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Introduction: A rational way of nourishment, combined with adequate physical activity, are the basic components of maintaining proper body condition. Objective: The aim of the study was to evaluate nutritional status among children and adolescents with different levels of physical activity. Methods: The study group consisted of 1,013 students of both genders aged between 7 and 18 years attending elementary and post-primary schools (general and sports profile) in Siemianowice Slaskie. Results: The crude body mass index (BMI) values ranged from 12.78 to 35.3. Body mass within the limits of arbitrary standard referred to 70% of the examined group, overweight or obesity was found in over 25%. Percentage of body fat (FATP) values ranged from 5.7 to 45.2%. Conclusions: A significant number of children and adolescents were overweight or obese based on BMI categories and FATP values. Overweight and obesity were most common among younger children, particularly boys. Higher torso FATP levels were more common among sports-oriented class students. BMI is not a good tool for the determination of the nutritional status of children and adolescents, while the bioelectric impedance method enables one to conduct a precise analysis of adipose tissue content and location. Sports-oriented elementary school students from the study group were characterized by higher FATP values.

This clinical report describes a prosthodontic rehabilitation of a 29-year-old patient with cleidocranial dysplasia (CCD), who, after completing an orthodontic treatment, was not satisfied with the aesthetic outcome. Besides aesthetics, the patient complained about mastication muscles pain, and clicking while eating but was not aware about her unilateral open bite on the right side. The aim of this treatment was to improve smile appearance and patient’s well-being, as well as to restore the proper occlusal vertical dimension (OVD) along with complete intercuspation and to establish masticatory function. The first phase of the treatment concentrated on eliminating the muscle pain and temporomandibular joint (TMJ) clicking with a repositioning splint. During the second phase, the functional and aesthetic rehabilitation was obtained using adhesive prosthesis overlays and veneers.

Summary Background & aims Abnormalities of parathyroid hormone (PTH) and fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) secretion may cause calcium-phosphate (Ca–P) metabolism disorders in nephrolithiasis. Post-phosphate-load alterations in serum Ca, P and PTH, phosphaturia and calciuria enable monitoring hormonal regulation of Ca–P homeostasis. Our study aimed to determine differences in: 1.selected Ca–P metabolism parameters between healthy and kidney-stone-forming individuals, 2.PTH and FGF23 secretion induced by sodium-phosphate-load(NaP-load) in patients with/without hypercalciuria, 3.secretion of Ca–P related hormones in patients with low and normal/high serum concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25OHD3). Methods Sodium phosphates NaH2PO4/Na2HPO4-100mmol were administered orally for five days in 19 hypercalciuric [urinary Ca(U–Ca) 6.5 ± 1.7 mmol/d]–HSF, 35 normocalciuric (2.5±1 mmol/d)–NSF stone-forming patients and 19 controls (U–Ca 2.5 ± 1.4 mmol/d)–CG. On days 1 and 5 PTH-,FGF23-,Ca-,P were determined before and after NaP-load. The areas under PTH, FGF23 curves (AUC) were calculated. U–Ca, urinary phosphate (U–P) and sodium (U–Na) were also determined. Results Following NaP-load, patients and controls exhibited expected alterations in Ca–P homeostasis. Despite changes in phosphate and PTH, no differences in FGF23 concentrations were observed. Patients differed from controls in having higher AUCPTH, calciuria and natriuresis, taking longer for PTH and P to normalize and lack of correlation between AUCPTH and phosphaturia. Post-NaP-load hypocalciuric effect of PTH secretion in NSF was less pronounced than in CG. In the HSFs, the hypocalciuric effect was more pronounced than in NSFs, but insufficient to correct hypercalciuria. In all stone-formers with low 25OHD3 concentrations, the AUCFGF23 was significantly increased on first (1215 ± 605vs766 ± 315 p = 0.0457) and fifth days (1211 ± 641vs777 ± 299 p = 0.041) of NaP-load, compared to normal/high 25OHD3-patients. Hypercalciuric patients with low 25OHD3 concentrations had greater AUCPTH5 than those with normal/high 25OHD3 (1005 ± 401vs835 ± 220 p = 0.0341). Conclusions Compared to controls, kidney-stone-forming patients exhibited enhanced PTH secretion after NaP-load. The HSFs showed a more pronounced hypocalciuric effect than NSFs, but insufficient to correct hypercalciuria. In hypercalciuric stone-formers with low 25OHD3, FGF23 engagement in hyperphosphatemia reduction increased.

