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Background: The use of pequi by-product as animal feed is an appealing alternative to reduce overall production costs. However, little is known regarding its effects on animal performance as well as the ideal inclusion level in the diet. Objective: To evaluate performance, intake, and digestibility of confined lambs receiving diets containing different levels of pequi by- product as a partial substitute for corn silage. Methods: The experiment was conducted in Curvelo, Brazil, using twenty-five crossbred Santa Inês male lambs (17.83 ± 1.73 kg) aged six months for 92 days. Increasing levels of pequi by-product (0, 6, 12, 18, and 24%) replacing corn silage were evaluated in a completely randomized design. Analysis of variance and regression were performed, with 5% significance level. Results: Inclusion of pequi by-product did not influence (p>0.05) average daily gain, total weight gain, or feed conversion ratio. No effect (p>0.05) was also observed on intake of dry matter, organic matter, ether extract, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, total carbohydrates, and total digestible nutrients. However, a linear decrease was observed (p0,05) en la ganancia de peso diaria, ganancia de peso total, ni conversión alimenticia. No se observó efecto (p>0,05) en la ingesta de materia seca, materia orgánica, extracto etéreo, proteína bruta, fibra detergente neutra, carbohidratos totales y nutrientes digestibles totales. Sin embargo, se observó una reducción lineal (p0,05) o ganho de peso médio diário, o ganho de peso total e a conversão alimentar. Também não foi observado efeito (p>0,05) no consumo de matéria seca, matéria orgânica, extrato etéreo, proteína bruta, fibra em detergente neutro, carboidratos totais e nutrientes digestíveis totais. Entretanto, foi observada redução linear (p

Caryocar brasiliense Camb. is a typical species from the Cerrado that represents a relevant income for the population where the fruit is produced. The ocorrence of insect pests provokes damage in the fruit and making its commercialization unfeasible. Then, this study aimed to identify the pest insect the fruit and the pit; to compare the morphological features of the fruit and pit and the damage caused by insects among mother plants and their origins and correlate the fruit and pit morphological features with the damage caused by the insects. Three different origins were evaluated, 12 mother plants by origin and ten fruit by mother plant. All the fruit were opened, checked for the insect damage and the fruit and pit morphological variables were determined. The insects that caused damage to the pequi embryo were identified as Carmenta sp. (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae) and Amblycerus sp (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). The probability analysis showed significant effect on the mother plants and origins for the percentage of fruit and pit attacked where the location of Laje Velha obtained the lowest rates of the insect attack. The fruit and pit of the Fruta de Leite were bigger and heavier than the others, while the correlations among the predation rate and the other morphological variables of the fruit and pit were not significant. Amblycerus sp. and Carmenta sp. may be considered potential pests of pequi, with the risk of compromising the pequizeiro populations and the regional economics. RESUMO Caryocar brasiliense Camb. conhecida comumente como pequizeiro, é uma espécie típica do Cerrado que representa relevante fonte de renda para as populações locais. No entanto, a ocorrência de insetospraga ocasiona sérias perdas na produção do pequizeiro, causando danos nos frutos e inviabilizando sua comercialização. Os objetivos foram identificar as espécies de insetos-praga dos frutos e putâmens do pequizeiro; comparar as características morfológicas de frutos e putâmens e os danos causados por insetos entre árvores matrizes e procedências e entender o efeito das características morfológicas sobre os danos causados pelos insetos. Foram avaliadas três procedências do norte de Minas Gerais, 12 matrizes por procedência e dez frutos por matriz. Os frutos foram abertos, verificados quanto ao ataque de insetos e determinadas as variáveis morfológicas. Em seguida, os frutos foram armazenados em copos cobertos com tela para a eclosão e posterior identificação dos insetos adultos. Tais insetos foram identificados como Carmenta sp. (Lepidoptera: Sesiidae) e Amblycerus sp.(Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Houve efeito significativo de matrizes e procedências para o percentual de frutos e putâmens atacados, onde a localidade Laje Velha obteve as menores taxas de ataque de insetos. Os frutos e putâmens de Fruta de Leite foram maiores e mais pesados que os demais, enquanto as correlações entre a taxa de predação e as variáveis morfológicas não foram significativas. Portanto, Amblycerus sp. e Carmenta sp. podem ser consideradas potenciais pragas do pequi, podendo comprometer as populações de pequizeiro e a economia regional.

The study of arthropod communities foraging on monocultures of native plants (e.g. Caryocar brasiliense) in biodiversity hotspots (e.g. Brazilian Cerrado) is important to understand the processes driving their performance. This study evaluated the possible interactions between galling herbivores, free-feeding arthropods, and of their natural enemies on C. brasiliense trees, in an orchard (monoculture). The possible competition observed were: i) between galling insects with defoliators and phytophagous mites, ii) between sucking insects, iii) between phytophagous mites and, iv) between Aphis gossypii (Hemiptera: Aphididae) with Histiostoma sp. (Acari: Histiostomidae) on C. brasiliense trees. Numbers of predators and prey, parasitoids and hosts, and predators and parasitoids were directly related among them. The competitive interactions between herbivorous predator and parasitoid may reduce Eurytoma sp. (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae) populations, a potential pest of C. brasiliense. The predator Zelus armillatus (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) and the parasitoids Sycophila sp. (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae) and Ablerus magistretti (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) are important to determine the numbers of Eurytoma sp. and of its galls. These natural enemies may be important to control this galling insect on C. brasiliense trees. The arthropod competition affected their guild associated to C. brasiliense trees.

The objective was to study the habitat complexity of mite populations on Caryocar brasiliense trees under natural and cultivated field conditions. The study was performed in the municipality of Montes Claros, in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, over 3 years. Three types of areas were studied: 1) Cerrado, 2) pasture, and 3) a university Campus. Several chlorotic spots were detected on leaves with larger populations of Tetranychus sp. and Eutetranychus sp. (Tetranychidae). The greatest numbers of Agistemus sp. (Stigmaeidae) on leaves and Histiostoma sp. (Histiostomidae) and Proctolaelaps sp. (Ascidae) on fruits were observed in the pasture, and that of Histiostoma sp. on leaves in the pasture and on the university Campus. In general, the herbivorous mites (e.g., Tetranychus sp.) found on C. brasiliense plants were correlated with more clayey soils with a higher cationic exchange capacity; larger populations of mites (e.g., Agistemus sp. and Histiostoma sp.) were found on the C. brasiliense trees with the largest crown sizes; and associations between predator mites (e.g., Agistemus sp.) and phytophagous mites (e.g., Tetranychus sp.1) were observed. Greater habitat diversity and more complex plant architectures favored the mite populations. The positive effect of loamier soil on herbivorous mites indicates that these species are adapted to Cerrado conditions. Some recorded species of herbivorous mites can be pests in commercial plantations of C. brasiliense. . The objective was to study the habitat complexity of mite populations on Caryocar brasiliense trees under natural and cultivated field conditions. The study was performed in the municipality of Montes Claros, in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, over 3 years. Three types of areas were studied: 1) Cerrado, 2) pasture, and 3) a university Campus. Several chlorotic spots were detected on leaves with larger populations of Tetranychus sp. and Eutetranychus sp. (Tetranychidae). The greatest numbers of Agistemus sp. (Stigmaeidae) on leaves and Histiostoma sp. (Histiostomidae) and Proctolaelaps sp. (Ascidae) on fruits were observed in the pasture, and that of Histiostoma sp. on leaves in the pasture and on the university Campus. In general, the herbivorous mites (e.g., Tetranychus sp.) found on C. brasiliense plants were correlated with more clayey soils with a higher cationic exchange capacity; larger populations of mites (e.g., Agistemus sp. and Histiostoma sp.) were found on the C. brasiliense trees with the largest crown sizes; and associations between predator mites (e.g., Agistemus sp.) and phytophagous mites (e.g., Tetranychus sp.1) were observed. Greater habitat diversity and more complex plant architectures favored the mite populations. The positive effect of loamier soil on herbivorous mites indicates that these species are adapted to Cerrado conditions. Some recorded species of herbivorous mites can be pests in commercial plantations of C. brasiliense.

Made available in DSpace on 2022-04-29T08:36:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2021-01-01 Root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp.) are responsible for various significant crop losses, which require taking integrated control measures. The present study aimed to identify a possible sustainable approach to the management of Meloidogyne javanica in vegetable crops using an organic compound based on pequi (Caryocar brasiliense) fruit residues. A pot experiment was conducted using cultivars of tomato and lettuce susceptible to M. javanica, with three amendments including inorganic fertiliser, cattle manure and five doses of organic compost with pequi residues. All treatments were inoculated with second-stage juveniles of M. javanica to simulate the root-knot nematode disease in field conditions. Increasing doses of organic compost with pequi residues from 5 kg m-3 to 30 kg m-3 promoted a significant decrease in the nematode population in both cultures evaluated. Organic compost (30 kg m-3) reduced the numbers of galls and eggs of M. javanica by 41.6 and 46.5% in tomato roots, and by 80.3 and 59.2% in lettuce roots, respectively, compared with non-treated control. Organic compost also increased crop development considerably. In general, there was a 43.0% increase in plant development compared to non-treated control. Hence, organic compost of pequi residues could be an alternative to toxic chemical nematicides and recommended as eco-friendly management of M. javanica in vegetable crops. Federal University of Lavras (UFLA) Department of Plant Pathology, Lavras - MG Montes Claros State University (Unimontes) Center of Agricultural Sciences, Janaúba - MG São Paulo State University (UNESP/FCA) Department of Plant Protection, Botucatu - SP São Paulo State University (UNESP/FCA) Department of Plant Protection, Botucatu - SP

Made available in DSpace on 2021-06-25T11:50:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2021-01-01. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2021-07-15T15:24:28Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 S2179-80872021000200601.pdf: 253953 bytes, checksum: 667cd50044b314eb95afc6bb2edef5a0 (MD5) This study aimed to verify the genetic variability of matrix trees of Caryocar brasiliense, best known by the popular name of pequi, in a completely random delineation, with 20 treatments (matrices), and 50 repetitions (collected fruits in each matrix). We have evaluated the following traits of each fruit: weight (g), diameter (cm), length (cm), width (cm), and thickness (cm). As results we obtained a coefficient of experimental variation (CVe(%)) that showed advantageous values of 2.82 to 7.80, and the genotype heritability ((h(g)(2) (%)) of 55 to 95; both results can indicate favorable genetic control in the traits of the fruit. At the same time certain traits have significant genotypic and phenotypic correlations, which can be understood as an advantage for the improvement of the specie. In conclusion, we have noted that the population of Caryocar brasiliense has a high genetic variation, these results support the planning for genetic improvement programs. Univ Fed Tocantins, Calle Badejos, Palmas, TO, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP, Brazil Univ Fed Oeste Para, Santarem, PA, Brazil Univ Estadual Centro Oeste, Irati, PR, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP, Brazil

The fruit of Caryocar brasiliense Cambess. is a source of oil with active compounds that are protective to the organism. In our work, we analyzed the physicochemical characteristics and evaluated the effects of supplementation with C. brasiliense oil in an animal model. We characterized the oil by indices of quality and identity, optical techniques of absorption spectroscopy in the UV&ndash, Vis region and fluorescence, and thermogravimetry/derived thermogravimetry (TG/DTG). For the animal experiment, we utilized mice (Mus musculus) supplemented with lipidic source in different dosages. The results demonstrated that C. brasiliense oil is an alternative source for human consumption and presents excellent oxidative stability. Primarily, it exhibited oleic MFA (53.56%) and palmitic SFA (37.78%). The oil level of tocopherols and tocotrienols was superior to the carotenoids. The supplementation with C. brasiliense oil reduced the levels of total cholesterol, LDL-c, and non-HDL-c. Regarding visceral fats and adiposity index, the treatment synergically supplemented with olive oil and C. brasiliense oil (OO + CO) obtained the best result. Therefore, C. brasiliense oil is a high quality product for consumption. Its supplementation promotes beneficial effects mainly on the lipidic profile.

