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Tumors with a low level of pre-existing immune cell infiltration respond poorly to immune checkpoint therapies. Oncolytic viruses optimize immunotherapies by modulating the tumor microenvironment and affecting multiple steps in the cancer-immunity cycle, making them an attractive agent for combination strategies. We engineered an HSV-1-based oncolytic virus and investigated its antitumor effects in combination with the marketed PD-1 antibody Keytruda (pembrolizumab) in hPD-1 knock-in mice bearing non-immunogenic B16-F10 melanoma. Our results showed enhanced CD8+ and CD4+ T cell infiltration, IFN-γ secretion and PD-L1 expression in tumors, subsequently leading to the prolonged overall survival of mice. Systemic changes in lymphocyte cell proportions were also observed in the peripheral blood. In summary, these findings provide evidence that oncolytic viruses can be engineered as a potential platform for combination therapies, especially to treat tumors that are poorly responsive to immune checkpoint therapy.

Highlights • Combination of oncolytic viruses armed with ICI and cytokine gene provides an efficient way for cancer treatment. • Combined treatment showed a high mice survival rate (100%). • Combined treatment produced a vaccine-like response in re-challenged experiment., Cancer immunotherapy is a new therapeutic strategy for cancer treatment that targets tumors by improving or restoring immune system function. Therapies targeting immune checkpoint molecules have exerted potent anti-tumor effects and prolonged the overall survival rate of patients. However, only a small number of patients benefit from the treatment. Oncolytic viruses exert anti-tumor effects by regulating the tumor microenvironment and affecting multiple steps of tumor immune circulation. In this study, we engineered two oncolytic viruses that express mouse anti-PD-1 antibody (VT1093M) or mouse IL-12 (VT1092M). We found that both oncolytic viruses showed significant anti-tumor effects in a murine CT26 colon adenocarcinoma model. Importantly, the intratumoral combined injection with VT1092M and VT1093M inhibited growth of the primary tumor, prevented growth of the contralateral untreated tumor, produced a vaccine-like response, activated antigen-specific T cell responses and prolonged the overall survival rate of mice. These results indicate that combination therapy with the engineered oncolytic virus may represent a potent immunotherapy strategy for cancer patients, especially those resistant to PD-1/PD-L1 blockade therapy., Graphical abstract Image, graphical abstract

With the rapid development of science and technology, the automobile industry presents a good development prospect. Especially, the application of new technology and new equipment, and the automatic driving technology have gradually entered people's vision. The automatic driving system of bus planning and design is essentially in order to escape from the wrong operation of the driver, automatically perceive the hidden danger in driving, reasonably plan and control, and avoid the occurrence of safety accidents to the greatest extent. Based on the actual requirements of bus automatic driving integration, combined with the characteristics of bus, this paper studies the system architecture and core control technology of automatic driving technology on bus. In this paper, multi-sensor data fusion, high-precision positioning, secondary path planning and other control technology means are determined, and then the perception system, decision-making system, execution system are designed and implemented to complete the design of automatic driving bus. Finally, the function, performance, reliability and other aspects of the designed automatic driving bus are tested. The test results show that the vehicle meets the basic actual needs and the expected design objectives, and can realize L3 level automatic driving under the conditions of low-speed closed Park, expressway and urban expressway.

Publisher's version (útgefin grein), Blood pressure (BP) was inconsistently associated with migraine and the mechanisms of BP-lowering medications in migraine prophylaxis are unknown. Leveraging large-scale summary statistics for migraine (Ncases/Ncontrols = 59,674/316,078) and BP (N = 757,601), we find positive genetic correlations of migraine with diastolic BP (DBP, rg = 0.11, P = 3.56 × 10−06) and systolic BP (SBP, rg = 0.06, P = 0.01), but not pulse pressure (PP, rg = −0.01, P = 0.75). Cross-trait meta-analysis reveals 14 shared loci (P ≤ 5 × 10−08), nine of which replicate (P, This research has been conducted using the UK Biobank Resource under Application Number 29273. We would like to thank the participants and researchers from the UK Biobank, 23andMe, Inc., International Headache Genetics Consortium (IHGC), MEGASTROKE, CARDIoGRAM, and International Consortium of Blood Pressure-Genome Wide Association Studies (ICBP) who contributed or collected data. Daniel I. Chasman is funded by US National Institutes of Health and US National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R21NS09296 and R21NS104398). Pamela M. Rist is funded by K01 HL128791. The MEGASTROKE project received funding from sources specified at http://www.megastroke.org/acknowledgments.html.

