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It is estimated that between 20 and 30% of the total food produced in Europe is wasted, generating associated costs of 143 billion euros per year. These wastes include the non-eaten fraction and food chain by-products, including fish and poultry processing by-products, chitinous bioresources, agricultural, dairy, bakery, winery, and brewery by-products. Many of these wastes are rich in nutrients, even so, their high content in humidity and variability and due fundamentally to the nonexistence of an integral and efficient recovery activity causes their elimination without valorization.

Sugarcane is one of the major cash crops, used for the production of sugar and ethanol. Sugarcane processing, results in many by by-products like bagasse, molasses and press mud which have economic value. Also, the by-products serve to generate many value added products. Sugarcane wax is a value added product obtained by the processing of press mud. It has pharmaceutical, agricultural and industrial applications. n-Triacontanol, Policosanol, D-003 acids and waxes are some of the products derived from the sugarcane wax. This article attempt discusses the various methods of extraction of sugarcane wax, its constituents and its characteristics and applications of the products derived from the sugarcane wax.

Persimmon (Diospyros kaki) is an underutilized tree fruit. Previous studies have shown the feasibility of making a hot-air-dried, chip-style product from persimmon. However, the texture of this type of product has not been explored or connected to consumer preference. Thus, for dried samples representing 37 cultivars, this study aimed to (1) predict trained sensory panel texture attributes from instrumental measurements, (2) predict consumer liking from instrumental measurements and sensory texture attributes, and (3) elucidate whether astringency type affects dried product texture. Partial least-squares regression models of fair-to-good quality predicted all measured sensory texture attributes (except Tooth Packing) from instrumental measurements. Modeling also identified that consumer preference is for a moist, smooth texture. Lastly, while astringency type has significant (p &lt, 0.05) effects on several individual texture attributes, astringency type should not be used a priori to screen-in or -out persimmon cultivars for processing into a hot-air-dried product.

Lidar backscattered signal is a useful tool for identifying vertical cloud structure in the atmosphere in optically thin clouds. Cloud boundaries derived from lidar signals are a necessary input for popular ARM data products, such as the Active Remote Sensing of Clouds (ARSCL) product. An operational cloud boundary algorithm (Wang and Sassen 2001) has been implemented for use with the ARM Micropulse Lidar (MPL) systems. In addition to retrieving cloud boundaries above 500 m, the value-added product (VAP) named Micropulse Lidar Cloud Mask (MPLCMASK) applies lidar-specific corrections (i.e., range-square, background, deadtime, and overlap) as described in Campbell et al. (2002) to the measured backscattered lidar. Depolarization ratio is computed using the methodology developed by Flynn et al. (2007) for polarization-capable MPL systems. The cloud boundaries output from MPLCMASK will be the primary lidar cloud mask for input to the ARSCL product and will be applied to all MPL systems, including historical data sets.

Biological feedstocks and waste biomass represent a suitable alternative for the generation of biofuels and value-added materials replacing fossil fuels. However, the application of biobased feedstocks resulting in full-scale generation of biofuel and chemicals is limited and some of the technologies are in their early developmental stages. The literature on the techno-economic aspects of the different steps and technologies involved in biomass-based biorefinery is lacking. The present chapter will attempt to suggest the viability of integrated biorefinery over single feedstock-based biorefinery. The techno-economic viability and limitations that need attention while considering the development associated technologies with the major steps of the integrated biorefineries such as cultivation, harvesting, collection, logistics, pretreatment, fermentation, separation have been discussed in detail. This chapter also assesses the policy implementation in different developed and developing countries for promoting biomass-based biorefinery.

Microbial treatment has been considered as an economic, effective and environment safe way of processing coal via degradation of the macromolecular network into simpler, low molecular weight produc...

Flowers that can be consumed by human being safely are known as edible flower (EF). In the fast and nutritive food thrive scenario; flowers breaking all the odds out to put their picture as the food grade material with their rich nutritive value. However, there is a strong aspiration for scientific evidences to justify positive impact of EF on health through superior nutritional and bioactive attributes. This review summarizes the outcome of various studies performed until now on edible flowers, focusing on nutritional, bioactive, preservation and toxicological properties and health effects. This article also provides valuable information through systematic compilation and interpretation of published data on edible flowers in order to increase their popularization among the food industry and consumers. Analysis of previously published outcomes revealed that the nutritional and bioactive attributes makes the EF as complete form of nutrition available for mankind and need further exploration for value added product development, without neglecting the identification and documentation of potential toxicological elements for safe and desirable application for future expansion of EF in to value added products.