The pequi is a native specie from the Brazilian Cerrado that has great economic importance for the population of the region. The pericarp is considered an agroindustrial residue despite corresponding to approximately 80% of the total fruit mass. Informations about the chemical composition of pericarp would allow better utilization of this portion of the fruit. The objective of this study was to identify the best conditions of agitation, extraction time and extraction temperature to maximize the extraction of volatile organic compounds present in pequi pericarp (Caryocar brasiliense Camb.) using two types of solid phase microextraction fibers. The extraction of the volatile compounds was using the headspace solid-phase microextraction method with subsequent separation and identification by CG-MS. Polydimethylsiloxane/divinylbenzene (PDMS/DVB) fiber was statistically more efficient than divinylbenzene/carboxen/polydimethylsiloxane (DVB/CAR/PDMS) fiber. The both fibers enabled the extraction and identification of 35 compounds, mainly terpenes (65.71%) and esters (14.29%). An increase in the extraction temperature and time allowed greater extraction of volatile compounds by both fibers. However, in relation to agitation, the best condition for using DVB/CAR/PDMS was 100 rpm, while agitation was not necessary for an efficient extraction using the PDMS/DVB fiber. Pequi es una especie nativa del cerrado brasileño que tiene una gran importancia económica para la población de la región. El pericarpio se considera un residuo agroindustrial, aunque corresponde aproximadamente al 80% de la masa total de la fruta. La información sobre la composición química del pericarpio permitirá un mejor uso de esa porción de la fruta. El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar las mejores condiciones de agitación, tiempo de extracción y temperatura de extracción para maximizar la extracción de compuestos orgánicos volátiles presentes en el pericarpio de pequi (Caryocar brasiliense Camb.), Utilizando dos tipos de fibras de microextracción en fase sólida. La extracción de compuestos volátiles se llevó a cabo mediante el método de microextracción en fase sólida del espacio de cabeza con posterior separación e identificación por CG-MS. La fibra de polidimetilsiloxano / divinilbenceno (PDMS / DVB) fue estadísticamente más eficiente que la fibra de divinilbenceno / carboxeno / polidimetilsiloxano (DVB / CAR / PDMS). Las dos fibras permitieron extraer e identificar 35 compuestos, principalmente terpenos (65.71%) y ésteres (14.29%). Un aumento en la temperatura y el tiempo de extracción permitieron una mayor extracción de compuestos volátiles por las dos fibras. Sin embargo, en relación con la agitación, la mejor condición para usar la fibra DVB / CAR / PDMS fue a 100 rpm, mientras que la agitación no fue necesaria para una extracción eficiente usando la fibra PDMS / DVB. O pequi é uma espécie nativa do cerrado brasileiro que possui grande importância econômica para a população da região. O pericarpo é considerado um resíduo agroindustrial, apesar de corresponder a aproximadamente 80% da massa total do fruto. Informações sobre a composição química do pericarpo permitirão uma melhor utilização dessa porção da fruta. O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar as melhores condições de agitação, tempo de extração e temperatura de extração para maximizar a extração de compostos orgânicos voláteis presentes no pericarpo de pequi (Caryocar brasiliense Camb.), utilizando dois tipos de fibras de microextração em fase sólida. A extração dos compostos voláteis foi realizada pelo método de microextração em fase sólida do headspace com subsequente separação e identificação por CG-MS. A fibra de polidimetilsiloxano/divinilbenzeno (PDMS/DVB) foi estatisticamente mais eficiente do que a fibra de divinilbenzeno/carboxen/polidimetilsiloxano (DVB/CAR/PDMS). As duas fibras possibilitaram a extração e identificação de 35 compostos, principalmente terpenos (65,71%) e ésteres (14,29%). Um aumento na temperatura e tempo de extração permitiu maior extração dos compostos voláteis pelas duas fibras. Entretanto, em relação à agitação, a melhor condição para o uso da fibra DVB/CAR/PDMS foi a 100 rpm, enquanto a agitação não foi necessária para uma extração eficiente usando a fibra PDMS/DVB.

In this study, we assessed the gas exchange in Caryocar brasiliense seedlings in water deficit conditions and their capacity to recover after rehydration. We assessed plant photosynthetic rates, internal carbon concentrations, stomatal conductance, transpiration rates, water-use efficiency, instantaneous carboxylation efficiency, chlorophyll index, and photosystem II quantum efficiency. All gas exchange parameters were reduced after the suspension of irrigation. Seedling photosynthetic rates approached zero after 12 days. The equilibrium was reestablished in all variables 11 days after re-initiating irrigation, with the exception of internal CO2 concentration and stomatal conductance. Exposure of seedlings to water stress resulted in drastically reduced photosynthetic processes. This reduction occurred due to the limitation of stomatal conductance and low rubisco carboxylation efficiency but not to irreversible damage photosystem II. All of these parameters demonstrated recuperation with rehydration, but only the photosynthetic rates reached initial control values.

Caryocar brasiliense Camb. (Malpighiales: Caryocaraceae) trees have a wide distribution in the Cerrado, and it is protected by federal laws. The need to monitor and understand pest damage to crops and forests is a major motivation for the study of population distribution. The mites (Acari) population distributions on C. brasiliense are unknown. We studied seasonal mite population distribution and their ecological indices on C. brasiliense trees in Cerrado areas during three years. Greatest number of Agistemus sp. (Stigmaeidae), Histiostoma sp. (Histiostomidae), Proctolaelaps sp. (Ascidae), and diversity and species richness on leaves of C. brasiliense occurred in the autumn; Tetranychus sp.1 (Tetranychidae) on leaves in the autumn and winter; Histiostoma sp., and Proctolaelaps sp. in fruits in the summer. No significant effect of season was observed in the abundance of Eutetranychus sp., Tetranychus sp.2 (Tetranychidae) and Acaridae. The populations of Acaridae, Eutetranychus sp., Proctolaelaps sp. and Tetranychus sp.1 negatively correlated with temperature. Proctolaelaps sp. and Tetranychus sp.1 correlated negatively with rainfall and Eutetranychus sp. and Proctolaelaps sp. positively with sunlight. The period with low rainfall and relative humidity increases the phytophagous mites and their predators, especially Agistemus sp.. The Tetranychus sp. and Histiostoma sp. species may become pests in C. brasiliense in the Cerrado domain. Resumo As árvores Caryocar brasiliense Camb. (Malpighiales: Caryocaraceae) têm ampla distribuição no Cerrado e são protegidas por leis federais. A necessidade de monitorar e entender os danos causados pelas pragas às culturas e florestas é uma das motivações para o estudo da distribuição populacional que para ácaros (Acari) em C. brasiliense é desconhecida. A distribuição sazonal de populações de ácaros e seus índices ecológicos em C. brasiliense em áreas de Cerrado foram estudados durante três anos. Maior número de Agistemus sp. (Stigmaeidae), Histiostoma sp. (Histiostomidae), Proctolaelaps sp. (Ascidae) e diversidade e riqueza de espécies nas folhas de C. brasiliense ocorreram no outono; Tetranychus sp.1 (Tetranychidae) no outono e inverno; Histiostoma sp. e Proctolaelaps sp. em frutos ocorreram no verão. Não foram observados efeitos das estações na abundância de Eutetranychus sp., Tetranychus sp.2 (Tetranychidae) e Acaridae. As populações de Acaridae, Eutetranychus sp., Proctolaelaps sp. e Tetranychus sp.1 correlacionaram-se negativamente com a temperatura. Correlações negativas foram observadas entre chuva e Proctolaelaps sp. e Tetranychus sp.1 e positivas entre luz solar e Eutetranychus sp. e Proctolaelaps sp.. Baixa pluviosidade e umidade relativa do ar aumentaram os ácaros fitófagos e seus predadores, principalmente Agistemus sp.. As espécies Tetranychus sp. e Histiostoma sp. podem se tornar pragas em C. brasiliense no domínio do Cerrado.

