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Exploratory spatial data analysis (ESDA) is one of the recently developed techniques in GIS used to analyze the statistical characteristics and spatial heterogeneity of population data. Current research is focused on the examination of spatial patterns of population growth rate in Bahawalpur district of Pakistan. Based on census data at union council level of the district, the present study uses specific techniques of ESDA including spatial autocorrelation and Moran’s Index to analyze the distribution and concentration of population. Keeping in view the research objectives, paper is divided in two sections. The first section deals with the analysis of spatial distribution of population growth rate at a specific interval size. The second part of the research deals with the application of spatial autocorrelation to examine the spatial clustering of population growth in the district. The results of the study show the spatial clustering of population growth rate in the northern part i.e. Bahawalpur city. The study concludes that uneven and non- random population distribution is not the result of random chance and is associated with various factors. The study can be beneficial for population planning authorities to identify the major clustered areas of high and low population growth for planning and regional development of the area.

Industrialization is a procedure which contributes to the economy of a country and plays a pivotal role in theexpansion of wealth and economic growth of a community. Textile industry has acted as the backbone of the industrialsector of Pakistan and has contributed a lot in the regional growth especially in Punjab. The present study is aimed toassess the role of locational factors that have proven favorable in the growth and successful development of textileindustry in Jaranwala tehsil, Faisalabad district. An empirical research design was selected and Jaranwala tehsil waschosen as the study area. Both primary and secondary data sources were used, and primary data were collected througha fully-structured questionnaire. Five sample sites were selected, and 75 textile industries were visited, and data wereobtained by interviewing the administrative staff of the respective textile units. The collected data were further arrangedand tabulated by using Microsoft Excel 2010, SPSS 20; Paired sample T test was performed to check the significancebetween types of industries and factors affecting the location of surveyed textile industries. Distributional and thematicmaps were prepared with the help of Arc GIS 10.1. The result of the study showed that availability of raw material,cheap labor and better climatic conditions were the most favorable factors for the location of industries in the studyarea. The study recommends the further work on other types of industries following same pattern in order to understandtheir economic progress in regional growth and development of the study area.

Background: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disorder, multisystemic in nature more common in females of childbearing age. There are certain risk factors which predispose to this disease. It affects various organs, kidney is among them. Almost 60% patients having SLE ultimately leads to kidney dysfunction at some stage of the life. Aim: To find out pattern of histopathological findings of lupus nephritis as per WHO classification on kidney biopsy in Pakistan. Methodology: This cross-sectional study was completed in department of Medicine, Fatima Memorial Hospital, Lahore, from March 2016 to May, 2018. Total sample size was 165 patients. Only patients who fulfilled the 2012 SLICC (Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics) criteria were included in the study. SPSS version 25.0 was used data analysis. Results: Age of the patients was between 31-50 years i.e. 114(69.09%), mean and SD was 43.96±4.84 years, females were more commonly affected by calculating 99(59.70%). Patterns of lupus nephritis as per WHO classification and renal biopsy were noted which shows 18(10.91%) had Class I, 53(32.12%) Class II, 43(26.07%) Class III, 35(21.20%) Class IV, 10(6.06%) Class V and 6(3.64%) had Class VI. Conclusion: Class II and Class III Lupus Nephritis are the most common modalities found in patients of SLE. Every patient with Lupus Nephritis should undergo a Renal Biopsy for correct diagnosis of the class of this disease and further management accordingly. Keywords: Lupus Nephritis, SLE, renal biopsy

In this paper, a modified resistive shunt feedback topology is proposed that performs noise cancelation and serves as an opposite polarity non-linearity generator to cancel the distortion produced ...

Wideband noise cancelling LNAs reported in recent literature consume very large power because of the additional stages required for noise cancelling. This makes them inappropriate for portable applications. Based on this fact, the design of a low power, noise cancelling, wideband LNA is presented in this paper. To demonstrate the proposed circuit, novel use of popular current reuse LNA architecture in combination with the noise cancellation technique is presented. The current reuse architecture aids in obtaining necessary phase difference between signal and noise while providing power optimization. This paper presents detailed mathematical analysis of the modified input impedance, gain and noise figure. The proposed LNA is designed for UWB applications using 130 nm IBM CMOS process. The simulation results demonstrated 3 dB bandwidth of 2.35–9.37 GHz with maximum forward gain (S21) of 10.3 dB and achieved minimum noise figure (NFmin) of 3.68 dB. The simulated input referred third order intercept point (IIP3) and 1 dB compression point (P1dB) are found to be −4 dBm and −12.55 dBm respectively. With a power supply of 1.3 V, the proposed circuit consumes 9.97 mW only.