Biomass is key towards the production of renewables, heat, biofuels, and green chemical feedstocks. Based on results reported in the literature, Ecuador, an agriculture-based economy, has the potential of meeting its energy demands while satisfying environmental regulations, by the conversion of self-generated residual biomass. Conventional biological, chemical and thermochemical methods have been modeled and widely studied at laboratory scale for the production of biogas, bioethanol, and other solid and liquid fuels, being milestones for upcoming scaled-up applications. Recently, studies have also shown the development of new processes for the conversion of Ecuadorian biomass wastes into value-added products for future applications. Providing a more complete way to manage the waste problem, aiming to create a sustainable economic growth within a bio-economy perspective.

One of the major ecological concerns associated with biodiesel production is the generation of waste/ crude glycerol during the trans-esterification process. Purification of this crude glycerol is not economically viable. In this context, the development of an efficient and economically viable strategy would be biotransformation reactions converting the biodiesel derived crude glycerol into value added chemicals. Hence the process ensures the sustainability and waste management in biodiesel industry, paving a path to integrated biorefineries. This review addresses a waste to wealth approach for utilization of crude glycerol in the production of value added chemicals, current trends, challenges, future perspectives, metabolic approaches and the genetic tools developed for the improved synthesis over wild type microorganisms were described.

This book chapter presents a review on the application and challenges of microalgae (phycoremediation) for wastewater treatment. Primarily, the general brief is an investigative focus that compares current technologies in wastewater research around the globe and emphasizes the positive aspects of the phycoremediation approach. Much scientific literature has reported the feasibility and innovative merits of phycoremediation, particularly on the assimilation and accumulation of nutrients from wastewater. We discuss the potential of the technology, based on existing reports such as the advantages and disadvantages of phycoremediation. Subsequently, the biomass application from certain quantities of wastewater will have a benefit in the form of commercial applications. The chapter ends with a discussion of trends and future directions based on the detailed literature review with a focus on ensuring safer and sustainable implementation of phycoremediation.

Bread fruit processing into flour is an alternative way of processing which is has several advantages including; increase the shelf life, facilitate the process of raw materials and increase the selling price, while its nutrient is relatively unchanged. The purpose of this study is to examine the amount of value added product generated by bread fruit flour and to determine business analysis of bread fruit flour in Kepulauan Seribu, DKI Jakarta Province. Data is collected using interviews, observation and mutilation. Measurement is done by calculating the value added products resulting from the processing of bread fruit into bread fruit flour, while analysis of feasibility is calculated based on the analysis of profit and analysis of revenue and costs as well as the R/C ratio. Breadfruit flour business has gave product value added, profit and R/C ratio account Rp. 5,500 per kilogram, Rp. 218,000 and 1.57 respectively.

The present work deals with the production of glycidol through a new synthetic approach based on the conversion of 2-chloro-1,3-propanediol (β-MCH), a by-product in the epichlorohydrin production plant. β-MCH was converted with high yield (90%) and selectivity (99%) to glycidol using an alcoholic solution of KOH at room temperature in only 30 minutes. A simplified early stage assessment based on the use of the green metrics and a life cycle analysis were adopted in order to evaluate the environmental feasibility of this innovative route if compared with the traditional chain to epichlorohydrin. The waste recovery and the maximization of the overall process efficiency lead to sensible reductions per each indicator considered in the assessment, suggesting the possibility of developing on a full industrial scale. In addition, in order to verify the potentialities behind the substitution of the fossil-based glycidol with the product resulted from the recovery of the β-MCH, a cradle-to-gate analysis and the GREENMOTION® tool were adopted.

Presence at the enterprise znanievyh resources determines its capacity for sustainable and competitive development. The set of knowledge, skills and abilities (which has operational and management personnel), including transformed in intangible and other assets are considered to be the intellectual capital of the enterprise. Empirically, the presence of the intellectual capital of the enterprise can be identified by its success in the market and the ability to generate a high value added product. However, scientific and methodological point of view, approaches to assessing intellectual capital are currently not standardized and do not provide an objective valuation of the capital. This paper presents an overview of the methodological approaches to the valuation of the intellectual capital of companies and shows the problems of using these approaches in analytical procedures. Based on the materials conclusion about the necessity of further development of the intellectual capital evaluation methods enterprises it was made. The purpose / goal. The purpose of this article is to study the specifics of basic methodological approaches to the valuation of the intellectual capital of enterprises. Moreover, among the main tasks is to provide: an analysis of the most frequently used techniques in the Russian and international practice, assessment of intellectual capital. Methodology. The article is a content analysis of the theoretical and scientific-methodical positions, describing the key and the most frequently used Russian and international approaches to the evaluation of the intellectual capital of enterprises. Conclusions / relevance. The practical significance of this paper is to identify the main issues that arise in the evaluation of the intellectual capital of the enterprises, which determines the need for further scientific development and complement the currently used evaluation methods.