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Pós-Graduação em Nanociência e Nanobiotecnologia, 2020. Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq); Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) e Fundação de Apoio à Pesquisa do Distrito Federal (FAP/DF). Existe uma busca constante por novos tratamentos e moléculas anticarcinogênicas eficientes contra câncer de mama, o mais comum entre as mulheres no mundo. O óleo de Caryocar brasiliense, pequi, possui propriedades medicinais e sua forma nanoestruturada (nanoemulsão PeNE) já mostrou atividade citotóxica contra células de câncer de mama. As nanoemulsões são excelentes carreadores biológicos que podem ter sua superfície modificada com ácido fólico e/ou polímeros polietilenoglicol (PEG40) para aumentar melhorar seu direcionamento para tecidos tumorais. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi desenvolver e caracterizar nanoemulsões à base de óleo de pequi revestidas com ácido fólico (PeNE+AF) e PEG (PeNE+PEG40) e comparar, seus efeitos em células de câncer de mama (4T1). As PeNE, PeNE+PEG40, PeNE+AF, presentaram diâmetro hidrodinâmico (DH) médio igual a 119,8 ± 1,9 nm, 146,8 ± 2,0nm e 138,5 ± 1,3 nm, respectivamente e índices de polidispersão (PdI) em todas as formulações se mostraram similares e menores que 0,3, potencial zeta das nanoemulsões PeNE+PEG e PeNe+AF foi igual a ≤-21,7mV e ≤-20,3mV respectivamente, sendo maior comparada a PeNE ≤-32,1mV. Todas as formulações foram estáveis durante 30 dias (4°C ao abrigo de luz), à diluição seriada de até 1024 vezes e variação de pH. PeNE+PEG, PeNE+AF mostraram atividade citotóxica em 4T1 após 24h e 48h, apresentando uma atividade dose-dependente e modificação na morfologia. PeNE+AF foi a formulação que reduziu a proliferação celular a curto e longo prazo de forma significativa, porém sem alteração no ciclo celular. Células expostas a PeNE+PEG40 e PeNE+AF apresentaram fragmentação no DNA, modificação no lisossomo, no potencial de membrana mitocondrial e na integridade da membrana. PeNE+AF foi a formulação que inibiu de forma significativa a migração e invasão (aspectos relacionados à metástase). Em suma, as modificações na superfície da PeNE mantiveram e/ou incrementaram os efeitos antitumorais já observados, indicando que tais modificações podem ser estratégias promissoras de futuros tratamentos adjuvantes contra o câncer de mama. There is a constant search for new treatments and efficient anticarcinogenic molecules against breast cancer, the most common among women in the world. The Caryocar brasiliense oil, pequi, has medicinal properties and its nanostructured form (PeNE nanoemulsion) has already shown cytotoxic activity against breast cancer cells. Nanoemulsions are excellent biological carriers that can have their surface modified with folic acid and / or polyethylene glycol polymers (PEG40) to increase their targeting towards tumor tissues. The objective of the present work was to develop and characterize nanoemulsions based on pequi oil coated with folic acid (PeNE + AF) and PEG (PeNE + PEG40) and to compare their effects on breast cancer cells (4Q1). PeNE, PeNE + PEG40, PeNE + AF, presented an average hydrody namic diameter (DH) equal to 119.8 ± 1.9 nm, 146.8 ± 2.0nm and 138.5 ± 1.3 nm, respectively, and polydispersion (PdI) in all formulations were found to be similar and less than 0.3, the zeta potential of the PeNE + PEG and PeNe + AF nanoemulsions was ≤-21.7mV and ≤-20.3mV respectively, being higher compared to PeNE ≤-32.1mV. All formulations were stable for 30 days (4 ° C protected from light), at a serial dilution of up to 1024 times and pH variation. PeNE + PEG, PeNE + AF showed cytotoxic activity in 4Q1 after 24h and 48h, showing dose-dependent activity and modification in morphology. PeNE + AF was the formulation that significantly reduced cell proliferation in the short and long term, but without altering the cell cycle. Cells exposed to PeNE + PEG40 and PeNE + AF showed fragmentation in the DNA, modification in the lysosome, the potential of the mitochondrial membrane and the integrity of the membrane. PeNE + AF was the formulation that significantly inhibited migration and invasion (aspects related to metastasis). In summary, the changes in the PeNE surface maintained and / or increased the antitumor effects already observed, indicating that such changes may be promising strategies for future adjuvant treatments against breast cancer.

CNPq - Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico FAPEMIG - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais Outra Agência Processed meat foods may be associated with poor eating habits, but the aggregation of vegetable ingredients, such as pequi (Caryocar brasiliense), makes the formulations of these products healthier and more nutritious. Thus this study aimed to characterize the chemical composition of breaded chicken prepared with pequi pulp flour in breading, as well as to evaluate the technological and sensorial properties of the breaded chicken. The pequis pulp from the region of Montes Claros - MG was dehydrated to obtain flour used in predust, with substitutions of 0%, 25%, 50% and 100% of the breadcrumbs flour. Meat products were chemically evaluated for moisture, lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, and ashes, technologically with measures of specific volume, yield, color difference, chromaticity, and tone of the breaded chicken, and sensorially by the evaluation of the intention of consumption and acceptance. As a result, pequi flour added lipid and protein content, improved yield, allowed higher specific volumes, and more intense color tones to the breaded. In addition, these presented good sensorial results and without significant differences among the studied formulations. It was concluded that the use of pequi flour in the production of breaded chicken can provide nutritional and technological enrichment to these products, without adversely affecting their sensorial characteristics. Alimentos cárneos processados podem estar associados a hábitos alimentares pouco sadios, mas a agregação de ingredientes vegetais, como o pequi (Caryocar brasiliense), torna as formulações desses produtos mais saudáveis e nutritivas. Assim, este estudo objetivou caracterizar a composição química de empanados de frango preparados com farinha da polpa de pequi na camada de empanamento, bem como avaliar as propriedades tecnológicas e sensoriais dos empanados produzidos. A polpa de pequis da região de Montes Claros - MG foi desidratada para obtenção da farinha utilizada na camada de pré-enfarinhamento, com substituições de 0%, 25%, 50% e 100% da farinha de rosca. Os produtos cárneos foram avaliados quimicamente quanto aos teores de umidade, lipídios, proteínas, carboidratos e cinzas; tecnologicamente com medidas de volume específico, rendimento, diferença de cor, cromaticidade e tonalidade dos empanados; e sensorialmente pela avaliação da intenção de consumo e aceitação. Como resultados, a farinha de pequi acrescentou conteúdo lipídico e proteico, melhorou o rendimento, permitiu maiores volumes específicos e tonalidades de cor mais intensas aos empanados. Ademais estes apresentaram bons resultados sensoriais e sem diferenças significativas entre as formulações estudadas. Conclui-se que a utilização da farinha de pequi na produção de empanados, pode fornecer enriquecimento nutricional e tecnológico a estes produtos, sem alterar negativamente suas características sensoriais.

The Brazilian Cerrado, a global biodiversity hotspot, has been widely converted by agricultural expansion and pasture establishment. As a result of these activities, several plant species have experienced population declines such as pequi (Caryocar brasiliense ). We analyzed the feasibility of economic use of C. brasiliense based on population structure and fruit productivity. The average fruit production was high and significantly different between 2013 (515 fruits ind-1) and 2014 (344 fruits ind-1) (t = 2.32, p < 0.01), with 33% less fruit production in 2014. The canopy area (r2 = 0.22, p < 0.05) was the only population parameter related to productivity (2013). One hectare may yield an average of one ton of complete fruits, which is equivalent to up to 16 liters of pulp oil. The family income obtained with oil pulp sale could up to R$ 1,080 (US$ 327). We support the hypothesis that high pequi fruit productivity makes the extraction of this resource viable, especially for giant earthworm extractors.

This study aimed to use a differential pulse voltammetric (DPV) assay, based on the electroreduction of oxygen, to evaluate the antioxidant capacity of pequi pulp. The results were expressed in coefficient of antioxidant capacity (K), at different pH values and in trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC), and were compared to the 2,2’-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) spectrophotometric assays. The principal component analysis showed higher K for pequi pulp extract and pH tending to 7.15. The antioxidant capacity was related to the presence of gallic acid in its composition. Regarding the TEAC value, the best result was obtained by the DPV test (53.43 ± 5.14 µmol trolox g-1 pulp). The pequi pulp showed antioxidant capacity, compared to the standard antioxidant compounds evaluated. It was concluded that the voltammetric protocol was efficient to assess the total antioxidant capacity of pequi pulp and can be an alternative to conventional spectrophotometric assays, for the analysis of food matrices.

Diversos alimentos são sistemas emulsionados, como a maionese, uma emulsão óleo em água que apresenta 70 a 80% de óleo. Devido à busca crescente do mercado consumidor por produtos mais saudáveis e nutritivos, diversos estudos têm sido realizados com o intuito de substituir e/ou reduzir o teor de alguns ingredientes na formulação de alimentos, em especial a gordura. Diante disso, o objetivo do presente estudo foi desenvolver e avaliar a estabilidade de emulsões tipo maionese contendo óleo de pequi (Caryocar brasiliense), fruto nativo do Cerrado rico em carotenóides, com diferentes concentrações de óleo (65, 45 e 25% m/m). Para as duas formulações com menor teor de óleo foram adicionados, separadamente, agentes espessantes (gomas guar ou xantana). As emulsões obtidas foram avaliadas em termos de sua microestrutura, pH, cor e estabilidade após 5 dias de armazenamento sob refrigeração ou à temperatura ambiente. Verificou-se que as emulsões obtidas apresentaram gotículas de óleo esféricas. Maior número de gotas foi observado na formulação com maior teor de óleo e maior polidispersidade foi percebida nas formulações com menor o teor de óleo. As emulsões apresentaram pH levemente ácido (4,14 a 4,22), sem diferença significativa entre as formulações. As formulações com goma e teor reduzido de óleo apresentaram maior luminosidade (L*) do que a formulação com 65% de óleo de pequi e sem goma. Resultado contrário foi observado para o parâmetro de cor a* (tonalidade de vermelho), o qual foi maior quanto maior o teor de óleo de pequi na formulação. Nenhuma diferença foi observada quanto o parâmetro b*. Não foram observadas alterações visuais nas formulações armazenadas à temperatura ambiente ou sob refrigeração por 5 dias, indicando a estabilidade das emulsões no período e condições avaliadas, exceto para emulsão com menor teor de óleo e presença de goma guar, que apresentou separação de fases após armazenamento à temperatura ambiente.

RESUMOO pequizeiro é uma espécie nativa do Cerrado de importância econômica e cultural para o Brasil Central. O cultivo dessa frutífera é uma forma de diminuir a pressão extrativista sobre o ambiente natural, mas ainda há necessidade de técnicas que viabilizem a implantação, condução e colheita dos frutos. O trabalho teve como objetivo caracterizar a influência de caracteres da planta, do ambiente e da entomofauna sobre a produção de pequizeiros de ocorrência natural, em cinco regiões do Estado de Goiás, em três anos. Foram caracterizadas quinze populações de pequizeiros quanto à biometria, à produção e ao ambiente de ocorrência, assim como a organismos associados às plantas. A produção do pequizeiro, em três anos, diferiu significativamente no Estado de Goiás, apresentando média de 132 frutos por planta e produção por área projetada da copa de 1,64 frutos m-2. As três populações mais produtivas apresentam como características comuns o vigor, por estarem localizadas em ambiente aberto e por apresentarem início da copa mais próxima do solo. Há um elevado grupo de organismos que interagem com o pequizeiro, destacando-se os insetos, os fungos e as aves (araras), que podem interferir na produção. Conclui-se que a produção do pequizeiro no Estado de Goiás apresenta grande variabilidade entre safras, plantas e populações, sendo geralmente baixa, porém existem plantas promissoras para futuros programas de melhoramento. ABSTRACTThe pequi tree is a native species from the Brazilian Cerrado (Neotropical Savanna) with economic and cultural importance for local human population, needing however, techniques that make possible the implantation of orchards, its conduction and the harvest of fruits, as a tool for reducing the pressure on the natural environment, as well as the maintenance of the regional culture. The present study aimed to characterize the production of pequi trees of natural occurrence in fifteen dispersed populations in five regions of the state of Goiás, Brazil. The “Pequizeiro” differed significantly in three years of production in the State of Goiás, with an average of 132 fruits per plant and yield of the projected area of the canopy of 1.64 fruits m-2. The three most productive populations have characteristics in common as the vigor by being located in an open environment and by presenting the beginning of the canopy closer to the ground. It is concluded that the production of “pequizeiro” in the state of the Goiás, shows great variability among crops, plants and populations, usually low, but there are promising plants for future breeding programs.

