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PurposeThe present study compares the use of web citations as references in leading scholarly journals in Library and Information Science (LIS) and Communication and Media Studies (CMS). A total of 20 journals (each 10 from LIS and CMS) were selected based on the publishing history and reputation published between 2008 and 2017.Design/methodology/approachThe present study compares the use of web citations as references in leading scholarly journals in LIS and CMS. A PHP script was used to crawl the Uniform Resource Locators (URLs) collected from the reference list. A total of 12,251 articles were downloaded and 555,428 references were extracted. Of the 555,428 references, 102,718 web citations were checked for their accessibility.FindingsThe research findings indicated that 76.90% URLs from LIS journals and 84.32% URLs from Communication and Media Studies journals were accessible and others were rotten. The majority of errors were due to HTTP 404 error code (not found) in both the disciplines. The study also tried to retrieve the rotten URLs through Time Travel, which revived 61.76% rotten URLs in LIS journal articles and 65.46% in CMS journal articles.Originality/valueThis is an in-depth and comprehensive comparative study on the availability of web citations in LIS and CMS journals articles spanning a period of 10 years. The findings of the study will be helpful to authors, publishers, and editorial staff to ensure that web citations will be accessible in the future.

OBJECTIVE To describe the causes of intraoperative delays and the changes in delays and surgical workflow with the level of training of the primary surgeon. STUDY DESIGN Prospective observational study. SAMPLE POPULATION Seventy-three small animal surgical procedures performed at an academic teaching institution between January 17, 2018 and April 10, 2018. METHODS Procedures (trainee = 37, faculty = 36) totaling 103.2 h were observed and video recorded. Operative time was allocated to the surgical approach, exploration, exposure, intervention, and closure phases. Suballocations were made to specific tasks within these categories (such as cutting or hemostasis). Intraoperative delays and reasons were recorded. Differences in use of time between trainee and faculty surgeons were analyzed. RESULTS Delays constituted 9.2% (±4.4) of the operative time, of which 6.5%(±3.6) were surgeon controlled and 2.6% (±2.7) were non-surgeon controlled. Surgeons preparing instrumentation outside of the operative field and retrieval of equipment from supply areas were the greatest contributors to delays. Intraoperative delays did not increase when the trainee was placed in the primary surgeon role (P = .78). During the approach faculty surgeons spent proportionally less time on hemostasis (P = .02), and during closure they spent less time suturing (P = .03) than trainees. CONCLUSION Trainee surgeons did not have greater intraoperative delays. Delays were created when surgeons prepared their own instrumentation. Workflow differed between experts and trainees. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE Advancing a trainee surgeon into the primary role is unlikely to increase intraoperative delays, which can be reduced by the inclusion of trained scrub technicians. A focus on efficient hemostasis and fluidity when suturing may improve operative efficiency for surgical trainees.

ABSRACTSelf management means putting everything on a regular basis in life, in the use of time, choice, interests, activities, as well as in the physical and mental balance. It also means pushing self to get ahead, arrange all the elements of the personal, controlling potential willingness to accomplish good things, and develop various aspects of private life to make it more perfect. The first requirement for all students to achieve their education goals is self-motivation. Secondly, self organization is setting up as well as possible against the thought, effort, time, places, objects and all other resources in one's life so that students achieved personal efficiency. So that his dual role as students and workers can go hand in hand. From recognition of the informant about the students apply learning strategies in regards to qualify themselves indicate that there are a number of students who are aware of a good self management will bring a profit for them. Among them, the Division of time between lectures and other activities are not interrupted, his schedule became organized, as students and other activities are not disrupted, could set out the lesson, as well as being able to tackle the problems facing it. Keywords: Self Management, Students, Multiple Roles

The analysis along with the modeling of passenger demand dynamic, which deem to have vital implications on the management and the operation within the entire aviation industry, are regarded to be an extreme challenge. However, air passenger demand introduces reliably complex non-linearity and non-stationarity. In this paper, we have tried to forecast aviation demand with the use of time series and deep learning techniques. We have developed air travel demand estimation and forecasting models, using classical Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average methods (ARIMA), Seasonal approaches (SARIMA) and Deep Learning Neural Networks (DLNN). Moreover, this research has performed a qualitative comparison of the aforementioned techniques aiming to serve as a guideline toward the choice of the optimal modeling approach. The experimental results have shown that the proposed approaches can provide significant assistance in forecasting air travel demand, by producing both accurate and robust results. Therefore, this approach can be utilized as a tool to be reliably employed for air passenger demand forecasting.

The international roughness index (IRI) is one of the most popular indices to measure pavement roughness. State agencies and cities with plenty of resources often collect IRI and pavement distresses every year or every other year, but some others with fewer resources will collect this information every 3 to 5 years. Collecting IRI is much more affordable than collecting pavement distresses. With this in mind, the objective of this paper was to establish a relationship between IRI and pavement condition index (PCI) using pavement deterioration models for both PCI and IRI based on the concept of time–deterioration superposition similar to the time–temperature superposition principle, and then combine both models to establish this relationship. Additionally, this study was used to establish threshold limits for IRI measurements that can be used as a general reference for pavement condition. Data from the Long-Term Pavement Performance InfoPave was used to perform the analysis for three network samples from Arizona, California, and Wisconsin. This analysis only included flexible pavements. The results from Arizona, California, and Wisconsin showed a good relationship between IRI and PCI using the proposed approach with a coefficient of determination ranging from 0.71 to 0.85. Furthermore, the analysis showed that the change in IRI over time can be related to the change in PCI over time. The general thresholds developed in this study apply to the sections evaluated but the approach can be used to set limits for other networks.