Sanitary landfill persists as a predominant sludge disposal method in particular in China. In this study, successive subsurface sludge samples (0.3 m deep) were collected from a bioreactor landfill unit where an anaerobic process took place during a 500 d period. The sludge samples were analyzed for total concentrations of cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn) and their species distributions, together with selected sludge chemical properties. In addition, the sludge samples were subjected to phytotoxicity testing. The results showed that the mobilities of Cd and Ni were decreased with landfill time, while the mobilities of Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn remained consistently low over the landfill period. The residual amounts of all these heavy metals were increased with landfill time, suggesting that the anaerobic sanitary landfill is an effective sludge stabilization method to reduce the ecological risk of these heavy metals. The increase in the sludge pH value with landfill time tended to promote the precipitation of heavy metals. Moreover, the sludge stabilization was found to be indicated by the formation of humic substance (HS) and volatilization of volatile matter (VM). The germination index (GI) values of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and Chinese cabbage (Brassica rapa chinensis) seeds grown in the 500 d anaerobically stabilized sludge were approximately 5.2- and 4.1-times higher than the values of those grown in the fresh sludge. The final sludge extract did not cause any significant inhibitory effect on the germination of the two types of seeds.

Through utilizing sensing and computing capabilities of mobile devices, mobile crowdsourcing network (MCN) can collect and analyze data in a cost-effective way. However, due to the selfishness of mobile devices, they may be reluctant to participate in crowdsourcing without additional incentives. In this paper, the incentive mechanism to encourage mobile devices’ participation in the multi-tasks of crowdsourcing is designed. By modelling MCN as a labour market, the crowdsourcing incentive mechanism is regarded as a moral hazard model under contract-based asymmetric information scenarios. Moreover, considering the interaction among crowdsourcing tasks, a multi-dimensional contract model is proposed. By evaluating mobile users’ performance, the service provider will reward and stimulate them to participate in crowdsourcing and work harder. Results demonstrate that the proposed contract has excellent performance in crowdsourcing incentives.

In order to utilize the large amount of historical data stored in the power system efficiently, and to provide the data support for the static security analysis, feature pattern extraction and situational awareness of the power grid, the idea of similarity matching of power grid running sections is proposed in this paper. The deep learning idea and model are introduced, and a similarity matching method for grid running section based on stacked autoencoder (SAE) is proposed. The algorithm process is divided into two stages which are layer-by-layer unsupervised pre-training and supervised fine-tuning. The effectiveness of the proposed method is validated on the IEEE 10-unit 39-bus system. The results show that the proposed method has high matching accuracy. In addition, the method greatly shorten the simulation time of training samples, with better performance and potential application value.

In the past few decades, 3D hydroelastic theory, an important branch of ship mechanics, has been developing dramatically. It offers a fluid-structure interaction method calculating response of structure of ship or offshore platform directly, which plays an significant role in the evaluation of wave loads on maritime structures. For platform with multiple modules, it is not only referred to loads on modules themselves but also to connectors’ loads between modules for their performance prediction. Absolutely, the 3D hydroelastic method described here can solve this problem accurately and directly. In this paper, 3D hydroelastic software, named COMPASS-THAFTS, has been developed by CSSRC and CCS on the basis of 3D hydroelastic theory initially established by Wu (1984). This software is very proper for designers and researchers of offshore structures because of its convenient and fast processing function. The COMPASS-THAFTS software mainly contains two modules, frequency-domain module and time-domain module. In this paper, we will focus our attention on introduction of integrated framework and processing functions in frequency domain module of COMPASS-THAFTS. Taking a certain offshore platform as application object, the 3D hydroelastic responses are calculated and the results are processed, and finally, the internal rules of data are analyzed. In subsequent work, some new modules, such as mooring module, will be integrated into COMPASS-THAFTS.

In order to improve the service quality of online business, solve the problem of high false alarm rate and low accuracy rate caused by the traditional cloud computing security detection methods. This paper proposed a method of combining wavelet packet decomposition and grey wolf algorithm to optimize the least squares support vector machine for cloud resource load. The load sequence is decomposed by the wavelet packet transform, and the least squares support vector machine is used to predict the reconfigurable load subsequence, which is improved by the gray Wolf Chaos positive cosine search. Early warning is achieved by detecting abnormal reduction and growth at various frequencies. Experiments show that this method can greatly reduce the false positive rate and has a good prediction accuracy.