Estudos têm identificado potencial fitotóxico de tecidos vegetais de diversas espécies do Cerrado. Entretanto, a maior parte destes estudos foi conduzida em substrato inerte, ou fazendo uso de quantidades exageradas de material vegetal. Neste estudo investigamos o potencial fitotóxico de folhas de pequi adicionadas a substrato solo em quantidades compatíveis ao volume de liteira produzida por esta espécie no campo. Folhas de pequi foram trituradas e incorporadas a latossolo vermelho em proporções entre 0,75 e 3% (p/p), sendo o controle constituído por solo sem folhas. Estas misturas foram adicionadas a vasos plásticos irrigados diariamente. Sementes germinadas das espécies cultivadas sorgo e gergelim, da invasora braquiária, e da nativa ipê-roxo foram dispostas nos vasos e crescidas por cinco a sete dias a 30°C, com fotoperíodo de 12 h. Plântulas de todas as espécies apresentaram redução dose-dependente no crescimento, sendo o crescimento radicular mais afetado que o aéreo. Sinais de necrose foram observados nas raízes de sorgo, gergelim e braquária. Os efeitos fitotóxicos gerados por uma quantidade relativamente baixa de tecido vegetal, em substrato solo, e em razoável número de espécies de diferentes grupos funcionais sugerem que a liteira desta espécie possa exercer real potencial alelopático em condições de campo. Studies have identified the phytotoxicity of many native species of the Cerrado; however, most of them were conducted either in inert substrates, or using exaggerate proportions of plant material. We investigated the phytotoxicity of pequi leaves added to substrate soil in quantities compatible with the litter produced by this species. Pequi leaves were triturated and added to red latosol in concentrations of 0.75%, 1.5% and 3%; the control was constituted of leafless soil. These mixtures were added to pots and irrigated daily to keep them moist. Germinated seeds of the cultivated sorghum and sesame, of the invasive brachiaria and of the native purple ipê, were disposed in the pots to grow for five to seven days at 30°C within a photoperiod of 12 h. Seedlings of all the species presented a reduction in their initial growth in a dose-dependent way. In general, the root growth was more affected by the treatments than the shoot growth; moreover, signs of necrosis were observed in the roots of the sorghum, sesame and brachiaria. The phytotoxic effects generated by relatively small quantities of leaves, in a reasonable range of species within a soil substrate, suggest potential allelopathy of pequi leaves under natural conditions.

Made available in DSpace on 2018-11-26T17:42:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2017-11-30 Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG) Programa de Protecao Florestal (PROTEF) of the Instituto de Pesquisas Florestais (IPEF) Secretaria de Ciencia e Tecnologia do Estado de Minas Gerais Galling insects are a highly sophisticated herbivore group on Caryocar brasiliense, a tree that represents the main income source for many communities. The effect of architectural diversity of C. brasiliense trees on galling insect community diversity and abundance was studied. The abundance of adult insects and galled leaves were seven and 1.6 times higher in trees with a greater height/width of canopy (RHW) ratio, respectively. Gall parasitoid richness was 1.8 times greater on trees with higher RHW. Zelus armillatus (Lepeletier & Serville) (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) and ant numbers were 5.8 and 2.7 higher on trees with the largest and smallest RHW, respectively. More complex plant architectures favored species diversity for galling insects and their natural enemies. The competition among four galling insect species for space and feeding and the evidence of prudence strategy were, for the first time, observed for galling insects in the Brazilian Cerrado biome. Univ Fed Minas Gerais, Inst Ciencias Agr, Insetario GWG Moraes, BR-39404547 Montes Claros, MG, Brazil Univ Fed Vicosa, Dept Entomol, BIOAGRO, BR-36570900 Vicosa, MG, Brazil Univ Fed Vales Jequitinhonha & Mucuri, Programa Posgrad Prod Vegetal, BR-39100000 Diamantina, MG, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Fac Ciencias Agron, Dept Protecao Vegetal, BR-18610307 Botucatu, SP, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Fac Ciencias Agron, Dept Protecao Vegetal, BR-18610307 Botucatu, SP, Brazil

CNPq - Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico FAPEMIG - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais Outra Agência Soluble solids (SS), titratable acidity (TA), SS/TA ratio, pH, moisture, soluble sugars (SSU), total reducing sugars (RSU), and non-reducing sugars (NRS) were assessed in the pulp of pequi fruits collected at three ripening stages: from the plant, from the ground after naturally falling off, and collected from the ground three days after naturally falling off. The evaluation was performed after six months of freezer storage both for fruits subjected to quick freezing (liquid nitrogen followed by freezer) and slow freezing (straight into the freezer). The variables assessed were not influenced by the freezing method. The SS, TA, and RSU contents increased with the ripening stage, suggesting that the fruits collected from the plant are still immature and have lower quality than those collected after naturally falling off. Although considered mature when they fall off, fruits consumed three days after naturally falling off have better quality. Foram avaliados os teores de sólidos solúveis (SS), acidez titulável (AT), relação SS/AT, pH, teor de umidade, açúcares solúveis (AS), açúcares redutores (AR) e açúcares não redutores (ANR) em polpa de frutos de pequi coletados na planta, coletados no chão após a queda natural e coletados no chão três dias após a queda natural (caracterizando três estágios de maturação), e mantidos por seis meses em freezer após submetidos a congelamento rápido (nitrogênio líquido seguido de freezer) e lento (diretamente em freezer). As variáveis avaliadas não foram influenciadas pelo método de congelamento. Os teores de SS, AT, e AR foram crescentes com o avanço no estágio de maturação dos frutos, indicando que frutos coletados na planta encontram-se imaturos e apresentam qualidade inferior aos coletados após a queda natural. Embora considerados maduros quando caem da planta, um intervalo de três dias entre a coleta após a queda natural e o consumo favorece a qualidade dos frutos.

Pequi (Caryocar brasiliense Camb.) pulp is rich in bioactive compounds. However, seasonality and perishability limit its availability in the market. This work aimed to determine the physicochemical characteristics, including phenolic compounds and carotenoid concentrations, as well as the antioxidant capacity of lyophilized pequi pulp during storage in various packaging materials for 180 days. Pequi fruits were pulped, ground, freeze-dried and then vacuum packaged in transparent polyethylene (TP), polyethylene coated by aluminum foil (PA) and laminated foil (LA), respectively. The samples were stored under controlled temperature, humidity and luminosity. Proximate composition, phenolic compounds and carotenoids concentrations, and antioxidant capacity (DPPH• assay) were determined at the beginning of the study and the end of each month, during 180 days. Lyophilized pequi pulp had 48.87, 6.17, and 4.20 g.100 g-1 lipids, proteins, and total dietary fiber, respectively, and 556.79 kcal.100 g-1 energy. PA and LA had similar effects against light-induced carotenoid oxidation. Negative correlations between the phenolic compound concentration and storage period, and antioxidant capacity and storage period; and a positive correlation between antioxidant capacity and phenolic compound content were observed. Light-resistant packaging decreased the carotenoid loss. Among the packaging, LA preserved the phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity most effectively. RESUMO A polpa de pequi apresenta quantidade elevada de compostos bioativos, contudo, sua sazonalidade e alta perecibilidade limitam sua disponibilidade no mercado. Este trabalho foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de determinar as características físico-químicas, o conteúdo de compostos fenólicos e de carotenoides, e a capacidade antioxidante da polpa liofilizada de pequi, e avaliar sua estabilidade durante 180 dias de armazenamento, em diferentes embalagens. Os frutos de pequi foram despolpados, e a polpa foi triturada, liofilizada e acondicionada a vácuo em três embalagens diferentes: polietileno transparente, polietileno revestida com papel alumínio e laminada (bopp metalizado com pet). As amostras foram armazenadas em condições controladas de temperatura, umidade e luminosidade. Foram determinadas a composição centesimal, os teores de compostos fenólicos e carotenoides e a capacidade antioxidante (DPPH•), no início do estudo e ao final de cada mês, por 180 dias. A polpa liofilizada de pequi apresentou 48,87 g.100g-1 de lipídios; 6,17 g.100g-1 de proteína; 4,20 g.100g-1 de fibra alimentar total, e valor energético de 556,79 kcal.100g-1. A proteção à oxidação dos carotenoides pela ação da luz foi igualmente eficaz com o uso da embalagem de polietileno revestida com papel alumínio e da embalagem laminada. Observou-se correlação negativa entre concentração de compostos fenólicos e tempo de armazenamento, e capacidade antioxidante e o tempo de armazenamento; e positiva entre capacidade antioxidante e compostos fenólicos. As embalagens protegidas da luz reduziram a perda de carotenoides. A embalagem laminada se destacou por melhor preservar os compostos fenólicos e a capacidade antioxidante.

Germination in oleaginous tree Caryocar brasiliense is controlled by complex interactions between pyrene components, contributing to the reproductive success of the species in the seasonal environment of the Cerrado biome. Caryocar brasiliense is an arboreal species widely distributed in the highly seasonal Cerrado (neotropical savanna) biome. The oleaginous fruits of this species are important to the local fauna and as a source of income for traditional human populations. As the diaspores have peculiar structures and pronounced dormancy, we sought to examine the interactions between the morphoanatomy of the pyrene (the seed enveloped by the endocarp) and physiological aspects of germination. We describe here the morphology of the pyrene, the anatomy, histochemistry, and ultrastructure of the seed during the germination process, and evaluate the effect of gibberellic acid (GA3) on the germination of isolated seeds or those still contained within the endocarp. The hard and aculeate endocarp protects the embryo and retards water absorption—thereby controlling germination under natural conditions. The seed coat is thin, unlignified, and rich in phenolic compounds. The embryo is hypocotyledonary, has differentiated vascular bundles, and abundant proteic and lipidc reserves. The physiological dormancy of this species is related to the low growth potential of its embryo and mechanical restraints imposed by the endocarp. Germination is associated with hypocotyl growth through cell expansion (stimulated by GA3)—which promotes the cracking of the endocarp, and thus allows radicle and plumule protrusion. The anatomical characteristics and physiological dormancy of C. brasiliense pyrenes restrict germination to the most propitious occasions and favor the establishment of seedlings in Cerrado environments.

