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Optimization of preoperative nutritional status has been recommended and associated with improved outcomes for other oncologic procedures, but has not been studied in patients undergoing pelvic exenteration.A retrospective chart review of 199 patients was conducted. Overall survival (OS) was calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method and multivariate analysis was performed with Cox proportional hazards.199 patients underwent PE with 61 (31%), 78 (40%) and 58 (29%) patients having colorectal, gynecologic and urologic histological diagnoses, respectively. Median OS following PE was 25 months. Preoperative serum albumin3.5 g/dL was associated with worsened OS (HR 1.661; 95% CI 1.052-2.624) as well as increased incidence of any postoperative complication (85.9% vs 72.3%, p = 0.034), but was not associated with 90-day mortality (11.3% vs 7.9%, p = 0.457).Poor preoperative nutritional status is associated with increased complications and decreased OS. Surgeons should maximize preoperative nutritional status to improve perioperative outcomes and long-term survival.

Objective Pelvic exenteration (PE) is often the only curative option for locally advanced or recurrent pelvic malignancies. Despite radical surgery, recurrence risk and morbidity remain high. In this study, we sought to determine tumor size effect on perioperative outcomes and subsequent survival in patients undergoing PE. Methods Retrospective chart review was performed for female patients who underwent PE at two comprehensive cancer centers from 2000 to 2015. Demographics, complications and outcomes were recorded. Statistical analyses were performed using chi-square, student's t -test, logistic regression, non-parametric tests, log-rank test, and Cox proportional hazards. Results Of 151 women who underwent PE, 144 had available pathologic tumor size. Gynecologic oncology, surgical oncology, and urology performed 84, 29, and 31 exenterations, respectively. Tumor dimensions ranged from 0 to 25.5cm. Perioperative complications, 30-day mortality, reoperation, and readmission rates were not associated with tumor size. Obesity and prior radiation increased risk for major perioperative complication while anterior exenterations decreased risk. Larger tumors were more likely to undergo total pelvic exenteration (OR 1.14; 95%CI 1.03–1.27), have positive margins (OR 1.11; 95%CI 1.02–1.22), and recur (65%, 42% and 20% for tumors >4cm, ≤4cm and no residual tumor respectively, p =0.016). Tumor size >4cm and positive margins were associated with worse overall survival amongst gynecologic oncology patients. Conclusion Tumor size was not associated with perioperative morbidity. Larger tumors were associated with positive margins, more extensive resection, and worse survival in gynecologic oncology patients. Larger studies are needed to further understand tumor size impact on PE outcomes within specific tumor types.

Paraneoplastic pemphigus (PNP) is a frequently fatal autoimmune blistering disease of the skin and mucous membranes.1 PNP is commonly associated with malignant neoplasms or haematological disorders like Castleman disease (CD). The eruptions may resemble those seen in various other conditions such as lichen planus (LP), graft-versus-host disease, erythema multiforme (EM), bullous pemphigoid and pemphigus vulgaris (PV).2 This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Nitrogen incorporation to produce negative fixed charge in Al2O3 gate insulator layers is investigated as a path to achieve enhancement mode GaN device operation. A uniform distribution of nitrogen across the resulting AlOxNy films is obtained using N2 plasma enhanced atomic layer deposition (ALD). The flat band voltage (Vfb) increases to a significantly more positive value with increasing nitrogen concentration. Insertion of a 2 nm thick Al2O3 interlayer greatly decreases the trap density of the insulator/GaN interface, and reduces the voltage hysteresis and frequency dispersion of gate capacitance compared to single-layer AlOxNy gate insulators in GaN MOSCAPs.