The dynamic increase in the manufacture of tyre products, particularly those used in the automotive industry, is responsible for a huge amount of wastes, mostly in the form of used tyres, of which more than 20 million tonnes are produced globally each year. The widely differing chemical compositions and the cross-linked structures of rubber in tyres are the prime reason for highly resistant to biodegradation, photochemical decomposition, chemical reagents and high temperatures. The increasing numbers of used tyres therefore generate serious environmental problems. In this study we present the breakthrough challenge; access to knowledge and related technology, innovation and talented individuals residing internally and externally through the development of high quality, reliable and extensive networks with tyre waste management describing status of tyre waste and innovative organizational approaches in the management of used tyres in Thailand. As seen in the model of a Breakthrough Challenge with tyre waste management in Thailand, tyre wastes enter their end-of-life cycle after being brought to local car shops or garages by automobile owners. It was found that the primary technologies or innovations for tyre recycling and reuse in Thailand include heat utilization, tyre reclamation, tyre-derived aggregate and direct use.The possible uses of tyre waste as a source of innovative raw composite materials or high value added product in various industries such as plastic, automotive and construction industries are also discussed.

A field study was undertaken on Nepalese fingermillet genotypes with the participation of the local community at pipaltar of nuwakot district during 2003 and 2004. The study included a) identification of superior fingermillet cultivars through diversity block management and mother set trial, b) seed Production of promising lines, c) farmers' field verification trial (diamond trial) And d) characterization and documentation of fingermillet genotypes. Results Revealed that mudke, chaure and jalbire are high yielding promising genotypes Suited to that area. From household surveys carried out among 46 samples (40%), 80 hh have revealed that mudke, chaure and seto kodo are preferred fingermillet cultivars. About 70% grow mudke, 46% grow chaure while 2% Grow Seto Kodo. The programme has successfully explored the potential of Local fingermillet cultivars by there evaluation and utilized them through Value added product development and market promotion. Nepal Agric. Res. J. Vol. 9, 2009, pp. 12-16 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/narj.v9i0.11636

Drivers of growth in developing countries seem to be large urban centres and a supporting rural, agricultural, foundation. What this schema ignores is the substantial contribution to development made by a large number of smaller urban centres, which do not qualify as cities but are not truly rural. These small towns have high growth, employment and economic stability thanks to innovative local technologies, small scale value added product development, and a local skill base. Some of these small and very small towns have risen because of a resource base provided by their proximity to forests and access to this ecosystem which consists not only of timber, but also non-timber forest products (NTFP). The picture sketched by this quick exploration of the tendu leaf harvesting and trade in a small town in Rajasthan shows the connections with local businesses and industry, both service and manufacturing. There is a large class of people who gain food and livelihood security from a combination of NTFP harvesting, processing and other activities. This connects them to the larger international world: expert packers come to the town to package leaves, which are then transported by train and truck to other states where they will be converted into export quality goods.

It is important to establish a new approach of creating such value-added products as craftworks or applied arts, different from traditional way of achieving products with high quality and low price. Thus, the study deals with the first trial of creating artistic product shapes by means of multi-axis controlled multi-tasking machine tools or multi-axis controlled machining centers on the basis of mechanical cutting technology. The concept of creating high value-added products by devising cutting ways is named as “Dexterous Machining”. In the study, “Dexterous Machining” is classified into several areas and demonstrated. As a result, it is experimentally found that the concept of “Dexterous Machining” has the potential of creating high value-added products.

Increasing demands on productivity of measurement and control processes deal with high demands on speed, reliability and repeatability of all the preparatory steps that precede the measurement itself. These activities are still productivity needed and the productivity effect is multiplied by a technological downtime carrying them considerable economic impact, direct value added product. A typical case is the initial adjusting of the turntable of roundness instrument and measurement of the surface parameters in a hole with small diameter. This title deals with these issues. It describes the issue of compensation contact setting of roundness machine by contactless method including performance model and philosophy of determining measurement uncertainty. The initial proposal will be modified for specific task of CNC measuring parameters in the small diameter holes.

