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The upcoming ubiquitous electronics era, which will find widespread popularity of flexible/wearable electronics, self-powered devices, and the Internet of Things (IoT), stimulates us to develop a new concept of advanced power sources beyond currently available battery technologies. Among several approaches to reach this goal, printed power sources with various form factors and flexibility have recently garnered considerable attention as a promising system. The form factor-free, printed power sources, driven by their design diversity, shape/performance compatibility with electronics, and scalable/low-cost processability, enable monolithic/seamless integration with complex/unconventional-shaped electronic devices, in comparison to conventional rigid/bulky counterparts. Here, we review the current status and challenges of the form factor-free, printed power sources, with a focus on their materials development. Various printing techniques and their process parameters exploited for the printed power sources are briefly described. Subsequently, ink materials and chemistry of major cell components are discussed. Based on the understanding of the printing techniques and materials, applications of the printed power sources are overviewed to highlight their exceptional shape aesthetics and electrochemical characteristics in the integrated electronics. Finally, we propose development directions and outlook of the form factor-free, printed power sources as a device-customized energy storage system, along with prospects of their future applications.

Summary The forthcoming smart and ubiquitous electronics era presents significant interest in wireless interconnectivity and shape aesthetics. To fulfill this demand, a new class of advanced power sources with various form factors that are different from existing commercial ones is needed. Printed power sources have recently garnered substantial attention because of their design diversity, shape and performance compatibility with electronics, and scalable and low-cost processability. They are fabricated directly on complex-structured objects via application-customized printing techniques, enabling monolithic integration and electrochemical coupling with target devices. In this Perspective, we describe the current status and challenges of printed power sources, focusing on their role as built-in power sources. Various printing techniques and ink materials and chemistry of electrodes and electrolytes are discussed as key enabling factors. Noteworthy progress in printed built-in power sources is reviewed to highlight their design diversity and electrochemical superiority. Finally, development direction and outlook of printed built-in power sources are discussed in conjunction with their application fields.

Coupling solar cells with energy storage devices promises to overcome issues associated with intermittency and longevity of the individual systems. Despite such significance of the coupled power sources, most previous approaches have involved bulky configurations with inactive components, eventually hindering their application as portable power sources. Furthermore, to enable practical/versatile applications of the coupled power sources, their operating voltages should be widened and customized for a specific purpose. Here, we demonstrate voltage-tunable portable power supplies based on tailored integration of interdigitated-back-contact-structured crystalline-silicon photovoltaics (cSiPV) and printed bipolar quasi-solid-state lithium-ion batteries (bQSSBs). The maximum power voltages of the cSiPVs and end-of-charge voltages of the bQSSBs are respectively varied and mutually matched to widen the operating voltage window (2.7–13.5 V) of cSiPV–bQSSB. The resulting cSiPV–bQSSB achieves high overall efficiency (10.2%) and stable photo-rechargeable cyclability. Moreover, cSiPV–bQSSB featuring a customized operating voltage is seamlessly unitized with various electronic devices and exhibits sustainable long-time operation under variable weather conditions.

Wireless communication through linkage with a smartphone and other portable devices in the sensor area are essential for increasing the efficiency of utilization by storing sensing-value data. Thus, the demand for wireless technology is increasing due to the advantages it provides for the various applications that use these data. However, there is still considerable ambiguity concerning the low portability of such technology due to the increased volume with component integration, the high consumption of power, and the necessity of having a separate battery. Herein, we present solutions for these problems with demonstrations that involve 1) the miniaturization of the device by altering the structure of the built-in battery, 2) the use of a pressure-activated switch for the low-power driving technology, and 3) the implementation of a wireless communication platform by integrating a Bluetooth module with the devices. In addition, we demonstrate a human-interactive display that enables users to instantly observe the changes in the brightness of the organic light-emitting diodes (OLED) as the pressure changes. We show that the system can display the measured, real-time pressure values on the screens of mobile devices, which represents a significant advancement in the fields of energy science and biomedical science.