Background The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of intestinal fatty acid binding protein (I-FABP) and traditional biomarkers in the early diagnosis of acute intestinal ischaemia of different causes. Methods I-FABP, white blood cell (WBC) count, C-reactive protein, base deficit, lactate, lactate dehydrogenase, aspartate aminotransferase, creatine kinase and D-dimer were measured prospectively in consecutive patients suspected of having acute intestinal ischaemia. Biomarker levels were compared in patients with vascular and non-vascular ischaemia. Results Two hundred and eight patients with a clinical suspicion of acute intestinal ischaemia were enrolled. Vascular intestinal ischaemia was diagnosed in 24 patients (11·5 per cent), non-vascular ischaemia in 62 (29·8 per cent) and non-ischaemic disease in 122 (58·7 per cent). The levels of most biomarkers (except WBC count and creatine kinase) were significantly higher in the vascular ischaemia group than in the other groups (P < 0·010). However, none of the biomarker levels differed between patients with non-vascular intestinal ischaemia and those with non-ischaemic disease. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis suggested that I-FABP was best at diagnosing vascular intestinal ischaemia (area under the curve 0·88). Conclusion Serum biomarkers may be useful in the diagnosis of vascular, but not non-vascular, intestinal ischaemia. Among them, I-FABP shows promise for detecting vascular ischaemia.

Voltage and torque ripples can reduce control precision and increase vibration and noise in electric vehicles, servo systems, or wind generators. To address this problem, we proposed a novel winding method in which three phase coils are wound around each tooth, with each coil having a different number of turns around a given tooth. The proposed winding scheme may also be applied to toroidal winding. By numerical magnetic analysis, we examined the characteristics of machines using these proposed windings. The results demonstrated a reduction in back-EMF ripple to below 1% of the fundamental components. Torque ripple was reduced by approximately 7% for a four-pole machine and by 2.5% for an eight-pole machine, compared with both the concentrated and toroidal winding schemes. The proposed winding scheme was shown to significantly reduce voltage and torque ripples.

We study a pulsed-field magnetization of HTS bulks and application to rotating synchronous machine of axial-gap type. To increase the output performance of the rotating machine, the multiple rotor structure is designed with the alternation of the rotor with Gd-bulks and the fixed armature. Thus, we obtain a redundancy for rotor magnets operation without additional current leads nor slip rings. To assess the present redundancy, we show the result of the pulsed-field magnetization for Gd-bulks in the above mentioned multiple rotor geometry. Two Gd-bulks with 60 mm in diameter and 19 mm thick were inserted into three vortex-type Cu coils, alternatively. They are immersed into liquid nitrogen. The pulsed current was applied to three vortex-type coils as serial. The maximum applied magnetic filed was 5.7 T with the rise time of 6.6 ms. The trapped field for two Gd-bulk were 0.851 T and 0.835 T, respectively. We evidenced it is possible to perform the pulsed field magnetization for two Gd-bulks sandwiched among three armature vortex-type Cu coils, i.e., double layered rotor assembly.

We studied a high-temperature superconducting (HTS) synchronous motor assembled with melt-textured Gd-Ba-Cu-O bulk pole-field magnets. The structure of a HTS motor is an axial gap type with neither brushes/slip rings nor iron core. The specific feature is that the rotor pole-field magnets of bulk are magnetized with pulsed current flow through vortex-type armature copper windings. The rotor pole bulks and armature coils are cooled down with liquid nitrogen. Cooling and magnetization of bulk pole field magnets are performed inside of the rotor. The trapped peak magnetic field of more than 0.5 T of the bulk magnets provided the motor performance of 3.1 kW with 720 rpm. In order to attain high output, single rotor plate with 8 bulks was substituted with a twinned rotor plates with 16 bulks together with triple layer armature units. We report on the test results and performance of the present twinned rotor-type HTS synchronous motor.