The realization of Software Defined Radio (SDR) requires flexible RF front-end to accommodate multiple standards in different frequency bands. In this review paper, we survey the literature over the period 1995-2011 and discuss the state-of-the-art multiband and wideband LNAs in context of different receiver architectures suitable for SDR. Wideband and multiband LNA designs reported in open literature are categorized on the basis of their circuit architecture. Measured results of the sample LNA designs from each category are tabulated and discussed with emphasis on power consumption, NF, gain, linearity, and impedance matching tradeoffs. We have also discussed our own three wideband inductorless LNA design prototypes which are manufactured in 0.13?m and 90nm CMOS. This review infers that future LNAs suitable for SDR must be highly linear and scalable with future technology nodes.

The paper comprises the concept of environmental governance, and the role played by institutions and citizens particularly youth dealing with environmental problems complaints. It represents an initial attempt to construct a fresh approach to the field of environmental governance by considering youth complaints as an important source of information for the management authorities. Local organizations and institutions are considered in order to collect information about the number and types of complaints regarding environmental problems. Moreover, the resolved and unresolved complaints data is also collected through Tehsil Municipal Administration complaints cell and particular actions are analysed. The complaints submitted by citizens are categorized on the basis of age structure. Results clearly show the interest of youth regarding environmental problems as well as the local authorities response of these complaints are recorded in the through textual interviews results. The submitted complaints made it very easy for the authorities to analyse the environmental problems at union council level and resolved complaints shows the attention of local authorities towards these problems. Youth as being educated and most active part of the community can play its vital role in this process. Youth, by its participation can make this complaint process an important avenue for community participation in environmental governance and policies. The paper tries to build a new idea about youth involvement by analysing their interests in the city related environmental problems. It gives an approach of developing collaboration between youth community and municipality for better planning concerning the problems of the city.

In this paper, a novel architecture for wideband input impedance matching consisting of two common gate (CG) transistors is presented. One CG transistor is placed on top of the other in a current reuse fashion such that both transistors appear in parallel at the input. As a consequence, the transconductance requirement for input matching from each NMOS transistor is reduced to half compared to a simple CG LNA without effecting the total gain. The proposed input matching technique achieves a large bandwidth and high gain with comparatively small power consumption. The designed UWB LNA is simulated using IBM 130nm CMOS process with Spectre RF. Post Layout simulation results depict S11 and S22 better than −6.5 dB and −15 dB respectively. The gain and 3 dB bandwidth are 15 dB and 2.1 GHz, respectively. The LNA demonstrates minimum NF of 3.7 dB at 3.53 GHz in the passband, input referred 1dBCP of −15.32 dBm with IIP3 of −10.5 dBm. The proposed LNA consumes only 2.6 mW with Vdd of 1.4 V.

In software defined radio, the same radio front end is used to accommodate different wireless standards operating in different frequency bands. The use of wideband or multiband low noise amplifiers (LNAs) is mandatory in such situations. There are several figures of merit (FoMs) proposed for narrowband LNAs. These FoMs are modified for wideband/multiband LNAs just by the inclusion of 3 dB bandwidth, and designers tend to use the one that favours their own design. In this article, a review of the existing FoMs for narrowband LNAs is presented. Based on this analysis, we propose two different FoMs for fair comparison of improvement in LNA parameters due to complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) technology advancement and circuit optimisation (irrespective of transistor technology), separately. The empirical technology scaling factor for gain, noise figure (NF), f T and linearity is used to differentiate between these FoMs for different types of LNAs.

Background: Use of smoke-less tobacco (SLT) is very common in South and South-East Asian countries. It is significantly associated with various types of cancers. The objectives of this study were to assess the proportion of hospital staff that use SLT, and to identify the factors associated with its use and their practices. Methods: In a cross-sectional study, 560 staff of two tertiary care hospitals were interviewed in the year 2009. Nurses, ward boys and technicians were counted as a paramedic staff while drivers, peons, security guards and housekeeping staff were labeled as non-paramedic staff. SLT use was considered as usage of any of the following: betel quid (paan) with or without tobacco, betel nuts with or without tobacco (gutkha) and snuff (naswar). Results: About half (48.6%) of the hospital staff were using at least one type of SLT. Factors found to be statistically significant with SLT were being a male (OR=2.5; 95% CI=1.8-3.7); having no/fewer years of education (OR=1.7; 95% CI=1.2-2.4) and working as non-paramedic staff (OR=2.6; 95% CI=1.8-3.8). Majority of SLT users were using it on regular basis, for > 5 years and keeping the tobacco products in the oral cavity for >30 minutes. About half of the users started due to peer pressure and had tried to quit this habit but failed. Conclusion: In this study, about half of the study participants were using SLT in different forms. We suggest educational and behavioral interventions for control of SLT usage.