Blindness caused by soft-tissue filler injection is the most tragic complication, with no standard treatments until recently. Retrobulbar hyaluronidase injection has been proposed as the treatment, but its effectiveness in visual compromise remains to be determined. The authors aimed to determine the effectiveness of retrobulbar hyaluronidase using soft-tissue filler in an iatrogenic blindness animal model.New Zealand White rabbits were used to simulate the hyaluronic acid-associated vascular occlusion model. A volume of 0.7 to 1.6 ml of hyaluronic acid filler was injected into the internal carotid artery to create a retinal artery occlusion. The rabbits were administered retrobulbar hyaluronidase (3000 IU) at different postobstruction time points (5 and 10 minutes). No intervention was given to the control group. Fundus photography was performed before and immediately after the filler injection and immediately after the administration of retrobulbar hyaluronidase. Electroretinography was performed after 60 minutes to confirm the retinal reperfusion and electrophysiologic function.All of the experimental eyes recorded total occlusion after hyaluronic acid injection. Three eyes with a completely occluded retinal artery following retrobulbar hyaluronidase treatment showed improved retinal reperfusion by fundus photography and corresponding electroretinography. Despite administration of the retrobulbar hyaluronidase injection, one completely occluded eye showed no improvement in perfusion. All of the control eyes recorded complete occlusion 1 hour after hyaluronic acid filler injection.Retrobulbar hyaluronidase may be an effective evidence-based treatment option for humans. Hyaluronidase concentration and injection time are the important factors for faster recovery, but additional studies are still required.

International audience; Here we demonstrate an unconventional fabrication of highly transparent supercapacitors and electrodes using random networks of nanostructured metallic glass nanotroughs for their integrations as wirelessly rechargeable and invisible, skin heat patches. Transparent supercapacitors with fine conductive patterns were printed using an electrohydrodynamic jet-printing. Also, transparent and stretchable electrodes, for wireless antennas, heaters and interconnects, were formed using random network based on nanostructured CuZr nanotroughs and Ag nanowires with superb optoelectronic properties (sheet resistance of 3.0 Ω/sq at transmittance of 91.1%). Their full integrations, as an invisible heat patch on skin, enabled the wireless recharge of supercapacitors and the functions of heaters for thermal therapy of skin tissue. The demonstration of this transparent thermotherapy patch to control the blood perfusion level and hydration rate of skin suggests a promising strategy toward next-generation wearable electronics.

With the ever-growing interests in ubiquitous smart electronics and the Internet of Things, the demand for high-energy-density power sources with aesthetic versatility has increased tremendously. High-energy-density Li-metal batteries have attracted considerable attention for fulfilling the high-energy-density requirement of smart electronics. To obtain form factor-free Li-metal batteries with both design diversity and electrochemical reliability, printed solid-state electrolytes are required as a key component because of their viability for the printing/solidification-based fabrication process and electrode-customized chemical/physical properties. This review present an overview of printed solid-state electrolytes for form factor-free Li-metal batteries with a focus on the materials chemistry and fabrication requirements. In addition, their structural/physical/electrochemical properties were discussed in terms of compatibility with Li-metal batteries.

With the advent of the ubiquitous electronics era, high-performance power sources with aesthetic diversity are indispensably needed as a key-enabling technology. Printed batteries have recently emerged as a crispy energy storage system to address this issue. Printed batteries are fabricated through simple, low-cost, and scalable printing processes. Their salient features include various form factors, shape conformability, and monolithic integration with devices of interest. Research directions on printed batteries are currently focused on (i) the design of battery shapes and configurations, (ii) synthesis of battery component inks with tunable rheological properties and electrochemical performances, and (iii) adoption of suitable printing techniques. We describe the current status and challenges of printed batteries, with a particular focus on the form factors, battery component inks, printing techniques, cell performances, and integration with other systems. The development directions and outlook of prin...

This study was conducted to report loss of reduction and complications after single-tunnel coracoclavicular (CC) ligament reconstruction with autogenous semitendinosus tendon graft for acute acromioclavicular (AC) joint dislocations.This retrospective study included patients with acute, unstable AC dislocations (surgery within 6 weeks after trauma). We excluded patients with chronic injury and distal clavicle fractures with CC ligaments disruption. We measured the CC distance on anteroposterior radiographs of both clavicles, preoperatively, immediately postoperatively, and at the final follow-up visit. We evaluated clinical outcomes using the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons Shoulder Assessment and the University of California, Los Angeles Shoulder Rating Scale scores and perioperative complications.There were 30 patients (27 men and 3 women) with mean age of 41 years (range, 19-70 years). The mean follow-up period was 31 months (range, 12-186 months). Mean CC distance was 15.5 ± 3.7 mm (84% ± 14% of the contralateral shoulder) preoperatively, 8.9 ± 2.6 mm (9% ± 40%) immediately postoperatively (P .001), and 10.6 ± 3.3 mm (24% ± 39%) at the final assessment (P .001), showing an increase of the CC distance during the follow-up. Loss of reduction (defined as25% increase of CC distance) developed in 14 patients (47%), and complications occurred in 6 patients (20%), including 3 distal clavicle fractures through the tunnel. Final clinical scores were significantly lower in patients with complications (27 vs. 33 of the University of California, Los Angeles assessment [P .001] and 81 vs. 95 of the American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons Shoulder assessment [P .001]).In acute AC joint dislocation, single-tunnel CC ligament reconstruction using autogenous tendon graft resulted in loss of reduction rate of 47% and a complication rate of 20%. The development of complications adversely affected clinical outcomes.