This paper studies integration of regional goods markets in Russia over 2001–2015 with the use of time series analysis, based on the law of one price as the criterion of market integration. The cost of a staples basket is used as a price representative. The analysis involves all pairs of country’s regions, thus providing a comprehensive pattern of market integration. The region pairs are classified as belonging to one of four groups: integrated, conditionally integrated, not integrated but tending towards integration, and neither integrated nor tending towards integration. The results suggest that only less than a quarter of region pairs fall into the fourth category.

Study objectives: Sleep, physical activity and sedentary time are all known to play a role in cardiometabolic health. Compositional data analysis (CoDA) enables us to examine associations between 24-h use of time and health outcomes. Methods: Data were collected in the Child Health Check Point study, a one-off national population-cohortstudy conducted between February 2015 and March 2016. Wrist-worn actigraphy monitors (GENEActiv Original, Cambs, UK) were used to measure activity behaviours (sleep, physical activity and sedentary time) and sleep characteristics (sleep variability, midsleep, efficiency). CoDA was applied to determine the association between 24-h use of time and cardiometabolic risk markers (blood pressure; body mass index; apolipoprotein B/A1; glycoprotein acetyls; and composite metabolic syndrome score). Substitution modelling (one-for-remaining and one-for-one) examined the associations of reallocating sleep time with other activity behaviours. Results: Data were available for 1073 Australian children aged 11e12 years (50% male) and 1337 adults(13% male). Strong association was found between 24-h use of time and all cardiometabolic health outcomes. Longer sleep was associated with more favourable cardiovascular health. Sleep characteristics other than duration (efficiency, timing, variability) were weakly and inconsistently associated with outcomes. Reallocating time from sleep to moderate-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) had favourable associations with cardiometabolic health, but reallocating from sleep to sedentary time was associated with less favourable cardiometabolic health.Conclusion: The 24-h activity composition is strongly associated with cardiometabolic health in children and adults. Days with more sleep and MVPA are associated with improved cardiometabolic health. Refereed/Peer-reviewed

This article explores the use of a classroom-based, experiential time banking project as an innovative community practice teaching strategy. It presents a preliminary, qualitative evaluation of a s...

There are many obstacles faced by teachers in making maximum use of time to deliver lessons in class so that learning time becomes ineffective, resulting in not conveying all teaching materials. Thus the learning objectives are not maximally achieved. Various attempts have been made to enrich the learning material to improve students understanding of post-learning elementary school in the classroom outside of formal learning time, such as the use of various types of learning media to study independently. The use of Information Technology such as e-learning, e-module, Interactive Learning CD has been used to help students in the learning process independently, but these media have their advantages and disadvantages. This paper offers a Mobile Technology model as a medium that can be used by teachers to assist in enriching Teaching Materials to improve understanding of Post-Learning Elementary School students in the classroom. This proposed model is expected to cover the weaknesses of each existing media : e-module, elearning, and Interactive Learning CD, because it provides a very interactive, practical facility whenever and wherever students can use it, as well as presenting interesting learning materials and practice questions, so as to motivate students in learning.

PurposeThis study aims to explore how commercial and professional management instruments are combined in accounting firms.Design/methodology/approachThe authors conducted a qualitative study based on 30 semi-structured interviews with partners from 30 different accounting firms (sole practitioners to Big Four) in Germany. The study mainly draws from the literature on the management of accounting firms.FindingsThe findings of this study indicate that professional and commercial management instruments structure the use of time by accountants. In these management instruments, professional and commercial goals are interwoven by three mechanisms revealed in this study and named as ambivalence, assimilation and integration. The authors further identify the managerial aspects of professional instruments.Originality/valueThis paper offers three mechanisms that combine commercial and professional goals in the management of accounting firms. The authors thereby contribute to the literature on the management of accounting firms by analysing these mechanisms that enable the pursuit of both goals simultaneously. Further, the authors argue that the minimum organisation, defined by regulators, of accounting firms is an essential infrastructure for the commercialisation of accounting.

El objetivo del estudio fue analizar los cambios en la prevalencia de actividad física deportiva (AFD) en adolescentes mexicanos y la asociación de ésta con variables sociodemográficas y la AFD de sus padres o madres. Se trata de un estudio transversal y comparativo en el que se analizó la Encuesta Nacional de Uso del tiempo (ENUT) versiones 2002 y 2014, la cual se basa en una muestra representativa de toda la población mexicana con 12 años o más. Se seleccionó la información de adolescentes de 12 a 19 años (n = 11,795) y de sus padres (n = 8,161) o madres (n = 10,261). Por medio de un cuestionario se indagó sobre características sociodemográficas, la práctica de AFD y el tiempo destinado a ésta. Se estimaron frecuencias, estadísticos de Chi2, T de Student y modelos de regresión logística. En doce años la prevalencia de AFD de adolescentes aumentó de 44.0% a 55.6% (p < 0.001), aunque no cambió el tiempo destinado a realizarla (p = 0.250). Los adolescentes que eran mujeres, que tenían mayor edad, con padres y/o madres con menor escolaridad y que éstos no practicaran AFD tuvieron menor probabilidad de realizar AFD. La AFD reportada por los adolescentes se relacionó más con la AFD de sus padres que con la AFD de las madres. A pesar de que en 12 años aumentó la práctica de AFD reportada por adolescentes mexicanos, existen grupos con baja probabilidad de realizarla, en los cuales se pueden enfocar políticas y programas públicos diseñados a la promoción de estilos de vida activos.

