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Simultaneous replacement of the ascending aorta and aortic valve has always been a challenging procedure. Introduction of composite conduits, through various ingenious procedures and their modifications, has changed the outlook of patients with aortic valve disease and ascending aorta pathology. In the past 70 years, progress of surgical techniques and prosthetic materials has allowed such patients to undergo radical procedures providing excellent early and long-term results in both young and elderly patients. This article aims to review the most important technical advances in the treatment of aortic valve disease and ascending aorta aneurysms recognizing the important contributions in this field.

Ferroptosis is a recently discovered distinct type of regulated cell death caused by the accumulation of lipid-based ROS. Metabolism and expression of specific genes affect the occurrence of ferroptosis, making it a promising therapeutic target to manage cancer. Here, we describe the current status of ferroptosis studies in breast cancer and trace the key regulators of ferroptosis back to previous studies. We also compare ferroptosis to common regulated cell death patterns and discuss the sensitivity to ferroptosis in different subtypes of breast cancer. We propose that viewing ferroptosis-related studies from a historical angle will accelerate the development of ferroptosis-based biomarkers and therapeutic strategies in breast cancer.

This article describes the origin of the term “chauffeur fracture” used to indicate an oblique fracture of the radial styloid process with extension into the wrist joint. This kind of fracture was originally described by the British surgeon Jonathan Hutchinson in 1866. The invention of the automobile increased the incidence of this fracture among chauffeurs and cabdrivers. Indeed, at the beginning of the 20th century, motor vehicles were started by means of a crank-handle connected to the engine, which needed to be turned vigorously clockwise by hand. If the motor started unexpectedly, the crank-handle could jerk back violently and thereby cause a wrist injury due to sudden hyperextension. We retrospectively reviewed the literature and historical articles to better define the historical origins of an often-forgotten eponym. In 1904, the French surgeon Just Lucas-Championnière first evidenced the occupational origin of this fracture, so introducing the term “chauffeur fracture” to identify this injury.

PSP (Pumped-storage power plants) represent the only mature option for large-scale electricity storage, and offer a wide range of grid management services, ranging from peak power production to ancillary services. This technology has undergone drastic progress in reliability, efficiency and generation capacity, with modern PSP being able to switch from pumping to generating mode in a few minutes and working at different levels of part load. This article presents a historical perspective and the current trends in PSP deployment at a global level. It covers initial investment rationale, the evolution of the operational management and trends in installed capacities, and a systematic overview on the contribution of PSP to electricity system flexibility and reliability to different electricity markets and different power grid configurations. Particular attention is devoted to the electricity production mix evolution in the selected countries. The role and operation of PSP have evolved significantly over time to adapt to new electricity mix and market conditions. Insights regarding the prospects and barriers of PSP in the coming decades are discussed, and estimates of remaining potential are compared with future storage needs, highlighting that alternative energy storage technologies will need to emerge alongside PSP to meet the future needs.

In this chapter we outline the general developments of migration within and towards Europe as well as patterns of settlement of migrants. We provide a comprehensive historical overview of the changes in European migration since the 1950s. Main phases in immigration, its backgrounds, and its determinants across the continent are described making use of secondary literature and data. Different European regions are covered in the analyses, based on available statistics and an analysis of secondary material. This allows us to distinguish between different origins of migrants as well as migration motives. In addition to migration from outside Europe this chapter pays ample attention to patterns of mobility within Europe. The analyses cover the individual level with as much detail as possible with the available statistics and particularly take the demographic characteristics of migrants into account. The analyses on flows of migration are supplemented by a sketch of the residing immigrant population across Europe.

The state is still the significant unit for innovative studies during the age of R&D globalization and innovation regionalization. Using the bibliometric method, this paper attempts to provide a comprehensive picture of national innovation studies based on data derived from the Web of Knowledge. In particular, we identify the most significant countries and institutions, major journals, seminal contributions and contributors, and clusters in the network of citations in the field of national innovation studies. The results are useful for understanding and promoting the field of national innovation. The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial support from National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) under the Grant No. 71203020, the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (DUT15ZD111), and the EU 7th Framework Programme-Marie Curie International Incoming Fellowships (MC IIF) peer-reviewed

Even though critical thinking has been included in education system in Indonesia, it is unlikely to be widely implemented in teaching-learning processes in all levels of education in this country. Indonesian ELT (English Language Teaching) can actually play a role in promoting critical thinking in education. However, the development of ELT in this country since colonial to present era does not seem to facilitate students’ critical thinking skill. This article presents historical perspective with regard to ELT and critical thinking. The first part reviews the history of Indonesian education which did not promote critical thinking, followed by the historical development of Indonesian ELT. The third part discusses socio-political condition which could be partly solved by promoting critical thinking in education and society. The final part suggests incorporation of critical thinking into English textbooks as ELT can also be used as a vehicle for teaching critical thinking.