O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o uso da Amostragem Adaptativa Cluster (AAC) na quantificação de indivíduos adultos de Caryocar brasiliense Camb. (Pequi), em comparação aos métodos de amostragem tradicionais. Foi feito um censo com mapeamento dos indivíduos adultos de pequi em uma área de cerrado de 36,5ha no Parque Estadual do Rio Preto/MG. O mapa gerado foi divido em unidades de 20×20m no qual foram testadas cinco alternativas de amostragem utilizando a Amostragem Casual Simples, Amostragem Sistemática e Amostragem Adaptativa Cluster. A comparação entre elas foi feita através do teste F de Graybill a 1% de significância, considerando os parâmetros precisão e exatidão. Todas as alternativas apresentaram boa exatidão, sendo a Amostragem Adaptativa Cluster, com condição de inclusão igual a 2, a mais precisa. In this study adult individuals of Caryocar brasiliense (pequi) were quantifi ed by (AAC) and they were compared the traditional sampling methods. Census of adult individuals of pequi in a savannah area of 36.5ha in Black River State Park / MG was transformed in map. Thus map was divided into cells of 20x20m where fi ve alternative of sampling were tested using simple Random Sampling, Systematic Sampling and Adaptative Cluster Sampling. Comparision among them was done by F test Graybill 1% of signifi cance, considering precision and accuracy as parameters. All alternatives showed good accuracy, and the Adapatative Cluster Sampling with a condition of inclusion equal to 2 was most accurate.

O pequizeiro (Caryocar brasiliense) e o baruzeiro (Dipteryx alata) são frutíferas nativas do Cerrado, sendo exploradas, exclusivamente, por meio de extrativismo. Essas espécies são de grande importância econômica e social, o que justifica a domesticação. No entanto há carência de informações sobre a exigência nutricional dessas espécies, sobretudo, na formação de mudas. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o crescimento e a qualidade de mudas de C. brasiliense e D. alata em decorrência da saturação por bases do solo. Conduziu-se o experimento em vasos com solo distrófico e álico cerrado sensu stricto, em casa de vegetação, no Instituto de Ciências Agrárias da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais de outubro/2015 a julho/2016. Foram montados experimentos, separados para cada espécie, com delineamento em blocos inteiramente casualizados e, como tratamentos, cinco níveis de saturação por bases (V%), obtidos pela aplicação de corretivo comercial:10 (saturação natural), 25, 40, 55 e 75% com cinco repetições, dois vasos por parcela e duas plantas por vaso. Ao final dos experimentos, quando as plantas das duas espécies já se apresentavam na fase de mudas, 5 e 7,5 meses, respectivamente, para o pequizeiro e baruzeiro, avaliaram-se as seguintes características biométricas e suas relações: altura de plantas (ALT, em cm), o diâmetro do coleto (DC, em mm); o número de folíolos e folhas (NF), massa fresca da parte aérea (MFPA, grama planta-1); massa fresca da raiz (MFR, grama planta-1); massa seca da parte aérea (MSPA, grama planta-1); massa seca da raiz (MSR, grama planta-1); massa seca total (MST, grama planta-1), obtida pela soma da MSPA e MSR; relação da massa seca da parte aérea e massa seca da raiz (RMSPAR); relação da altura da parte aérea e diâmetro do coleto (RAD); índice de qualidade de Dickson (IQD) e a quantidade de macro e micronutrientes na parte aérea. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e, quando significativos, foram ajustadas equações de regressão, relacionando os atributos morfológicos avaliados e a quantidade de macro e micronutrientes (B, Cu, Fe, Mn e Zn), na parte aérea, com os diferentes níveis de saturação por bases pelo teste t de Student ao nível de 1 e 5% de probabilidade de erro. A calagem, de forma geral, interferiu apenas na altura das plantas, na sua relação com o diâmetro do coleto e no acúmulo de nutrientes da parte aérea em mudas pequizeiro. Já, no baruzeiro, a elevação na saturação de bases entre 40 a 50%, de forma geral, proporcionou aumento do diâmetro, massa, qualidade e quantidade de macronutrientes nas mudas. A ordem decrescente de acúmulo de nutrientes, na parte aérea para mudas de pequizeiro e baruzeiro, respectivamente, foi: N>K>Ca>S>Mg>P>Fe>Mn>BZn>Cu e N>K>Ca>PMgS>Fe>Mn>Zn>B>Cu. The pequiary (Caryocar brasiliense) and the baruzeiro (Dipteryx alata) are native fruits of the Cerrado, being exploited, exclusively, by means of extractivism. These species are of great economic and social importance, which justifies domestication. However, there is a lack of information on the nutritional requirements of these species, especially on the formation of seedlings. The objective of this work was to evaluate the growth and quality of C. brasiliense and D. alata seedlings due to soil base saturation. The experiment was carried out in pots with dystrophic and alico cerrado sensu stricto soil in a greenhouse at the Institute of Agrarian Sciences of the Federal University of Minas Gerais, from October 2015 to July 2016. Separate experiments were set up for each species, with a completely randomized block design and, as treatments, five levels of base saturation (V%), obtained by the application of commercial correction: 10 (natural saturation), 25, 40, 55 and 75% with five replicates, two pots per plot and two plants per pot. At the end of the experiments, when the plants of the two species were already present in the seedling stage, 5 and 7.5 months, respectively, for the pequi and baru tree, the following biometric characteristics and their relationships were evaluated: plant height (ALT , In cm), the collecting diameter (CD, in mm); The number of leaflets and leaves (NF), fresh shoot mass (FSM, grass plant-1); fresh root mass (FRM, grass plant-1); dry shoot mass (DSM, grass plant-1); root dry mass (RDM, grass plant-1); total dry mass (TDM, plant grass-1), obtained by adding DSM and RDM; Ratio of shoot dry mass and dry mass of the root (RSDMDMR); Ratio of shoot height and shoot diameter (RSD); Dickson quality index (DQI) and the amount of macro and micronutrients in the shoot. The data were submitted to analysis of variance and, when significant, regression equations were adjusted, relating the morphological attributes evaluated and the amount of macro and micronutrients (B, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn) in the aerial part, with the different Levels of saturation by bases by Student's t-test at the level of 1 and 5% of probability of error. The liming, in general, interfered only with the height of the plants, their relationship with the collecting diameter and the accumulation of nutrients of the shoot in pequi tree seedlings. On the other hand, the increase in the base saturation between 40 and 50%, in general, increased the diameter, mass, quality and quantity of macronutrients in the seedlings. The decreasing order of nutrient accumulation, in the aerial part for saplings and baruzeiro, respectively, was: N> K> Ca> S> Mg> P> Fe> Mn> BZn> Cu and N> K> PMgS> Fe> Mn> Zn> B> Cu. Keywords: Liming. Caryocar brasiliense. Dipteryx alata. Macronutrients and micronutrients. Base Saturation.

Caryocar brasiliense Camb. (Malpighiales: Caryocaraceae) trees have a wide distribution in the Cerrado, a tropical Brazilian savanna, with high diversity and endemism. This plant is protected by federal laws and is untouched in deforested areas of the Cerrado. This situation increases the damage to leaves from galling insects (Hymenoptera). We studied populations of galling insects and their natural enemies on C. brasiliense trees for 3 successive yr during each season in the Cerrado. A globoid gall-inducing Eurytoma sp. (Hymenoptera: Eury- tomidae) and its parasitoid Sycophila sp. (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae) adults and predator Zelus armillatus (Lepeletier and Serville) (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) on the leaves were most abundant in the winter. The numbers of vein galls correlated negatively with the numbers of discoid and spherical galls, and the numbers of spherical galls correlated negatively with the numbers of discoid galls on C. brasiliense leaflets. Increased percentages of defoliation were correlated with reductions in the percentages of leaflets with total galls and leaflet area with total galls. Increased numbers of Sycophila sp. and decreased numbers of Ablerus magistretti Blanchard (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) were correlated with reduction in the numbers of Eurytoma sp. Numbers of Quadrastichus sp. (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) and A. magistretti correlated negatively with the numbers of Sycophila sp. Increased numbers of Z. armillatus were correlated with reduction in the numbers of Eurytoma sp. and its galls and parasitoids. We concluded that this differential temporal distribution of galling insects and their natural enemies was influenced by plant phenology and time of colonization on C. brasiliense leaves. Los árboles de Caryocar brasiliense Camb. (Malpighiales: Caryocaraceae) tienen una amplia distribución en lo Cerrado, una sabana tropical de Brasil, con una alta diversidad y ende- mismo. Esta planta está protegida por las leyes federales y se deja en las áreas deforestadas de lo Cerrado. Esta situación aumenta el daño a las hojas de los insectos que causan agallas (Hymenoptera). Se estudiaron las poblaciones de insectos que causan agallas y sus enemigos naturales de los árboles de C. brasiliense durante 3 años sucesivos durante cada temporada en el Cerrado. Agallas globosas inducido por Eurytoma sp. y su parasitoide Sycophila sp. (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae) - adultos - y depredador Zelus armillatus (Lepeletier and Serville) (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) en las hojas fueron más abundantes en el invierno. El número de agallas vena correlacionó negativamente con el número de agallas discoidales y esféricas, así como el número de agallas esféricas correlacionaron negativamente con el número de agallas discoidales en hojas del C. brasiliense. El aumento de porcentajes de defoliación se correlacionó con la reducción en los porcentajes de hojas con agallas totales y el área de la hoja con agallas totales. Aumento del número de Sycophila sp. y disminución del número de Ablerus Magistretti Blanchard (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) se correlacionó con la reducción en el número de Eurytoma sp. Números de Quadrastichus sp. (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) y A. Magistretti se correlacionó negativamente con el número de Sycophila sp.. Aumento del número de Z. armillatus se correlacionó con la reducción en el número de Eurytoma sp. y sus agallas y parasitoides. Se argumenta que esta distribución diferencial temporal de insectos que causan agallas y sus enemigos naturales se vio influenciado por la fenología de la planta y el tiempo de la colonización en las hojas de C. brasiliense.

Pequi (Caryocar brasilense Camb.) is a typical Brazilian fruit, rich in polyphenols and carotenoids. The present work studied aqueous and alcoholic pequi extraction, in bench scale, evaluating time and temperature variation influence on polyphenols and carotenoids recovery. For the extraction best conditions (25 °C within 1 h for aqueous extract and 40 °C within 24 h for alcoholic extract), a residue reextraction was carried out, which has increased compounds recovery from fruit material. The final extract (a mixture of the first and second extract) was submitted to a concentration step by nanofiltration (in a stirred cell with a temperature of 25 °C and a pressure of 800 kPa). For alcoholic extract, the rejection towards bioactive compounds was small (around 10% for carotenoids and 15% for polyphenols). For aqueous extract, nanofiltration showed a high efficiency to concentrate the polyphenols and carotenoids (with retention coefficient around 100% and 97%, respectively).