Introduction Patients sustaining major trauma undergo primary and secondary surveys in the emergency department to rapidly identify and treat injuries. Tertiary trauma surveys (TTS) are performed once the patient has been stabilised, within 24 hours of admission, to assess for further injuries. In December 2019, the major trauma service at our trauma centre was reconfigured to include a larger clinical team. Following this, we have assessed compliance with TTS completion and rate of new injuries identified. Methods Data was prospectively collected via hospital and TARN databases from 100 consecutive major trauma patients admitted over a two-month period from 1/8/20. Demographic data and key measures including, date and time of arrival to the hospital, date and time of TTS, performing clinician, injuries identified, mechanism of injury and ISS were collected. Results TTS was completed on 79/100 patients during their admission with 16.5% (13/79) of TTS performed identifying at least one additional injury. 18 separate injuries were identified which were categorized by AIS score: 22.2% AIS 1, 61.1% AIS 2 and 16.7% AIS 3. Of these injuries, 17/18 required further imaging and 3 required operative management. In 38.5% (5/13) of cases, the additional injuries increased the patients overall ISS. Conclusion This data demonstrates the importance of tertiary survey completion to ensure that all injuries sustained during major trauma are identified and treated promptly. Further development of this project will include expansion to a larger data set over a prolonged period to further evaluate the rate and significance of injuries discovered via TTS.

Background: Normal labor is influenced by five factors known as 5P, namely passenge (fetus and placenta), passageway (birth canal), powers (strength of contraction / uterine strength, contraction of the abdominal wall muscles, contraction of the diaphragm, and ligament action) ), psychologic maternal and position maternal. The position of labor is one way that can be done to reduce the risk of prolonged labor or when elongated. The position of labor commonly used is the dorsal recumbent position, but a combination of labor positions can also be performed. Purpose: The aim of this study was to determine the differences in the use of time period II between the dorsal recumbent position and the combination position in primigravidian mothers at Roemani Hospital Muhammadiyah Semarang. Methods: The research method used was Quasy Experiment with the design of the Post Test Only Design Group. The number of samples in this study were 30 respondents who were divided into 2 treatment groups. The sampling technique uses Accidental sampling. Data analysis using Independent t-test. Results: Based on the results of the Independent test the t-test obtained p-value = 0,000 (P

Free viewpoint video is generated on the basis of a video plus depth (V+D) virtual point rendering framework. Because of the limited bandwidth of video transmission, depth-image-based rendering (DIBR) has become a common method. Most DIBR methods not only have holes and ghost artifacts but also have problems with time continuity, leading to frequent flickers. In this paper, we make full use of time domain information in video sequences and adjacent frames to extract the static background image of the whole scene. Furthermore, we propose a weighted-fusion hole-filling method based on static background to fill holes and maintain time continuity. Experimental results show that the proposed method can improve the quality of virtual view images and strengthen spatio-temporal continuity.

Flipped classrooms are a teaching method which changes the way students and teachers have traditionally learnt and taught course content, through technology and more innovative use of time. Flipped classes can be a solution to the issues that universities face presently and into the future. In this article, we provide a review of literature on how academics in finance have applied the flipped classroom approach in their classes. We used key words of flipped classroom, finance education and application of flipped classrooms in finance education in the database of ProQuest, JSTOR, ScinceDirect and WEB of SCIENCE via La Trobe University Library, Australia. We found 163 articles related to these criteria. When we evaluated all articles we realized that most of the articles were in the area of several flipped classroom applications such as law, mathematics, and language, but not finance education. The results show that there is much indirect evidence of flipped classroom and finance education. Only 10 articles meet the criteria of the flipped classroom and educational outcomes in finance education. We identify common themes in research purposes and results – student perceptions on learning and how to improve academic outcomes. We also identify some areas which the case studies have not explored. In doing so, we aim to provide a comprehensive basis for future research into flipped classrooms in finance education and its implications for the finance industry.

Objective: The aim was to analyse whether there was a change in percentage of long consultations over a 10-year period, and whether individual doctors changed their use of time as they got more experience and specialisation during the same period. Design and setting: This is a registry based study encompassing all consultations in primary care out-of-hours service in Norway in 2008 and 2017. Subjects: For both years all doctors were included in cross sectional analyses. In addition, doctors who participated both years were included in a separate follow-up analysis. Main outcome measures: Long consultations (>20 min) were identified by a time fee in the claims’ database. Results: There were 4610 doctors in 2008 and 5620 in 2017, 904 participated both years. In 2008 a time fee was claimed in 38% of consultations, in 2017 in 47%. Older doctors made less use of the time fee, as did doctors who had many consultations, regular general practitioners, and general practice specialists. The general practitioners who participated both years increased their use of the time fee from 33% to 38% of consultations. Those who specialised in general practice during the 10-year period increased their use of the time fee from 34% to 37%. Conclusions: Experienced doctors have fewer long consultations than inexperienced doctors. Over years there is a strong trend towards increasing the use of time fee during out-of-hours consultations. This trend is only partly offset by increasing the experience of the doctors.KEY POINTSAlthough consultation length may be associated with patient satisfaction there is also a cost-efficiency aspect to be taken into account•Percentage long consultations out-of-hours increased from 38% in 2008 to 47% in 2017•Experienced doctors had fewer long consultations•Experience only partly offset the trend towards more long consultations

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to theorize teacher agency as enacted through a P/policymaking lens in three elementary classrooms. Big-P Policies are formal, top-down school reform policies legislated, created, implemented and regulated by national, state and local governments. Yet, Big-P policies are not the only policies enacted in literacies classrooms. Rather, little-p policies or teachers’ local, personal and creative enactments of their values and expertise are also in play in daily classroom decisions. Little p-policies are teachers doing their best in response to their students and school contexts.Design/methodology/approachAdapting elements of discursive analysis, this interpretive inquiry is designed to examine textual artifacts, situated alongside classroom events and particular local practices, to explicate what teachers’ policymaking enactments regarding time and curriculum look like across three distinct contexts. Using three elementary classrooms as examples, this paper provides analytic snapshots illustrating teachers’ policymaking to solve problems of practice posed by state and school policies for curriculum, and for use of time at school.FindingsThe findings suggest that teachers ration (aliz)ed use of time in ways that enacted personal politics, to prioritize children’s personal growth and well-being alongside teachers’ values, even when use of time became “inefficient.” An artifact from three focal classrooms illustrates particular practices – scheduling, connecting and modeling – teachers leveraged to enact little p-policy. Teachers’ little p-policy enactment is teacher agency, used to disrupt temporal and curricular policies.Originality/valueThis framing is valuable because little-p policymaking works to disrupt and negotiate temporal and curricular mandates imposed on classrooms from the outside.