Pericardial cysts are rare with an incidence of about 1 in every 100,000 persons and one in 10 pericardial cysts may actually be a pericardial diverticulum. Pericardial cysts and diverticula share similar developmental origin and may appear as an incidental finding in chest roentgenogram in an asymptomatic patient. CT scan is considered as best modality for diagnosis and delineation of the surrounding anatomy. Cardiac MRI is recommended in the evaluation of the compressive effects caused by the pericardial cysts. The authors recommend echocardiography for serial follow up and image guided aspiration of the pericardial cyst in presence of compressive effects leading to cardiovascular and airway symptoms. A systematic approach is desirable for management of pericardial cysts depending on size, shape and compression effects, symptoms and easy access to serial Echocardiographic follow up. However, pericardial diverticulum may not be differentiated from cysts by the above testing, and only identified at surgery.

Depending on the extent of aortic disease and surgical repair required, thoracic aortic surgery often involves periods of reduced cerebral perfusion. Historically, this resulted in detrimental neurological dysfunction, and high risk of mortality and morbidity. Over the last half century, rapid improvements have revolutionized aortic surgery. Among these, deep hypothermic circulatory arrest (DHCA) has drastically reduced the risk of mortality and morbidity following surgery on the thoracic aorta. This progress was facilitated by experimental pioneers such as Bigelow, who studied reduced oxygen expenditure consequent on induction of hypothermia in dogs. These encouraging findings led to trials in human cardiac surgery by Lewis in 1952 and further made possible the first successful aortic arch replacement by Denton Cooley and Michael De Bakey. Modern day surgery has come a long way from the use of immersion of the patient in ice baths and other primitive techniques previously described. This paper explores the development of deep hypothermic circulatory arrest from its origins to the present.

Our text does not intend to develop a history of French banks' Europeanisation, but instead to scrutinise the mentalities of French bankers, in order to determine whether they were confined to relationships with French business or embedded within networks of personal relations with their European colleagues. Did some French bankers follow a career more oriented\ towards international activities and were they involved in international travels? Were some bankers committed to designing European strategies and thereafter to implement them through a direct presence in those foreign countries? Did some bankers emerge as key managers of Europeanised strategies and what was their influence within their banking firms? Of course, answers will be relevant to the chronological stages, to assess, for example, whether the decline of the Haute Banque houses was unfavourable to Europeanisation, to analyse how the new joint stock banks adopted a Europeanised business model, and whether deposits banks and investment banks (banques d'affaires) reacted differently in response to Europeanised strategies and a new way of life.

Purchasing and supply management scholarship and practice has significantly evolved during the past 25 years. In parallel, the Journal of Purchasing and Supply Management has likewise emerged from its origins as the European Journal of Purchasing & Supply Management as an important source for publishing purchasing and supply management research. The purpose of this manuscript is to provide the journal's current and future readership a historical perspective of how the journal has evolved during the last quarter century from the viewpoints of its current and former editors, and where we believe the future of purchasing and supply management is going as an academic discipline.

Kanhaiyalal Munshi was a pre-eminent Gujarati author, freedom fighter and politician. A member of the Indian National Congress and a close associate of Mahatma Gandhi, he is credited with having developed and popularized the concept of Gujarat ni asmita, or Gujarati self-consciousness. This paper focusses on a trilogy of Munshi's historical fiction namely Patan Ni Prabhuta (The Glory of Patan) (1916), Gujarat No Nath (The Master of Gujarat) (1917–1918) and Rajadhiraj (The King of Kings) (1922). This paper offers a close reading of these texts, to argue that the trilogy offers the possibility of opening up notions of Gujarati identity, and of showing its constructed nature. Munshi's engagement with the ideas of politics, heroism and nation-building reflects the concerns of a movement that is trying to understand both itself and the nation that it is in the process of imagining. Highlighting the subversion of the texts is an attempt to stretch the boundaries of Gujarati identity, and think differently about the meaning of being Gujarati.