Purpose – Although novel posting is a universal phenomenon in virtual communities (VCs), few studies have addressed the benefits of novel posting for group members. The purpose of this paper is to identify the social and psychological outcomes of novel posting, particularly whether and how sense of belonging can be produced by it. Sense of belonging implies an individual’s integration or assimilation into virtual groups. Design/methodology/approach – To assess the theoretical model, a survey was administered in an internet discussion community (Baidu Post Bar in China), and structural equation modeling was then used to test the model. Findings – Novel posting can produce social and psychological outcomes, such as social interaction ties, group-based self-esteem and sense of belonging. Novel posting is an individualized behavior, which some studies consider to conflict with sense of belonging; however, via the mediating effects of social interaction ties and group-based self-esteem, sense of belonging can also arise based on novel posting. Practical implications – VC operators should focus on differentiating between irrational posts and novel posts and encourage the latter. Additionally, to satisfy members’ needs, VC operators should strengthen the degree of social interaction ties and members’ self-esteem by providing attractive topics and virtual rankings. Originality/value – This study contributes to a theoretical understanding of the social and psychological outcomes of novel posting and, more importantly, whether and how sense of belonging arises on the basis of individualized behavior.

A method of “slope splicing” is proposed to build a tall-stepped mirror with high precision in a stepped-mirror-based static Fourier transform infrared spectrometer. The structural parameters were designed, and their errors were analyzed. We present the test results and an analysis of the combined effect of the errors on the recovered spectrum. The spectrum-constructing error of the constructed spectrum, 5.81%, meets the requirements for the system and suitable for realization of a miniaturized spectrometer. We performed experiments with the tall-stepped mirror to obtain the interferogram and spectrum of a silicon carbide light source. Further work is needed to optimize the capability of the system.

Direct Energy trading is a promising approach to simultaneously achieve trading benefits and reduce transmission line losses. Due to the characteristics of selfish requirement and asymmetric information, how to provide proper incentives for the electricity consumer (EC) and small-scale electricity supplier (SES) to take part in direct energy trading is an essential issue. Considering the variable characteristic of requirements and environment in direct energy trading, a two-period dynamic contract incentive mechanism is introduced into the long-term direct energy trading. The optimal contract is designed to obtain the maximum expected utility of the EC based on the individually rational and incentive compatible conditions. Simulation result shows that the optimal dynamic contract is efficient to improve the performance of direct energy trading.

Mobile crowdsourcing networks (MCNs) are a promising method of data collecting and processing by leveraging the mobile devices’ sensing and computing capabilities. However, because of the selfish characteristics of the service provider (SP) and mobile users (MUs), crowdsourcing participants only aim to maximize their own benefits. This paper investigates the incentive mechanism between the above two parties to create mutual benefits. By modeling MCNs as a labor market, a contract-based crowdsourcing model with moral hazard is proposed under the asymmetric information scenario. In order to incentivize the potential MUs to participate in crowdsourcing tasks, the optimization problem is formulated to maximize the SP’s utility by jointly examining the crowdsourcing participants’ risk preferences. The impact of crowdsourcing participants’ attitudes of risks on the incentive mechanism has been studied analytically and experimentally. Numerical simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed contract design scheme for the crowdsourcing incentive.

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a notably complex illness with a lifetime prevalence of 14%.1 It is often chronic or recurrent and is thus accompanied by considerable morbidity, excess mortality, substantial costs, and heightened risk of suicide.2-7 MDD is a major cause of disability worldwide.8 We conducted a genome-wide association (GWA) meta-analysis in 130,664 MDD cases and 330,470 controls, and identified 44 independent loci that met criteria for statistical significance. We present extensive analyses of these results which provide new insights into the nature of MDD. The genetic findings were associated with clinical features of MDD, and implicated prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortex in the pathophysiology of MDD (regions exhibiting anatomical differences between MDD cases and controls). Genes that are targets of antidepressant medications were strongly enriched for MDD association signals (P=8.5×10−10), suggesting the relevance of these findings for improved pharmacotherapy of MDD. Sets of genes involved in gene splicing and in creating isoforms were also enriched for smaller MDD GWA P-values, and these gene sets have also been implicated in schizophrenia and autism. Genetic risk for MDD was correlated with that for many adult and childhood onset psychiatric disorders. Our analyses suggested important relations of genetic risk for MDD with educational attainment, body mass, and schizophrenia: the genetic basis of lower educational attainment and higher body mass were putatively causal for MDD whereas MDD and schizophrenia reflected a partly shared biological etiology. All humans carry lesser or greater numbers of genetic risk factors for MDD, and a continuous measure of risk underlies the observed clinical phenotype. MDD is not a distinct entity that neatly demarcates normalcy from pathology but rather a useful clinical construct associated with a range of adverse outcomes and the end result of a complex process of intertwined genetic and environmental effects. These findings help refine and define the fundamental basis of MDD.