Background Recently, a small number of studies have suggested that gains in fitness and reductions in body fat achieved during the school term are reversed or stagnate during the holiday period. This may be associated with changed activity patterns. The aim of this study was to compare 24-h activity compositions between school and holiday periods in Australian children. Methods The participants in this study were 366 children (53% female, 13.4 ± 2.3 years) who were a subgroup of the 2007 Australian National Children’s Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey. Each child recalled use of time on at least one school day, one weekend day and one holiday using the Multimedia Activity Recall for Children and Adults. Composite “in-term” and “holiday” use-of-time profiles were generated by weighting school days by 5, and weekends by 2 where data were available. Difference between holiday and in-term time use was assessed using a compositional multivariate linear model for repeated measures. Subsequent models tested for interaction between time of measurement and socio-economic status or body mass index. Results Time use was significantly different between holidays and in-term days (F = 103, p

From a joint temporal and socio-spatial perspective, we examine how young people’s everyday lives integrate with the use of digital media. Conceptually, we complement a standard displacement approach by advancing the role of time-space priorities, time elasticities, and online/offline intersections. We use micro-level data concerning youth aged 15–24 years from the Swedish Time-Use Survey, 2010–2011. Using covariate analysis, we compare heavy, medium, and light digital media users on weekdays and weekends. The results contradict expectations of a homogenous group of ‘digital natives’, also showing that heavy use is still gendered. Heavy users generally spend more time at home, perform more activities alone, and travel less. Heavy use is associated with less time spent on outdoor activity and sports, socializing offline, and watching TV, and more time sleeping at night. Digital media use is highly elastic to available free time on weekdays, but is very differently prioritized on weekends.

Background Defects of the facial skeleton often require complex reconstruction with vascularized grafts. This trial elucidated the usability, visual perception and accuracy of a markerless augmented reality (AR)-guided navigation for harvesting iliac crest transplants. Methods Random CT scans were used to virtually plan two common transplant configurations on 10 iliac crest models, each printed four times. The transplants were harvested using projected AR and cutting guides. The duration and accuracies of the angulation, distance and volume between the planned and executed osteotomies were measured. Results AR was characterized by the efficient use of time and accurate rendition of preoperatively planned geometries. However, vertical osteotomies and complex anatomical settings displayed significant inferiority of AR guidance compared to cutting guides. Conclusions This study demonstrated the usability of a markerless AR setup for harvesting iliac crest transplants. The visual perception and accuracy of the AR-guided osteotomies constituted remaining weaknesses against cutting guide technology.

Objective: Localised scleroderma is a rare disease and the wound is difficult to heal because of tissue fibrosis. We present the case of a patient with localised scleroderma treated using the TIME (tissue, infection or inflammation, moisture and edge of wound) clinical decision support tool (CDST) for wound management. This includes: assessment, bringing, control, decision and evaluation (the ABCDE approach). The patient was fully evaluated and multidisciplinary teams were involved in wound treatment. Complications of wound healing were controlled and treated, and the wound was continuously assessed until it healed. Conclusion: This method of wound management provides a sound theory for the evaluation and management of hard-to-heal wounds and is worthy of clinical application.

The COVID-19 pandemic has seen an unprecedented and agile global shift in the ways that we educate, and in the ways that students consume their learning activities. This necessary paradigm shift has allowed many educators to take a critical look at their teaching styles, and to use technology in innovative ways to create the best experience for their students. Computing is a subject which traditionally, focuses on experiential, in-person activities such as labs, groupwork, and tutorials. COVID-19 has forced educators to reconsider the use of time and catalyzed overnight innovation. Some of these new practices are ones that would be valuable to learn from and carry forward into our post-COVID teaching. This BoF will provide a platform for discussion of what the post-COVID academic landscape might look like, and how we can use lessons learned during this educational shift to improve our practice.

Background: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has had an important effect on medical education. Universities around the world responded to the crisis by announcing the immediate closure and substituted the in-person sessions with online ones. Methods: Iran University of Medical Sciences designed a platform for medical students. To maintain the social distance, only onethird of students living in the dormitory were present at the dormitory in this condition. Some training courses were divided into two parts and each group was supposed to participate in given courses in-person for 15 days. The crash courses were trained on all days of the week. Then, the first group left the dormitories and was replaced with the second group, and they used dormitories for 15 days after being disinfected. Besides, for the best use of time, students who could not present in these 15-day training courses took part in virtual training programs. Results: It is depopulate the educational sessions at hospitals and classes in educational sectors. Besides, using the virtual classroom software given by the university, students can take part in virtual training programs. Conclusion: Using this platform, the number of trainees, as well as the gathering of students at dormitories, was reduced.