After 20 years of research, it is unclear what role the tabletop should play in the home or workplace. Progress has been made towards hardware and software interfaces, connectivity with nearby devices, and understanding human behaviour on and around the table -- yet, in practice tabletops see limited use. This workshop seeks to explore the development and use of tabletops from historical, technical, and social perspectives. Workshop goals include synthesizing opinion and experience from new and established researchers on future directions of tabletop research, and an open discussion of questions such as to what applications are tabletops best suited? and how can tabletops be better integrated into larger workflows and digital ecosystems?

In view of the evidence of about 1,3 million victims/year worldwide [1] caused by road traffic, the automotive industry is under pressure to provide new and improved vehicle safety systems, ranging from airbag systems to extremely complex advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) with accident prediction and avoidance capabilities. The inaugurated international Standard ISO-26262 as an adaptation of the generic Standard IEC 61508: “Functional safety of electrical/electronic/programmable electronic safety-related systems” for the automotive industry represents an effective risk-informed guidance for advanced vehicle design, production and maintenance. The paper illuminates the very voluminous international standard based on the intention that today's safety engineers and the automotive industry should be aware of it. They should take actions to understand fully the intention and content of the Standard, the risk-informed requirements for design of the vehicles, and the confirmation that the requirements are met.

Over the past 33 years, the Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine has evolved from a small society newsletter into a major international journal. Tracing the growth of the journal mirrors the maturation of the field of spinal cord medicine and the professional development of the clinicians and researchers who devote their careers to improving the lives of people with spinal cord injury. The advances in the field were made in many small steps by many professionals who labored in a field that often commanded little recognition from the medical and scientific community. Similarly, the journal advanced in small but steady increments through the dedication of early editors and contributors who saw the need for a forum that would foster collaborative efforts. The pioneers in spinal cord medicine who founded the America Paraplegia Society (APS) had few vehicles for publishing articles and abstracts and no way to communicate with others working in the field. Thus, the society's journal was founded in 1977 with the support of Eastern Paralyzed Veterans Association (now United Spinal Association) (1). Volume 1 number 1 appeared in 1978 (Figure 1a), as The Journal of the American Paraplegia Society, a title it would retain until 1995. The nascent journal's content comprised abstracts of SCI-related articles in the literature, professional news and meetings coverage. Figure 1 The first issue of The Journal of the American Paraplegia Society (1978). Daniel Ruge, MD, PhD, the first editor. In that historic first issue, basically an 8-page quarterly newsletter, the editor, neurosurgeon Daniel Ruge, MD, PhD, (Figure 1b) speculated, “Need for this magazine will only be known through experience. For that reason we have some reluctance in designating it as Volume 1 Number 1, but hopefully the next issue will declare itself as Volume 1, Number 2” (2). When the next issue did declare itself, Dr Ruge commented on the response to the journal's debut: “Volume 1, Number 1 is very attractive and worth the wait. It is certainly justification for Number 2…. Again we request that you seek outstanding material for this smallest big journal. Your spontaneous response is an example of the unique character of the SCI service. Let's keep it up!” (3). And so they did…. The Journal continued to be nurtured collaboratively by APS members, mainly VA physicians caring for patients with SCI. Over the following 9 years, the duties of editor were rotated among Drs Ruge, Juan Fonseca, Sofjam Lamid, Inder Perkash, Ibrahim Eltorai, Rajendra Kumar Tiwari, Marilyn Wells, Warren Huber, Robert Hussey, Alain B. Rossier, Ahmed Z. alGhatit, Il Jung Lee, and Amico Bignami, among others (Figure 2). In 1983, a major milestone was attained when the Journal was accepted by Index Medicus, the biomedical bibliographic print database of the National Library of Medicine that has evolved into today's electronic MEDLINE/PubMed (1). Figure 2 Some of the early journal collaborators with Jim Peters (left), executive director of EPVA, at the 1984 APS meeting: Drs Inder Perkash, Ibrahim Eltorai, Erich Krueger, and Robert Hussey. In 1988, Catherine W. Brittell, MD, professor of rehabilitation medicine at the University of Washington, assumed the post of editor-in-chief (Figure 3a). During her tenure, the Journal improved in quality, style and organization. In 1990, the design for volume 13 was totally revamped, with a new logo and colors on a white ground (Figure 3b). At this point, the Journal was featuring original research and editorials as well as abstracts and announcements, with issues of 60 pages. The Bors Award was instituted in honor of Ernest Bors, MD, which rewards the best research article published in the Journal by a young investigator (4). In 1992, longtime senior associate editor, nephrologist N. D. Vaziri, MD, (Figure 