Caryocar brasiliense Camb. (Malpighiales: Caryocaraceae) trees have a wide distribution in the cerrado. This plant is protected by federal laws and is untouched in deforested areas of the cerrado. Under these circumstances, the damage to leaves, flowers, and fruits from sucking hemipterans has increased. We studied populations of sucking insects and their predators on C. brasiliense trees in the cerrado during each season for 3 successive years. The numbers of sucking insect individuals on C. brasiliense trees were similar among the seasons of the year. However, the highest number of species and greatest diversity occurred in winter. Predators were most abundant in spring and winter, with highest diversity and number of species in winter. We observed 7 rare, 2 common, and 1 constant species of sucking insects; and 4 rare, 8 common, and 1 constant species of predators on C. brasiliense trees. The greatest numbers of various sucking insect species were observed by seasons as follows: Aconophora sp. (Membracidae) on fruits and Frequenamia sp. (Cicadellidae) on leaves in the winter; Aphis gossypii (Glover) (Aphididae) and Mahanarva sp. (Cercopidae) in the spring; and Dikrella sp. (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) on the leaves in the summer and autumn. For predators, Crematogaster sp. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) had the lowest abundance on the leaves in the summer, and highest abundance in the flowers in the winter and spring, while in spring it was most abundant on the fruits, and in the autumn Trybonia sp. (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae) on the leaves was the most abundant. Higher number of ants Crematogaster sp. was observed in Caryocar brasiliense trees that presented large numbers of Dikrella sp.. Higher numbers of predators Trybonia sp., Chrysoperla sp. (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae), and total of predator thrips were associated with decreasing numbers of Dikrella sp., A. gossypii, and total of sucking insects respectively. The increase in the numbers of individuals and species of predators were correlated with the reduction of these same ecological parameters of the sucking insects. We argue that this differential temporal distribution of sucking insects and their predators was influenced for phenology of plant and weather. Los árboles de Caryocar brasiliense Camb. (Malpighiales: Caryocaraceae) tienen una amplia distribución en lo cerrado. Esta planta está protegida por las leyes federales y se deja en las áreas deforestadas de lo cerrado. Esta situación aumenta el daño a las hojas, flores y frutos de los insectos chupadores (Hemiptera). Se estudiaron las poblaciones de insectos chupadores y sus depredadores en árboles de C. brasiliense durante tres años consecutivos durante cada temporada en el cerrado. Número de ejemplares de insectos chupadores de árboles de C. brasiliense fue similar entre las estaciones del año. Sin embargo, había más especies y mayor diversidad en el invierno. Los depredadores fueron más abundantes en primavera e invierno, con mayor diversidad y número de especies durante el invierno. Hemos observado 7 raras, 2 comunes, y 1 especie constante de los insectos chupadores, y 4 raras, 8 comunes y 1 especie constante de los depredadores en árboles de C. brasiliense. El número de insectos chupadores Aconophora sp. (Membracidae) en frutas y Frequenamia sp. (Cicadellidae) en las hojas fue mayor en el invierno; Aphis gossypii (Glover) (Aphididae) y Mahanarva sp. (Cercopidae) en la primavera, y Dikrella sp. (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) en verano y otoño en las hojas. Para los depredadores, Crematogaster sp. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) tuvo la menor abundancia en las hojas en el verano, y la mayor abundancia en las flores en el invierno y la primavera, mientras estaba en los frutos en la primavera, y Trybonia sp. (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae) en las hojas en otoño. Mayor número de hormigas Crematogaster sp. se observó en árboles del C. brasiliense que presentan un gran número de Dikrella sp.. Los números más altos de los depredadores Trybonia sp., Chrysoperla sp. (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae), y el total de los trips depredadores se asociaron con disminución del número de Dikrella sp, A. gossypii, y total de los insectos chupadores, respectivamente. El aumento en el número de individuos y especies de depredadores se correlaciona con la disminución de estos mismos parámetros ecológicos de los insectos chupadores. Nosotros sostenemos que esta distribución diferencial temporal de los insectos chupadores y sus depredadores fue influenciado por la fenología de la planta y el clima.

Resumo Este artigo versa sobre aspectos socioculturais do cultivo de pequi (Caryocar brasiliense) entre os Kuikuro do alto Xingu, para os quais esta espécie possui alto valor simbólico e alimentar. O cultivo de pequi é uma prática compartilhada entre os nove povos indígenas que compõem uma sociedade pluriétnica e multilinguística na região dos formadores do Rio Xingu, da qual os Kuikuro fazem parte. A despeito da grande importância desta espécie entre os povos da região, sua diversidade morfológica nunca foi devidamente investigada em pesquisa acadêmica. Nosso objetivo é apresentar e analisar os aspectos socioculturais envolvidos no cultivo de pequi que incidem sobre a diversidade varietal da espécie, aqui tomada como a diversidade percebida e nomeada pelos Kuikuro. O estudo foi realizado na aldeia Kuikuro de Ipatse entre 2002 e 2003 (Fausto) e 2010 e 2012 (Smith), por meio de entrevistas e registro audiovisual das atividades de colheita e processamento dos frutos. Observamos que os conhecimentos e práticas de seleção e cultivo de sementes de pequi favorecem sua diversidade intraespecífica nos pequizais cultivados. As análises aqui apresentadas contribuem para demonstrar a impossibilidade de dissociar patrimônio cultural e genético no contexto dos sistemas agrícolas amazônicos. Abstract This article aims to investigate and document socio-cultural aspects of the cultivation, domestication and processing of pequi (Caryocar brasiliense) among the Kuikuro Indians of the Upper Xingu, for whom this fruit has important symbolic and nutritional roles. Pequi cultivation is shared by the nine indigenous peoples who constitute the regional multiethnic system of the Upper Xingu. Despite the species’ importance among these peoples, its morphological diversity has not been the subject of intensive research yet. We intend to correlate social and cultural aspects involved in the management practices of the Kuikuro and the morphological diversity of pequi. Fieldwork was carried out between 2002 – 2003 (Fausto) and 2010 – 2012 (Smith) in the Kuikuro village of Ipatse in the Xingu Indigenous Park. Fieldwork involved interviewing families, participative observations and audiovisual recording. We observed that the knowledge and practices of seed selection and cultivation favor intraspecific diversity of the cultivated pequi groves. Our analysis, thus, supports the inextricable connection between genetic and cultural heritage in Amazonian agricultural systems.

The Cerrado occupies about 23% of the Brazilian territory and is characterized by great diversity of plants and insects and a great degree of endemism, and Caryocar brasiliense A. St.-Hil. (Malpighiales: Caryocaraceae) is widely distributed in this region. The diversity and abundance of hemipterans and their natural enemies were studied on trees of C. brasiliense in the Cerrado, pasture, and anthropic area in Montes Claros, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. We observed 1 rare, 8 common, and 1 frequent species of sucking insects; and 2 rare, 7 common, and 6 frequent species of natural enemies. Sucking insects and their natural enemies were most abundant in the pasture and least abundant in the Cerrado. Increasing diversity indices and numbers of species and individuals of sucking insects were followed by similar trends in the populations of natural enemies. Increasing populations of sucking insects led to greater numbers of individuals of ants, green lacewings, predator thrips, and ladybeetles. Aluminum level positively affected the number of species and individuals, and the pH of the soil reduced those of sucking insects. Leafhoppers had greater numbers on plants on soils with low pH values and high aluminum levels, but the opposite was noted for the aphids. Lo Cerrado ocupa alrededor del 23% del territorio brasileño y se caracteriza por una gran diversidad de plantas y de insectos y un alto grado de endemismo, y Caryocar brasiliense A. St.-Hil. (Malpighiales: Caryocaraceae) está ampliamente distribuido en esta región. La diversidad y abundancia de Hemiptera y sus enemigos naturales fueron estudiados en los árboles de C. brasiliense en el Cerrado, pastos, y en el área antrópica, en Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Una rara, ocho comunes, y una especie constantes de los insectos chupadores, y dos raros, siete comunes, y seis especies constantes de enemigos naturales fueron observados. Insectos chupadores y enemigos naturales fueron más abundantes en los pastos y menos abundantes en el Cerrado. Mayor número de especies de insectos chupadores y sus enemigos naturales fueron encontrados en el pasto que en el Cerrado. El aumento de índice de diversidad, número de especies y individuos de insectos chupadores fueron seguidos por un comportamiento similar de los enemigos naturales. El aumento de las poblaciones de insectos chupadores condujeron a un mayor número de individuos de hormigas, crisopa verde, depredadores de trips y mariquitas. Nivel de aluminio afectó positivamente el número de especies e individuos, y el pH del suelo reduce las de los insectos chupadores. Las chicharritas había un mayor número de plantas sobre suelos con un pH más bajo y el nivel de aluminio superior, sino todo lo contrario se observó para los pulgones.

Dentre as fruteiras do Cerrado brasileiro com forte potencial para a exploração sustentada, encontram-se o araticum (Annona Crassiflora Mart.), o coquinho-azedo (Butia Capitata Mart.) e o pequi (Caryocar Brasiliense Camb.). O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar o teor de óleo e o perfil de ésteres metílicos da fração lipídica da polpa dos frutos destas três espécies. Os teores de lipídeos foram determinados por extração contínua a quente com éter de petróleo em extrator tipo Soxhlet. O óleo para perfil de ésteres metílicos foi extraído a frio por Bligh e Dyer e caracterizado por cromatografia a gás, usando detector de ionização de chama. A polpa de pequi apresentou elevados teores de óleo, em média 30,89 %; as polpas de araticum e coquinho-azedo apresentaram, respectivamente, médias de 2,14 e 2,73 % de óleo. Os ácidos graxos oleico e palmítico predominaram nas três espécies, e todas apresentaram prevalência de ácidos graxos insaturados, sendo a maior concentração encontrada no araticum (78,3 %), seguida pelo coquinho-azedo (63,3 %). A polpa de araticum e de coquinho-azedo apresentaram elevados teores de ácido linolênico (2,5 a 3,7%). A presença de ésteres metílicos de ácido caproico parece estar associada à percepção do aroma frutal típico destas frutas do Cerrado. Araticum (Annona Crassiflora Mart.), coquinho-azedo (Butia Capitata Mart.) and pequi (Caryocar Brasiliense Camb.) are native fruits from the Brazilian Savanna with strong potential for sustained exploration. The objective of this study was the characterization of lipid contents and fatty acid profiles of these species. Total lipids were hot extracted with petroleum ether in Soxhlet extractor. The oil used for methyl ester profiles was cold extracted by Bligh & Dyer and characterized by gas chromatograph, using flame ionization detector. The pequi pulp presented highest oil content (30.89 %); araticum and coquinho-azedo pulps presented respectively 2.14 and 2.73 %. The oleic and palmitic acids predominated in all three species and all of them presented prevalence of unsaturated fat acids. The highest value was found in araticum pulp (78.3 %), followed by coquinho-azedo pulp (63.3 %). The araticum and coquinho-azedo pulps presented highest content of linolenic acid (2.5 to 3.7 %). Methyl esters of caproic acid found in these pulps seems to be linked to perception of fruit aroma of these native fruits from Cerrado.