This article covers the responses provided by professional practitioners in socio-educational intervention who are responsible for young people in social difficulties, in other words those facing personal and social issues that stop them from leading a normal life. It considers their suggestions for helping young people to better their lives by becoming autonomous, as well as to manage and use their time in their transition to adulthood. A qualitative study was conducted that used an open, ad-hoc questionnaire administered to thirty participants (Madrid, Spain), in which the data analysis involved MAXQDA Analytics Pro 2020 software. The results identify suggestions at macrosocial level targeting the system, legal status, therapy, safety nets, education and the range and provision of social services. On another level, suggestions for improvement were identified in an immediate setting in which the young people interact with agencies, practitioners and counsellors. An initial level featured mostly statements of support for autonomy from the system and social services. The second level contained mainly suggestions for agencies, centres and social services. The conclusion is that there are implications at different levels of social ecology according to Bronfenbrenner&rsquo, s model (1994). The practical suggestions for young people&rsquo, s self-sufficiency in the use and management of their time should therefore be flexible, linked and cater for their more therapeutic needs through to their leisure time.

Identifying people from anonymous location histories is important for two purposes. i.e. to clarify privacy risks in using the location histories and to find evidence of who went where and when. Although linking with social network accounts is an excellent approach for such identification, previous methods need information about social relationships and have a limitation on the number of target data sets. Moreover, they make limited use of time information. We present models that overcome these problems by estimating the sameness and difference of people by using combinations of time and distance. Our proposed method uses these models along with multi-resolution models for both sides of linking, i.e. location histories and social network accounts. Evaluation using real data demonstrated the effectiveness of our method even when linking only one pseudonymized and obfuscated location history to 1 of 10,000 social network accounts without any information about social relationships.

This study aims to reveal employee performance on the effectiveness of the 5 working day policy in improving the implementation of the Minimum Service Standards at the Mataram City Education Office and to explain the factors inhibiting the implementation of 5 working days in relation to the achievement of Minimum Service Standards at the Mataram City Education Office. This research uses a qualitative approach with descriptive methods. This research was conducted at the Mataram City Education Office. Collecting data using observation, interviews and documentation. The data analysis technique uses three activity lines, namely data reduction, data presentation and conclusion drawing. Validity data using analysis techniques of credibility, transferability, dependability and confirmability. The results of this study indicate that the five-day work policy, both regarding the use of time and work discipline, work intensity, work initiative, and work atmosphere in the five working day policy collectively contributes positively to the work productivity of the Mataram City national education office employees. Employees feel happy with the policies implemented by the Education Office so that employee performance can increase towards achieving minimum service standards.

Background: In recent years the use of time to death (TTD) variables in the modeling of individual health expenditures has been of interest to health economics researchers. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of age and TTD on hospital inpatient expenditure (HIE). Methods: We used a claims database from Iran Health Insurance Organization of Tehran city that includes considerable proportion of Tehran residents and contains information on insured individuals’ HIE. We included HIE of all insured decedents (30 to 90 years old) who died during March 2013 and March 2014 (n=1018). No sampling was required. According to the decedents’ date of death, we extracted their last 24 months HIE. The period of time March 30, 2011 until March 30, 2014 (3 years) was used to guarantee a full 24 months of observations for decedents. A two-part econometric model was employed to investigate the effect of age, TTD, and some demographic variables on probability and conditional amount of individuals’ hospital expenditure. Stata software (version 16.0) was used for data processing and analysis. Results: Our results demonstrated that the month-based TTDs especially near months before death of decedents (TTD1 to TTD10) significantly affected both probability and conditional amount of HIE. One month before death incurred more HIE than the rest of the months. A further interesting finding is that after including TTD, age variable as a conditional driver of HIE loses its direct effect on decedents’ HIE, but age TTD interaction effect on HIE is still positive and statistically significant. Conclusion: The results confirm that TTD as a proxy of mortality indicator has a considerable effect on decedents’ HIE. The age variable has not directly affected decedents’ HIE but indirectly and through its interaction with TTD has a statistically significant effect on HIE. In addition to age, policy-makers should consider TTD to make better predictions of future HIE.

An accurate recognition of a dimensional variation pattern is very important for producing high-quality body-in-white (BIW). The wide application of optical coordination measurement machines (OCMM) in vehicle factory provided massive online dimensional data for the variation pattern recognition. However, the massive serially correlated or autocorrelated and 100% measurement data generated from the OCMM challenge the traditional statistical process control (SPC) technology and the common variation recognition approaches. This paper presents a novel deep-learning method, long short-term memory neural network (LSTM NN), to recognize the variation pattern of the BIW OCMM online measurement data. A comparative study between the backpropagation neural network (BP NN) and the LSTM NN was implemented, and the practicability of the proposed intelligent method was demonstrated by a case study. With the efficient use of time series information, the LSTM NN has a good performance in variation patterns' recognition and high practicability in improving the quality of the BIW.

Objectives In the field of antimicrobial resistance, the number of studies using time series data (TSD) has increased recently. The purpose of this study was to systematically review all studies on antimicrobial consumption and Pseudomonas aeruginosa antimicrobial resistance in healthcare settings that have used TSD. Methods A systematic review of the literature up to June 2017 was conducted. All studies that have used TSD and have examined in-hospital antimicrobial consumption and P. aeruginosa resistance rates or incidence were eligible for inclusion; no other exclusion criteria were applied. Data on the structure, terminology used, methods and results for each article were recorded and analysed where possible. Results A total of 36 studies were retrieved from PubMed, of which 23 were in accordance with the inclusion criteria. Thirteen studies were quasi-experimental studies and ten were ecological observational studies. Twenty studies collected TSD for both parameters, and the statistical methodology time series analysis was applied in nine studies. Discussion Most of the studies were published in the last 8 years. The interrupted time series design was the most widespread. As expected, there was high heterogeneity with regard to study design, terminology and statistical methods applied.