Background/Aim: Currently, it has been proposed that combination of 5-fluorouracil (5FU) with inhibitors of the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) signaling pathway might enhance the efficacy of 5FU-based chemotherapy in colon cancer. Our study aimed to investigate an impact of TWIST1 silencing on the sensitivity of cancer cells to 5FU and selected MAPK inhibitors. Materials and Methods: The suppression of TWIST1 expression in human colon cancer HT29 and HCT116 cell lines was achieved by transduction with lentiviral vector carrying the TWIST1 silencing sequence (pLL3.7-sh TWIST1). The statistical calculation was performed with analysis of variance or Dunnett's test for comparison to control group. Paired Student's t-test was performed when two groups were analyzed. Results: Suppression of TWIST1 reduced the proliferation rate of colon cancer cells and enhanced their sensitivity to 5FU and MAPKs inhibitors. The sensitivity of HT29 cells to examined compounds was more dependent on TWIST1 expression level compared to HCT116 cells. The most noticeable effect of TWIST1 suppression on sensitivity of both colon cancer cell lines to combined treatment of 5FU and the MAPKs inhibitors was observed for inhibitors of p38α/β and JNK1-3. We also noted that the suppression of TWIST1 significantly sensitized both cell lines to combined treatment of 5FU and Rac inhibitor. Conclusions: Our observations point to TWIST1 expression level as a marker of colon cancer sensitivity to combined treatment of 5FU and MAPKs inhibitors.

Turner syndrome (TS) is characterized by the partial or complete loss of one sex chromosome and results in growth failure, gonadal insufficiency and cardiac anomalies. Treatment with growth hormone (GH) during childhood has indisputable benefits when taking into account the low stature of TS women. Medical records and biochemical findings of 33 TS women treated with GH in childhood (GH+) were compared to those of 124 TS women who did not receive GH (GH−). It seems that the GH-treated group might have had a more severe initial phenotype than the untreated group, as evidenced by higher FSH, more feeding issues in infancy, more lymphedema cases and urinary system malformations. GH+ women were significantly taller and had a better lipid profile and lower prevalence of arterial hypertension than GH− . However, they also had lower thrombocyte counts, a greater prevalence of retrognathism and nail anomalies, especially when the GH treatment was delayed. Long-term GH use was not as effective for growth as GH treatment during the initial period and seemed to have resulted in elevated creatinine levels. GH treatment in childhood has benefits in adulthood; however, adverse effects may occur, especially in individuals with treatment that is delayed or is too long.

