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Background Zika (ZIKV) is a mosquito-borne virus that has caused multiple outbreaks in Americas. The early and accurate diagnosis of ZIKV is the key to minimize the health burden imposed on the infected patients. Many commercial ZIKV diagnosis kit are available based on ZIKV envelope antigen with varying sensitivity and specificity. Objective The aim of this study was to develop sensitive ELISA methodology based on recombinant ZIKV NS1 and NS1 β-ladder antigens for seroprevalence detection in a cohort of patients in an arbovirus endemic Mexican region in comparison to a commercial kit. Study design We obtained serum samples from 60 patients presenting with febrile illness and from 10 healthy donors in Michoacan state in 2016–2017. These samples were screened for ZIKV by RT-PCR and used to develop NS1 based ELISA and compared to a commercial kit. Results Our results indicate that both ZIKV sNS1 and β-ladder-based ELISA can reliably detect anti-ZIKV NS1 antibodies in infected patients, relevant for the serodiagnosis of ZIKV. Determination of antibody titers showed that it offered higher sensitivity than a commercially available ZIKV ELISA. Over 90% seropositivity against ZIKV for the febrile patients was detected in Lazaro Cardenas which is an arbovirus endemic region while lower seropositivity was observed in the healthy volunteers in Morelia (non-endemic area). Conclusion We conclude that our simple and sensitive in-house NS1 based ELISA used in this study has excellent sensitivity, is easy to use and can provide fast results suitable for larger population-based seroprevalence studies in the future.

Among COVID-19 hospitalized patients, high incidence of alterations in inflammatory and coagulation biomarkers correlates with a poor prognosis. Comorbidities such as chronic degenerative diseases are frequently associated with complications in COVID-19 patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate inflammatory and procoagulant biomarkers in COVID-19 patients from a public hospital in Mexico. Blood was sampled within the first 48 h after admission in 119 confirmed COVID-19 patients that were classified in 3 groups according to oxygen demand, evolution and the severity of the disease as follows: 1) Non severe: nasal cannula or oxygen mask; 2) Severe: high flow nasal cannula and 3) Death: mechanical ventilation eventually leading to fatal outcome. Blood samples from 20 healthy donors were included as a Control Group. Analysis of inflammatory and coagulation biomarkers including D-dimer, interleukin 6, interleukin 8, PAI-1, P-selectin and VWF was performed in plasma. Routine laboratory and clinical biomarkers were also included and compared among groups. Concentrations of D-dimer (14.5 ± 13.8 µg/ml) and PAI-1 (1223 ± 889.6 ng/ml) were significantly elevated in severe COVID-19 patients (P < 0.0001). A significant difference was found in interleukin-6, PAI-1 and P-selectin in non-severe and healthy donors when compared to Severe COVID-19 and deceased patients (P < 0.001). VWF levels were also significantly different between severe patients (153.5 ± 24.3 UI/dl) and non-severe ones (133.9 ± 20.2 UI/dl) (P < 0.0001). WBC and glucose levels were also significantly elevated in patients with Severe COVID-19. Plasma concentrations of all prothrombotic biomarkers were significantly higher in patients with a fatal outcome.