CONTEXT In an era of medical education reform and increasing accountability at all levels of higher education, there is a need to understand how the time in which students engage in academic activities can inform evidence-based quality improvement of the curriculum. Time logging provides an opportunity to quantify student use of academic time and guide data-informed decision making in curriculum design. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to evaluate faculty staff and student predictions of students' academic time use and to assess students' reported academic time use. METHODS Graduate-level professional students engaged in a time use exercise during the first semester of Year 1 (autumn 2015) and second semester of Year 2 (spring 2017) of a redesigned curriculum launched in autumn 2015. This exercise involved three key activities: (i) prediction of time use; (ii) time logging, and (iii) reflection on time use. Key faculty staff predicted students' weekday time use in both semesters. RESULTS Students' predictions of academic time use strongly correlated with their reported academic time use during both the first semester of Year 1 and second semester of Year 2 (r = 0.55 and r = 0.53, respectively). Faculty members' predictions of academic time use did not correlate with student academic time use during either semester. Although 63.8% of Year-1 students reported the time use exercise motivated them to change their time use, students reported spending similar amounts of time on academic activities during the first semester of Year 1 (7.8 ± 1.5 hours per weekday) and the second semester of Year 2 (7.9 ± 2.0 hours per weekday). Most students reported that the exercise had been useful and indicated that their logged time accurately reflected their actual time use. CONCLUSIONS Although curriculum reform efforts may always require that some assumptions be made, time logging can quantify students' academic use of time. Although students predict their use of time more accurately than do faculty staff, negligible changes in students' academic time use despite reported desires to make changes indicate that students' academic time use may remain inelastic. Educators must consider these findings as they design curricula, identify academic rigour, and establish student expectations of academic time use.

Introduction The goal of this study was to describe differences in time use and energy expenditure associated with exercise, prolonged TV viewing, and work days in a longitudinal study of older adults. Methods Participants were 1,020 adults who completed previous-day recalls that provided a profile of the use of time in sedentary and physical activity. Time use and physical activity energy expenditure were predicted for each type of day (exercise, prolonged TV, work) using linear mixed models, adjusting for age, sex, season of the year, and day of the week. Data were collected in 2012–2013; analysis was completed in 2017. Results Exercise days had less sedentary time (–0.37 hours/day) and light activity (–0.29 hours/day), and less household, work, and shopping activities, such that the increase in total physical activity energy expenditure on exercise days (2.83 MET-hours/day) was only about half that expended during exercise (5.98 MET-hours/day). Prolonged TV viewing days had more total sedentary time (0.86 hours/days) and less light (–0.45 hours/day) and moderate–vigorous intensity activity (–0.41 hours/day), and thus lower total physical activity energy expenditure (–2.43 MET-hours/day). Work days had less sleep (–0.91 hours/day) and more total sedentary time (1.32 hours/day). Conclusions Exercise days had more physical activity energy expenditure, but because of reductions in other activities, only about half of the energy expended during exercise was added to total daily physical activity energy expenditure. Prolonged TV viewing days had less physical activity energy expenditure and less moderate–vigorous activity. These findings provide new insights into possible compensation associated with exercise, and suggest a strong link between TV viewing and physical inactivity.

Accidents remain to be the most common cause of death amongst men of ages 10–39 and women of ages 5–24. The sudden occurrence of simultaneous multiple events or a mass casualty event with many patients suffering severe injuries, including severe haemorrhage, requires emergency medical personnel to modify the algorithms, which dictate their actions. The military war mission in Iraq and Afghanistan brought many experiences, which were used and applied to guidelines, which are now used for the management of patients experiencing trauma in the civilian sector. The current trauma ITLS (International Trauma Life Support) guidelines suggest to use compression bands or haemostatic dressings in order to control bleeding in case of massive haemorrhage. An example of this recommendation being used can be seen in the regional par­amedic station in Poznan, Poland, where each ambulance is outfitted with “rescue packages” to be used in the event of massive haemorrhage. This practice can also be seen in Great Britain as well as Germany, where local protocols recommend the use of medical equipment taken from tactical medicine. The use of such tools allows for achieving a greater chance of rapid and effective haemostatic control in the event of massive haemorrhaging. These tools allow for more efficient use of time at the scene of the event, reducing the time a patient spends at the scene, allowing more rapid transport to hospital and more specialised surgical support. Reducing the time spent at the scene of an event while carrying out important procedures such as stabilising the patient’s airway, stopping haemorrhage and immobilising the patient, markedly improves the survival of trauma patients.

The governable worker, in Britain, is defined by the existing literature as a creation of the scientific management movement of the early twentieth century and, within the accounting domain, through standard costing as a disciplinary practice. This paper studies actions taken by the administrators and managers of Britain’s government military manufacturing establishments (GMMEs), from the 1850s onwards, to create a more governable workforce. This objective was achieved through the imposition of disciplinary practices, most importantly the use of time records to ensure attendance at the workplace and expert knowledge-based piece rates to monitor and control labour intensity. The absence of scientifically-established labour standards at GMMEs is acknowledged but, in other important respects, accounting is shown to have played a key role in the formulation of disciplinary practices designed to construct a governable labour force some decades before standard costing became the mechanism for rendering visible efficiency within the workplace.

The application of Big Data and time series models is currently at an early stage. This paper examines the relevance and use of time series analyses for Big Data and business analytics by discussing the emergence of Big Data in business, presenting time series models, and providing an example of how time series models can be efficiently and effectively applied in accounting and auditing using Big Data. Using sophisticated Big Data and time series models, millions of transactions can be searched to spot patterns and detect abnormalities and irregularities. The time series model and Big Data analysis presented in this paper provide policy, practical, educational, and research implications. Businesses and management can use our suggested time series model and Big Data analysis in their predictive models of managerial strategies, decisions, and actions. Business schools and accounting programs can integrate the time series model, Big Data, and data analytics into business and accounting education.