There are low frequency horizontal vibration problems in varying degree on the stator frame for operating giant hydro generator unit, those who adopted flexible support. To determine the cause of excessive vibration, the horizontal vibration of the stator frame and core were measured under the operating conditions of variable rotate speed, variable load and variable excitation. The results showed that the low frequency vibration had similar vibration characteristics in each generator unit, that is, the vibration of the stator increased as the excitation increasing and it did not matter to the change of rotate speed and load. This low frequency vibration was obviously caused by the unbalance magnetic pull. Based on the uneven of air gap, which induced by uneven magnetic pole morphology and relative eccentricity of the stator-rotor, low frequency vibration was explained.

A type of spatial modulating micro Fourier transform spectrometer (FTS) based on micro multi-step mirrors (MMSMs) is designed and manufactured in this paper. The interference system is based on Michelson interferometer, using two MMSMs instead of plane mirrors in two arms. The recovered spectrum is simulated with different distances between MMSMs and the detector, and the influence of diffraction on the recovered spectrum is analyzed. The edge-enlarging method for the MMSMs is proposed to eliminate edge noise, and the influence of surface roughness of MMSMs on the recovered spectrum is also analyzed. Moreover, the way of manufacturing the MMSMs is investigated. 2014 Tianjin University of Technology and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.

Spatial modulation Fourier transform spectrometer(FTS) based on micro step mirror arrays with high optical path difference sampling precision was a new high-tech measuring instrument. To depress the interferogram aliasing resulted from the chromatic dispersion of beam splitter, considering interferogram contrast reversal as the criterion of image degradation, the thickness difference between beam splitter and compensating plate was determined smaller than 0.2m. So as to restrain the ghost images induced by secondary reflection on the surface of beam splitter, the transmittance of anti-reflection film should be more than 98% and the transmittance of beam splitter film should be controlled within (505) %. Since the restriction of processing method and machining accuracy to micro step mirrors, the thickness deviation and angle deviation existed between various sub-mirrors. After the error synthesis to sub-mirror errors using Monte Carlo method, the tolerance of the thickness deviation and angle deviation was controlled in 1m and 210 -5rad. Meanwhile, the step height deviation of micro step mirrors may induce non uniform sampling to interference signal. Thus a spectrum method by least-squares cosines progression arithmetic was advanced and the validity of which was demonstrated well. 2013 Trans Tech Publications Ltd, Switzerland.

B = linear term coefficient vector bi = element i of B C = quadratic term coefficient matrix cij = jth element in ith row of C D = variance vector of X D = variance function E = mean value function f, Y, H = generic functions h = lining ring thickness i = row index j = column index k = the variable number of variable set r = the number of input variables t = time index tc = gas temperature X = input variable vector X, = variable set Xi = element i of X xmax = maximum variable value in X Yj = jth output response function Yj;max = the extremum of Yj c = heat transfer coefficient 0 = constant term min = the minimum output response of casing radial deformation = expansion coefficient = thermal conductivity = mean vector of X = normal distribution function

Aiming at the problem of consulting huge amount of data and diagrams when designing the transmission system of mounter worktable, the main parts of the transmission system, including guide rail, ball screw, servo motor and coupling, are analyzed. By using API function of SolidWorks, a rapid design prototype system for the transmission system of mounter worktable is developed via VC++6.0. This system can realize calculation and selection for the main parts of the transmission system accomplish the design and generate 3D drawing automatically. It improves the efficiency of the product design and reduces development cycle.