A series of AlN/GaN short-period superlattices with monolayer AlN were prepared by hot-wall epitaxy. The superlattice structure was confirmed by X-ray diffraction through a comparison between the measured diffraction curves and simulated ones, which indicates good controllability of the HWE technique. Interband photoluminescence (PL) and photoluminescence excitation (PLE) spectra were measured. Relatively strong PL emissions compared with conventional AlGaN/GaN superlattices were observed, which can be attributed to the small piezoelectric effect. A small Stokes shift should be noted, which may suggest small interface fluctuation in consistence with the XRD observation. The energy shifts of the band-edge emission with the GaN well thickness agree well with the calculated results within the envelope wave-function framework at least for the well thickness above 2 nm . Optical device applications such as light emitting devices in the ultraviolet and mid-infrared regions via interband and intersubband electron transitions are discussed.

The recording characteristics of perpendicular media with a ring head were investigated experimentally and by simulation to determine their suitability for high-density perpendicular recording. The recording mechanisms of both perpendicular single-layered and double-layered media were clarified by MFM analysis and simulation of the recorded magnetization pattern with a head skew angle. It was found that the effect of the head skew angle on the recording characteristics differs between single-layered and double-layered media.

The photocurrent spectrum of Au/H 2 -phthalocyanine (H 2 Pc)/C 60 /metal heterojunction system, where metal=In, Cu, Au and Pt, was measured. When the metal electrode for C 60 is the high work-function metal Pt, negative photocurrent, i.e. the photocurrent from C 60 to H 2 Pc through the external load, is observed, while, with the low work-function metals In and Cu, positive photocurrent is observed. With the intermediate work-function metal Au, the sign of the photocurrent depends on the thickness of C 60 film. Thus, the sign of the photocurrent has a clear correlation with the work function of the metal electrode. The negative photocurrent for the Pt and Au electrodes is explained by the competition of the p–n heterojunction of H 2 Pc/C 60 with the Schottky junctions of C 60 /Pt (or Au) and Au/H 2 Pc.

Background: Between September 1992 and September 1996, we performed 88 VATS (video-assisted thoracic surgery) lobectomies and two VATS pneumonectomies. Methods: The indications for surgery were 68 cases of lung cancer, nine cases of bronchiectasis, six cases of tuberculosis, and seven cases of benign lesions. Of the 68 cases of lung cancer, 36 were treated by VATS lobectomy with extended lymph node dissection for clinical stage I lung cancer, making full use of recently developed devices for thoracoscopic surgery, such as roticulating endoscissors, miniretractors, endoclips, and harmonic scalpels. Results: Twenty-four lymph nodes were resected on average (range, 10 to 51) by VATS. This number was comparable to lymph nodes resected in open thoracotomy during the same period. Among the 36 patients who underwent extended lymph node dissection, 20 showed no lymph node metastasis postoperatively (stage I), while 16 had N1 or N2 cancer. All patients with stage I cancer have survived 4 to 36 months (median: 17 months) with no signs of recurrence. Conclusions: This survival of stage I lung cancer after VATS is comparable to that of open thoracotomy. We thus believe that VATS lobectomy with extended lymph node dissection can be an alternative to standard posterolateral thoracotomy for stage I lung cancer.

Poly-L-lactide, a polymer of lactic acid, shows slow degradation in living tissue. Poly-L-lactide plate of high molecular weight maintains more than 90% of its initial mechanical properties for more than 3 months after implantation. Using struts made from poly-L-lactide plate, we performed chest wall reconstruction in 56 patients: for postoperative chronic sternal dehiscence in 23 and sternal elevation for pectus excavatum in 33 cases. The postoperative external appearances of the anterior chest were improved in comparison with the preoperative state in all cases. The internal features were evaluated by computed tomographic scan. Neither postoperative wound infection nor respiratory complication was observed, and no tendency for regression of the anterior chest occurred in any of the patients. In 3 of 56 cases (5.4%; one in the sternal dehiscence group and two in the pectus excavatum group), it was necessary to remove part of the strut because of overgrowth of granulation tissue around the implanted material after 4, 12, and 13 postoperative months, respectively. In the pectus excavatum group, the computed tomographic evaluations showed that poly-L-lactide strut maintained sufficient strength to support the thoracic wall 5 months after implantation. These findings suggest that the bioabsorbable poly-L-lactide strut is a promising material for surgical treatment of chest deformity.