Task scheduling automation was examined to provide evidence on its effect on organsational efficiency by reference to two fully automated firms in Ogun State of Nigeria. Organisational efficiency was measured in terms of individual’s commitment to work, productivity, quality output and workflow efficiency. A structured questionnaire was administered to 56 employees from both firms. The inferential statistical tool, specifically the regression analysis measured the effect of automated task scheduling on workflow efficiency and whether individual commitment and productivity increased with the use of time tracking software. The resultrevealed that task scheduling had a significant effect on workflow efficiency. Task scheduling explained about 33.9% (R2 = 0.339) variation of workflow efficiency; and time tracking software’s ability to impel increase in employees’ commitment to work was not significant (p< 0.01). It was recommended that task scheduling should be considered by firms as it gives employees a clearer insight into organisation’s objectives and assist firms in meeting with daily tasks, urgent orders and deadlines. Additionally, time tracking software would permit task and time monitoring in such a way that employees time are judiciously utilised for organisational efficiency.

Several time-lapse imaging (TLI) systems for non-invasive continuous monitoring of developing embryos are currently available. The present study explored the prevalence, means of acquisition, and clinical application of TLI systems in USA in vitro fertilization (IVF) laboratories. An online cross-sectional survey of 294 USA IVF laboratory directors was conducted in February and March 2016. Those directing more than one laboratory were asked to complete the survey for their home program and for their smallest laboratory by number of IVF/intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) cycle starts. Use of TLI was analyzed using logistic regression to calculate odds ratios (OR). Of 294 directors surveyed, 162 (55%) reported data on 204 laboratories. Thirty-five laboratories (17%) possessed at least one TLI system (median 2, interquartile range 1–4, total range 1–11). The more oocyte retrievals a laboratory performed annually, the more likely the laboratory was to possess a TLI system. Fifteen laboratories (43%) purchased their own systems, while others leased, loaned, or received donated systems. Twenty-five laboratories (71%) reported using TLI for embryo selection; all used TLI always, or usually, in combination with standard morphology evaluation. Twenty laboratories (80%) offered TLI to all patients. Some laboratories charged patients for TLI. Directors with TLI systems were more inclined to believe that TLI has value for embryo selection in clinical IVF. TLI system possession in USA IVF laboratories is low, although positively associated with the number of retrievals performed and with directors’ opinions on the technology’s utility. Over 70% of laboratories with TLI systems use them clinically, and less than half purchased their systems.

El uso del tiempo es determinante en la construcción de las trayectorias laborales; las mujeres encontrarán limitación al desarrollar su trayectoria laboral, dada la distribución del mismo entre no trabajo remunerado y trabajo remunerado. La carga de actividades reproductivas y domésticas provoca que las mujeres tengan menores posibilidades de desarrollarse en el ámbito laboral.

Working time is a non-renewable and important element in the management of an organization. The implementation of changes in the structure of working time may be facilitated by the insight into activities undertaken by employees during work. Such an approach plays an important role since the effective use of time improves the quality of care, prevents timewasting and optimizes the use of the full potential of employees, including nurses. The objective of the study was to determine the structure of working time of pediatric nurses in hospital wards of 2 referential levels.The study was conducted in 2 wards (2nd and 3rd levels of reference) in the Regional Specialist Children's Hospital in Olsztyn. The research method involved the measurement of working time, as well as continuous and snap-shot observation techniques. Standardized research instruments were used in the study; 8 continuous observations and 2333 snap-shot observations were carried out.In the structure of working time of pediatric nurses indirect nursing-related activities predominated (52.2%). Direct nursing made 28.7% of the working time. The nurses devoted the smallest amount of time to coordination and organization - 8%. The percentage of time associated with non-duty activities and breaks at work was 11.1%. In direct nursing activities associated with diagnosing (9%) and treatment (11.7%) prevailed. In indirect nursing activities pertaining to documentation of activities related to direct nursing made 24.6%.Pediatric nurses devote insufficient amount of time to direct nursing. Activities associated with documentation of activities related to direct nursing, preparation for direct nursing, as well as treatment and diagnosing predominate in the working time structure of nurses. Med Pr 2017;68(1):95-103.Czas pracy to nieodnawialny i ważny element w zarządzaniu organizacją. Znajomość czynności wykonywanych podczas pracy przez pracowników może ułatwić wprowadzenie zmian w strukturze czasu pracy. Jest to istotne, ponieważ efektywne wykorzystanie czasu pracy zwiększa jakość opieki i zapobiega marnotrawstwu, a także zapewnia optymalne zagospodarowanie potencjału pracowników, w tym pielęgniarek. Celem badań było określenie struktury czasu pracy pielęgniarek pediatrycznych na oddziałach szpitalnych 2 poziomów referencyjnych.Badania prowadzono na 2 oddziałach (2. i 3. poziom referencyjny) w Wojewódzkim Specjalistycznym Szpitalu Dziecięcym w Olsztynie. Metodą badań było mierzenie czasu pracy, a technikami – obserwacja ciągła i migawkowa. W badaniach posłużono się standaryzowanymi narzędziami badawczymi. Przeprowadzono 8 obserwacji ciągłych i 2333 obserwacji migawkowych.W strukturze czasu pracy pielęgniarek pediatrycznych przeważały czynności związane z pielęgnacją pośrednią (52,2%). Pielęgnacja bezpośrednia zajmowała 28,7% czasu pracy. Najmniej czasu pielęgniarki przeznaczały na koordynowanie i organizowanie – 8%. Odsetek czasu związany z czynnościami pozasłużbowymi i przerwami w pracy stanowił 11,1%. W pielęgnacji bezpośredniej przeważały czynności związane z diagnozowaniem (9%) i leczeniem (11,7%). W pielęgnacji pośredniej 24,6% stanowiły czynności dotyczące dokumentowania czynności związanych z pielęgnacją bezpośrednią.Pielęgniarki pediatryczne przeznaczają za mało czasu na pielęgnację bezpośrednią. W strukturze czasu pracy pielęgniarek dominują czynności związane z dokumentowaniem czynności związanych z pielęgnacją bezpośrednią, przygotowaniem do pielęgnacji bezpośredniej oraz leczeniem i diagnozowaniem. Med. Pr. 2017;68(1):95–103.