Resumen Introducción: La reducción de las hormonas tiroideas, triyodotironina total (T3) y triyodotironina libre (T3L) en pacientes en hemodiálisis, es un marcador de malnutrición e inflamación y son predictores de mortalidad. El objetivo del estudio fue determinar la prevalencia del síndrome complejo de malnutrición e inflamación en hemodiálisis y su asociación con las hormonas tiroideas: tirotropina, T3, T3L y tiroxina libre (T4L); además de evaluar la incidencia del síndrome de T3L y su correlación con marcadores nutricionales e inflamatorios. Materiales y métodos: Estudio transversal, analítico y comparativo, incluyó 128 pacientes en HD, 50,8% mujeres, edad 45,05 ± 17,01 años, 45,4 ± 38,8 meses en hemodiálisis, 29,7% diabéticos y 79,7% hipertensos. Se determinó en suero la concentración de tirotropina, T3, T3L y T4L, se aplicó la encuesta Malnutrition-Inflammation Score para diagnosticar malnutrición e inflamación. Resultados: La media de valores de las hormonas tiroideas fueron: tirotropina 2,48 ± 1,8 mUI/mL (rango 0,015-9,5), T3 1,18 ± 0,39 ng/mL (0,67-2,64), T3L 5,21 ± 0,96 pmol/l (3,47-9,75), T4L 1,35 ± 0,4 ng/mL (0,52-2,57). La prevalencia de síndrome complejo de malnutrición e inflamación es 53,9%; un 11,7% mostró T3L baja. Las concentraciones séricas de T3 y T3L correlacionan negativamente con Malnutrition-Inflammation Score y T4L correlaciona positivamente con Malnutrition-Inflammation Score. El análisis de regresión lineal de T3L baja fue asociado con IL-6 (β=0,265 p = 0,031), proteína C reactiva (β=-0,313 p = 0,018) y albúmina (β=0,276 p = 0,002). Conclusiones: Bajos niveles de T3 y T3L correlacionan con parámetros de inflamación y nutrición. El síndrome complejo de malnutrición e inflamación puede afectar la concentración sérica de hormonas tiroideas. Abstract Introduction: Low levels of thyroid hormones, total triiodothyronine (T3) and free triiodothyronine (FT3) in haemodialysis patients is a marker of malnutrition and inflammation and are predictors of mortality. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of malnutrition-inflammation complex syndrome in haemodialysis and its relationship with the thyroid hormones thyrotropin, T3, FT3 and free thyroxine (FT4), as well as to evaluate the prevalence of low FT3 syndrome and its correlation with nutritional and inflammatory markers. Materials and methods: Cross-sectional, analytical and comparative study that enrolled 128 haemodialysis patients: 50.8% females; mean age 45.05 ± 17.01 years; mean time on haemodialysis 45.4 ± 38.8 months; 29.7% diabetics; 79.7% with hypertension. Serum thyroid hormones thyrotropin, T3, FT3 and FT4 concentrations were measured and Malnutritition-Inflammation Score (MIS) was applie to diagnostic. Results: Mean thyroid hormone values were: thyroid hormones thyrotropin 2.48 ± 1.8 mIU/ml (range: 0.015-9.5), T3 1.18 ± 0.39 ng/ml (range 0.67-2.64), FT3 5.21 ± 0.96 pmol/l (range: 3.47-9.75); FT4 1.35 ± 0.4 ng/ml (range: 0.52-2.57). Malnutrition-inflammation complex syndrome prevalence was 53.9%; 11.7% presented low FT3 levels. Serum T3 and FT3 concentrations inversely correlated with Malnutritition-Inflammation Score (MIS), while FT4 correlated positively with Malnutrition-Inflammation Score. In the linear regression analysis, low FT3 was associated with IL-6 (β= 0.265, p = .031), C-reactive protein (CRP) (β= -0.313, p = .018) and albumin (β= 0.276, p = .002). Conclusion: Low T3 and FT3 levels are correlated with malnutrition and inflammation parameters. Malnutrition-inflammation complex syndrome can affect serum concentrations of thyroid hormones.

von Willebrand factor (vWF) is a multimeric glycoprotein present in blood plasma. It is synthesized in megakaryocytes and endothelial cells, secreted into circulation in the form of high-molecular-weight multimers (HMWMs), and cleaved into shorter, less active multimers by ADAMTS13. It is essential for platelet adhesion and aggregation. Previous studies have investigated the relationship between vWF levels and thromboembolic events with little regard to vWF multimeric structure. Patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) exhibit higher plasma vWF and lower ADAMTS13 levels. One hundred seven patients with AF, 51 anticoagulated and 56 nonanticoagulated, were eligible for the study. Plasma samples were analyzed for vWF antigen, vWF activity, and ADAMTS13; vWF multimers were analyzed by Western blot in 1% to 1.3% sodium dodecyl sulfate agarose gel electrophoresis. Patients with AF without oral anticoagulation (OAC) had significantly higher vWF plasma levels (154.00 [75-201] UI/dL) and vWF activity (60.00% [20%-210%]) compared to patients with OAC (133.50 [90-192] UI/dL, P =

