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This paper presents single-event upset (SEU) rates in flip-flops (FFs) in EUV 7 nm bulk-FinFET technology. EUV technology achieves high transistor-density, small FF cell-size, and low SEU rate. The alpha-SEU rate in EUV 7 nm FFs is 0.7X of the SEU rates in 10 nm FFs. The neutron-SEU rate in EUV 7 nm FFs is 0.6X of the SEU rates in 10 nm FFs. This paper also discusses the circuit dependence of the SEU rate in Normal-, Reset-, Set-FFs, and a soft-error immune FF (SEIFF), and SRAM.

This paper proposes an alternative method of alpha-irradiation test in flip-chip packages, backside irradiation test in EUV 7nm FinFET SRAM. The backside-test is conducted in backside-ground flip-chips. The sample thickness is measured, and the correlation factor is calculated by Monte-Carlo simulations. The results of backside- and front-side-tests show the dependability of the proposed method.

Objective: The authors aimed to identify ergonomic smartphone forms by investigating the effects of hand length, four major smartphone dimensions (height, width, thickness, and edge roundness), and smartphone mass on grip comfort and design attractiveness. Background: Despite their potential effect on grip comfort and design attractiveness, the dimensions specified above have never been simultaneously considered in a study investigating smartphone gripping. Method: Seventy-two young individuals participated in a three-stage study. Stage 1 determined the ranges of the four smartphone dimensions suitable for grip comfort and identified the strengths of their influences. Stage 2 investigated the effects of width and thickness (determined to have the greatest influence) on grip comfort and design attractiveness. Mock-ups of varying masses were fabricated using the dimensions determined during the first two stages to investigate the effect of mass on grip comfort and design attractiveness in Stage 3. Results: Phone width was found to significantly influence grip comfort and design attractiveness, and the dimensions of 140 × 65 (or 70) × 8 × 2.5 mm (height × width × thickness × edge roundness) provided high grip comfort and design attractiveness. The selected dimensions were fit with a mass of 122 g, with masses in the range of 106–137 g being comparable. Conclusion: The findings of this study contribute to ergonomic smartphone design developments by specifying dimensions and mass that provide high grip comfort and design attractiveness. Application: The dimensions and mass determined in this study should be considered for improving smartphone design grip comfort and attractiveness.

This paper presents the soft error rate (SER) in flip-flops of 10-nm FinFET technology, and discusses the scaling trend of SER from 14- to 10-nm FinFET technologies. Alpha and neutron irradiation test results show huge SER improvement in 10-nm FinFET technology. In a 10-nm FinFET, the alpha-induced SER decreases by $13.4\times $ , and the neutron-induced SER decreases by $3.1\times $ , compared to the 14-nm FinFET technology. The SER improvement is analyzed with the physics-based 3-D technology computer-aided design and Monte Carlo simulations. The simulation results show that fin-width scaling reduces the charge generation as well as charge collection which explains the SER improvement observed in 10-nm FinFET technology.

With more curved display products in the market and more exposure to such products, it is necessary to examine the effects of display curvature and task duration from the ergonomics perspective. The current study examined the effects of these two factors on visual performance, visual fatigue, visual discomfort, and display satisfaction during proofreading tasks. We incorporated five display curvatures (600R, 1140R, 2000R, 4000R, and flat) and five task durations (0, 15, 30, 45, and 60 min). Each of 50 individuals completed a 1-hr proofreading task at one of five display curvature conditions. The horizontal viewing distance was fixed at 600mm. Proofreading performance (speed and error rate), subjective visual fatigue [on ECQ (Eye Complaint Questionnaire)], physiological visual fatigue [CFF (Critical Fusion Frequency), blink duration, and blink frequency], visual discomfort (on VAS), and display satisfaction (on VAS) were measured. The highest mean proofreading speed was at 600R. The mean proofreading speed and error rate increased by 15.5% and 22.3%, respectively, over the 1-h task. The mean ECQ score and visual discomfort increased by 188.6% and 107.2% during 45 and 60 min of the task, respectively. The mean CFF and display satisfaction decreased by 0.49Hz and 11.2% during 15 and 15-45 min of the task. A polynomial regression model for subjective visual fatigue was developed (adjusted R2 = 0.6). These findings can be used when determining ergonomic display curvatures and predicting visual fatigue.