Time-lapse imaging (TLI) systems for embryo incubation, assessment and selection are a novel technology available to in vitro fertilization (IVF) clinics. However, there is uncertainty about their clinical and cost-effectiveness and insufficient good quality evidence to warrant their routine use. Despite this, enthusiastic commercial marketing and slipping clinical equipoise have led to the widespread hasty introduction of this technology into practice, often at a considerable expense to the patient. We have reviewed the published literature and aim to summarize the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of these systems. These specialized incubators provide undisturbed embryo culture conditions and, by almost continuous monitoring of embryo development, generate morphokinetic parameters to aid embryo selection. They are thus hypothesized to improve outcomes following IVF. Although literature reports improved reproductive outcomes, these outcomes are largely surrogate and there is a paucity of studies reporting live births. The use of time lapse systems may reduce early pregnancy loss, increase elective single embryo transfers and limit multiple pregnancies through better embryo selection. However, the quality of the studies and hence the evidence so far, is low to moderate quality. We recommend further research producing robust high-quality evidence for and against the use of these systems.

I read with interest the article "Behavior Modification Is Associated With Reduced Psychotropic Medication Use in Children With Aggression in Inpatient Treatment: A Retrospective Cohort Study" by Carlson et al.,1 and I believe it raises important developmental questions regarding the application of adult criteria for seclusion and restraint (S/R) management to time out (T/O) procedures on child psychiatric inpatient units and the reliance on verbal de-escalation options to address behavioral crises with this patient population.

Background People with diabetes mellitus and peripheral neuropathy (DMPN) often have balance and mobility deficits. Time-to-boundary (TTB) is a parameter of postural control that combines position and velocity center of pressure data. While not previously investigated, assessment of TTB may provide new insight regarding postural control in people with DMPN. Research question Is TTB reduced and related to a measure of mobility in people with DMPN? Methods Thirteen people with DMPN without fall history and 13 healthy matched controls participated in this case-control study. Participants stood in double-limb stance on a force plate. The anterior-posterior and medial-lateral center of pressure position and velocity relative to the boundaries of the base of support were used to calculate TTB (s). Lower values indicate less postural control. Time-to-failure during single-limb stance was a secondary measure of postural control. Time to complete the Timed Up and Go (TUG) was our measure of mobility. Longer TUG times correspond to decreased mobility, strength, and balance. Independent t-tests or Mann-Whitney U tests were conducted to assess group differences. Bivariate correlations between task outcomes were conducted. Results Anterior-posterior TTB and single-limb stance times were shorter in people with DMPN (p ≤ 0.04). TUG times were longer in the DMPN group (p = 0.04). In the DMPN group, inverse relationships were observed between TTB and TUG (anterior-posterior R2 = .34; medial-lateral R2 = .49; both p = 0.01), but not between single-limb stance times and TTB or TUG. Significance TTB was a sensitive measure of postural control in people with DMPN. The detected relationship between TTB and TUG newly establishes TTB as a clinically meaningful indicator of balance and function. Study findings may serve to further guide balance screening and rehabilitation efforts in people with DMPN.

A crescente inserção feminina na educação superior e no mercado de trabalho nas últimas décadas colabora para reforçar alguns dilemas na construção da equidade de gênero, no que se refere ao uso do tempo para as mulheres estudarem, trabalharem, cuidarem da família e cuidarem-se. Partindo desta perspectiva, este trabalho tem como objetivo identificar como as mulheres universitárias lidam com a maternidade e a construção da carreira durante a fase da graduação. Para isto realizou-se trabalho de campo em dois cursos de graduação e foram realizadas dez entrevistas semiestruturadas com estudantes em caráter de profundidade. Concluímos que a maioria das mães apresenta dificuldades em conciliar maternidade e estudos, algumas delas pensam em desistir por não contar com uma rede de apoio, assim como não há políticas públicas que reconheçam a participação da mulher mãe nas universidades brasileiras.

Supplemental Digital Content is Available in the Text. The new web-based Graphical Index of Pain allows pain assessment of high spatial resolution with minimal use of time., This article is the first to present the Graphical Index of Pain (GRIP), a new user-friendly web-based method for high-throughput screening of pain. The long-term goal of the method is to improve global standardization of pain measurements. GRIP consists of a hierarchical body map with 10 first-tier body regions, and a second tier with multiple pain loci (167 among men, 168 among women), which provides detailed information about pain location and distribution. Follow-up questions for first-tier regions include the following pain characteristics: onset, episode frequency, episode duration (including constant pain), intensity, bothering, depth of pain, and effects on sleep and daily activities. The first implementation of GRIP was in the Tromsø Study (2015-2016), a population-based study of adults aged 40 to 99 years. In total, 21,083 individuals participated in the study, and 96% (n = 20,263; age 40-96 years) completed GRIP. Pain intensity at first-tier regions and pain location and distribution at second-tier regions are in this article presented by sex-stratified customized heat maps showing large sex difference. Mean time to mark the first- and second-tier regions was 74 seconds. In conclusion, GRIP allows for high-resolution assessment and presentation of pain location and distribution with minimal use of time.