential substratum for controlled cell adhesion. Since a peculiar interaction of cellulose sulfates with growth factors was found during previous studies, immobilization of cellulose sulfate in multilayer systems might be of great interest for tissue engineering applications., (Copyright © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

In this study, a sulfonation approach using chlorosulfonic acid (CSA) to prepare cellulose sulfate nanofibers (CSNFs) from raw jute fibers is demonstrated. Both elemental sulfur content and zeta potential in the CSNFs are found to increase with increasing CSA content used. However, the corresponding crystallinity in the CSNFs decreases with the increasing amount of CSA used due to degradation of cellulose chains under harsh acidic conditions. The ammonium adsorption results from the CSNFs with varying degrees of sulfonation were analyzed using the Langmuir isotherm model, and the analysis showed a very high maximum ammonium adsorption capacity (41.1 mg/g) under neutral pH, comparable to the best value from a synthetic hydrogel in the literature. The high ammonium adsorption capacity of the CSNFs was found to be maintained in a broad acidic range (pH = 2.5 to 6.5). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the removal of Cr(VI) from contaminated waters was studied via a chemical reduction of Cr(VI) on cellulose sulfate microfibers coated with palladium nanocatalyst. In this catalytic procedure, hydrogen gas was generated utilizing an electrochemical cell containing graphite electrodes. Characterization of the prepared catalyst was done using scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray analysis, Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy, and thermalgravimetric analyses. The Box-Behnken model of response surface methodology was used to optimize the adsorption process. The effects of main variables including current density, initial concentration of Cr(VI), and time and their interactions on the removal efficiency of Cr(VI) were assessed. Under the optimal conditions (0.1 A and 15 min), the removal efficiency of 98% was achieved for Cr(VI). The examination of recovery indicated that the performance of the prepared catalyst decreased about 10% after 10 cycles of usage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cellulose sulfates (CS) with low degree of substitution (DS) and high degree of polymerization (DP) were prepared via a controlled sulfation modification. The obtained CS with DS 0.42 and DP 293 showed an enhanced solubility of 14.7 g/100 g in the ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate (EMIMAc) compared to unmodified cellulose. The rheological study revealed that the CS/EMIMAc solution behaved as polymers in a θ solvent with the unique three-region flow curves under shear stress. It also showed a property of typical polyelectrolyte solution with the overlap concentration (c*) of 0.2 wt% and the entanglement concentration (ce) of 3.0 wt%, respectively. The CS/EMIMAc solution with a concentration of 5 wt% was selected to develop polyelectrolyte complex (PEC) with chitosan using extrusion-spherization and emulsification-solvent evaporation. The produced PEC beads and magnetic microspheres had an average size of 1.0 mm and 22.1 µm, respectively. The PEC microspheres showed greater absorption capability for bovine serum albumin than the beads with the maximum adsorption value of 780 mg/g. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BackgroundTopical microbicides against the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) 1 that are nonirritating to the female genital epithelium are urgently needed to slow the heterosexual spread of HIV infection. Products that are also effective contraceptives provide additional benefits. Cellulose sulfate (CS) is a noncytotoxic antifertility agent that exhibits in vitro antimicrobial activity against sexually transmitted pathogens, including HIV.MethodsWe performed a multicenter, Phase I, placebo-controlled, randomized study to evaluate the genital toxicity of CS. Two cohorts of healthy women used 3.5 ml of 6% CS gel or 3.5 ml of K-Y Jelly, vaginally, bid, for 14 days. The first cohort was sexually abstinent, and the second cohort was sexually active.ResultsCS was associated with only a slightly higher odds ratio (OR) of symptoms of minor urogenital irritation compared to the inactive lubricant K-Y Jelly (OR=2.02, 95% confidence interval=0.90-4.53). In addition, there were minor shifts in some genital flora, but there was no evidence of greater inflammation as evidenced by few colposcopic findings, decreased influx of polymorphonuclear cells and minimal changes in proinflammatory cytokines. Moreover, both products appeared acceptable to most women. Product leakage was identified as more of a problem in sexually abstinent women, but less so in women using the product for sexual intercourse, as would be the case in actual practice.ConclusionCS was safe for twice-daily use for 14 days. CS is appropriate for future studies in effectiveness trials.