Solid-state microsupercapacitors with ultrahigh areal-number-density are integrated on a chip via high-fidelity printing., Microsupercapacitors (MSCs) have garnered considerable attention as a promising power source for microelectronics and miniaturized portable/wearable devices. However, their practical application has been hindered by the manufacturing complexity and dimensional limits. Here, we develop a new class of ultrahigh areal number density solid-state MSCs (UHD SS–MSCs) on a chip via electrohydrodynamic (EHD) jet printing. This is, to the best of our knowledge, the first study to exploit EHD jet printing in the MSCs. The activated carbon-based electrode inks are EHD jet-printed, creating interdigitated electrodes with fine feature sizes. Subsequently, a drying-free, ultraviolet-cured solid-state gel electrolyte is introduced to ensure electrochemical isolation between the SS–MSCs, enabling dense SS–MSC integration with on-demand (in-series/in-parallel) cell connection on a chip. The resulting on-chip UHD SS–MSCs exhibit exceptional areal number density [36 unit cells integrated on a chip (area = 8.0 mm × 8.2 mm), 54.9 cells cm−2] and areal operating voltage (65.9 V cm−2).

Wirelessly rechargeable solid-state supercapacitors are studied for soft, smart contact lenses with continuous operations., Recent advances in smart contact lenses are essential to the realization of medical applications and vision imaging for augmented reality through wireless communication systems. However, previous research on smart contact lenses has been driven by a wired system or wireless power transfer with temporal and spatial restrictions, which can limit their continuous use and require energy storage devices. Also, the rigidity, heat, and large sizes of conventional batteries are not suitable for the soft, smart contact lens. Here, we describe a human pilot trial of a soft, smart contact lens with a wirelessly rechargeable, solid-state supercapacitor for continuous operation. After printing the supercapacitor, all device components (antenna, rectifier, and light-emitting diode) are fully integrated with stretchable structures for this soft lens without obstructing vision. The good reliability against thermal and electromagnetic radiations and the results of the in vivo tests provide the substantial promise of future smart contact lenses.

The combination of energy generation and energy storage systems is the ultimate solution to meet the ever-increasing demand for high-energy-density power sources. Here, we demonstrate a new class of monolithically integrated, photo-rechargeable portable power sources based on miniaturized crystalline Si photovoltaics (c-Si PVs) and printed solid-state lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). A solid-state LIB with a bipolar cell configuration is fabricated directly on the aluminium electrode of a c-Si PV module through an in-series printing process, which enables the seamless architectural/electrical connection of the two different energy systems. The single-unit PV–LIB device shows exceptional electrochemical performance that lies far beyond those achievable by conventional PVs or LIBs alone: it displays fast, low-light-intensity and high-temperature photo-charging; a photo-electric conversion/storage efficiency of 7.61%; a sustainable cycling performance; and continuous discharging at an extremely high current density of 28C under sunlight illumination. This study opens a facile and scalable route for the development of single-unit, photo-rechargeable mobile high-performance batteries that are required for the future era of ubiquitous electronics.