BACKGROUND: Dengue virus infection is one of the major global public health problems. The infection usually occurs with clinical manifestations ranging from an asymptomatic or mild febrile illness as classical dengue fever to the potentially life-threatening illness, dengue hemorrhagic fever and dengue shock syndrome. The objective of the current study was to observe the frequency and diagnosis of primary or secondary dengue viral infection among individuals in Lahore city, Pakistan.METHODS: Study subjects were identified for the presence of dengue diagnostic markers including NS1 antigen, IgM and IgG antibody. The dengue specific antigen NS1 was detected by immonochromatography, while dengue specific antibodies (IgM and IgG) were measured through ELISA.RESULTS: Total 98 (56%) out of 175 febrile cases were found infected by dengue virus. From total 98 confirmed dengue cases, NS1 antigen was detected in 59 (60.20%), IgM antibodies were present in 74 (75.51%) and IgG antibodies were detected in 40 (40.81%) individuals. Statistical analysis reveals correlation of NS1 antigen and IgM antibody among dengue patients with significant P-value (P < 0.01). Results indicated that 58 (59%) were infected by primary infection and 40 (41%) were infected by secondary infection. The most effected age group was 21-30 years (51.02%) and least effected age group was

BACKGROUND: Diabetes is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality amongst the people of Pakistan. In 2015, 7 million people had diabetes and the number is still on raise. Family history of diabetes, high body mass index, and other sociodemographic factors are the risk factors of diabetes. Persistent exposure to excessive glucose may be a reason behind diabetic complications like nephropathy, neuropathy, retinopathy, cardiomyopathy and gestational diabetes mellitus.METHODS: For the evaluation of laboratory parameters, 600 blood samples were collected at Akhuwat Diabetic Centre and from Jinnah Hospital, Lahore. Demographic data of the participants was collected by filling a questionnaire. Lipid profile, liver enzymes, and renal function tests were performed and statistical analysis was done.RESULTS: Type 2 diabetes mellitus among other types is the most prevalent form of diabetes in our population. Family history of diabetes (p=0.002), Body Mass Index (>25) p

In this paper, a highly linear, inductively degenerated, common source narrowband LNA is presented. An extremely simple feed-forward distortion circuit (FDC) which consists of an appropriately sized ac-coupled diode connected NMOS is proposed. This circuit generates distortion components at output, when added at the input node as a feed forward element (M 6 ). These distortion components partially cancel the 3rd order nonlinearity of the cascode pair (M 2 & M 3 ), thus improving the overall linearity of LNA. The prototype is manufactured in standard 0.13μm CMOS process from IBM. Simulation and partial measurement results show the S11 and S22 to be −19.27dB and −7.14dB respectively at 2.45GHz. The simulation results of the LNA demonstrate a power gain of 18.5dB, NF of 4.38dB, input referred 1dBCP of −11.76dBm and IIP3 of +0.7dBm consuming 27.7mA from 1.0V power supply. The proposed LNA achieves the best input referred IIP3 reported in recent literature using 0.13μm CMOS in 2.4GHz frequency band.

This paper presents the design of a fully integrated, highly linear, wideband low noise amplifier (LNA). The LNA employs a three stage distributed topology along with input and output matching networks. The transistors have been biased in weak/moderate inversion to achieve better linearity. The post-layout simulation results for the proposed design presents a bandwidth of 0.1-1.9 GHz with an IIP3 of +3.8 dBm and input referred 1-dB CP of -7.72 dBm. The LNA achieves a power gain of 10 dB, NFmin of 4.4 dB and power consumption of 65 mW. With a supply voltage of 2 V, the design has been simulated in Cadence SpectreRF, using IBM 130 nm CMOS technology. The target is to achieve a wide band low noise amplifier that would suffice for multiple standards while offering high linearity.

This paper presents the design of a single ended wideband LNA utilizing reactive elements at the input and output for impedance matching. It has been shown through simulations that the LNA architecture utilizes components similar to a narrowband design but achieves a much wider bandwidth with high gain and low noise figure. The single ended wideband LNA is based on 0.13-μm CMOS technology from IBM and simulated in Cadence SpectreRF. The LNA operates for frequencies approximately between 4–6 GHz. The maximum gain of the LNA is 29.6 dB and average NF is 2.6 dB. The linearity analysis shows the input referred PldB and IIP3 of −25.07 dBm and −13.47 dBm respectively. The two stage wideband LNA consumes only 13.9 mA from a 1.5 V supply. It shows good comparison with other LNAs designed for 4–6 GHz range with a much higher gain and smaller NF.

This work presents the design of an inductorless 19–22GHz wideband Low Noise Amplifier in 0.13µm CMOS technology from IBM. A single ended three stage configuration is used. The circuit is designed in Cadence SpectreRF and employs resistive feedback technique to improve linearity and bandwidth. Impedance matching is obtained using transmission lines. At 20GHz, the low noise amplifier has a gain of 27dB, noise figure (NF) of 2.55dB, input referred ldB-CP of −21dBm and input referred third order intercept point (IEP3) of −9.5dBm consuming 75mW from IV supply. This design has the best gain and noise figure reported till date in 0.13µm CMOS technology for single ended 19–22GHzwidebandinductorless LNAs.