We demonstrate, for the first time, 28-nm embedded STT-MRAM operating at full industrial temperature range (−40~125°C) with >1E+6 endurance and >10 year retention for high speed MCU/IoT application. Robust cell operation is also demonstrated after solder reflow (260°C, 90 second) and during external magnetic disturbance (550-Oe under writing). It is built on 28-nm FDSOI technology in modular format for IP reuse and has great potential to serve wide variety of applications such as IoT, and high performance MCU.

This paper investigates alpha-induced single event transient (SET) in combinational-logic in 10 nm bulk FinFET technology. FinFET technology improves SET in combinational-logic as well as single event upset (SEU) in flip-flops.

Curved displays have been actively developed beyond the limits of the conventional flat displays. The curved displays are known to be advantageous for immersion, preferences, and viewing convenience. As such, it is necessary to conduct ergonomic studies on the curvature of the curved display. In this study, experiments were conducted to determine the optimal curvature of the curved display for six kinds of contents. The results of the experiments showed that the optimal curvature is 560.9 mm at the standard viewing distance of 600 mm, which can be considered an evidence that there is an intriguing correlation between the viewing distance and the display curvature. It is expected that the results of this study would improve the existing display products and would provide ergonomic guidelines for the users.

There is a growing possibility applied to the foldable display for mobile devices because consumers want to see the big screen and they prefer mobile devices easy to carry around. However, a foldable display has crease because it generally uses laminated films or plastic substrates. In this study, we conducted the experiments in which people perceive crease on the flexible display for the various display viewing environments. The result shows that subjects most easily perceived crease in a bright room and panel off-state when the folding radius is 5 mm (5R). They perceived crease at an average height of 143 µm in that condition. The subjects perceived crease at an average height of 185.5 µm in the outdoor with display off condition. Also we analyzed that the subjects perceived the crease better when the folding radius of the flexible display was smaller than 5R. We expect that this study will contribute to the standardization of the new assessment method and to setting perception standards for the flexibl...

A multidisciplinary optimization to simultaneously enhance the aerodynamic and aeroacoustic performance of an axial-flow fan was performed. Flow analysis through the axial-flow fan was conducted by solving three-dimensional steady and unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations with the shear-stress transport turbulence model. Starting with the results for the unsteady flow, aeroacoustic analysis was performed by solving the Ffowcs Williams–Hawkings equations. A single-objective optimization for high-efficiency design was carried out before the multi-objective optimization. The single-objective optimization was conducted using a weighted average surrogate model with five design variables defining the hub-to-tip ratio, hubcap installation distance, hubcap ratio, and angle distributions at the midspan and blade tip. The objective function (i.e., the efficiency) was evaluated at the design points, sampled by Latin hypercube sampling in the design space, to construct the surrogate model. Then, multi-ob...

The tangential plane of a flexible display can change considerably depending on the viewing direction, screen location, and display curvature. Using conventional methods to characterize curved displays can introduce an unwanted mix of viewing angle and screen non-uniformity contributions. We propose measurement methods that are specific for flexible displays, and investigate the sensitivity of the measurement conditions.

Color gamut is one of the most important performance indicators of multimedia systems because a wide color gamut enables the reproduction of more real surface colors. The color gamut of multimedia systems depends on the RGB (red-green-blue) primary. There are various RGB primaries, such as ITU-R BT.709, ITU-R BT.2020, sRGB, Adobe RGB, and DCI-P3. ITU-R BT.709 and sRGB have a very small color gamut, while ITU-R BT.2020 has an extremely wide one. Adobe RGB and DCI-P3 have RGB primaries with the characteristics of color printers and digital cinema projectors, respectively. Also, some of these RGB primaries are not compatible with each other. Thus, the contents of a system should be converted for use in other systems. This paper proposes an RGB primary for use in various multimedia systems. In the proposed method, sRGB, Adobe RGB, and DCI-P3 – the most frequently used RGB primaries – are unified. In this paper, the color gamut efficiency and human visual preference of the proposed RGB primary are checked. The...