Car cabin front suspension bracket (CCFSB) plays a supporting role of cab which connected cab cabin and chassis parts. In the conventional design, CCFSB is large and heavy usually to ensure its design strength. Therefore, structure optimization design is becoming the focus on the design of CCFSB. To solve the problem, this paper presents a structure optimization design method of CCFSB based on HyperWorks. The “Analysis-OptiStruct-Refine-Analysis-Contrast” method is proposed to realize the structure optimization. By the process of “meshing-loading- calculating- view of results”, the result of structure optimization of CCFSB is got which shows materials distribution. Trough taking OptiStruct optimization, the weight of CCFSB is reduced about 39% but stiffness is increased. The performance of product is improved and the cost is reduced greatly.

Planomiller is a milling machine that widely used in processes of large parts. Cistern stents is a component of planomiller supporting the sink. In this paper, topological optimization of Cistern stents is implemented to reduce its weight. Firstly geometry model of Cistern stents is built in SolidWorks, a finite element model of Cistern stents is established. Then loads and boundary conditions are loaded to the finite element model according to engineering practice. Finally density of units is set as the design variables, energy of structural deformation is set as the objective function, Cistern stents can be optimized by optimizing analysis. The compared results show that the proposed optimization design is effective.

Effective profiling of consumer and service information is critical to today's e-business solutions. Typically, each service has its individual profiling requirements in addition to the basic profiling requirements common to all services. The challenge is to build a flexible profiling system to dynamically collect relevant consumer data and accommodate a variety of profiling requirements of different services. To address this challenge, this paper introduces a two-phase profiling framework based on a service hub that provides the infrastructure for service hosting, aggregation, and provisioning. The profiling framework supports two profiling mechanisms, namely Delegated Profiling and Punchout Profiling. Using the proposed Data Driven Dynamic Form, the Delegated Profiling enables a cost-effective way to collect service specific information from a consumer beyond the basic profiling requirements. Punchout Profiling enables seamless integration between an individual service's profiling system and the service hub through the use of the Profiling Punchout Protocol.

A novel static medium wave infrared (MWIR) imaging Fourier transform spectrometer (IFTS) is conceptually proposed and experimentally demonstrated. In this system, the moving mirror in traditional temporally modulated IFTS is replaced by multi-step micro-mirrors to realize the static design. Compared with the traditional spatially modulated IFTS, they have no slit system and are superior with larger luminous flux and higher energy efficiency. The use of the multi-step micro-mirrors can also make the system compact and light.

The motion and structural response to wave loading are studied experimentally for a large ship modeled with multiple segments and beams of variable cross-sections. As opposed to the traditional method with small number of segments and beams of uniform cross-section, the multi-segmented model with beams of variable cross-sections can more accurately simulate some of the hull properties that will otherwise be neglected. In this paper, the design method for the multi-segmented model is presented, and the model test results for the multi-segmented model with variable cross-section beams are compared with the traditional uniform beams and less segmented model for calm water, regular and irregular wave conditions. The influences of the segment number, variable cross-section, vessel speed and wave height are investigated using the load forecasting methods based on the rigid body and hydroelastic theories. It has been found that using variable cross-section beams can simulate hull stiffness of each section more accurately, and with the increase of the segment number in the ship model, the high frequency characteristics of the bending response are better reflected. Furthermore, the calculation results agree well with the experimental data, and the hydroelastic theory is found to be able to predict the higher frequencies of the hull structural responses. At the same time, with the increase of the vessel speed and wave height, the bending moment and wave height show an obvious nonlinear relationship. The methods and results presented in this paper have a certain guiding significance for the tank model tests and design of large ship structures.

This paper describes the Dubuque Electricity Portal, a city-scale system aimed at supporting voluntary reductions of electricity consumption. The Portal provided each household with fine-grained feedback on its electricity use, as well as using incentives, comparisons, and goal setting to encourage conservation. Logs, a survey and interviews were used to evaluate the user experience of the Portal during a 20-week pilot with 765 volunteer households. Although the volunteers had already made a wide range of changes to conserve electricity prior to the pilot, those who used the Portal decreased their electricity use by about 3.7%. They also reported increased understanding of their usage, and reported taking an array of actions - both changing their behavior and their electricity infrastructure. The paper discusses the experience of the system's users, and describes challenges for the design of ECF systems, including balancing accessibility and security, a preference for time-based visualizations, and the advisability of multiple modes of feedback, incentives and information presentation.