4a) served as interim editor until Robert R. Young, MD, assumed the editor's role, serving from 1992 to 1999 (Figure 4b). Figure 3 Catherine W. Britell, MD, editor, 1988–1992. The Journal of the American Paraplegia Society in 1990. Figure 4 (a) N.D. Vaziri, MD, senior associate editor and interim editor. (b) Robert R. Young, M.D., editor from 1992 to 1999. During this period, peer review was formalized and the editorial board was expanded and organized by section editors and associate editors. The most significant change was made in January 1995 when the journal was renamed The Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine (Figure 5). Dr Young's editorial, “What's in a name?” explains that the rationale for the title change was “to stress the inclusivity and to define succinctly the broad field which our journal tries to serve…. “By medicine,” he clarified, “we mean all aspects of medical science—medical and surgical specialties, rehabilitation, research, healthcare delivery… (5).” Figure 5 The current title adopted in 1995 during the tenure of Robert R. Young, MD. From 1999 through 2005, the Journal continued to grow in stature and reach under the leadership of Joel A. DeLisa, MD, MS, chair of the department of physical medicine & rehabilitation at the University of Medicine & Dentistry of New Jersey, who helped establish the subspecialty of SCI medicine (Figure 6a). In 2000, a redesign introduced a modern typeface and a cover featuring a spinal cord graphic (Figure 6b). To acknowledge the contributions of the spectrum of SCI professionals, the logo of the American Spinal Injury Association was incorporated on the masthead page. The Editorial Board grew to encompass spine surgeons, neuroscientists, rehabilitation engineers, therapists, and rehabilitation psychologists. Indexing was expanded to include EMBASE, the international biomedical database, CINAHL (Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature), and PubMed Central, the full-text archive of the National Library of Medicine. Figure 6 The cover redesign in 2000 was accomplished during the term of Joel A. DeLisa, MD, MS, editor 1999–2005. In 2002, the now familiar JSCM logo was adopted (Figure 7), and in 2003, the Journal's application was accepted by Thomson Reuters Science Citation Index, paving the way for the Journal's first impact factor in 2006 (6). Each year, the impact factor has risen, an important indicator of the Journal's growing influence on clinical care and research (7,8). JSCM commemorated the APS' 50th anniversary in 2004 with a special issue featuring invited reviews on a wide range of topics (Figure 7). The issue also featured the text of Gerard Kelly's James J. Peters Memorial Lecture, the first in a series to honor the executive director of United Spinal Association, one of JSCM's earliest and staunchest advocates (9). Figure 7 The current JSCM logo was adopted in 2002. This special issue commemorated APS's 50th anniversary in 2004. When Dr DeLisa ended his successful tenure in 2005, APS selected Donald R. Bodner, MD, professor of urology at Case Western Reserve University in Ohio, to succeed him (Figure 8). That year marked the launch of online submission and manuscript services via Editorial Manager, a significant step that streamlined the peer review process, more fully engaged board members, associate editors and reviewers, and encouraged the participation of authors from around the globe. Submissions increased by 33%, attracting authors from countries in Europe, Asia, the Middle East, and South America. Figure 8 During Dr. Bodner's term as editor, JSCM acknowledges PVA support. Donald R. Bodner, MD, editor, 2005 – present. After decades of generous support from EPVA, the Journal confronted new challenges as that organization formed a new independent nonprofit, United Spinal Association, with a greater emphasis on consumer advocacy. In 2007, JSCM, APS, and the 3 other professional associations (AASCIN, AASCIPSW, and TLC), gained the support of Paralyzed Veterans of America. JSCM's first issue of 2008 featured the PVA logo on the cover (Figure 8). In 2009, these 4 professional associations united as the Academy of Spinal Cord Injury Professionals (ASCIP), and in 2010, adopted JSCM as its official journal. This issue is the first to carry the ASCIP logo (Figure 9). ASCIP comprises 4 Sections that represent the former professional societies, thus providing “an opportunity for the highest level of collaboration and growth, with each Section serving as a center for professional identity and mentoring,” announced Terrie Price, PhD, ASCIP's first president (10). The Editorial Board will reflect the participation of all the disciplines of the Sections, ensuring the broadest breadth of content. Another major change is planned for later in 2010, when JSCM will transition to Thomas Land Publishers and incorporate the review content of Topics in Spinal Cord Injury Rehabilitation, further expanding its scope in the field. Figure 9 The official logo of the Academy of SCI Professionals. As JSCM meets the challenges of its fourth decade, it is worthwhile to trace the development of this ‘smallest big journal’ as Dr Ruge called it in 1978. In many ways, this remains an apt description – JSCM is a small journal by many standards, but it has played a big role as a forum for clinicians and researchers seeking to improve the lives of people with SCI. With the tremendous activity in the field of spinal cord medicine, research and rehabilitation, JSCM's mission has broadened, but so has its support. Its' future promises to be even richer than its' past.