Cellulose sulfate is a cellulose derivative with unique biological properties. Due to its antibacterial, antiviral and anticoagulant effects, it has good biodegradability and biocompatibility, and is non-toxic and environmentally friendly. Therefore, it has broad application prospects in the fields of food, medicine and chemical industry. However, cellulose sulfate has not been used commercially yet, and its preparation methods of cellulose sulfate are mainly divided into three categories. They are homogeneous preparation method, heterogeneous preparation method and quasi-homogeneous prepraration method. In this paper, the preparation methods of cellulose sulfate were summarized, and the characteristics of each preparation method were analyzed. It provided a theoretical basis for the preparation of cellulose sulfates with controlled properties such as degree of substitution and molecular weight. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) were sulfonated and the dispersion quality was compared to unfunctionalized and 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperdine-1-oxyl radical (TEMPO) post-oxidation treatment of existing CNF (mechanically fibrillated pulp). A post-sulfonation treatment on existing CNF in chlorosulfonic acid and dimethylformamide (DMF) resulted in sulfonated CNF that retained a fibril-like morphology. There was a small decrease in the cellulose crystallinity index for the sulfonated CNF, but this was much lower than the reported regioselective oxidative bisulfite pretreatment method used to make sulfonated CNF. The current approach was extremely quick, and 5 min of reaction time was sufficient to result in significant improvements in dispersibility compared to unfunctionalized CNF. The sulfonated CNF and TEMPO oxidized CNF had better dispersibility compared to the unfunctionalized CNF when dispersed in DMF and water, and in many cases the sulfonated CNF had better dispersibility than the TEMPO CNF. It was found that when CNF was dispersed in DMF the TEMPO CNF formed carboxyl dimethylammonium groups, while the sulfonated CNF formed formate groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cellulose sulfate film with antimicrobial properties was prepared by incorporating β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) and mustard essential oil (MO). The effects of MO concentration on mechanical and barrier properties of films were evaluated and compared with control one (without MO). The addition of MO increased the elongation of the film, reduced the tensile strength, the Young's modulus and the water sorption, but did not significantly affect the water vapor permeability of the film. The results can be partly explained by analysis of SEM, XRD and FTIR. More important, films with MO showed great antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli , Staphylococcus aureus , and lower for Bacillus subtilis and Aspergillus niger . Films incorporated with β-CD reduced the loss of MO in the preparation and preservation of films according to the MO left in the films, which indicated slow release of MO. The MO content in NaCS-β-CD-MO films was 11 mg/g, while was 7 mg/g in NaCS-MO films prepared under the same conditions. The results of the present study suggest that MO as a natural antibacterial agent and β-CD as a carrier of slow release can potentially be used in edible film or coating for packaging a wide range of microbial sensitive food products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Novel edible films prepared from cellulose sulfate (CS) and glycerol by casting film-solution on leveled trays were characterized in this research. The dense CS films with ordered microstructure were transparent, homogenous, flexible, water-soluble and resistant to oils and fats. The CS molecular weight and glycerol content affected mechanical properties and water vapor permeability of CS film. The tension strength (TS) of CS film prepared from high MW (η 2% = 907, 2% aqueous solutions viscosity) could reach 60.27 MPa, at which the elongation at break (EAB) of CS film was 15.88%. Increasing the molecular weight of CS could improve the TS and EAB, while addition of glycerol would decrease the TS. Furthermore, the addition of glycerol and increasing CS molecular weight could decrease the WVP down to values about 3.7 × 10−11 g m−1 s−1 Pa−1, which revealed that the vapor barrier performance of CS film could be regulated by CS molecular weight and glycerol content. The CS based coating could extend the shelf life of bananas. Therefore, cellulose sulfate could be used as potential degradable coating materials in food packaging. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Synthesis of cellulose sulfates (CSs) and carboxyl cellulose sulfates (COCSs) with regioselectively or regiospecifically distributed functional groups within anhydroglucose units was reported. CS with regioselectively distributed sulfate groups at 2,3- O- or 2,6- O-position were homogeneously synthesized and cellulose trifluoroacetate (CTFA) was used as intermediates. The trifluoroacetyl groups were detected primarily at 6- O-position and their distributions could be altered by changing the amount of trifluoroacetyl anhydride (TFAA). Various sulfating agents were used for further homogeneous sulfation of CTFA. The total degree of sulfation (DS) and the distribution of sulfate groups within the repeating units were affected by the amount of TFAA, the type and amount of sulfating agents. Subsequent homogenous 4-acetamide-TEMPO or TEMPO-mediated oxidation of CS led to COCS with carboxyl groups regiospecifically distributed at C6 position, which may be interesting structural mimics for natural occurring heparin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] Sulfuric acid/ethanol was successfully used as sulfating agent to prepare CS. [•] Water in system was removed to decrease the hydrolysis by adding Na2SO4. [•] The conditions on the sulfating process were investigated in detail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rabbit plasma coagulation time in the APTT and ReaClot-heparin tests, antithrombin and anti-factor Xa activities of plasma, and the effective half-life and duration of action increase with dose (0.3 to 10 mg/kg, i.v.) of injected cellulose sulfate (molecular weight 10 - 30 kDa, degree of sulfonation 1.8, antithrombin activity 130 ± 12 IU/mg, anti-factor Xa activity 45 ± 3.3 IU/mg). Cellulose sulfate independently neither influences human platelet aggregation nor potentiates adenosinediphosphate-induced human platelet aggregation and fibrinolytic