The partial null interferometric aspheric testing technique, based on the Twyman-Green interferometer system, is very useful and of good versatility. In this technique, the under-test aspheric needs to be located precisely. Taking advantage of ray tracing and digital image processing technique, a new method to locate aspheric is proposed. Firstly, model and simulate the Twyman-Green interferometer system in the ray tracing software ZEMAX, find an optimal test position and generate an optimal referenced interferogram. Record the interferogram and make it a target for the experimental interferogram to achieve. At the same time, an experimental interferogram can be obtained by building the same testing system experimentally. Process the one-dimensional gray scale data in X-axis of the two interferograms, two curves, indicating the black and white change of the interference fringes, are obtained. By comparing the normalized X coordinates of the peaks of the two curves, we can determine whether the under-test aspheric is positioned well. In order to locate the aspheric precisely, the aspheric has to be moved repeatedly to get a perfect interferogram whose peaks of interference fringes match well with those of the target interferogram. An experiment for testing a paraboloid with diameter 100mm and asphericity 50μm is carried out. The result shows that this kind of locating method has an Accuracy of 3-5μm, which demonstrates that the method is practicable and high-precision.

We demonstrate the structure from AlGaN-based multiple quantum well light emitting diodes at very short wavelength. Using software APSYS to simulate, 280nm wavelength can be achieved.

Based upon the analysis of management system for reserve talents of competitive sports and in accordance with the software engineering requirements, the management system for reserve talents of competitive sports is designed and developed. The system integrates the basic information, evaluation, statistics and decision-making models, and various kinds of athletic competency models of elite athletes, realizes the scientization, automation and man-machine integration in the reserve talents management, and thus provide a powerful decision support for the scientific management and implementation of reserve talents for competitive sports.

IBM Global Financing (IGF) is transforming its business using the Business Artifact Method, an innovative business process modeling technique that identifies key business artifacts and traces their life cycles as they are processed by the business. IGF is a complex, global business operation with many business design challenges. The Business Artifact Method is a fundamental shift in how to conceptualize, design and implement business operations. The Business Artifact Method was extended to solve the problem of designing a global standard for a complex, end-to-end process while supporting local geographic variations. Prior to employing the Business Artifact method, process decomposition, Lean and Six Sigma methods were each employed on different parts of the financing operation. Although they provided critical input to the final operational model, they proved insufficient for designing a complete, integrated, standard operation. The artifact method resulted in a business operations model that was at the right level of granularity for the problem at hand. A fully functional rapid prototype was created early in the engagement, which facilitated an improved understanding of the redesigned operations model. The resulting business operations model is being used as the basis for all aspects of business transformation in IBM Global Financing.

Traditionally disparate approaches have been used for business process modeling and business process monitoring. The connections are often achieved through IT-level models e.g. state machine models. In this paper we provide a unified model - managed business artifacts - that captures the process modeling and monitoring concerns. We establish the connections through a business-level model. The concepts are illustrated through a simple example of the job application process.

IT organizations are faring significant business and technical challenges today. On the business realm, companies are increasingly outsourcing their IT operations to specialized IT services firms. On the technical side, new architectural approaches such as Model Driven Architecture and Service Oriented Architecture are fundamentally changing IT management. In response to these challenges, Business-driven IT management (BDIM) has emerged as a new approach lo IT management that bridges Business IT gap, improves the quality of IT services, and optimizes IT operations. In this paper, we present a multi- layer modeling framework to support BDIM, introduce a versatile Service Delivery Management (SDM) platform for IT service delivery, and use the construction of the SDM platform to demonstrate the modeling framework in action.

An array of 320 × 240 micro-light-emitting diodes (micro-LEDs) based on an AlGaInP epitaxial wafer and with a unit size of 100 µm×100 µm was designed and fabricated. The optimum width of the isolation groove between adjacent light-emitting units was determined based on a compromise between full isolation of each LED and maximization of the light emitting area, and was found to be 20 µm. The grooves were filled with a mixed Si granule-polyurethane composite medium, because this type of insulating material can reflect part of the emitted light from the sidewall to the window layer in each light-emitting unit, and could thus improve lighting output efficiency. The 10-µm-wide square-circle anode was designed to increase the light emitting area while simultaneously being simple to fabricate. The device current used was in the 0.42–1.06 mA range to guarantee internal quantum efficiency of more than 85%, with a corresponding voltage range of 2–2.3 V. The layered temperature distribution in a single unit was simulated under a drive voltage of 2.2 V, and the maximum device temperature was 341 K. The micro-opto-electro-mechanical systems (MOEMS) technology-based fabrication process, experimental images of the device and device test results are presented here.