This article explores the historical development of youth work in Croatia, over the course of a two-decades civil society development process in a post-conflict country. The focus of this paper is on identifying foundations as well as trends and patterns relevant for an historical analysis of Croatian youth work. We seek to offer a historical and path-dependent scenario for describing targeted aspects of the ‘evolution’ of Croatian youth work. By drawing from available data from non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and from personal experience, we describe three key phases of youth work development: (I) the period of early 1990s, we recognize as a ‘direct peace building’ youth work as it was characterized with bottom-up peace building and non-violent civic action of thousands of young people ; (II) the rise and diffusion of non- formal education youth work during the mid and late 1990s ; (III) the growth of a networked youth sector and a focus on youth policy advocacy starting in 2000, with strong and fruitful cooperation among various actors on the national NGO scene. Such categorization highlights various practices what we consider to represent youth work in a specific (and contested) national framework – (I) young people being engaged in direct peace building and non-violent civic actions during the war and post-war transition ; (II) young people being engaged in various non- formal educational programs provided by the youth NGOs, created for young people but also in a cooperation with young people ; (III) youth initiatives and NGOs networking and young people being engaged in a long-term advocacy process. We argue that by becoming a member of European Union, Croatia has to articulate what youth work represents within their national framework, as various practices that we find quite important and influential are neglected within the EU youth policy. Work with young people with fewer opportunities is being presented as a case study, building up on our observation that contemporary youth work continues to be embedded in civil society development and non-formal education.

Background: Aortic root pathology had been a known entity with a progressive and catastrophic course, long before the methods to surgically address them were first developed. Once reliable cardiopulmonary bypass was established, surgeons were able to pioneer new operative techniques, and in the half-century to follow, countless modifications and refinements have provided today's surgeons with the surgical approaches that are currently at their disposal. History: Denton Cooley and Michael De Bakey reported the first successful surgical intervention for aneurysms involving the ascending aorta in 1956. Nearly a decade later, Hugh Bentall described his modification, and provided a name that would leave a lasting mark on aneurysmal surgery. In the decades to follow, numerous innovative surgeons improved on these original procedures to allow for a more reliable and consistent operation. Further, Tirone David and Sir Magdi Yacoub each described their methods to repair the aortic root while preserving the valve, thus providing their patients with freedom from a prosthetic or mechanical valve and improved quality of life. Conclusions: The development of surgical techniques required to successfully care for patients with pathology of the aortic root has evolved considerably since Cooley and De Bakey's original report. Although it is common to hear aortic root replacement referred to as a “Bentall,” the methods currently employed have gone through considerable evolution, such that the techniques of today should not be referred to as a Bentall.

While it is known that all German anatomical institutes that have been examined made use of the bodies of victims of the National Socialist (NS) regime for teaching and research between 1933 and 1945, detailed investigations on many institutions are still missing. Among these is the anatomical institute of the University of Cologne. This university was the first university to voluntarily self-align with the policies of the new regime and was therefore often called a ‘model NS university’. In addition, Cologne was the site of a NS special court and a central place for executions. Based on archival sources, this study investigates the interaction between the anatomical institute of the University of Cologne with the NS authorities and the origin of the body supply for dissection and research. The documents reveal that the institute continued to receive bodies from traditional sources like the public morgue and hospitals, but with the beginning of World War II (WWII) an increasing amount of bodies of victims of the NS regime became available. Thus, the anatomical institute of Cologne collaborated and benefited from the policies of the NS regime, especially during WWII, like all other already explored anatomical institutes in Germany to varying degrees.