An increase in electromagnetic interference (EMI) noise in mobile application directly affects the performance of the other chips or antenna that can lead to the degradation of total isotropic sensitivity (TIS) and system reliability. According to our near fiend scanning (NFS) results, electromagnetic (EM) noise emitted from AP-LPDDR memory interface in a package on package (POP) structure was found to be one of the major factors. When noise frequency is placed on the communication channel, the relevant clock frequency needs to be adjusted to avoid the radio frequency interference (RFI). In this work, we report the simulation-based analysis and modeling to estimate the EMI noise magnitude and its bandwidth of an AP-LPDDR interface prior to silicon characterization. This helps address the potential EMI risks and help select RFI-aware frequency on ICs upfront at the pre-silicon level. Our simulation results were in good agreement with silicon results validating our modeling approach. In order to analyze the EMI effect from AP-LPDDR interface, the IO clock and data signals were modeled with the controllable parameters. By analyzing voltage fluctuations at the memory pad the noise frequency at peak points and their bandwidths were estimated, and by adjusting critical factors such as bits toggle/idle ratio, and burst length, the influence of EMI magnitude and bandwidth have been identified. The approach was validated with measured voltage at the interposer.

Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) is an increasingly important factor in determining whole-system performance of a mobile system. This is driven by size reduction of the mobile platform and the ever-increasing density of electronic components. In this work, we suggest an analysis approach for EMI effects in the interface between an application processor (AP) and dynamic random-access memory (DRAM) by using an I/O driver model including power delivery network (PDN) effects. By applying this approach, the EMI effect by the AP-DRAM interface is able to be accurately estimated when its operating frequency is shifted up/downward depending on the scheme of mobile operations. The EMI effect in the AP-DRAM interface can be characterized by the (1) on-chip metal layout and package layout of the I/O PDN, (2) inserted decoupling capacitance of the I/O PDN, (3) I/O driver properties that define the rising/falling time of signals, and (4) channel properties including crosstalk between adjacent lanes and their frequency response at data transfer. In a time-domain simulation, the extracted I/O driver model was used with extracted AP and memory package models, a channel model, and an interposer. The simulation was carried out by varying input stimulus depending on a bit density ratio, bit length, and a test pattern. As a result, a wide range of spectrum generated by the AP-DRAM interface up to 6 GHz was calculated. The bandwidth of data queue (DQ) signals at the interposer was found to be around 170MHz with multiple harmonics of the fundamental 1.6GHz frequency. In comparison to the measurement, the difference in bandwidth was found to be less than 10MHz and the voltage difference at the harmonics was found to be less than 10dB. Consequently, we proposed an analysis and estimation approach for EMI effects in an AP-DRAM interface which affects the degradation of communication performance in a compact mobile platform and successfully demonstrated its applications for predicting EMI effect in the communication band of interest.

Power integrity of integrated circuits (IC) becomes more important due to increasing dynamic current with lower supply voltage. However, we cannot perform the power noise analysis when using IC internal voltage regulator module (VRM) in present common tools. To predict practical voltage drop, the simulation model should include accurate on/off-chip power distribution network and internal voltage regulator circuit. In this paper, system-level co-simulation is introduced about display driver ICs (DDI) operated by internal low-dropout regulator. The voltage margin about logic operation is enlarged by using IC internal VRM because using on-chip regulator is more effective than using external VRM. Through the case studies of simulation results, the design solution for power integrity is suggested. As the voltage drop is precisely predictable in early design stage by using standardized off-chip model, the power integrity problem is prevented before manufacturing the ICs.

This study examined the effects of display curvature (400, 600, 1200 mm, and flat), display zone (5 zones), and task duration (15 and 30 min) on legibility and visual fatigue. Each participant completed two 15-min visual search task sets at each curvature setting. The 600-mm and 1200-mm settings yielded better results than the flat setting in terms of legibility and perceived visual fatigue. Relative to the corresponding centre zone, the outermost zones of the 1200-mm and flat settings showed a decrease of 8%–37% in legibility, whereas those of the flat setting showed an increase of 26%–45% in perceived visual fatigue. Across curvatures, legibility decreased by 2%–8%, whereas perceived visual fatigue increased by 22% during the second task set. The two task sets induced an increase of 102% in the eye complaint score and a decrease of 0.3 Hz in the critical fusion frequency, both of which indicated an increase in visual fatigue. In summary, a curvature of around 600 mm, central display zones, and frequent breaks are recommended to improve legibility and reduce visual fatigue.