The study aimed to evaluate the nutritional, microbiological and sensory properties of ice cream made with exotic fruits of the Brazilian cerrado region, among them araticum (Annonacrassiflora) pequi (Caryocar brasiliense Camb.) Mangaba (Hancorniaspeciosa) and Curriola( Pouteriaramiflora). Many flavors proved promising, with high acceptability and nutritional value superior to conventional commercial flavor, making it an attractive option for both the industry and for consumer health. As regards the microbiological aspect, the samples were suitable for consumption. The economic use of neglected species can contribute to both conservation and enhancement of native species and to promote a healthy and diverse diet. Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar as propriedades nutricionais, microbiológicas e sensoriais de sorvetes elaborados com frutas exóticas da região do cerrado brasileiro, entre elas, araticum (Annonacrassiflora), pequi (Caryocar brasiliense Camb.), mangaba (Hancorniaspeciosa) e curriola (Pouteriaramiflora). Muitos sabores mostraram-se promissores, com elevada aceitação sensorial e valores nutritivos atrativos, tornando-se uma opção interessante tanto para a indústria como para a saúde do consumidor. Quanto ao aspecto microbiológico, as amostras se apresentaram adequadas para o consumo. O aproveitamento econômico de espécies negligenciadas pode contribuir tanto para a conservação e valorização de espécies nativas quanto para promoção de uma dieta saudável e diversificada.

We obtained the first data on spatial distribution of a spherical galling insect (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae) at the Caryocar brasiliense Camb. (Caryocaraceae) tree level. This work was developed in two pastures in Montes Claros, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. The areas studied were: pasture 1 (in activity) and pasture 2 (abandoned pasture = savanna in recovery). We evaluated the distribution of spherical galls in: foliage orientation (slope), among leaves (border and interior of the tree crown), among leaflets (right, central, left), distal, median, and proximal as well as border, central area, and adjacent to the mid leaf vein of the leaflet, and difference between areas in 10 infested trees per area. The smaller number of spherical gall/leaflet was observed in pasture 1 than in pasture 2. More spherical galls were found on the northern in pasture 1, but in the pasture 2, the lower spherical galls were observed on the northeast than other slopes. The average number of spherical galls did not differ statistically among the three leaflets of C. brasiliense in pasture 2. However, in pasture 1, we observed highest number of spherical galls in the central leaflet. More spherical galls were found in the border than interior of the tree crown. The average number of spherical galls did not differ statistically among the longitudinal region on leaflet of C. brasiliense. The spherical gall insect preferred to colonize the leaf margin than the central portion or near mid vein on transversal regions on a leaflet. Foi descrito, pela primeira vez, a distribuição espacial da galha esférica (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae) em árvores de Caryocar brasiliense Camb. (Caryocaraceae). Este trabalho foi desenvolvido em duas pastagens em Montes Claros, Estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil. As áreas estudadas foram: pastagem 1 (em atividade) e pastagem 2 (pastagem abandonada = cerrado em recuperação). Foi avaliada a distribuição de galhas esféricas em relação a: orientação das folhas no dossel, entre folhas (na borda ou no interior da copa da árvore), entre folíolos (direito, central, esquerdo), regiões distal, mediano, e proximal bem como na margem, área central e próximo à nervura central dos folíolos, e a diferença entre pastagens em 10 árvores infestadas por área. O menor número de galhas esféricas/folíolo foi observado na pastagem 1 do que na pastagem 2. Mais galhas esféricas foram encontradas na face norte em pastagem 1, mas na pastagem 2, o menor número destas galhas foi observado nesta face (norte). O número médio de galhas esféricas não diferiu estatisticamente entre os folíolos de C. brasiliense na pastagem 2. Entretanto, na pastagem 1, foi observado maior número de galhas esféricas no folíolo central. Mais galhas esféricas foram encontradas na borda do que no interior da copa das árvores. O número médio de galhas esféricas não diferiu estatisticamente entre as regiões longitudinais dos folíolos de C. brasiliense. Entretanto, esse inseto galhador preferiu colonizar a margem dos folíolos à parte central ou próximo da nervura central dos folíolos.

Pequi (Caryocar brasiliense Camb.), babaçu (Orbignya phalerata Mart.), buriti (Mauritia flexuosa), and passion fruit (Passiflora edulis) oils were studied to determine their antibacterial, antioxidant and cytotoxic activities, as well as their total phenol and carotenoid contents. The fatty acid contents were determined by GC-MS. The three types of passion fruit oils studied were refined, cold pressed or extracted from seeds in a Soxhlet apparatus. The oils thus obtained showed differences in antioxidant activity and carotenoid content, but were similar in regard to total phenols. Buriti and pequi had the highest carotenoid contents, while refined and cold pressed passion fruit oil displayed the highest antioxidant activity. Pequi oil was the only oil to display antibacterial and cytotoxic activity.

O presente trabalho de pesquisa teve como objetivo desenvolver um processo de obtenção de pasta de pequi (Caryocar brasiliense) para uso culinário e avaliar a sua estabilidade quando acondicionada em embalagens de plástico e de vidro durante 180 dias de armazenamento. O processamento da pasta envolveu: descascamento, retirada da polpa em forma de lascas, obtenção da pasta em liquidificador, acidificação do produto com ácido cítrico até um pH < 4,5 e adição de 10% de NaCl (para evitar o desenvolvimento de microrganismos deterioradores e o escurecimento enzimático), tratamento térmico convencional a 80 ºC durante 10 minutos e enchimento a quente em potes de vidro e de plástico com capacidade de 200 mL. O produto final foi armazenado à temperatura ambiente (± 28 ºC) e submetido a análises físico-químicas de pH e acidez e a análises microbiológicas de contagem de fungos e leveduras, coliformes totais e termotolerantes durante um período de 180 dias. Quanto ao tipo de embalagem utilizada, o vidro mostrou-se mais eficiente que a embalagem plástica na proteção contra deterioração microbiana e físico-química, da perda de cor da pasta. Nas embalagens plásticas, após os 60 dias de armazenamento, as pastas apresentavam-se bastante escurecidas, entretanto, nas embaladas de vidro não foi constatada nenhuma evidência de deterioração, apresentando-se em bom estado durante os 120 dias de armazenamento. Para as pastas acondicionadas em vidro, foi observada também uma diminuição do pH e um aumento da acidez durante o armazenamento. Do ponto de vista microbiológico e físico-químico, a pasta de pequi acondicionada em embalagem de vidro manteve-se estável durante 120 dias, à temperatura ambiente.The aim of this paper was to develop a process to obtain a salted and unsalted pequi paste for culinary use and to evaluate its stability when packed in plastic or in glass jars during 180 days of storage. The process included peeling of pequi fruit, pulp cutting, obtain the paste with the use of a blender, acidification of the product with citric acid at a pH < 4,5, addition 10% of NaCl (to avoid the development of deteriorating microorganisms and enzymatic darkening), thermal treatment at 80 ºC during 10 minutes, and hot filling in plastic and glass jars. The final product was submitted to microbiological and physicochemical analysis of the pH values and acidity and color evaluation. The results showed what the acidification with citric acid and hot filling process was effective to establish commercial sterility to the pequi paste in glass jars during a four-month period. The paste was more stable when packed in glass jars than in plastic jars with respect to microbiological and physicochemical analysis and color degradation during the four-month period.

In order to assure that the use of cerrado fruits occur in a sustainable way, studies to investigate their characteristics are extremely relevant. In this context, the present study aims to describe some chemical parameters of pequi fruits picked in three municipalities in southwestern Goiás State (Jataí, Rio Verde, and Serranópolis). In each city, two populations of pequi trees - pequizeiros, denominated areas, were selected. In each area, eight trees were selected for the fruit to be picked. The contents of phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, nitrogen, zinc, and ether extract were determined in the samples. The results demonstrate differences between the chemical characteristics studied for the fruits picked in different areas, which does not seem to vary in a significant way. Comparing the contents obtained in the present study with those required as human daily supply, further studies are recommended aiming at using the pequi fruit as a complementary alternative source of magnesium, manganese, and copper.Para que a utilização de frutíferas do cerrado ocorra de maneira sustentável, estudos no intuito de se conhecer suas características fazem-se necessários. Neste escopo, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo caracterizar alguns parâmetros químicos de frutos de pequizeiro coletados em três municípios do sudoeste do Estado de Goiás (Jataí, Rio Verde e Serranópolis). Em cada município foram selecionadas duas populações de pequizeiros, denominadas áreas. Em cada área, foram eleitas oito árvores para a coleta dos frutos. Nas amostras, foram determinados os teores de fósforo, potássio, cálcio, magnésio, enxofre, cobre, ferro, manganês, nitrogênio, zinco e extrato etéreo. Os resultados indicam que as diferenças entre as características químicas estudadas nos frutos coletados nas diferentes regiões não parecem variar significativamente. Comparando os teores encontrados no presente trabalho com aqueles requeridos diariamente na alimentação humana, novos estudos são recomendados objetivando utilizar o fruto do pequizeiro como uma fonte alternativa complementar de magnésio, manganês e cobre.

In order to assure that the use of cerrado fruits occur in a sustainable way, studies to investigate their characteristics are extremely relevant. In this context, the present study aims to describe some chemical parameters of pequi fruits picked in three municipalities in southwestern Goiás State (Jataí, Rio Verde, and Serranópolis). In each city, two populations of pequi trees - pequizeiros, denominated areas, were selected. In each area, eight trees were selected for the fruit to be picked. The contents of phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, nitrogen, zinc, and ether extract were determined in the samples. The results demonstrate differences between the chemical characteristics studied for the fruits picked in different areas, which does not seem to vary in a significant way. Comparing the contents obtained in the present study with those required as human daily supply, further studies are recommended aiming at using the pequi fruit as a complementary alternative source of magnesium, manganese, and copper.

