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BACKGROUND: Growth differentiation factor 5, a member of the transforming growth factor-β superfamily and bone morphogenetic protein family, plays an important role in articular cartilage injury repair, bone regeneration, improvement of intervertebral disc degeneration, tendon healing, and neurodevelopment. OBJECTIVE: To review the research progress of growth differentiation factor 5 in inducing chondrocytes, nucleus pulposus-like cells, tendon cell differentiation, as well as inducing bone formation and neurodevelopment. METHODS: The search terms “growth differentiation factor 5, articular cartilage, bone, nucleus pulposus cells, tendon, nerve regeneration” were used in CNKI, WanFang and PubMed. According to the inclusion and exclusion criteria, the articles not related to the subject matter were excluded and 69 articles related to growth differentiation factor 5 were included. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: (1) Growth differentiation factor 5 can induce chondrogenic and osteoblastic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells, but the concentration boundary of growth differentiation factor 5 to induce chondrogenic or osteoblastic differentiation remains unclear. (2) Growth differentiation factor 5 can induce mesenchymal stem cells to differentiate into nucleus pulposus cells, which may play a role in the treatment of intervertebral disc degeneration. (3) Growth differentiation factor 5 can induce mesenchymal stem cells to differentiate into tendon cells and play an important role in tendon repair and prevention of postoperative tendon adhesion. (4) Growth differentiation factor 5 can induce neurodevelopment and promote nerve regeneration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: To explore the role of growth differentiation factor 5 in osteoarthritis and some existing problems, attempting to provide a theoretical basis for the treatment of osteoarthritis. METHODS: Literature related to the role and mechanism of growth differentiation factor 5 in osteoarthritis was searched in CNKI, WanFang, and PubMed databases with “growth differentiation factor 5, articular cartilage, cell migration, cell proliferation, subchondral bone, inflammation, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis” as Chinese and English search terms, respectively. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: Growth differentiation factor 5 promotes the differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells into chondrocytes, expresses type II collagen and proteoglycans, and maintains the characteristics of chondrocytes. Growth differentiation factor 5 promotes the hypertrophic differentiation of chondrocytes, but some studies have shown that the expression of chondrocyte hypertrophy markers is reduced after induction with growth differentiation factor 5, indicating that growth differentiation factor 5 is more beneficial than harmful to cartilage repair. Growth differentiation factor 5 can promote steogenesis, increase the mineralization density of subchondral bone, and indirectly promote the repair of cartilage through the repair of subchondral bone. Inflammatory factors are one of the factors that promote the occurrence and development of osteoarthritis. Growth differentiation factor 5 can inhibit the expression of inflammatory factors, thereby protecting against osteoarthritis. As a “multifunctional” inducer, growth differentiation factor 5 has certain effects on cartilage, subchondral bone and inflammation. However, its mechanism of action is still unclear and needs further studies. Overall, growth differentiation factor 5 is expected to be an osteoarthritis-treating drug in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]