In this paper, a display's emotional image quality can be primarily determined by designing the proper luminance level. Though displays with high luminance are preferred, too much light emission from a display may cause glare or visual fatigue to viewers. To find out the proper luminance level based on various video contents, this study was conducted with an OLED display with a real-black level and a wide color gamut, and with an LCD display with a high luminance level, to set the glare threshold under various conditions. The optimum luminance levels according to the display's loading ratio were found, and the maximum luminance that did not cause a glare in the test is proposed.

Depth sensitivity is considered one of the factors influencing 3D displays the most. In this paper, the perceptual 3D depth was quantitatively measured to compare the depth difference among the display devices. No difference was found in the typical display performance among the devices, but the subjective evaluation of the depth sensitivity where the disparity was varied showed that the organic light emitting diode (OLED) had the highest performance, mainly due to its almost 0% crosstalk, one of the features of OLED. Crosstalk is a form of image superposition that greatly affects the depth sensitivity. The experiment results showed that the quantitative depth sensitivity varies due to geometric factors such as disparity, viewing distance, and subjective sensitivity, depending on the display image characteristics, such as crosstalk and contrast.

The coupling between the emitted energy and the acoustic energy in a thermal system, e.g. combustor, may result in system instability accompanying severe vibration. In this study, the limit curve for thermo-acoustic instability is numerically obtained by using the CFD- CAA combined method. The response function for pulsating release of heat in the Rijke tube and the distribution of mean density in the tube are computed accurately by the CFD analysis and used as inputs to CAA predictions. To verify the accuracy of the prediction method, the thermo-acoustics inside the horizontal, one meter long Rijke tube of square cross-section, which has the heating part at the location of one quarter length, is simulated. The predicted instability curve agrees well with the experimental one except the low flow- rate region of ReDo < 1.

Axial fans for an air-conditioning unit are designed to equip the system with an expected flow-rate and low noise level by applying the blade design method of multi-sectioning and local camber generation. In this study, the distributions of chord length, stagger angle, and camber angle are globally and locally determined for the given specific speed, which is considered to be relatively high. The mock-up fans are observed to satisfy the aerodynamic performance and the noise level for the system simultaneously and discussed in terms of local flow patterns related to the emitted noise.

This paper presents a procedure for the aerodynamic and aeroacoustic characteristics of a sirocco fan. For the aerodynamic and aeroacoustic analyses of the sirocco fan, three-dimensional steady and unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations are solved with a shear stress transport turbulence model for turbulence closure. The flow analyses were performed on a hexahedral grid using a finite-volume solver. The validation of the numerical results is performed by comparing with experimental data for the pressure, efficiency and power. The internal flow analyses of the sirocco fan are performed to understand the unstable flow phenomenon on the casing for the wall pressure and internal flow characteristics at each position. It was found that fluctuation of pressure and locally concentrated noise source are observed near the cut-off and expansion regions of the casing.

In this paper, we explained the relation between evaluating display device and emotional image quality evaluation in human perceptual view. It is also suggested two emotional image quality evaluation method of display reflecting human visual function. One is the color space of CIECAM02 and the other is capturing moving image. It is necessry to standardize the evaluation methods of image quality based on emotional evaluation.

This paper presents the design procedure of a vertical wind turbine named jet-wheel-turbo turbine and the numerical and experimental verifications. The design parameters such as the rotor inlet angle, the diameter-to-hub ratio, the inlet guide outlet angle and the solidity were optimized to maximize the energy transfer, and to further increase the turbine efficiency by applying the side guide vane and the side opening to the rotor. The maximum power coefficient of 0.59, which is much higher than the ever-designed three-bladed horizontal turbines, was experimentally obtained when the optimal inlet- and side-guide vanes were installed and both sides of the rotor were 80% opened. The maximum power coefficients occur at the tip speed ratio ranging between 0.6 and 0.7. This vertical-axis turbine model can be applied to the large-scale power generation system with the speed and torque control algorithm for the specified wind characteristics.