In a stepped-mirror-based static Fourier transform infrared spectrometer, the collimation lens is located adjacent to the light source and the thermal radiation would lead to the partial temperature increase, and the refractive index of the infrared material unavoidably changes. Then the light beam passing through the collimation lens will induce a divergence angle, directly affecting the resolution of the recovered spectrum. Meanwhile, the angular divergence results in a displacement in the interference signal, making increasing difficulties in the interferogram processing and the spectrum recovery. In this paper, the distribution of temperature in different areas of the collimation lens is studied under the working condition, and the defocusing value of the collimation lens is 0.153 mm that is caused by the refractive index gradient of the infrared material along with the temperature. In addition, the divergence angle induced by defocusing is calculated, its distribution being nonuniform but symmetrical within the sample area. Moreover, the divergence angle brings about additional optical path difference, its effect on the recovered spectrum is analyzed. Compared with the ideal recovered spectrum, much noise emerges and the peak value is reduced in the real recovered spectrum. The spectrum-construction error of the real recovered spectrum is 18.72%, indicating that the recovered spectrum is seriously distorted, and the resolution at the center wavelength in the ideal recovered spectrum and the real spectrum are 4.71 cm-1 and 5.57 cm-1, respectively. This indicates that the spectrum resolving power is weakened. Furthermore, the reasonable temperature range is obtained by analyzing the curve of spectrum-construction error versus temperature of the collimation lens. When a spectrum-construction error of less than 5% is demanded, the temperature difference between the front len of collimation and the ambient must be less than 8 ℃. Finally, experiments are performed using a SiC rod as the light source, and interferograms are made by four steps including dark current electric noise elimination, spatial gain correction, image signal averaging, and spectrum recovery. Results show that the spectrum-construction errors (SCE) from the cold light source and non-cold light source are 8.48% and 21.51%, respectively. Although they are all larger than the theoretical value, the SCE of cold light source decreases by 13.03% compared to cooling-free light source. Hence, it is necessary to reduced the thermal radiation influence on collimation lens from the light source. This result is helpful in solving the analogous problems.

In this paper, we present the Web services outsourcing manager framework via a mathematical model for dynamic business processes configuration using existing Web services to meet customers' requirements. An XML-based annotation document is proposed to capture the business requirements and used to dynamically generate search scripts for an advanced Web services discovery engine to find Web services from UDDI registries and Web service inspection language documents. A list of available Web services is returned for further composition and optimization to produce the final business process. This paper proposes a novel mechanism to map a service selection problem into a solution space {0,1} to utilize gold optimization algorithms such as genetic algorithms (GA). A working research prototype has been implemented to demonstrate the feasibility of the on-demand Web services flow composition.

Today businesses are interacting and collaborating more often in the context of a business value chain involving a variety of partners to deliver products and services. Business to business (B2B) connectivity, Enterprise Application Integration (EAI) and general business collaboration processes are becoming more critical in operating and managing efficient enterprises. The required level of inter and intra enterprise integration is generally a large undertaking and involves substantial development and customization efforts. In this paper, we propose an adaptive integration activity management approach based on web services technologies to reduce code changes associated with business process integration in a distributed collaboration environment. Specifically, we present a concept of activity chain to capture non-deterministic process flows as well as deterministic process flows in a uniform manner. Then an Activity Ontology is introduced to capture the integration requirements that include adaptation behaviors, action properties, business rules, and access control policy references. The unique ontology representation and management of the integration activities provides a uniform way to integrate additional internal and external business applications to reduce the need for pre-defined and hard-wired integration methods and to minimize code changes to existing components in an existing business collaboration and integration (B2B/EAI) infrastructure. In addition, a Petri-Net modeling exercise of the proposed integration activity management is performed to help better understand the actual system and improve the system design beforehand.

Effectively profiling customer, merchant and service information is critical to today's e-commerce (electronic commerce) environment. The challenge is to build a flexible profiling system to dynamically collect relevant information about consumers according to diverse profiling requirements of different services, so that the services can get provisioned. We present a service hub based two-phase profiling framework equipped with two profiling methods namely Delegated Profiling and Punchout Profiling to address this challenge. Powered by D3Form (Data Driven Dynamic Form) technology, Delegated Profiling is able to cost-effectively collect consumers' information for services in addition to a common base profiling requirement by specifying service-specific delta. Punchout Profiling enables seamless integration between services' profiling systems and the hub by the Profiling Punchout Protocol.