Natural fibre reinforced composites are gaining interest because of its attractive properties such as low weight, higher stiffness and low cost. Fibre reinforced composites are lightweight, strong, and durable materials which are seeing increasing adoption in the transportation, construction and many other markets. Therefore, sustainability in their use phase is often a key driver for the selection of composites over traditional materials. In the meantime, the ever–growing amount of textile wastes leads to the necessity to utilize these waste materials and to develop further processing technologies for their beneficial application. Due to various application possibilities and its economic impact, the valorisation of textile wastes has attracted increasing attention. This review summarized the valorisation potential of a textile waste products, especially of flax, hemp and jute fabrics. In this context application of different textile wastes for development of some value added product has been thought of in this paper.

This paper presents the capability and potential of artificial neural network models for determining the shelf life of processed cheese stored at 30°C. Archaeologists have discovered that as far back as 6000 BC raw cheese had been made from cow's and goat's milk. Since past many decades ripened cheese prepared from cow's milk is converted into processed cheese as a value added product, which has great demand due to its unique body and texture, aroma and flavour, and sensory attributes. Radial basis and multiple linear regression models were developed and compared with each other. Based on the results further regression equations were developed and solved, Mean Square Error, Root Mean Square Error, Coefficient of Determination and Nash-Sutcliffo Coefficient performance measures were used for testing prediction potential of the models. MLR model was observed to be superior to radial basis model for predicting the shelf life of processed cheese.

Fuzzy modeling is a methodology that works with partial truths: it can answer questions to which the answers are “yes” and “no” at different times or partly “yes” and “no” at the same time. It can be used to match any type of data, particularly incomplete and imprecise data, and it is able to improve the precision of testing of such data. It can be applied with any type of statistical distribution, and it is, particularly, suitable for uncommon and unexpected non linear relationships. This chapter assesses the use of fuzzy modeling of clinical data.

Hides and skins, by-product of the meat industry is converted into a value added product namely leather by the tanners. Tanning essentially is the process of converting raw hides and skins into imputrescible substance. The tanning process has number of steps and generates significant quantities of by products and wastes. These solid and liquid wastes pose major environmental problem if not managed effectively. Large–scale production systems are adopted for leather processing in clusters and therefore, the industry receives focus of environmentalists and society. Consequently tremendous pressure is exerted by various pollution regulatory bodies. The hides and skins, after trimming, removal of flesh and fat, are treated with chemicals, which cross-link the collagen fibers to form a stable, durable material. The chemicals used may be derived from traditional vegetable products, or inorganic metal salts. During leather processing number of size reduction, leveling and purification operations are carried out which results in generation of untanned and tanned proteinous waste materials. In this paper, various recovery processes and utilization methodologies of proteinous solid wastes, emanating from leather processing operations prior to tanning is reviewed.

This article details the process behind utilizing business models and concepts to create one of the most comprehensive subject‐specific information competence Web sites in the USA.

The paper examines empirically whether reforms have resulted in a change of the export composition. Specifically, whether there has been a movement in favour of technology & knowledge-intensive goods and away from primary resource-intensive products. In this study, an attempt has also been made to find out whether the demand for knowledge or capital-intensive products is increasing at a faster rate than that of the labour-intensive products. The results show that India's exports have shifted towards more value added product categories. Their gain has primarily come at the cost of labourintensive products. Further, the study also reveals that the demand for knowledge-intensive or capital-intensive products is increasing at a faster rate than that of labour-intensive products.

Paneer is a South Asian variety of soft cheese prepared by addition of citric acid and heat coagulation of milk. It can be used in the preparation of a number of several culinary preparations and snacks. In India, around 7 per cent of the total milk produced is being converted to paneer. Value addition of paneer to make it more attractive in ready to eat form of nuggets in another way to delight consumers. Paneer nuggets are value added product prepared from paneer by steam cooking method. An economic viability is the most important factor to make place in the market for any food product along with its quality and sensory parameters. Considering the prevailing market, price of paneer nuggets is 300 per kg, cost of the developed paneer nuggets was 216.11 per kg a profit of 83.89 per kg could be obtained which is a good profit margin for the commercial viability and sustainability of the product. The break even output was calculated at 4.36 kg of product which is lower than the actual level of production indicating the viability of this enterprise.