To investigate the spatial and temporal frequency tunings for stereopsis, we measured the contrast sensitivity for depth discrimination with variable spatiotemporal frequencies and disparities using drifting sinusoidal gratings. The results showed that the contrast sensitivity changed with the stimulus disparity and the disparity tuning function varied with the spatial frequency. The disparity in the peak sensitivity decreased proportionally with the spatial frequency (size-disparity correlation). Although the temporal frequency exhibited a limited influence on the peak disparity, the temporal frequency tuning varied with the spatial frequency. The shape of the temporal frequency tuning function was lowpass for higher spatial frequencies, whereas it was bandpass for low spatial frequencies. These results suggest that more than one channel with different temporal as well as spatial frequency tunings contribute to stereopsis.

The two-way radio operating at 150 MHz should be certified by SAR to protect the human body following the revised radio regulation of S. Korean government. There needs a radiating source and a phantom for SAR measurement system validation at the corresponding frequencies. Dipole antennas are the most common radiating source for SAR validation, but its length at 150 MHz is too long to fit in the phantom, so the new dipole antenna with the meandering structure was developed and tested. The dimensions of the meandering dipole antenna and phantom are suggested for SAR validation at 150 MHz.

The necessity of the Metal-Insulator-Metal Capacitor (MIMCAP) devices that helps electrical performance of integrated circuit (IC) has drastically increased for high performance mobile SoC applications. We investigate the magnitude of intrinsic stress employed onto C4 package depends on the MIMCAP size embedded in Silicon die. It is also found that MIMCAP can mitigate 25% stresses imposed on ULK layer in the back-end-of-line (BEOL) process. Moreover, a keen definition of keep out zone (KOZ), the space between MIMCAP as a stress relaxation, is a crtical design factor to suppress potential stresses arisen from the MIMCAP embedded C4 package. In this paper, a finite element analysis (FEA) of strain and stress analysis modeling and the benefits to electromagnetic interference for the MIMCAP embedded C4 package will be disscused from design and reliability perspectives and will show superb EMI characteristics with ondie MIMCAP.

As the available space in the board of a mobile device becomes smaller and more compact, circuit elements and transmission lines are arranged in very close proximity, especially from the antennas which are usually installed on the same board. Due to the various on-board antennas which are designed in small space, the transmission lines on the board are electromagnetically interfered, resulting in the performance degradation of the circuit. So the engineers and circuit designers should find the least interfered place for the transmission lines and components to minimize the electromagnetic interferences. This paper discusses and presents a methodology to find the least sensitive position in the induced current distribution as well as in the noise power delivered from the antenna. For this purpose some vertical, horizontal, and bent transmission lines with antenna on the same board are designed and fabricated with and without common ground, and the transferred powers to the transmission lines were measured and were also simulated using a full-wave simulator. The results predicted by the EM simulation model were successfully confirmed through the measurement ofS-parameters in the experimental setup, which shows the validness of the suggested analysis method.

The state-of-the-art of low-noise fan design usually includes the consideration of optimal sound level and sound quality. The influential design parameters of the noise level by the centrifugal fan were selected based on the preliminary test. The centrifugal fans were designed according to the experiment plan method by specifying the selected design parameters. The experiment with these machined mock-up`s of centrifugal impellers suggested the major design parameters among many, having impacts upon the indices of sound quality (e.g. loudness, sharpness, roughness and fluctuation strength) at the same operation point. With the response surface method, the major design parameters selected thereafter were analyzed to estimate each contribution upon the sound quality of the centrifugal fan, and the optimal values were drawn by the consideration of the sound quality levels and their regression equations. In addition, the validity of the regression equations was numerically verified by means of the coefficient of determination. Furthermore, the mechanism by which the centrifugal fan impeller influences the determinants of its sound quality was suggested.

A hybrid two-dimensional position sensing system is designed with microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) for padless mouse applications. The X/Y-axis acceleration of the user's hand movements is measured by two MEMS accelerometer devices. These acceleration values are pulsewidth modulated and converted into (X, Y) coordinates on the screen by integral operations on a microprocessor. The overall system consists of four major components: 1) MEMS accelerometers; 2) CMOS analog readout circuitry; 3) an acceleration magnitude extraction module; and 4) a 16-b RISC microprocessor. Mechanical and analog simulation shows that the designed mouse system can detect acceleration as small as 5.3 mg (g=9.8 m/s/sup 2/) with 100-kHz sampling frequency for low power consumption.