Pathology of the aorta has been recognized for nearly three and a half millennia, dating back to the first recorded description in the scrolls of Ebers, circa 1550 BC. Since that time, treatment has evolved from magical medicinal remedies and incantations to nearly outpatient percutaneous interventions. From the first attempts at open surgical reconstruction in the 1700s and 1800s, to the latest generations of endovascular devices, innovative pioneers have pushed the envelope of surgical technique in developing unique and novel strategies to treat the ever complex pathology of the aorta. We are just now beginning to understand these pathologies at the molecular and genetic levels, and with that expansive extent of investigation enters a journal, dedicated solely to the aorta. With this article, we hope to illuminate the rich and deep history of aortic pathology, and the innovations leading to the technology of today. A firm understanding of our past provides a strong foundation for further growth into the future.

The present case study addresses the case of a geographical area neglected by most of the literature about the changing role of Higher Education Institutions (HEIs): the low-tech contexts. This literature has traditionally exhibited two primary aspects. First, a focus on success stories such as entrepreneurial universities located in high-tech regions (e.g. Silicon Valley). Second, it reveals an inclination towards an evolution from ivory towers to entrepreneurial universities. The article argues that this oversimplification does not apply exactly to some environments where the HEIs have maintained links with industry since their inception. The purpose is to demonstrate HEIs' relevance in low-tech contexts with a pre-eminence of small and medium enterprises by taking a historical and qualitative perspective. © 2013 Intellect Ltd Article. English language.

Tesis Doctoral presentada por Francisco Javier Ortega-Colomer en el Departament de Projectes d’Enginyeria de la Universitat Politècnica de València., [ES]: La presente tesis se encuadra dentro del debate sobre el papel de las universidades en el desarrollo socioeconómico de las regiones. En la primera parte de la tesis se presenta una revisión de la literatura sobre economía regional, centrada en cómo tres conceptos principales –distrito industrial, cluster y sistema local de innovación-- han tratado desde sus respectivos enfoques teóricos, el papel de las instituciones de educación superior. En la segunda parte de la tesis se presentan los aspectos metodológicos de cómo abordar el análisis de un fenómeno tan complejo como es el de la evolución del papel de una universidad, atendiendo a la selección del caso estudio, los diferentes niveles de análisis, así como las técnicas de investigación y de recolección y posterior análisis de datos. En la tercera parte de la tesis se muestran los resultados empíricos traducidos en la presentación, tanto del contexto en donde se inserta la universidad objeto de estudio, como de las tres etapas identificadas en la historia de la institución que, si bien presentan características propias de una región de baja tecnología, han sufrido cambios institucionales que conviene tener en cuenta no sólo desde el punto de vista de las políticas universitarias, sino también desde el punto de vista de la gestión de las instituciones de educación superior. Definitivamente, en la cuarta y última parte de la tesis se presentan las principales conclusiones que se desprenden del estudio realizado a lo largo de esta tesis., [CA]: La present tesi s'enquadra dins del debat sobre el paper de les universitats en el desenvolupament socioeconòmic de les regions. Consta de tres parts ben diferenciades. En la primera part de la tesi es presenta una revisió de la literatura sobre economia regional, centrada en com tres principals conceptes –districte industrial, *cluster i sistema local d'innovació-- han tractat des dels seus respectius enfocaments teòrics, el paper de les institucions d'educació superior. En la segona part de la tesi es presenten els aspectes metodològics de com abordar l'anàlisi d'un fenomen tan complex com és el de l'evolució del paper d'una universitat, atenent a la selecció del cas estudio, els diferents nivells d'anàlisis, així com les tècniques d'investigació i de recol·lecció i posterior anàlisi de dades. En la tercera part de la tesi es mostren els resultats empírics de la tesis traduïts en la presentació tant del context on s'insereix la universitat objecte d'estudi, com de les tres etapes identificades en la història de la institució, que si bé presenten característiques pròpies d'una regió de baixa tecnologia, han sofert canvis institucionals que convé tenir en compte no només des del punt de vista de les polítiques universitàries, sinó també des del punt de vista de la gestió de les institucions d'educació superior. Definitivament, en la quarta i última part de la tesi es presenten les principals conclusions que es desprenen de l'estudi realitzat al llarg d'aquesta tesi., [EN]: This thesis is framed within the debate on the role of universities in the socioeconomic development of regions. It has three distinct parts. The first part of the thesis presents a review of the literature on regional economy, focusing on how three main concepts -industrial district, cluster and local innovation system - have addressed from their respective theoretical approaches, the role of Higher Education Institutions. The second part of the thesis presents the methodological aspects of how to approach the analysis of a phenomenon as complex as is the changing role of a university, based on the selection of the case study, different levels of analysis and research techniques and collection and subsequent data analysis. The third part of the PhD dissertation presents the empirical results of the thesis translated into the presentation of the context in which to insert the university under study, and the three stages identified in the history of the institution, although their characteristics specific to a region of low-tech, have been institutional changes should take into account not only from the viewpoint of university policies, but also from the standpoint of managing Higher Education Institutions. Definitely, the fourth and final part of the thesis presents the main findings from the study along this thesis., I acknowledge the financial support from the Spanish National R&D Project (Project ref: SEJ2005-05923/EDUC and Francisco Javier Ortega Colomer’s Grant: BES-2006-13425).