Background: Scarf osteotomy has been used in hallux valgus surgery due to its large fixation surface for screws and low postoperative complications. However, screws may cause skin irritation from their head, which may require an additional surgical procedure to remove. Methods: This study included 115 patients (106 females and 9 males, 115 feet) who underwent hallux valgus correction with a scarf osteotomy using bioabsorbable screws between September 2010 and September 2012. Preoperative and postoperative 1-month and 1-year radiographic measurements, including intermetatarsal angle (IMA), hallux valgus angle (HVA), distal metatarsal articular angle (DMAA), proximal phalangeal articular angle (PPAA), and lateral translational distance (LTD), were obtained. American Orthopaedic Foot & Ankle Society (AOFAS) hallux/forefoot scores were used for patient satisfaction. Results: Preoperative mean values of HVA, IMA, and PPA of 32.8 degrees, 14.6 degrees, and 7.52 degrees, respectively, improved to 10.7 degrees, 6.0 degrees, and 4.6 degrees, respectively at 1-year follow up ( P < .05). The difference in LTD between the 1-month and 1-year follow-up was not statistically significant. AOFAS hallux/forefoot score improved from 69.1 to 96.1 at the 1-year follow up ( P < .001). Complete screw absorption was not seen radiographically. Sixteen feet had complications reported. One patient complained of skin irritation over a small protrusion of the screw, and another patient had a foreign body reaction. There were 3 patients with neurologic injury from a popliteal block and 3 patients with dorsal cutaneous nerve symptoms. Four feet had metatarsal fracture during surgery. Conclusion: We found the scarf osteotomy using bioabsorbable screws to have satisfactory clinical and radiographic results with a low complication rate. Level of Evidence: Level IV, case series.

Thicknesses of Pt films ranging from 60 to 950 nm are measured noninvasively using a TE011-mode dielectric resonator with the resonant frequency of 8.5 - 9.8 GHz at temperatures of 77 K and 293 K. A cylindrical rutile rod is used as the dielectric, with a high-TC superconductive YBa2Cu3O7−δ film used as the bottom endplate of the resonator for measurements at 77 K. This method is based on two facts: i) Due to the electromagnetic interferences of incoming and reflected waves at the surface of the metal film surface, the effective surface resistance varies with the film thickness, and ii) the intrinsic surface resistance of normal metals is equal to the intrinsic surface reactance in the local limit. The measured thicknesses using the rutile resonator appear to be comparable with those obtained using a profilometer.

The ongoing surge in demand for flexible/wearable electronics, self-powered systems, soft robotics, and Internet of Things (IoT) has inspired the relentless pursuit of form factor-free, high-performance power sources that can be monolithically and seamlessly integrated with various electronics. To reach this challenging goal, a new class of advanced power sources with various form factors that are different from existing commercial ones are needed. From the viewpoint of power source design and architecture, traditional cell materials and fabrication have resulted in power sources that feature a lack of variety in form factors and flexibility. In specific, most of the current power sources are manufactured by winding or stacking of slurry-casted electrode sheets and separator membranes, followed by the injection of liquid electrolytes inside a fixed form of canisters or pouch packaging substances; these methods impose stringent restrictions on the unitization of power sources with electronic devices. Printed power sources have recently garnered considerable attention as a fresh and game-changing approach due to their design diversity, shape/performance compatibility with electronic devices, and scalable/low-cost processability. Printed power sources based on high-fidelity printing techniques and rationally designed material chemistry are fabricated directly on complex-shaped objects, thereby enabling monolithic integration and electrochemical coupling with target devices that lie far beyond those achievable with conventional power source technologies. Here, this talk introduces form factor-free, printed built-in power sources, with particular attention to their dimensional conformability and performance compatibility with newly emerging complex-structured electronic devices. A key-enabling technology for the printed power sources is the design of battery inks (specifically, electrode and electrolyte inks), with a focus on their rheology and electrochemistry. Our research interests are directed to discussing effects of the battery inks on printing processability, microstructure (focusing on bicontinuous ion/electron transport channels) and electrochemical performance of the resultant printed power sources. We envision that the printed power sources open a new avenue towards form factor-free/monolithic integrated power sources with object-tailored design versatility and dimensional conformability. References [1] Kwon-Hyoung Lee, David B. Ahn, Jung-Hui Kim, Ju-Won Lee, Sang-Young Lee*, Matter , 2020, 345. [2] Kwon-Hyoung Lee, Seong-Sun Lee, David B. Ahn, Jaehyun Lee, Doyouong Byun, Sang-Young Lee*, Sci. Adv. , 2020, eaaz1692. [3] Jihun Park, David B. Ahn, Joohee Kim, Eunkyung Cha, Byeong-Soo Bae, Sang-Young Lee*, Jang-Ung Park*, Sci. Adv. , 2019, eaay0764. [4] Keun-Ho Choi, David B. Ahn and Sang-Young Lee*, ACS Energy Lett. 2018, 3, 220. [5] Keun-Ho Choi, JongTae Yoo, Chang Kee Lee and Sang-Young Lee*, Energy & Environ. Sci. 2016, 9, 2812. Figure 1