Series-resonant vibrating micromechanical resonator oscillators are demonstrated using a custom-designed single-stage zero-phase-shift sustaining amplifier together with planar-processed micromechanical resonator variants with quality factors Q in the thousands that differ mainly in their power-handling capacities. The resonator variants include two 40-/spl mu/m-long 10-MHz clamped-clamped-beam (CC-beam) resonators, one of them much wider than the other so as to allow larger power-handling capacity, and a 64-/spl mu/m-diameter 60-MHz disk resonator that maximizes both Q and power handling among the resonators tested. Tradeoffs between Q and power handling are seen to be most important in setting the close-to-carrier and far-from-carrier phase noise behavior of each oscillator, although such parameters as resonant frequency and motional resistance are also important. With a 10/spl times/ higher power handling capability than the wide-width CC-beam resonator, a comparable series motional resistance, and a 45/spl times/ higher Q of 48 000, the 60-MHz wine glass resonator reference oscillator exhibits a measured phase noise of -110 dBc/Hz at 1-kHz offset, and -132 dBc/Hz at far-from-carrier offsets. Dividing down to 10 MHz for fair comparison with a common conventional standard, this oscillator achieves a phase noise of -125 dBc/Hz at 1-kHz offset, and -147 dBc/Hz at far-from-carrier offsets.

To investigate the effect of exposure duration on stereopsis and its spatial frequency dependency, we measured disparity threshold for the depth discrimination varying stimulus exposure duration between 0.05 and 2 s for three spatial frequencies (0.23, 0.94 and 3.75 c/deg). The results showed that disparity threshold decreased with increase in exposure duration up to a certain duration, beyond which it was approximately constant (the duration is called critical duration). The critical duration was about 150 ms for gratings with low and middle spatial frequencies (0.23 and 0.94 c/deg) while the duration was about 750 ms for gratings with high spatial frequency (3.75 c/deg). This suggests that temporal integration property varies dependently on stimulus spatial frequency. We also attempted to relate the spatial frequency dependency of the temporal integration property to the differences in temporal frequency tuning to different spatial frequency stimuli.

We measured disparity threshold for identifying the depth direction as a function of spatial frequency with various temporal frequencies and stimulus contrasts using drifting gratings. The results showed that disparity threshold depended little on temporal frequency with the exception of high temporal frequencies (≥ 10Hz) independently of stimulus contrast. Contrary to temporal frequency, contrast substantially influenced spatial frequency characteristics. The disparity threshold was approximately constant with change in spatial frequency with slight increase at high spatial frequencies for contrasts higher than 0.2 when the threshold is expressed by phase difference between the left and right eye images (phase disparity). The phase disparity threshold had a negative peak at a spatial frequency between 1 and 5c/deg (band-pass) for contrasts lower than 0.2. We discuss possible differences in the underlying mechanisms to determine disparity threshold below and above temporal frequency of 10 Hz.

Offshore pipelines are to be stabilized against external loading caused mainly by wave and currents. When pipelines are placed in a trench, the forces acting on them are reduced considerably. To investigate the stability in various trench sections, the flow over the pipeline is numerically simulated and compared with experimental results obtained from particle image velocimetry measurement. This paper consists of two parts: single pipe and dual pipe in various trench sections. Each part compares numerical results with experimental results, which include mean flow pattern, drag-force coefficient, and lift-force coefficient. For a single pipe, Smagainsky's eddy viscosity model combined with a truncated deductive model is applied to represent the stress field in a quadrilateral structured grid system. In the numerical simulation for dual pipes, the Navier-Stokes equation and elliptic mesh generation method are used. The stability of various trench conditions is addressed in terms of mean amplitudes of oscillating lift and drag and reduction factors for each case. The results can be effectively applied to pipeline design.

The contrast ratio is one of the most important performance parameters for display devices. The general method of measuring the contrast ratio is to determine the ratio of the full-screen white pattern to the full-screen black pattern, according to the Video Electronics Standards Association standard. Real TV images seldom have these images, however, and the conventional method does not reflect the true performance of the display in actual use. In this paper, a new contrast ratio measurement method that uses image patterns is proposed, to demonstrate that active matrix organic light-emitting diode TVs have a higher contrast than LED (LCD) TVs.