A self-correcting forward gradient time integration procedure is formulated for the integration of a new unified visco-plastic constitutive model for an eutectic solder alloy using a tensorial internal state variable. The procedure has been implemented numerically into a commercial FE code through a user-material subroutine and is well suited to deal with numerically stiff constitutive equations. This is accomplished through an automatic subincrementation procedure controlled by a maximum allowed equivalent inelastic strain increment per time step. For illustration purposes, two examples are discussed: (i) uniaxial test simulations to reveal the optimum combination of the user-specified tolerance and the prescribed load step size to obtain a desired accuracy at a minimum cost, (ii) a large-scale three-dimensional analysis of an integrated circuit (IC) package's solder joint to show the capability of the proposed procedure to deal with thermomechanical loading.

We present a method to measure the geometric phase defined for three internal states of a photon (polarizations) using a three‐beam interferometer. From the interferogram, we can extract the geometric phase related to the three states as the area of a triangle formed by interference fringes. Unlike the conventional methods, our method does not involve the state evolution. Moreover, the phase calibration of the interferometer and the elimination of the dynamical phase are not required.

A set of soil-track interaction relations was made developed for the morbility simulation of tracked or crawler system vehicles on dry, loose sand. These interaction relations were developed specifically for multibody mobility codes in which the soil-vehicle interaction is represented solely by soil-track interaction forces. By employing plate penetration and shear tests, an average pressure-sinkage relation, a shear force-slippage relation, and a sinkage-slippage relation were measured. These plate test data were sufficient only to describe the soil-track interaction on hard ground. On soft ground, however, it was found that intermittent sinkages induced by each passage of the road wheels become important. This dynamic contribution is called “agitation sinkage.” Based on this observation, the sinkage rate (velocity) was decomposed into elastic and plastic rates; the plastic part consists of normal force-induced, slip-induced, and agitation-induced components. Whereas the elastic and the first two components of the plastic sinkage rate were characterized by the conventional plate penetration and plate shear tests, the last term, agitation sinkage, required a new dynamic test in which the sinkage of the track after successive passages of moving road wheels was measured. It is recommended that this new field measurement technique be adopted to characterize the agitation sinkage for various terrains.

OECD's activity for the safety evaluation of chemicals is presented with its purpose and strategy. The Updating of OECD guidelines for the ecotoxicological effect assessment is discussed in detail. OECD's approach for ecotoxicological effect assessment is also discussed.

We observe two‐photon interference of photon pairs from a photonic crystal fiber with the help of an unbalanced Mach‐Zehnder interferometer. Two‐photon interference fringes with 83% visibility, which exceed the classical limit of 50%, are obtained. The correlation time of the photon pairs is roughly estimated to be 0.2 ps

Stresses due to thermal oxidation and film deposition processes during the fabrication of a semiconductor are analysed. The strengths of plastic encapsulants, silicon chips, bonding wires and adhesive interfaces in integrated-circuit (IC) plastic packages are evaluated using fracture mechanics and other techniques. The thermal fatigue strength of solder joints is then estimated using the fatigue test data of solder specimens and simplified modelling of IC packages.

A new type of bioabsorbable pledget made from non-woven fabric of polyglycolide (PGA) fibers has been developed. After the in vivo implantation test using dogs, samples were subject to clinical evaluations in pulmonary operations in four hospitals. The total number of trial cases was 50; in 11 cases pledgets were used for repair of the bronchus and in 39 cases for lung fistulas or defects of the pleurae. Compared with the conventional nonabsorbable pledgets, these PGA pledgets showed satisfactory results. In particular, for cases of emphysematous pulmonary diseases the application of the PGA pledgets and non-woven fabrics made the post-operative air-leakage duration short. In all these 50 cases neither side effect nor complication was observed. This evaluation suggests that PGA pledgets and non-woven fabric are an acceptable and even better alternative to conventional nonabsorbable pledgets for the pulmonary surgery.