In this paper, a manageable Web services hub framework and enabling technologies for e-sourcing are proposed for buyers, suppliers, service providers and trading partners to register business, user and service information as well as to provision and subscribe to services. The proposed framework enables a business to dynamically configure its business processes to integrate with existing Web services provided by other enterprises based on service requirements. Next, a multi-level security mechanism ensuring secure communications in a hub or among hubs is presented. An advanced Web services discovery mechanism is introduced after that for looking up multiple UDDI registries and aggregating results in an efficient manner. A working system of this framework, Managed e-Hub, which provides an infrastructure for enabling next generation e-utilities in a secure and controlled environment, is also presented in this paper. Some further research ideas are given at the end of the paper.

Due to the restriction of manufacture precision to beam splitter in spatial modulated Fourier transform infrared spectrometer, the wedge error will be existed on the substrate of beam splitter. Through the analysis of the propagation characteristics of the beam in beam splitter, the deviation of optical path difference caused by the wedge angle is gained, and then the functional relations between interference irradiance and wedge angle error, recovered spectrum and wedge angle error are obtained. The result shows that the wedge error can induce the spectral line shift to lower frequency and reduce the spectral resolution by means of simulation. After the theoretical analysis, the error tolerance of wedge angle under the wavenumber precision and spectral resolution is gained. Aiming at the interferogram intensity distribution influenced by wedge angle, a method of spectrum correction resolving the linear equation by discrete spectrum sequence is put forward, and the correction effect is proved well.

A novel static infrared Fourier transform imaging spectrometer based on the multi-level micro-mirrors is proposed. The system does not contain slit and moving parts, thus the system has the advantages of a large luminous flux and a stable structure. The working principle and the generating means of the optical path difference for the imaging spectrometer are introduced. According to the working principle of the system, the rear imaging system has been analyzed and designed. The designed results show that the rear imaging system has a fine image quality at the temperature range of -20C~60C. In the full field of the Nyquist frequency of 17 lp/mm, the modulation transfer function (MTF) of the rear imaging system is greater than 0.6. The maximum root mean square (RMS) spot diameter of the system is less than 12 m. The single pixel energy concentration is greater than 80% and the cold stop matching efficiency is near 100%. The changing of the RMS spot diameter as the standard is used to calculate the tolerance sensitivity matrix and the result shows that in the zero field the probability of spot diameter less than 16 m is 97.7%.

PURPOSE: Differentiation of recurrent nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) from radiation fibrosis using conventional diagnostic methods can be difficult. The authors prospectively studied patients with NPC to determine the efficacy of Tc-99m MIBI scintigraphy in detecting the primary, residual, and recurrent tumors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The authors performed Tc-99m MIBI SPECT studies of the head and neck and whole-body scans on 21 healthy adult volunteers and 43 patients with NPC before (n = 26) or after (n = 17) radiotherapy. The images were qualitatively assessed by comparing the nasopharyngeal uptake to scalp radioactivity. MIBI uptake index was calculated as a ratio of mean counts per pixel in the normal nasopharynx or tumor to mean counts per pixel in the scalp. RESULTS: There was significantly higher uptake of Tc-99m MIBI by NPC than normal nasopharynx and radiation fibrosis (P < .05). The authors determined the optimum cutoff MIBI uptake index value of 1.3 with a sensitivity of 97%, a specificity of 100%, a positive predictive value of 100%, a negative predictive value of 96%, and an accuracy of 98% for diagnosing NPC. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that Tc-99m MIBI SPECT is useful for detecting primary NPC and for differentiating residual or recurrent tumor from radiation fibrosis. The authors propose the cutoff MIBI uptake index value of 1.3 for diagnosing NPC.

Intestinal lymphangiectasia is a common cause of protein-losing enteropathy characterized by diarrhea, generalized edema, enteric protein loss, hypoproteinemia, and lymphopenia. Diagnosis is based on demonstration of enteric protein loss and characteristic small bowel mucosal histology. Various imaging modalities including barium studies, computed tomography, and lymphangiography have had limited clinical use. The authors report a case of intestinal lymphangiectasia in which Tc-99m dextran lymphoscintigraphy played a significant role in the patient management.