The purpose of this document is to describe the Raman Lidar Profiles–Temperature (RLPROFTEMP) value-added product (VAP) and the procedures used to derive atmospheric temperature profiles from the raw RL measurements. Sections 2 and 4 describe the input and output variables, respectively. Section 3 discusses the theory behind the measurement and the details of the algorithm, including calibration and overlap correction.

The cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) concentration at cloud base is the most relevant measure of the aerosol that influences droplet formation in clouds. Since the CCN concentration depends on supersaturation, a more general measure of the CCN concentration is the CCN spectrum (values at multiple supersaturations). The CCN spectrum is now measured at the surface at several fixed ARM sites and by the ARM Mobile Facility (AMF), but is not measured at the cloud base. Rather than rely on expensive aircraft measurements for all studies of aerosol effects on clouds, a way to project CCN measurements at the surface to cloud base is needed. Remote sensing of aerosol extinction provides information about the vertical profile of the aerosol, but cannot be directly related to the CCN concentration because the aerosol extinction is strongly influenced by humidification, particularly near cloud base. Ghan and Collins (2004) and Ghan et al. (2006) propose a method to remove the influence of humidification from the extinction profiles and tie the “dry extinction” retrieval to the surface CCN concentration, thus estimating the CCN profile. This methodology has been implemented as the CCN Profile (CCNPROF) value-added product (VAP).

Phorbol esters (PEs) are diterpenes present in Jatropha curcas L. seeds and have a myriad of biological activities. Since PEs are toxic, they are considered to be futile in Jatropha-based biodiesel production chain. In the present study, the extracted PEs from Jatropha oil were used as a starting material to synthesise pharmacologically important compound, prostratin. The prostratin synthesised from Jatropha showed identical mass with that of the reference standard prostratin, as determined by Nano-LC-ESI-MS/MS. Considering the rapid growth in Jatropha biodiesel industry, potential exists to harness large amount of PEs which can be further utilised to synthesise prostratin as a value added product.

An experimental study was conducted on the utilization of lamp shell locally known as ugpan to determine the value added products from it. The species of ugpan used was Lingula unguis and was collected in the coastal zone of Nabuswang, Canmoros, Binalbagan, Negros Occidental. Ugpan was tested as raw material into value added products. The meat was utilized into ugpan nuggets and the pedicle was used into crispy ugpan. The liking of ugpan nuggets and crispy ugpan were determined using sensory evaluation. The acceptability of the quality attributes of the value added product was determined using the 9-point hedonic scale. The liking of crispy ugpan showed 80 and 90 for the ugpan nuggets. The acceptability of crispy ugpan had a mean of 8.33 which meant like very much or very much acceptable, while the ugpan nuggets had a mean of 8.0 which meant like very much. The overall quality had a mean score of higher than 8 which means that the ugpan can be utilized into value added products. Improving the quality of ugpan nuggets can increase the hedonic score for the acceptance of the product. The result of this study will served as the extension project of the institution. Keywords - Technology, crispy ugpan, Lingula unguis, quality, ugpan nuggets, Negros Occidental, Philippines

Background: Dates, because of their rich nutritional value can be used to develop muffins as value added product with partial replacement of sucrose with date syrup. The objective of this study was to develop high fiber containing product utilizing date syrup and wheat bran as recommended level of fiber is low in our diets. Method: 7 treatments of date bran muffins for varying concentration of date syrup i.e. 30, 40 and 50% were used with varying amount of wheat bran from 2.5 to 5% by keeping other ingredients constant. These muffins were analyzed for shelf life stability at ambient storage condition for 4 days. Nutritional analysis (moisture, ash, fat, protein, fiber and carbohydrate) was done along with mineral and sensory evaluation. Results and Conclusions: Sensory evaluation revealed that T5 (2.5% wheat bran + 50% Date syrup) was best among all treatments. The sensory score of muffins was reduced with the passage of time. Date bran muffins contained 30.3-31.3% moisture, 0.96-1.61% ash, 26.7-27.4% crude fat, 1.3-5.6% crude fiber, 11.4-13% crude protein and 93-20.9% carbohydrate. Increasing concentrations of date syrup in date muffins caused an increasing level of protein, fiber, higher softness and more color development while calorific value decreased by increasing the amount of date syrup.