Wstep: Leptyna reguluje odpowiedź immunologiczną organizmow. Mlodziencze idiopatyczne zapalenie stawow (MIZS) jest przewleklą chorobą stawow u dzieci prowadzącą do przewleklych zmian w narządach ukladu ruchu. Material i metody: U dzieci z MIZS (n = 42) i zdrowych osobnikow (n = 28) analizowano nastepujące parametry: stezenie leptyny (LEP), wskaźnik masy ciala (BMI), hematokryt (HTC), zawartośc hemoglobiny (HB), liczba elementow morfotycznych krwi (WBC, LYMPH), odczyn OB i obecnośc przeciwcial ANA Hep-2. Grupe MIZS podzielono na: dzieci dluzej chorujące (51–148 miesiecy) n = 22 (IA) i krocej chorujące (2–18 miesiecy) n = 20 (IB). Wyniki: Tylko u 58,3% dzieci grupy IA i 50% dzieci grupy IB potwierdzono obecnośc przeciwcial przeciwjądrowych ANA Hep-2. U chorych dzieci wykazano wyzsze poziomy LYMPH i OB oraz wieksze zroznicowanie wynikow, w porownaniu do dzieci zdrowych. Najwyzsze stezenie LEP dla grupy IA wynosilo 37,50 ng/cm3, (Me 5,85) dla IB 40,10 ng/cm3, (Me2,46), w porownaniu z IC, gdzie wynosilo odpowiednio 3,74 ng/cm3 (Me 2,85). Średnia wartośc BMI dla grupy IA wynosila 16,61 kg/m2, dla IC 18,91 kg/m2, a mediana dla IB 15,89 kg/m2 . U dzieci z BMI l 23 kg/m2, grupy IA i IB, stwierdzono nizsze stezenia leptyny w porownaniu z grupą kontrolną (p = 0,04). Stwierdzono wplyw schorzenia na zroznicowanie stezenia leptyny w przeliczeniu na BMI w obu grupach dzieci chorych. U chorych dzieci, z krotszym czasem trwania choroby, wykazano wieksze zroznicowanie wartości stezenia leptyny w przeliczeniu na BMI, niz u zdrowych. Wnioski: Dzieci z mlodzienczym idiopatycznym zapaleniem stawow z BMIl23 kg/m2 mają nizsze stezenie leptyny niz dzieci grupy kontrolnej. Dzieci z MIZS z krotszym czasem trwania choroby, charakteryzują sie wiekszym zroznicowaniem stezenia leptyny w przeliczeniu na jednostke BMI, w porownaniu ze zdrowymi dziecmi. (Endokrynol Pol 2015; 66 (5): 417–421)

Objective To assess possible changes in leptin and ghrelin secretion due to etanercept in juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA). Methods 50 patients with JIA and 16 age-matched controls were enrolled into this prospective, cross-sectional study. Serum leptin, total and acyl ghrelin were measured in addition to white blood cell (WBC) and lymphocyte counts. Results 25 patients received etanercept and 25 conventional therapies (including methotrexate) for JIA. There was no difference between treatment and control groups in leptin or ghrelin levels and no evidence of a relationship between leptin and ghrelin in patients with JIA. In all children with JIA there was a correlation between leptin and body mass index (BMI). However, compared with children in the conventional treatment group, children in the etanercept group showed a positive correlation between total ghrelin and BMI and those with a low BMI showed a negative correlation between acyl ghrelin and BMI. Conclusion No differences in leptin and ghrelin concentrations were found when patients with JIA and controls were compared or when patients who received etanercept were compared with those who received conventional treatment for JIA.

Small-and Medium-Sized Audit Practices (SMP) in Poland face many challenges nowadays which are related to the legislation framework, public demands on quality of services, expectation of customers regarding high quality of services and customers demands on law prices, competitors and impact of globalization of businesses and new technologies on accounting, financial reporting and auditing. To meet requirements of International Audit Standards (ISA) which will be obligatory for polish SMP soon the special attention should be paid to an audit quality. The International Auditing and Assurance Standards Board (IAASB) has developed a Framework for Audit Quality that describe the input, process and output factors that contribute the audit quality at the engagement, audit firm and national level for financial statement audits1. Public Company Accounting Oversight Board has published on May 2013 the list of Audit Quality Indicators which is a result of the Standing Advisory Group Meeting2. IT has been identified as an important factor which will have an influence on the profession of certified public accountants (CPA) 3. This paper aims to identify the processes and procedures in audit engagement which could be supported by CAAT in order to meet ISA requirements regarding audit quality.