Chikungunya fever is a debilitating disease caused by Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) that can result in long-lasting arthralgias. The early diagnosis of CHIKV relies on PCR during the acute infection phase to allow differential diagnosis with other co-circulating arboviruses such as dengue and Zika. Alternatively, serology can support diagnosis and provide epidemiological information on current and past outbreaks. Many commercial serological ELISA assays are based on the inactivated whole CHIKV, but their sensitivity and specificity show great variability. We produced recombinant CHIKV E2 that is suitable for ELISA assays, which was used for the serodiagnosis of CHIKV infections occurring in an arbovirus endemic Mexican region within Michoac&aacute, n state. A cross-sectional study was conducted in 2016&ndash, 2017, sera was obtained from 15 healthy donors and 68 patients presenting undifferentiated febrile illness. Serum samples were screened by RT-PCR and by our in-house ELISA assay. Our results indicate that IgM and IgG anti-CHIKV E2 antibodies were detected with our ELISA assay with higher sensitivity than a commercially available CHIKV ELISA kit. Our simple and sensitive ELISA assay for the serodiagnosis of CHIKV infections can be applied to population-based seroprevalence surveys and has potential for monitoring vaccine immunogenicity in CHIKV vaccine clinical trials.

Objective Drug inhibition of platelet P2Y12 adenosine diphosphate receptor has reduced the incidence of adverse cardiovascular events after percutaneous coronary interventions. The analysis of the phosphorylation status of vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein by flow cytometry has shown a predictive value for adverse events and stent thrombosis. Polymorphisms of CYP2C19 in high risk patients may also relate to adverse cardiovascular events. Methods Ninety patients were enrolled. Patients received a 600 mg clopidogrel loading dose. Blood samples were obtained at the time of the procedure and 24 h later, platelet reactivity was assessed by vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein phosphorylation measurement using flow cytometry. Low response to clopidogrel was defined as a platelet reactivity index ≥ 50%. The presence of CYP2C19*2 was identified with the restriction enzyme Smal. Results Mean platelet reactivity index: 53.45 ± 22.48% in the baseline sample and 57.14 ± 23.08% at 24 h (p = 0.183); 40% of patients behaved as good responders, the rest behaved as non-responders with 38% of patients showing platelet reactivity indexes between 50-70% and 22% showing indexes above 70%. The CYP2C19*2 polymorphism was found in 17% of patients, with a 3.9% AA homozygous genotype carriers. Conclusion Response to the clopidogrel loading dose showed a wide variability among patients with 40% responding to the drug according to previously established cut-off values. Our results showed that 3.9% of patients show the AA genotype. To our knowledge, this is the first study involving clopidogrel response by flow citometry and genotype typification in Mexican Mestizo population

ResumenAntecedentesLas citoquinas proinflamatorias desempeñan un papel importante en la retinopatía diabética; existe evidencia contradictoria sobre la elevación sérica de las mismas en esta condición y el posible rol que tienen como su marcador sérico.ObjetivoEvaluar la presencia de citoquinas séricas proinflamatorias en pacientes con y sin retinopatía diabética.Material y métodosSeries de casos comparativas. Se incluyeron 36 pacientes divididos en 3 grupos: 12 pacientes con diabetes mellitus con retinopatía diabética (grupo 1), 12 pacientes con diabetes mellitus sin retinopatía diabética (grupo 2) y 12 pacientes sin diabetes mellitus como grupo control. Se midieron los niveles séricos de las siguientes citoquinas proinflamatorias en todos los pacientes: TNF-α, IL-1β e IL-6. También se realizó medición de biomarcadores proinflamatorios o reactantes de fase aguda, como velocidad de sedimentación globular y proteína C reactiva.ResultadosLos niveles de TNF-α e IL-6 resultaron mayores en el grupo 1 (TNF-α: 19.4±10.9pg/ml, IL-6: 5.75±7pg/ml) comparados con los de los otros 2 grupos, aunque la diferencia resultó estadísticamente significativa solo en el caso del TNF-α (grupo 1: 19.4±10.9pg/ml, grupo 2: 14±4.3pg/ml y grupo control: 8.49±3.69pg/ml, p=0.001). No hubo diferencias entre biomarcadores proinflamatorios como velocidad de sedimentación globular y proteína C reactiva entre los 3 grupos (p>0.05).ConclusionesLos niveles séricos de citoquinas proinflamatorias fueron mayores en el grupo 1. Se requieren mayores estudios para establecer mejor el impacto de este hallazgo.AbstractBackgroundPro-inflammatory cytokines play an important role in diabetic retinopathy. There is conflicting evidence about their serum elevation in this condition and that they also may be possible serum inflammatory biomarkers of diabetic retinopathy.ObjectiveTo evaluate the presence of serum pro-inflammatory cytokines and acute phase reactants in the serum of patients with and without diabetic retinopathy.Material and methodsComparative case series with 36 patients divided into three groups were included: 12 patients with diabetes mellitus and diabetic retinopathy (group 1), 12 diabetic patients without diabetic retinopathy (group 2), and 12 healthy patients as a control group. Serum levels of the following pro-inflammatory cytokines were measured in all patients: TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6. Pro-inflammatory biomarkers measurements were also performed, such as erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein.ResultsThe levels of TNF-α and IL-6 were higher in group 1 (TNF-α: 19.4 ± 10.9 pg/ml, IL-6: 5.75 ± 7 pg/ml) compared to the other two groups, although the difference was statistically significant only in the case of TNF-α (group 1: 19.4 ± 10.9 pg/ml, group 2: 14 ± 4.3 pg/ml and control: 8.49 ± 3.69 pg/ml, p = 0.001). There were no differences among pro-inflammatory biomarkers such as erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C reactive protein. among the three groups (p > 0.05).ConclusionsPro-- inflammatory serum cytokine levels were higher in the diabetes mellitus with diabetic retinopathy group. Larger studies are warranted to establish the real impact of this finding.