In a 3D stereoscopic display, transmissive losses in the shutter glasses cause a reduction of luminance compared to a 2D display. In stereoscopic 3D, evaluation of perceptual brightness through assessment of both of bright and dark luminance levels is needed. This study compares perceptual brightness of 2D and 3D with shutter glasses between AMOLED displays and LCDs considering simultaneous contrast. When 3D luminance of an AMOLED is 12% lower than an LCD as viewed through shutter glasses, according to a comparison based on perceptual contrast length, the displays are perceived as having the same brightness range.

In this paper, a BGA package having a ARM SoC chip is introduced, which has component-type embedded decoupling capacitors (decaps) for good power integrity performance of core power. To evaluate and confirm the impact of embedded decap on core PDN (power distribution network), two different packages were manufactured with and without the embedded decaps. The self impedances of system-level core PDN were simulated in frequency-domain and On-chip DvD (Dynamic Voltage Drop) simulations were performed in time-domain in order to verify the system-level impact of package embedded decap. There was clear improvement of system-level core PDN performance in middle frequency range when package embedded decaps were employed. In conclusion, the overall system-level core PDN for ARM SoC could meet the target impedance in frequency-domain as well as the target On-chip DvD level by having package embedded decaps.

We present in this paper IDT's efforts and progress in the development and commercialization of world's first piezoelectric MEMS resonators for high performance timing applications. IDT's pMEMS™ resonators consist of a piezoelectric material on a single-crystal silicon layer substrate. Based on pMEMS™ technology, IDT is now shipping world's lowest jitter MEMS Oscillators with less than 0.3ps RMS jitter (12kHz to 20MHz). In addition, pMEMS™ oscillators have demonstrated great long term frequency stability and immunity to shock / vibration testing.

The primary motivation for developing vehicular safety applications is to provide information and assistance required to avoid collisions. Such applications depend on performance of vehicular communications which have critical requirements for various operating scenarios. However, there is still a lack of practical performance measurement data in the open literature that can be used to design robust and reliable applications for vehicle safety. This paper provides an overview of the current standards for vehicular communications and requirements for vehicular applications and analyzes ad hoc performance of commercial off-the-shelf DSRC and Wi-Fi radios in real vehicular environments. Also, it identifies important effects of messages size, message frequency, weather condition, and vehicle mobility on vehicular communications. For example, rainy weather significantly diminishes the communication range and vehicle mobility causes temporal variations in communication throughput. With a better comprehensive understanding of these effects on performance and reliability, quality of vehicular applications can be significantly improved.

The safety on human body against electromagnetic fields radiating from mobile devices has been investigated for a long time. The measurement method of RF power absorption to human body from wireless devices usually adopted robot scanning in the phantom in the past. But it takes a very long time to evaluate the SAR value of a mobile device. In this paper, a quick SAR measurement system using a 2D array of E-field probes having 3 axes isotropie characteristics is proposed. It is possible to fast estimate the volume SAR by a software with the 2D surface SAR data acquired by arrayed probes deleting robot moving time.

High performance oscillators based on piezoelectrically transduced pMEMS™ resonators are introduced. pMEMS resonators consist of a piezoelectric material (AlN) on a single-crystal silicon layer substrate and typically have a quality factor of more than a few thousand and insertion loss close to −10dB. Plastic packaged pMEMS™ oscillators are immune to shock and vibration of 1500G and 20G, respectively, and have shown excellent long term frequency stability at 25°C, 125°C, −40C and hysteresis testing over −40°C to 125°C. Due to high quality factor and low motional impedance, oscillators based on pMEMS™ resonators can deliver low phase noise well below

Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANETs) have generated considerable research interest in recent years since VANETs can be used to effectively support Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) applications and can potentially maximize their performance and reduce their implementation cost. However, the majority of VANET studies have been carried out in network simulators which may not represent real vehicular environments. Experimental studies, on the other hand, can produce more realistic results, although they involve higher experimental cost. This paper describes common unrealistic assumptions and misconceptions in VANET simulations and discusses challenging implementation issues, focusing on reliability and performance of typical VANET configurations in empirical case studies. Our experimental results show that interference from multi-hop routing and broadcast can reduce throughput performance, increase packet loss rate, and jitter.