Post-operative haematoma and visual deterioration are rare but serious complications after trans-sphenoidal surgery. For more reliable decompression of the optic nerve, we introduce a new technique for volume reduction of the cavity remaining after trans-sphenoidal resection of macroadenomas.After intracapsular removal of the adenoma, the suprasellar portion of the tumour 'capsule' spontaneously prolapsed into the sella turcica. The lowest part of the prolapsed capsule was sutured and/or clipped to reduce the volume of the residual cavity remaining after tumour resection.A total of 23 patients with macroadenomas extending to suprasellar area had visual symptoms and were treated by trans-sphenoidal surgery. In seven (30%) patients, computerised tomography scans on the first post-operative day demonstrated haematoma formation in the residual cavity. The magnetic resonance imagings on the seventh post-operative day, however, showed approximately 80% reduction in the tumour size. Visual disturbance improved in 20 patients (87%). No patient had post-operative deterioration of visual function. The complications in this series included transient diabetes insipidus in three patients and panhypopituitarism in one patient.Capsule plication is a useful measure for volume reduction of the large residual cavity after trans-sphenoidal surgery for macroadenoma. It may prevent an acute post-operative complication due to intracapsular haematoma, and improve surgical outcome in well selected cases.

We studied a high-temperature superconducting (HTS) synchronous motor assembled with melt-textured Gd-BaCu-O bulk pole-field magnets. The structure of a HTS motor is an axial gap type with neither brushes/slip rings nor iron core. The specific feature is that the rotor pole-field magnets of bulk are magnetized with pulsed current flow through vortex-type armature copper windings. The rotor pole bulks and armature coils are separately cooled down with liquid nitrogen. Cooling and magnetization of bulk pole field magnets are performed inside of the rotor. In order to attain high output as well as torque, single rotor plate with 8 bulks was substituted with a twinned rotor plate assembly with 16 bulks into triple layer armature units. In addition, we mention a possible larger scaled machine with exchange of a bulk with a multilayered double pancake coil (DPC) with Bi-2223 wire. The test product of this type of DPC showed up to 1.98 T at the centre of the coil surface at 30 K.

The Multichip LSI (MCL) comprised of both an embedded 123MHz CPU and a 64Mb memory in one package is introduced. 1300 signal lines are directly connected by microbumps between the two chips and achieve 160Gb/s signal interface performance. Both the CPU and memory are fabricated in a 0.15/spl mu/m CMOS technology.

A hybrid converter system aiming at a higher voltage higher capacity higher efficiency converter system having fewer harmonics in its output is proposed. The system consists of a GTO inverter operating in a square-wave mode and a neutral-point-clamped IGBT inverter operating in a PWM mode. The former produces a base part of the resultant output. The latter produces an additional part of the resultant output as well as eliminates the harmonic components generated by the GTO inverter. A basic control strategy for both inverter and rectifier operation of the system is proposed. Furthermore, an attainable output capacity, device losses, and current THD of the hybrid system, when available devices in the market are used, are estimated. It is concluded that the hybrid system has an advantage over the others in terms of efficiency and harmonic distortion.

A hybrid inverter system aiming at a higher voltage higher capacity higher efficiency inverter system having fewer harmonics in its output is proposed. The system consists of a GTO inverter operating in a square-wave switching mode and a neutral-point-clamped IGBT inverter operating in a PWM switching mode. The former produces a basic part of the resultant output. The latter not only produces an additional part of that to control the resultant output, but also offsets the harmonic components generated by the GTO inverter. A basic control strategy for the hybrid inverter system is proposed, and its validity is verified by experimental investigations.