Recent advances in smart contact lenses are essential to the realization of medical applications and vision imaging for augmented reality through wireless communication systems. However, previous research on smart contact lens has been driven by external electrical wired systems or wireless power transfer with temporal and spatial restrictions, which can limit their continuous use. Therefore, an essential prerequisite for electronic smart contact lenses is their monolithic integration with energy storage devices. However, conventional rigid, large sized, and fixed-shaped energy storage devices are not suitable for the soft, smart contact lens. Here, we demonstrate a new class of wirelessly-rechargeable solid-state supercapacitors directly printed on smart contact lenses. Supercapacitors are known to exhibit long cycle lives and high-power density, which are suitable for consistent fast wireless charging and discharging for operating the electronic devices in the smart contact lens. The arc-shaped form factor and limited area of the printed supercapacitor require a high-precision microscale direct ink writing (DIW) process and tailored component inks. The printed solid-state supercapacitor integrated smart contact lens show great potential as an effective/scalable platform for wearable electronics with continuous operation.

Coupling solar cells with energy storage devices promises to overcome longstanding issues on intermittency and longevity of the individual systems. To enable practical/versatile applications of the coupled power sources, their operating voltages should be widened and customized to the specific purpose. Here, we demonstrate for the first time a new class of voltage-tunable, all-day portable power supplies based on the monolithic integration of interdigitated back contact-structured crystalline silicon photovoltaic (cSiPV) modules and printed bipolar all-solid-state lithium-ion batteries (bASSBs). The voltages of the cSiPV and bASSB are respectively varied and also matched to widen operating voltage window (2.7 − 13.5 V) of the cSiPV–bASSB. Moreover, the cSiPV–bASSB achieves high overall efficiency (10.2%) and stable photo-rechargeable cyclability, which far exceed those of previously reported PV–battery systems. The cSiPV–bASSB is seamlessly unitized with various electronic devices and exhibits sustainable long-time operation under variable weather conditions.

Background Few studies for biomarkers in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) have reported using prospectively collected longitudinal samples. Methods Among 689 patients who participated to four randomised trials for cirrhosis and/or chronic hepatitis B, 42 HCC cases were diagnosed during follow up, and 168 controls were matched for age, sex, aetiology, cirrhosis, and duration of follow-up in a 1:4 ratio. Samples at the time of HCC diagnosis, months −6, and month −12 were tested for alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), lectin-reactive AFP (AFP-L3), and des-gamma-carboxy prothrombin (DCP) in the HCC cases and controls. Results Of 42 cases with HCC, 39 (93%) had cirrhosis, 36 (85.7%) had normal alanine aminotransferase, and 31 (73.8%) had single HCC Conclusions AFP and AFP-L3 increased from 6 months before the diagnosis of early-stage HCC. AFP and AFP-L3 combination showed better performance than single biomarkers. Adopting a cutoff value of AFP level at 5 ng/mL would significantly increase the sensitivity for HCC detection.

The forthcoming ubiquitous innovations driven by flexible/wearable electronics and Internet of Things (IoT) have inspired the relentless pursuit of advanced power sources with versatile aesthetics. Here, we demonstrate a new class of solid-state flexible power sources that are fabricated directly on conventional A4 paper using a commercial desktop inkjet printer. A salient feature of the inkjet-printed power sources is their monolithic integration with paper, i.e., they look like inkjet-printed letters or figures that are commonly found in office documents. A supercapacitor (SC), which is composed of activated carbon/carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and an ionic liquid/ultraviolet-cured triacrylate polymer-based solid-state electrolyte, is chosen as a model power source to explore the feasibility of the proposed concept. Cellulose nanofibril-mediated nanoporous mats are inkjet-printed on top of paper as a primer layer to enable high-resolution images. In addition, CNT-assisted photonic interwelded Ag nanowires are introduced onto the electrodes to further improve the electrical conductivity of the electrodes. The inkjet-printed SCs can be easily connected in series or parallel, leading to user-customized control of cell voltage and capacitance. Notably, a variety of all-inkjet-printed SCs featuring computer-designed artistic patterns/letters are aesthetically unitized with other inkjet-printed images and smart glass cups, underscoring their potential applicability as unprecedented object-tailored power sources.