Childhood obesity is a public health problem in Mexico and worldwide because of the later clinical consequences including diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease (CVD).1 The rapid increase in the prevalence and severity of obesity in children likely lowers the age of onset and increases the incidence of CVD. Childhood obesity is associated with endothelial dysfunction, one of the earliest changes in the development of atherosclerosis,2,3 and evidence supports atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease beginning in childhood.4 Additionally, the high serum levels of low density lipoprotein (LDL)-cholesterol and total cholesterol in childhood were associated in adults with carotid intima-media thickness5 and subclinical atherosclerosis.6 In adults, inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, and hyperuricemia are factors that contribute to a link between obesity and CVD. Leptin has been shown to represent an important candidate linking these disorders,7,8 because of the potential role in the regulated functioning of the immune system,9 on platelet activation and segregation,10 and on relation with uric acid (UA).11 In the presence of obesity, inflammation leads to platelet activation and increased plasma levels of prothrombotic proteins stored in platelet α-granules including soluble P-selectin (sP-selectin), von Willebrand Factor (vWF), and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1). High levels of these proteins are believed to play a central role in accelerating the risk of atherothrombosis.12 sP-selectin is not only expressed on activated endothelial cells, but also on activated platelets, and it mediates rosetting of the platelets with monocytes and neutrophils that contribute to atherosclerotic lesion.13 It is, therefore, considered a plasma marker of platelet activation and endothelial dysfunction in the atherogenic process that has been related to adverse cardiovascular events in adults.14,15 vWF levels have been significantly associated with insulin resistance (IR).16 Increased PAI-1 levels have been associated with the risk of thrombosis and fibrosis, and it has been shown to have a direct effect in the development of IR and type 2 diabetes.17 Disorders of UA metabolism are often seen in conjunction with factors associated with lifestyles such as an unbalanced diet abundant in purine, obesity, and alcohol consumption.18 In adolescents, UA levels are significantly increased with obesity,19 and some studies suggests that UA stimulates vascular inflammation and endothelial dysfunction, and it predicts adult blood pressure.20–22 The aim of our study was to investigate the factors associated with platelet activation in obese children.

Antinuclear antibodies (ANA) are frequently found in healthy populations. To define the prevalence, pattern, and titer of ANA in different groups of the healthy Mexican population, we studied 304 individuals, classified into 3 groups: 104 blood donors, 100 hospital personnel working at The State General Hospital, which included doctors, laboratory technicians, and nurses; and 100 relatives of patient diagnosed either with systemic lupus erythematosus or rheumatoid arthritis, all of them apparently healthy at the time of study. We determined ANA using immunofluorescence microscopy performed on HEp-2 cells. Fluorescence was detected in 165 serum samples (54.3%). The most frequent pattern was the speckled (50.3%). The most frequent dilution was 1:40 (35.4%), followed by 1:80 (13.4%), 1:160 (3.2%), and 1:320 (1.3%).Regarding the results by study group, we found a trend toward higher ANA levels in group 2 (hospital personnel), compared with group 1 (blood donors) and group 3 (relatives of patients), a trend also reflected by the increasing frequency of serum titers of 1:80 and higher (P = 0.074). According to occupation, medical doctors showed a higher incidence of speckled pattern when compared with other occupations (P = 0.022). Medical doctors (n = 75) showed also higher titers of this particular pattern (P = 0.03). In group 3, relatives of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus showed the speckled pattern more frequently than relatives of patients with rheumatoid arthritis, in low titers (P = 0.017). We suggest that ANA tests showing speckled pattern should be at a 1:160 titer or higher to be considered positive; other patterns such as homogeneous, peripheral, or centromeric might be considered positive even at low titers (