Seabuckthorn (Hippophae salicifolia) is one of the potential underutilized plant species having huge multipurpose benefits including economic and ecological. Comparative study of fruit morphology, architecture, and juice yield productivity revealed that fruit berries of Seabuckthorn in Mana valley was found superior and can provide higher economic return than the berries of other plant species. Moreover, awareness programmes related to nutritional worth and development and demonstration of value added product resulted in economy generation for local inhabitants. Several countries are commercially and ecologically harnessing the potential of Seabuckthorn for livelihood enhancement and environmental conservation. Correspondingly, in Indian Himalayan region, Seabuckthorn plant can also offer benefits of nutrition, food, medicine, cosmetic, etc., to the rural people for their socioeconomic development. Findings presented here have important connotations in light of upcoming organic food and nutraceutical industries in the country. The current study will also help in developing value chain of Seabuckthorn in Uttarakhand.

Researchers around the world are studying on different carbon capture and storage (CCS) options to reduce global warming by reducing CO 2 emission from various sources. Among all these options carbonation technology has some promising benefits over other technologies such as exothermic heat, availability of feed stocks, safe carbonated product and value added product and by-product, etc. In carbonation technology CO 2 chemically reacts with Ca/Mg bearing oxides or hydroxides and transformed into an environmentally safe solid carbonate materials. This technology has attracted attention of several researchers around the world and scientists of Albany Research Centre, USA have been working on it for few years. Recently a project has been established in Newcastle, Australia to set up a carbonation plant. Considering the potential benefits mentioned above, the prospects of carbonation technology to reduce global warming by reducing CO 2 emission have been reviewed, discussed and evaluated in this study.

Aim of the study Based on research findings this study is aimed to generate database on ethnobotanical aspects, sustainable utilization by value addition and awareness generation through outreach programme related to Hippophae salicifolia D. Don. (Elaeagnaceae) in the higher Himalayan zone of Uttarakhand in Central Himalaya, India. Materials and methods An in-depth survey from June 2004 to July 2006 followed by 480 interviews with the help of semi-structured questionnaires was carried out in 24 Hippophae growing locations in 12 different valleys of Uttarakhand. Results Plant has immense multipurpose properties and is traditionally utilized for food (20Min–90%Max), medicine (10Min–60%Max), veterinary (20Min–100%Max), fuel (10Min–80%Max), fencing (20Min–80%Max), agricultural tools (20Min–50%Max) and dye mordant (60%). Besides, awareness programmes and value added product demonstration resulted in economical upliftment of local inhabitants of Central Himalaya. Conclusion The present manuscript will certainly provide an ethnobotanical statistics’ impact on the modern scientific societies regarding conservation, cultivation and popularization of this underutilized wild edible species at mass scale. Simultaneously, these findings have important connotations in light of upcoming organic food and nutraceutical industries in the country.

This document explains the procedure to retrieve temperature and moisture profiles from high-spectral resolution infrared radiance data measured by the U.S. Department Of Energy (DOE) Atmospheric Radiation (ARM) Program’s atmospheric emitted radiance interferometer (AERI) instrument. The technique has been named the AERIPROF thermodynamic retrieval algorithm. The software has been developed over the last decade at the University of Wisconsin-Madison and has matured into an ARM Value-Added Procedure. This document will describe the AERIPROF retrieval procedure, outline the algorithm routines, discuss the software heritage, and, finally, provide references with further documentation.

Simple single black detector pyranometers, such as the Eppley Precision Spectral Pyranometer (PSP) used by the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Program, are known to lose energy via infrared (IR) emission to the sky. This is especially a problem when making clear-sky diffuse shortwave (SW) measurements, which are inherently of low magnitude and suffer the greatest IR loss. Dutton et al. (2001) proposed a technique using information from collocated pyrgeometers to help compensate for this IR loss. The technique uses an empirically derived relationship between the pyrgeometer detector data (and alternatively the detector data plus the difference between the pyrgeometer case and dome temperatures) and the nighttime pyranometer IR loss data. This relationship is then used to apply a correction to the diffuse SW data during daylight hours. We developed an ARM value-added product (VAP) called the SW DIFF CORR 1DUTT VAP to apply the Dutton et al. correction technique to ARM PSP diffuse SW measurements.

The beef industry is becoming increasingly aware of the need to transform many of these slaughter cows into a value added product. Opportunities exist for a producer to develop a culled cow management program by identifying marketing options which allow marketing pounds of meat and by-products at the most opportune time for the greatest return. Key areas of such a program are maintenance of a quality assurance program, seasonal marketing flexibility, and cow weight., American Association of Bovine Practitioners Proceedings of the Annual Conference, 1997