The effectiveness of an aqueous extract of Caryocar brasiliense (Caryocaraceae) Camb pulp, popularly known in Brazil as pequi, against clastogenicity induced by cyclophosphamide and bleomycin was evaluated using an in vivo mouse bone marrow cell micronuclei test, an in vitro Chinese hamster ovary cell (CHO-K1) chromosome aberration test and an in vitro antioxidant assay based on the oxidative damage to 2-deoxy-D-ribose (2-DR) induced by hydroxyl radicals (•OH) generated by the reaction between ascorbic acid and (Fe III)-EDTA. In mouse bone marrow cells the extract showed a protective effect against micronuclei induced by cyclophosphamide and bleomycin but did not interfere with polychromatic bone marrow erythrocyte proliferation, except when the mice had been treated with the highest dose of cyclophosphamide. When CHO-K1 cells were pretreated by adding 0.01, 0.05 or 0.1 mL of extract per mL of cell culture medium 24 or 48 h before bleomycin or cyclophosphamide there was a protective effect against chromosome breaks and a significant decrease in the mitotic index (a measure of cytotoxicity) of the CHO-K1 cells. The extract also had a protective effect against oxidative hydroxyl radical damage to 2-DR. This study suggests that C. brasiliense pulp aqueous extract has anticlastogenic potential, possibly due to its antioxidative properties.

The antioxidant effects of Caryocar brasiliense Camb, commonly known as the pequi fruit, have not been evaluated to determine their protective effects against oxidative damage in lung carcinogenesis. In the present study, we evaluated the role of pequi fruit against urethane-induced DNA damage and oxidative stress in forty 8-12 week old male BALB/C mice. An in vivo comet assay was performed to assess DNA damage in lung tissues and changes in lipid peroxidation and redox cycle antioxidants were monitored for oxidative stress. Prior supplementation with pequi oil or its extract (15 µL, 60 days) significantly reduced urethane-induced oxidative stress. A protective effect against DNA damage was associated with the modulation of lipid peroxidation and low protein and gene expression of nitric oxide synthase. These findings suggest that the intake of pequi fruit might protect against in vivo genotoxicity and oxidative stress.

Submitted by Guilherme Lemeszenski (guilherme@nead.unesp.br) on 2013-08-22T18:42:17Z No. of bitstreams: 1 S1519-69842006000200012.pdf: 578823 bytes, checksum: e1a24bc6b01cfa73f857b8c47d2b72a2 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2013-08-22T18:42:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 S1519-69842006000200012.pdf: 578823 bytes, checksum: e1a24bc6b01cfa73f857b8c47d2b72a2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-02-01 Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-30T19:29:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S1519-69842006000200012.pdf: 578823 bytes, checksum: e1a24bc6b01cfa73f857b8c47d2b72a2 (MD5) S1519-69842006000200012.pdf.txt: 24829 bytes, checksum: 4ff6baed23bd3deb0262db6aff1ce255 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-02-01 Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-20T15:08:03Z No. of bitstreams: 2 S1519-69842006000200012.pdf: 578823 bytes, checksum: e1a24bc6b01cfa73f857b8c47d2b72a2 (MD5) S1519-69842006000200012.pdf.txt: 24829 bytes, checksum: 4ff6baed23bd3deb0262db6aff1ce255 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-20T15:08:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S1519-69842006000200012.pdf: 578823 bytes, checksum: e1a24bc6b01cfa73f857b8c47d2b72a2 (MD5) S1519-69842006000200012.pdf.txt: 24829 bytes, checksum: 4ff6baed23bd3deb0262db6aff1ce255 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-02-01 Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Os coléteres são amplamente distribuídos, com registros de sua ocorrência em diversas taxas, entretanto há apenas um registro de sua ocorrência na família Caryocaraceae, à qual pertence Caryocar brasiliense. Com o objetivo de descrever a distribuição, estrutura e ultra-estrutura dos coléteres de C. brasiliense, amostras de ápices caulinares com estípulas em várias fases de desenvolvimento foram coletadas, fixadas e processadas para estudos em microscopia de luz e eletrônica de transmissão e varredura. Os coléteres ocorrem exclusivamente na face adaxial das estípulas e diferenciam-se nas estípulas mais jovens, mantendo-se funcionais até a senescência. As estípulas são caducas, caindo antes do início da expansão das folhas. A secreção dos coléteres é abundante, preenchendo todo o espaço delimitado pela estípula. A origem dos coléteres é mista, envolvendo a protoderme e o meristema fundamental, sendo, portanto, considerados como emergências e não tricomas. Nesta espécie, os coléteres são digitiformes, formados por uma coluna de células centrais, não secretoras e por um epitélio secretor cujas células estão dispostas em paliçada. As células do epitélio secretor apresentam citoplasma denso, segmentos de retículo endoplasmático rugoso, ribossomos livres, mitocôndrias e abundância de dictiossomos, dos quais partem inúmeras vesículas possivelmente carregadas com produtos de secreção. As células centrais do coléter apresentam núcleo pouco volumoso e lobado, com nucléolo inconspícuo; o citoplasma é pouco denso, floculado e o vacuoma desenvolvido. Dentre as organelas presentes, destacam-se as mitocôndrias e segmentos de retículo endoplasmático rugoso. Há evidências de secreção granulócrina e do envolvimento dos coléteres com a proteção do meristema apical e folhas nos estádios iniciais do desenvolvimento. Colleters are widely distributed and have been reported in several taxa. However, the only report of colleters in the Caryocaraceae family is in Caryocar brasiliense. This study purports to describe the distribution, structure and ultrastructure of colleters in C. brasiliense. Vegetative shoot apices with stipules in different stages of development were collected, fixed, and processed by light, transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Colleters occur on the stipule adaxial face and are differentiated on younger stipules, remaining functional until senescence. Stipules are deciduous, falling before the beginning of leaf expansion. Colleter secretion is abundant, filling all the space delimited by the stipule. Colleter origin is mixed, involving the protoderm and ground meristem. In this species, colleters are finger-shaped, consisting of a column of non-secretory central cells and a secretory epithelium whose cells are arranged in palisades. Secretory epithelium cells show dense cytoplasm, rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) segments, free ribosomes, mitochondria, and abundant well developed dictyosomes. The colleters central cell shows a flocculated cytoplasm and developed vacuole. These cells have a small lobated nucleus with an inconspicuous nucleolus. Mitochondria and RER stand out in the organelles. There is evidence of granulocrine secretion and colleter involvement with protection of the apical meristem and leaves in the initial stages of development. Federal University of Minas Gerais Institute of Biological Sciences Department of Botany UNESP Institute of Biosciences Department of Botany UNESP Institute of Biosciences Department of Botany

Trophobiont insects are of general interest to behavioral ecology due to the fact that the outcomes of their interactions with hymenopterans can result in strong facultative mutualisms. In this paper we present observations of Oxytrigona tataira (Smith) collecting honeydew from Erechtia carinata (Funkhouser) on Caryocar brasiliense Cambessèdes in a cerrado sensu stricto fragment from Brazilian Savanna. Our observations showed that these bees stimulate E. carinata individuals touching them with the antennas in the gaster to collect honeydew. O. tataira has not been previously recorded collecting honeydew on E. carinata. Thus, we present these observations as a novel bee-treehopper interaction.

The pequi tree (Caryocar brasiliense) is native to the Cerrado of Brazil, and its edible fruit is harvested for local and commercial use. Collectors of pequi fruit in the northern region of the state of Minas Gerais have noted sudden death of trees up to 40 years in age. During an inspection on pequi trees near Montes Claros in May 2014, several dead and dying trees were observed. The initial symptoms included yellowing, browning, and wilting of the leaves on several lateral branches. Trees in later stages of disease lost most of their leaves and suddenly died. The woody xylem of affected trees showed irregular streaks of discoloration, and dead trees had numerous galleries caused by unidentified ambrosia beetles, both of which are typical symptoms of Ceratocystis wilt. Similar symptoms were noted on several trees near Lontra, Minas Gerais. Fungal isolations from transverse sections of the stem of naturally infected trees were performed by baiting with live carrot roots (Moller and Devay 1968).

O conhecimento dos períodos reprodutivos e vegetativos das plantas é de extrema importância para coletas de sementes e produção de mudas. No Cerrado, as interações da biota com o fogo são de grande interesse, já que esses fatores estão intimamente relacionados e podem ser determinantes na manutenção das populações vegetais. Durante 12 meses, foi estudada a fenologia de duas espécies nativas do Cerrado (Enterolobium gummiferum (Mart.) J.F.Macbr. e Caryocar brasiliense Cambess.) em dois regimes de queima: em sítio mantido sob queima bienal modal no mês de agosto (PBM) e em sítio controle, livre de fogo há 14 anos (PC). Os testes de uniformidade foram realizados para verificar a sazonalidade das fases fenológicas. A seleção de modelos por critério de informação de Akaike foi realizada utilizando as variáveis climáticas da área de estudo para identificar quais delas são melhores preditoras das fases fenológicas. A produção de frutos foi estimada nos dois tratamentos. Praticamente, todas as fenofases apresentaram picos de produtividade, com exceção da brotação foliar de C. brasiliense em PC, queda foliar da mesma espécie nos dois tratamentos e E. gummiferum na PC. Em geral, o comportamento fenológico de ambas as espécies não diferiu de outros estudos. Porém, o fogo retardou a troca de folhas e inibiu as fases reprodutivas de C. brasiliense, o que corrobora o comportamento já observado em outras espécies nativas do Cerrado em áreas com incidência de queimadas. The knowledge of plant reproductive and vegetative periods is extremely important for seed harvesting and seedling production. Interactions between the Cerrado (Brazilian Savanna) biota and fire are of extreme interest because these factors are intimately related and could be determinant in plant populations maintenance. For 12 months, we studied the phenology of two Cerrado native species (Enterolobium gummiferum (Mart.) J.F.Macbr. and Caryocar brasiliense Cambess.) under two fire regimes: the first was burned every two years on August (PBM) in a control site without fire for 14 years (PC). Uniformity tests were made to verify seasonality of each phenological phase. The model selection with Akaike information criterion was made using climatic variables of the study region to identify which variables better describe the phenological phases. Fruit production was estimated for both treatments. Almost every phenophase showed production peaks, except for leaf sprout of C. brasiliense in PC and leaf fall of C. brasiliense in the two treatments, and E. gummiferum in PC. In general, the phenological behaviour of both species did not differ from other studies. However, fire retarded the leaf renewal and inhibited the reproductive phases of C. brasiliense, similar to previous results for other Cerrado native species in regions with burn incidence.