ESSs (Energy storage systems) for large-scale grid systems and next generation secondary battery systems require an ideal device that satisfies diverse properties such as a high energy density, high power density, low cost, and safe and reliable performance. In this study, we present a CUCap (cyclic ultracapacitor), which is comprised of two reservoirs and one flat flow capacitor cell with a cyclic continuous flow mode and independently tunable power rating and energy capacity. CUCap provides fast-charging and high capacity technology with a simple and practical design for high density and large-scale energy storage systems. The best performance appeared in slurry ratio (electrode to electrolyte) 1 to 7 with the total reservoir volume of 150 mL and the flow rate 300 ml/min, resulting in volumetric energy density, specific capacitance, and discharge time of 7.7 Wh L −1 , 14.2 F ml −1 , 100 min, respectively. Moreover, the slurry electrode of the CUCap cell had a maximum current density around 260 mA cm −2 which could possibly result in a fast-charging CUCap system.

Forthcoming flexible/wearable electronic devices with shape diversity and mobile usability garner a great deal of attention as an innovative technology to bring unprecedented changes in our daily lives. From the power source point of view, conventional rechargeable batteries (one representative example is a lithium-ion battery) with fixed shapes and sizes have intrinsic limitations in fulfilling design/performance requirements for the flexible/wearable electronics. Here, as a facile and efficient strategy to address this formidable challenge, we demonstrate a new class of printable solid-state batteries (referred to as "PRISS batteries"). Through simple stencil printing process (followed by ultraviolet (UV) cross-linking), solid-state composite electrolyte (SCE) layer and SCE matrix-embedded electrodes are consecutively printed on arbitrary objects of complex geometries, eventually leading to fully integrated, multilayer-structured PRISS batteries with various form factors far beyond those achievable by conventional battery technologies. Tuning rheological properties of SCE paste and electrode slurry toward thixotropic fluid characteristics, along with well-tailored core elements including UV-cured triacrylate polymer and high boiling point electrolyte, is a key-enabling technology for the realization of PRISS batteries. This process/material uniqueness allows us to remove extra processing steps (related to solvent drying and liquid-electrolyte injection) and also conventional microporous separator membranes, thereupon enabling the seamless integration of shape-conformable PRISS batteries (including letters-shaped ones) into complex-shaped objects. Electrochemical behavior of PRISS batteries is elucidated via an in-depth analysis of cell impedance, which provides a theoretical basis to enable sustainable improvement of cell performance. We envision that PRISS batteries hold great promise as a reliable and scalable platform technology to open a new concept of cell architecture and fabrication route toward flexible power sources with exceptional shape conformability and aesthetic versatility.

With the prevalence of the Global Positioning System, an increasing number of electronic devices and vehicles have been equipped with a GPS module for a variety of applications including navigation and location-based search. Early GPS software was developed as monolithic tool in which all functions packed in the same software. But, these GPS software have the problems of the high cost of constructing system. close system architecture and the reusability. And there is a lack of interoperability between them because most of them have their own unique data format according to their application fields. Therefore in the paper new extended for better modeling GPS application in the UML Diagram are proposed, and the Implementation of a program called StereotypeCreator, which is able to create iconic stereotypes used in one of the most popular visual modeling tools for software development, Rational Rose, will be also proposed.

Robot control and image processing using a smartphone and Wi-Fi communication is introduced. The robot has a wheel and quadruped mechanism that is transformed according to the environment and is mainly used for drug bottle delivery. The captured image on the camera is transmitted to the smartphone in the form of stream data, and the image data is processed in the smartphone to enable the robot to identify an object and to control the robot itself. A network was constructed so that only image data from the stream data was used, and an image processing scheme to identify the drug bottle and deliver it to a person using a robot arm is also presented. In this study, image processing techniques and algorithms were purely implemented on a smartphone with considerable computational power and multiple functions rather than a computer, which contributes to the intelligence and miniaturization of the robot system.

This study focuses on the vision-sharing practices, actual management capabilities and marketing competence for management which are supposed to be associated with the performance of village-based agricultural production sector. For this, vast literatures related to this issues were reviewed and analyzed. and which were used to establishment of research model. And then questionnaire were developed along the research model, survey were implemented using the questionnaire. In survey both of questionnaire and interview were used to obtain proper opinion. Total of 51 completed questionnaires were obtained and used to empirical analysis. The correlation method was used to investigate the relationships between factors affecting performance of agricultural production unit and performance. Major findings are as follows: (1) in overall, factors related to the vision-sharing or communication are not so important or even negative effects on the performance (2) in overall, factors of management competences are relatively associated with the performances positively (3) in overall, general management capabilities like planning or analyzing were positively related to the performance (4)significant factors which were related to the positive effects on the performances were alternatives considering risk of depreciation, securing stable customers, retention of professional personnels.