Pain relief was obtainable when deep brain stimulation was tried in the sensory thalamic nucleus in a patient with deaffereantation pain to cervical myelopathy. The electrode was histologically verified in post-mortem examination after 20 months and the localization of contact points of the implanted electrode was estimated. The cathode appeared to have been placed in the region from Vim to the rostral border of Vci while the anode was in the medial lemniscus region. Stimulation of the Vim nucleus might have had a pain relieving effects because no facial paraesthesiae was evoked by stimulation. The implanted electrode caused only minor histological changes.

4114 Background: Most ductal adenocarcinomas of the pancreas are hypovascular as compared with the surrounding parenchyma on dynamic CT. Coded phase-inversion harmonic ultrasonography more clearly depicts fine vessels in pancreatic tumors after the infusion of ultrasound contrast than dynamic CT. In the present study, we observed the vascularity of pancreatic tumors by means of this technique and investigated its usefulness for evaluation of response to gemcitabine. Methods: Thirty-three patients with inoperable pancreatic carcinomas were enrolled in this study. They received gemcitabine (1 g/m2) 3 times in a cycle (4 weeks). Contrast-enhanced harmonic ultrasonography (CE-US) was performed immediately before the fist cycle and after completing each cycle, by the use of a GE LOGIQ 9 Series unit. We classified patients into 2 groups according to the changes of tumor vascularity observed by CE-US. Group A represents those with tumors in which tumor vascularity was increased during a certain period after the chemotherapy. Group B represents those with tumors in which tumor vascularity was not increased throughout the observation period. Tumor makers (serum CEA, CA19–9, Span-1 and Dupan-2) and median survival time (MST) were employed for the evaluation of therapeutic response and compared between the 2 groups. Results: CE-US demonstrated the increase of tumor vascularity after the chemotherapy in 17 of 33 patients (Group A). MST in the Group A (306 days) was significantly longer than that in the Group B (187 days). The reduction of tumor makers (reduction by 50 % of either serum CEA, CA19–9, Span-1 or Dupan-2) was observed in all patients (17/17) in the group A and in 25 % of patients (4/16) in the group B. The increase of tumor vascularity was noted when the tumor makers were reduced. The increased vascularity turned to decline in parallel with the tumor progression. Conclusion: CE-US is useful for the evaluation of chemotherapeutic response in terms of vascularity. The increased vascularity in pancreatic carcinomas after the chemotherapy may represent the improvement of vascular sclerosis and tumor invasion in small arterioles. No significant financial relationships to disclose.

Dorsal root entry zone (DREZ) lesions were made in the cervical dorsal horn in cat and monkey. Terminal degeneration was observed in the lateral cervical nucleus in cat and contralateral VPL in monkey by Fink-Heimer stain. WGA-HRP was injected in the cervical dorsal horn of cat and retrograde labelled cells were observed mainly in the raphe nucleus, parabrachial nucleus, locus coeruleus, Kölliker-Fuse nucleus, Eddinger-Westphal nucleus, and hypothalamic area, indicating that these descending fiber systems are involved by the DREZ lesion. The functional role of these fibers in regard to deafferentation pain relief seems now to be open to discussion.

This paper presents a theoretical analysis of steerability of tracked vehicles during uniform turning on level pavement. Considering all possible factors related to steering problems such as track slippage, centrifugal force and vehicle configuration, equations for uniform turning motion have been developed in order to analyze and predict steering dynamics, and steerability in plane motion of vehicles. These equations have been numerically solved by a digital computer in terms of turning radius, side slip angle, shift of instantaneous center of vehicle and track slippage.

This paper presents a theoretical analysis of non-stationary motion of a tracked vehicle on level ground. A practical model that includes track slippage, inertia force and the moment of inertia was developed to analyze and predict steering dynamics and steerability on the subject examined. The system of differential equations was programmed and numerically solved on a digital computer, where the inputs are circumferential velocities of right and left drive sprockets. The simulations for J-turn maneuver disclose the effects of initial forward velocities on the transient responses of the track slip velocity, side slip angle, yaw rate, and acceleration of the center of gravity of a tracked vehicle.