Introduccion: El laboratorio en reumatologia tiene un papel importante en la evaluacion, el diagnostico y el seguimiento de diversos padecimientos. Los anticuerpos antinucleares (ANA), los anticuerpos anti-ADN de cadena sencilla o doble (ss o dsAnti-ADN) y anticuerpos anticardiolipinicos (AcACL) se usan frecuentemente y su utilidad diagnostica es bien conocida en centros de atencion de tercer nivel. Nuestro hospital es un centro de atencion de segundo nivel que implemento hace 2 anos estas pruebas. Despues de 1 ano de su introduccion, decidimos evaluar la frecuencia en su uso, quien solicita estas pruebas, su utilidad diagnostica en lupus eritematoso generalizado (LEG) y sindrome antifosfolipidico (SAF). Pacientes y metodo: Se evaluo a todos los pacientes con cuadro clinico de estas enfermedades y solicitud de estas pruebas del 1 de septiembre de 2005 al 30 de junio de 2006. De manera prospectiva, los analizo un evaluador con un formato estandarizado que contenia informacion clinica, diagnostico inicial, datos del medico solicitante, servicio, diagnostico tras resultado y los cambios en la terapeutica. Analisis estadistico: se utilizo estadistica descriptiva y tablas de 2 * 2 para evaluar la utilidad diagnostica en las indicaciones mas comunes. Resultados: De un total de 286 solicitudes recibidas, se analizaron 157. Reumatologia y medicina interna enviaron 63 y 31 solicitudes respectivamente. Con respecto a los ANA en LEG, se calculo la sensibilidad (70%); la especificidad (92%); el valor predictivo positivo (VPP) (81%); el valor predictivo negativo (VPN) (86%); la razon de verosimilitud positiva (RVsP) (8,73) y la razon de verosimilitud negativa (RVsN) (0,33). En relacion con los anti-ADN en LEG, la sensibilidad (78%); la especificidad (50%); el VPP (80%); el VPN (46%); la RVsP (1,56) y la RVsN (0,44). Respecto a los AcACL en SAF, la sensibilidad (78%); la especificidad (92%), el VPP (78%), el VPN (92%), la RVsP (10) y la RVsN (0,24). Conclusiones: En nuestro hospital hay poca frecuencia en la solicitud de estos estudios. La sensibilidad y la especificidad parecen no estar acordes con lo publicado. Es necesaria la elaboracion de lineamientos que en nuestro medio regulen la solicitud de estudios especializados en reumatologia y aumenten su utilidad clinica.

Background Pro-inflammatory cytokines play an important role in diabetic retinopathy. There is conflicting evidence about their serum elevation in this condition and that they also may be possible serum inflammatory biomarkers of diabetic retinopathy. Objective To evaluate the presence of serum pro-inflammatory cytokines and acute phase reactants in the serum of patients with and without diabetic retinopathy. Material and methods Comparative case series with 36 patients divided into three groups were included: 12 patients with diabetes mellitus and diabetic retinopathy (group 1), 12 diabetic patients without diabetic retinopathy (group 2), and 12 healthy patients as a control group. Serum levels of the following pro-inflammatory cytokines were measured in all patients: TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6. Pro-inflammatory biomarkers measurements were also performed, such as erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C-reactive protein. Results The levels of TNF-α and IL-6 were higher in group 1 (TNF-α: 19.4 ± 10.9 pg/ml, IL-6: 5.75 ± 7 pg/ml) compared to the other two groups, although the difference was statistically significant only in the case of TNF-α (group 1: 19.4 ± 10.9 pg/ml, group 2: 14 ± 4.3 pg/ml and control: 8.49 ± 3.69 pg/ml, p = 0.001). There were no differences among pro-inflammatory biomarkers such as erythrocyte sedimentation rate and C reactive protein. Among the three groups ( p > 0.05). Conclusions Pro-inflammatory serum cytokine levels were higher in the diabetes mellitus with diabetic retinopathy group. Larger studies are warranted to establish the real impact of this finding.