Background: Ghrelin is a stomach-produced polypeptide hormone that stimulates hunger and secretion of growth hormone. Abnormalities in ghrelin secretion are well documented in obese patients, but explored little in patients with various forms of hypertension. Notably, ghrelin is indirectly involved in blood pressure regulation in pregnancy induced hypertension. Material and methods: The present study aimed to assess ghrelin concentration in venous blood of 19 nonpregnant (NP), 20 healthy pregnant (HP) and 20 hypertensive pregnant (PIH). It also included assessing blood ghrelin concentration of 21 obese hypertensive pregnant (OPIH) women before and one hour after eating. Ghrelin secretion was estimated 1-3 days before delivery. Results: All experimental groups of pregnant women (HP, PIH, and OPIH) showed significantly reduced ghrelin plasma level as compared with NP (812 ± 83, 716 ± 66, and 717 ± 52 vs 1057 ± 74, respectively). We found no significant ghrelin reduction after eating in obese hypertensive pregnant women. The blood ghrelin concentration in pregnant women negatively correlated with mean arterial pressure. In spite of the differences in ghrelin concentration in women, whom a decrease in ghrelin concentration after a standard meal was observed compared to women, who didn’t reduce of ghrelin secretion no differences were found in mean arterial pressure. Conclusion: The relationship between arterial hypertension and ghrelin secretion disorders during hypertensive pregnancy is uncertain and requires further examination.

Small-and Medium-Sized Audit Practices (SMP) in Poland face many challenges nowadays which are related to the legislation framework, public demands on quality of services, expectation of customers regarding low prices, competitors and impact of new technologies on accounting, financial reporting and auditing. Polish SMP are on the way to prepare their activities in order to meet regulations of ISA which are much more rigorous than polish ones in areas such as, for example, documentation of an audit process, quality assurance system and risk based approach. The use of Computer Assisted Audit Tools (CAAT) or Generalized Audit Tools (GAS) seems to be a crucial subject on which audit practices in Poland should concentrate for the coming years. SMP needs to learn how to use ICT for decreasing audit risk in highly developed IT environment.

Summary Fluoride is known to alter expression of dentin matrix proteins and affect their posttranslational modifications. Objective The objective of our study was to examine dentin sialoprotein (DSP) expression in the early and late bell stages of development of the first molar tooth germs in rats treated with fluoride. Design and methods Pregnant dumps were divided into three groups. They were fed a standard diet and from the fifth day of pregnancy, each group received either tap water (with trace amounts of fluoride), tap water with a low concentration of fluoride, or tap water with a high concentration of fluoride. Changes in DSP expression and distribution were visualized by immunohistochemistry. Results Immunoreactivity for DSP was detected in the cervical regions of the early bell stage in tooth germs of the 1-day-old animals. The earliest reaction was visible in the control group and the group supplemented with the low fluoride concentration (F L ) but not in the group supplemented with the high fluoride concentration (F H ). In early bell stages across all experimental groups, the immunoreactivity to DSP was observed in the cusp tip regions and was localized to preameloblasts, young and mature odontoblasts, dental pulp cells, predentin, and dentin. Generally, more intense positive staining for DSP was detected in animals supplemented with the high fluoride concentration. In the late bell stage found in the 4-day-old control group and the group supplemented with the low fluoride concentration, immunoreactivity for DSP was less intense compared with younger animals. However, immunoreactivity was greater in the group treated with the high dose of fluoride. In this group, the positive immunostaining for DSP, especially in young ameloblasts, was prolonged and relatively strong. Conclusions Fluoride supplementation causes changes in the developmental pattern of DSP expression and its distribution in rat tooth germs.

The research was carried out on 56 Chinchilla rabbits. The rabbits were divided into 8 groups with one control group. By means of stomach tube the rabbits were administered respectively: carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), synthetic analogue of prostaglandin misoprostol, CCl4 with misoprostol, indomethacin, misoprostol with indomethacin and CCl4 with misoprostol and indomethacin simultaneously. In order to confirm cytoprotective activity of prostaglandin E1 synthetic analogue in experimental acute hepatocellular damage, we measured in arterial blood the concentration of acetoacetate and beta-hydroxybutyrate and calculated molar ratio of their concentrations. The molar ratio of acetoacetate to beta-hydroxybutyrate which had been calculated for individual groups, regardless of the observed changes in ketone bodies' concentrations, in the case of rabbits which were administered CCl4 with misoprostol, had values similar to the ones obtained for the control group. The smallest value of the ketone body concentration ratio was stated at rabbits which were given only CCl4. The results of the research carried out unambiguously indicate hepatoprotective action of the synthetic analogue PGE1 which was administered to the rabbits.