activity of plasma euglobulin fraction in vivo but it favors an increase in the fibrinolytic activity of plasma upon intravenous injection in rabbits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Both sulfate and carboxyl groups are found in many glycosaminoglycans exhibiting diverse biological activities, such as heparin. Present study reports on the preparation of cellulose derivatives containing both sulfate and carboxyl groups that were regioselectively introduced into anhydroglucose units (AGU) of cellulose. The products – carboxyl cellulose sulfates (COCS) – with various contents of both functional groups were obtained by two synthesis routes. One way started with sulfation of cellulose yielding cellulose sulfate (CS) and was followed by TEMPO-mediated oxidation of CS. In another way, cellulose at first underwent TEMPO-mediated oxidation yielding carboxyl cellulose (COC). Subsequently, acetosulfation of the COC was carried out. The products were characterized by diverse analysis methods, and the amounts of both functional groups in CS, COC and COCS were determined. Finally, the biological activity of COCS was examined. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

FT Raman investigation of sodium cellulose sulfates (NaCS) was reported. Different NaCS were prepared by two diverse sulfation methods and their total degrees of substitution (DS) of sulfate groups were determined through either 13C-NMR spectroscopy or elemental analysis. Subsequently, these NaCS were characterized with FT Raman spectroscopy. The caused bands through the introduction of the sulfate groups in cellulose chain were explained and assigned. Additionally, a strong linear correlation between the areas under the bands ascribed to the stretching vibrations of C–O–S groups and the total DS of NaCS was presented. A rapid method of quantifying the total DS of NaCS was established. Finally, sodium sulfate (Na2SO4), a salt that is very often produced during the sulfation of cellulose, was found to be analyzable even with a weight content of 0.12% in NaCS. The method of quantifying the content of this salt in NaCS was investigated with Raman spectroscopy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have investigated the proton conductivity, solvent uptake, and the methanol permeability coefficient (PM) in aqueous methanol solutions of the cellulose sulfate (CS) electrolyte membranes which were prepared by sulfating regenerated cellulose membranes. The proton conductivity of the CS membranes is enhanced with increasing number of sulfate groups. Solvent uptake and PM for the CS membranes are almost independent of methanol content, and the CS membranes with higher solvent uptake show higher PM. The introduction of cross-linkage into the CS membranes not only enhances the proton conductivity but also decreases the methanol permeability because of a considerable reduction in solvent uptake. The cross-linked CS membranes exhibit a proton conductivity of 0.081 S cm-1 at room temperature, which is comparable to that of Nation 112®. The methanol permeability measured by using a 3 M methanol solution is less than half, compared with Nation 112®. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Attaching alkylphenols to hydrophilic macromolecular matrices is an effective means to improve quality of the existing antioxidants and to create new antioxidants. In this work cellulose sulfates in the form of tetrabutylammonium salts was used as a basis for the synthesis of ether containing covalently bonded fragments of 2,6-diisobornyl-4-methylphenol in homogenous medium. Optimum conditions for the synthesis of amphiphilic macromolecules containing up to 6 mass% of hydrophobic terpenophenolic fragments were founded. Polymer structure was proved by the element analysis, UV, IR and NMR spectroscopy. Dynamic light scattering method was used to demonstrate the way the supramolecular assemblies are formed in the solutions of synthesized amphiphilic conjugate. Synthesized conjugates of cellulose sulfate with varying alkylphenols content are characterized by low cytotoxicity, as well as high antioxidant and membrane-protective activity in the biological model, increasing the survival rate of cells under acute oxidative stress. Amphiphilic conjugate in form of tetrabutylammonium salts of cellulose sulfate at low concentration turned out to be more effective than the conjugates of terpenophenols with sodium salts of cellulose sulfate. Unlabelled Image • Cellulose sulfates with covalent bonded terpenоphenols have been synthesized. • New amphiphilic polymer antioxidants are characterized by higher antioxidant and membrane-protective activity in vitro. • The conjugates exhibit low cytotoxicity. • Content of dialkylphenols in polymer influences the formation of supramolecular aggregates. • These effective CS antioxidants are promising as a cardiovascular system protector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Near-infrared (NIR) shielding materials using conductive cellulose nanofiber (CNF). • Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) prepared using sulfated CNF (s -CNF). • 700 times more conductive than simple PEDOT/PSS without adding agent. • The PEDOT/ s -CNF thin film suppressed the temperature rise by NIR irradiation. We synthesized poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) thin films by using a microcrystalline sulfated cellulose nanofiber (s -CNF) dopant. Specifically, we examined the ratio of EDOT monomer and CNF dopant, the quantity of initiator for the monomer, and the pH during polymerization. By doing so, we produced a PEDOT/ s -CNF thin film with a conductivity that is 700 times higher than commercial simple PEDOT/polystyrene sulfonate (PSS) without adding agent. The optical adsorption of PEDOT/ s -CNF thin film in the near-infrared (NIR) range (700–2000 nm) increased in accordance with the electrical conductivity increased. We estimated the visible light (380–700 nm) and NIR (700–2000 nm) transmittance τ by multiplying the spectral transmittance τ(λ) and weighting coefficients (E λ •Δλ), and taking the weighted average. Although the τ vis of the optimized PEDOT/ s -CNF thin film with the highest conductivity remained at 85.0%, the τ NIR decreased to 69.8%. We dispersed the optimized PEDOT/ s -CNF in the polyvinyl alcohol aqueous solution and coated the polymer onto a glass plate to provide NIR shielding. By testing the PEDOT-coated glass by irradiation with simulated sunlight, we confirmed that the film suppressed the temperature rise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]