Introduction Laboratory tests have an important role in rheumatology for evaluation, diagnosis, and follow up in several diseases. Specialized tests such as antinuclear antibodies (ANA), anti single, or double stranded DNA antibodies (anti-DNA), and anticardiolipin antibodies (ACL) are frequently used and its diagnostic performance is well known in tertiary care centers. Our setting is a secondary care center that implemented these tests 2 years ago. After 1 year of implementation, we decided to evaluate the frequency of use, who orders these tests, and their diagnostic properties for the diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and antiphospholipid syndrome (APLS). Patienst and method All patients with clinical charts and a request for these tests were evaluated from September 1, 2005 to June 30, 2006. These evaluations were done prospectively by a single, trained evaluator following a standardized format looking at pretest clinical information such as pretest diagnosis, physician's level of training, service, and posttest results as well as therapeutic changes after results. Statistical analysis: descriptive statistics and 2 by 2 tables to estimate diagnostic performance of most common indications. Results Two hundred and eighty-six requests were reviewed and only 157 were evaluated. Rheumatology and Internal Medicine services sent 63 and 31 requests for these tests respectively. Diagnostic properties of ANA for SLE were sensitivity (sen) 70%, specificity (spec): 92%, positive predictive value (PPV): 81%, negative predictive value (NPP): 86%, positive likelihood ratio (PLR): 8.73, and negative likelihood ratio (NLR): 0.33. Anti-double stranded DNA, Sen: 78%, spec: 50%, PPV: 80%, NPP: 46%, PLR: 1.56, NLR: 0.44; ACACL y Sen: 78%, spec: 92%, PPV: 78%, NPV 92%, PLR: 10, NLR 0,24. Conclusions These specialized tests are not frequently used in our setting. Their diagnostic properties are not as accurate as those published in medical literature. Guidelines are needed in our hospital to improve their diagnostic performance.

Background Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is characterized by increased cardiovascular (CV) morbimortality due to higher prevalence of traditional CV risk factors such as diabetes, dyslipidemia, hypertension, sedentarism, increased body mass index (BMI) that is often undertreated 1 . RA is considered a state of accelerated atherosclerosis, which has been recognized as a dynamic inflammatory process that begins with endothelial activation/dysfunction. Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 (DM2) is the prototype of disease with a high degree of endothelial dysfunction, atherosclerosis and CV risk. CV risk could be similar in RA and DM2. 2,3 Objectives To determine the degree of endothelial dysfunction in RA patients compared to DM2 patients with and without glycemic control, obese patients and healthy subjects. Methods Descriptive, prolective, transversal, observational clinical study, with 5 groups: 1) AR, 2) UDM: Uncontrolled DM2, 3) CDM: Controlled DM2, 4) Obesity, 5) Control Group. All matched with group 1 for age (±2 years), gender, period of clinical diagnosis. Complete medical history, Carotid Intima-Media Thickness, blood cell count, erythrosedimentation rate, C-reactive Protein, fasting & 2 hours postprandial glucose, fasting insulin, urea, creatinine, ureic nitrogen, uric acid, glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c%), Triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), C-HDL, C-LDL, C-VLDL, urianalysis, micro-albuminuria. Endothelial dysfunction biomarkers (ELISA): TNF-α, IL-6, vWF, PAI-1. Descriptive statistical analyses:mean & standard deviation. Kolmogorov-Smirnov test to determine distribution type. Comparison between groups (parametric distribution): ANOVA; non-parametric distribution: Kruskal-Wallis. Spearman´s correlation coefficient to associate biomarkers with cardiovascular risk variables. Results 190 participants in five groups, main results showed. Conclusions Patients with RA share traditional factors of CV risk with diabetic patients (obesity, arterial hypertension, low levels of C-HDL), present non-traditional risk factors that are characteristic of their inflammatory status (SGS, CRP, TNF-α, IL-6) and also appear to present a prothrombotic status (PAI-1, vWF) that is greater than that of DM2 patients. This confers an increased risk of accelerated atherosclerosis upon the RA patients. It is therefore imperative that these patients are managed appropriately in a comprehensive manner. References Liao KP, Solomon DH. Rheumatology 2012; 2: 123-129. Van Halm VP et al. Ann Rheum Dis 2009; 68: 1395-1400. Stamatelopoulos SK et al. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2009: 5:1-7. Acknowledgements The research team is grateful to Bristol Myers Squibb for the provision of funding with which to conduct this study. Disclosure of Interest None Declared