Objectives : The purpose of the research is to measure Dental Hygiene students` level of musculoskeletal pain before and after receiving scaling training which involves repetitive operations and examine effects the operations have on the students` grip and pinch strength. Methods : 15 subjects in Dental Hygiene at Y university located in Chungbuk were tested on November 2, 2011. Results : 12 students had a musculoskeletal pain before receiving scaling training. However, all the 15 students had a musculoskeletal pain after the training. Body part the largest number of the students complained of the pain on was shoulders(37.9%) followed by neck(20.8%), waist(13.9%), wrists(10.3%), then back(6.9%) before receiving the training. Then the result showed that shoulders are where the largest number of students(24.1%) felt the pain, followed by neck(17.2%), wrists and fingers(13.8%), waist(12.1%), back and lower arms(6.9%), then palms(5.2%) after the training. Visual Analogue Scale(VAS) increased to after receiving the training from and this shows statistically significant difference(p from after receiving the training and this shows statistically significant difference(p to , key pinch from to , and tripod pinch from to . Conclusions : The result showed that scaling training has effects on Dental Hygiene students` musculoskeletal subjective symptoms and their grip and pinch strength changes after receiving the training.

A real-time photoacoustic tomography which is capable of imaging the changes in biological features of living subject is presented. A custom developed data acquisition board and linear array transducer is used in this photoacoustic system. A phantom test were carried out to evaluate performance of the system. The developed system showed a satisfactory performance and its usefulness were evaluated. The universal back projection algorithm is used for image reconstruction and the sensitivity is analyzed from the obtained photoacoustic images.

The design of low voltage LC-VCO(LC Voltage Controlled Oscillator) has been presented to optimize the phase noise and power consumption for the block of frequency synthesis to satisfy WCDMA system specification in this paper. The parameters for minimum phase noise has been obtained in the region of design, using the lines of the tuning range and the excess gain in the plane of the inductance and the transconductance of MOS transistor to compensate the loss of LC-tank. As a result of simulation, the phase noise characteristics is -113dBc/Hz for offset of 1MHz. The optimum designed LC-VCO has been fabricated using the process of 0.25um CMOS. As a result of measurement for fabricated chip, the phase noise characteristics is -116dBc/Hz for offset of 1MHz. The power consumption is 15mW, and Kvco is 370MHz/V.

Power flow finite element method(PFFEM) combining power flow analysis(PFA) with finite element method is efficient for vibration analysis of a built-up structure, and power flow boundary element method(PFBEM) combining PFA with boundary element method is useful for predicting the noise level of a vibrating complex structure. In this paper, the coupled PFFE/PFBE method is used to investigate the vibration and radiated noise of the unmanned underwater vehicle(UUV) in water. PFFEM is employed to analyze the vibrational responses of the UUV, and PFBEM is applied to analyze the underwater radiation noise. The vibrational energy of the structure is treated as an acoustic intensity boundary condition of PFBEM to calculate underwater radiation noise. Numerical simulations are presented for the UUV in water, and reliable results have been obtained.

We measure the thickness of YBa2Cu3O7−δ (YBCO) films at a microwave frequency of 39.91 GHz noninvasively by using the single two-resonance-mode sapphire resonator (TSR) method. In the TSR method, a single sapphire resonator is used for measuring the effective surface resistance (RS,eff) and the penetration depth (λ) of the YBCO films at the same frequency at temperatures of 6–88 K. Five YBCO films having thicknesses of 70–360 nm are used in this study. The thickness, t(RF), of the YBCO films as measured at 10, 30, 50, and 77 K by using the TSR method turns out to be almost the same as the corresponding one, t(step), as measured by using step profilometry. The differences between t(RF) and t(step) appear to be less than ∼5% regardless of the film thickness and the measured temperature, which is smaller than the corresponding value of ∼7% as observed by using the two-resonance-mode rutile resonator (TRR) method. The differences between the average t(RF) of each YBCO film and the corresponding t(step) turn out to be less than ∼3% in both methods. We discuss the merits in using the TSR method in relation with the TRR method. Our study shows that the TSR method could be very useful for noninvasive measurements of the thicknesses of various superconductor films with accuracy by using microwaves.