A VLSI chip mounting structure design method based on computer simulation by the Hitachi Semiconductor Thermal Strength Design System (HISETS) and some examples of simulated results are presented. In the analysis of multilayered chip mounting structures, the elastic, plastic, and creep behavior of bonding layers are taken into account by using HISETS. A good correspondence is found between simulated results and those obtained by testing. Simulated results show that, as VLSI chip size increases, (1) thermal conductance of the structure is improved; however, (2) the chip cracking safety factor, (3) the thermal cycle life of bonding layers, and (4) electrical resistance stability change negatively. For improving factors (2) to (4), it is effective to insert a buffer plate between the chip and its substrate. The appropriate thickness of the buffer plate depends on the desired specifications of the devices. >

Delayed hypersensitivity reaction in mice was commonly enhanced with various anti-cancer agents administered as single or intermittent high doses but not consecutive divided doses. The effect of anti-cancer agents on the delayed hypersensitivity reaction was thought to be due to elimination of suppressor T cell activity.

This paper presents the theoretical and experimental analysis of steering performance of tracked vehicles under lane-change maneuver to reveal controllability and stability in steering motion. The theoretical results of trajectories and required sprocket torques considerably coincide with the test results of actual vehicles and scale model. As the results, it was found that the controllability and stability of high speed tracked vehicles are significantly influenced by various factors such as mode of steering input, steering ratio, vehicle speed and adhesion of track-ground contact area.

This paper presents theoretical and experimental analysis of steering performance of articulated tracked vehicles on level ground. A mathematical model for predicting the steerability of articulated units has been developed and computerized for numerical application. The accuracy of the analog has been verified by scale model tests. From the results of the simulation and scale model tests it was found that steerability was significantly improved and required sprocket torques for steering and track slippage were considerably decreased in articulated tracked vehicles when compared with a single and coupled tracked vehicles.

12 rats were compressed on 5kg/cm2 and were allowed to remain at this pressure for 4 hours and then decompressed. This experiment continued for 6 months repeatedly. Histopathological findings showed that occasional necrosis of chondrocytes in the deep layer of the articular cartilage of the humerus and femur were seen. Rough surface of a superficial layer of the articular cartilage were seen. Scattered necrosis of osteocytes in the shaft were found. Necrotic chondrocytes in the deep layer and necrotic osteocytes in the shaft did not show any positive histochemical reaction for LDH, MDH, SDH and NADHDH.

To gain new insight into the effects of monocular deprivation, we studied the visual cortex of adult cats deprived of vision in one eye. Local field potentials were recorded in response to contrast reversal of square-wave gratings modulated in time either by pseudorandom, m-sequences or periodically. We have found that: (1) stimulation of the retinotopic locus of the recording site elicits responses with abnormal waveforms and long latencies from the deprived eye; (2) stimulation of a remote, non-retinotopic locus elicits responses from the non-deprived eye but not from the deprived eye; (3) the monocularly deprived cortex lacks lateral inhibitory interactions which are characteristic of the normal cortex; and (4) steady-state responses showed little difference in spatial-frequency tuning and contrast sensitivity between the deprived and non-deprived eye, mostly conforming to earlier field-potential data in monocular deprivation. Functional lateral interactions appear to be greatly reduced in monocularly deprived cortex.

The frequencies of diode lasers have been highly stabilized by using Doppler‐free saturated absorption spectra of alkali‐metal atoms, and long term stability in terms of Allan variance σ better than 10−13 has been achieved. In this method, the diode laser frequency has been directly modulated to obtained the derivative of resonance, which is used as the error signal to control the diode current. New methods are studied to obtain nearly derivative of Doppler‐free resonance, without frequency modulation. The frequency stability of a diode laser locked at the center of a resonance is similar to above case of the saturated absorption.