International audience; Sri Lanka was one of the first developing nations to understand the importance of investing in human resources and promoting gender equality. Advances made by the country in health and education are at par with those of the advanced countries. Near universal literacy and a well-developed system of school education, places Sri Lanka as a leader in education in South Asia and amongst the top-performing countries in the entire world. High priority was given to education for over six decades whereby free education has resulted in an increase of school enrolment from 1 million in 1947 to a peak of 4.2 million in the mid-nineties, achieving universal primary education and a high level of participation in secondary education. Net enrolment ratio (in 2004) of 97.9% at primary level, a completion ratio of 95%, and a gender parity of 96% are laudable achievements.In terms of multi-disciplinary e-readiness criteria, Sri Lanka is also ranked higher than the neighbouring Asian countries in spite of the relatively slow penetration of computers, internet and other telecommunication media. According to the United Nations Report on e-Government Survey of 2008, Sri Lanka is ranked at eighth among twenty other countries in the Southeast/South Asian region.

The aim of the present chapter is to examine the mechanism of learning at the level of sensorimotor functions rather than at a higher cognitive level. Indeed, although the mechanisms subserving motor control and learning are still disputed, it is generally admitted that the control of even the simplest gesture such as pointing or grasping implies initial learning during development as a child and continuous adaptation to the context of action.

Ibn al-Nafis (1213–1288) was an Arab physician who made several important contributions to the early knowledge of the pulmonary circulation. He was the first person to challenge the long-held contention of the Galen School that blood could pass through the cardiac interventricular septum, and in keeping with this he believed that all the blood that reached the left ventricle passed through the lung. He also stated that there must be small communications or pores ( manafidh in Arabic) between the pulmonary artery and vein, a prediction that preceded by 400 years the discovery of the pulmonary capillaries by Marcello Malpighi. Ibn al-Nafis and another eminent physiologist of the period, Avicenna (ca. 980–1037), belong to the long period between the enormously influential school of Galen in the 2nd century, and the European scientific Renaissance in the 16th century. This is an epoch often given little attention by physiologists but is known to some historians as the Islamic Golden Age. Its importance is briefly discussed here.

Living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) has gone through its formative years and established as a legitimate treatment when a deceased donor liver graft is not timely or simply not available at all. Nevertheless, LDLT is characterized by its technical complexity and ethical controversy. These are the consequences of a single organ having to serve two subjects, the donor and the recipient, instantaneously. The transplant community has a common ground on assuring donor safety while achieving predictable recipient success. With this background, a reflection of the development of LDLT may be appropriate to direct future research and patient-care efforts on this life-saving treatment alternative. © 2008 WJG. All rights reserved., published_or_final_version

Este artigo faz uma breve revisão histórica da trajetória, dos desafios e das tendências no ensino superior de administração e administração pública no Brasil. Este trabalho mostra-se bastante oportuno atualmente, em função de diferentes iniciativas que estão sendo empreendidas pelos acadêmicos e instituições comprometidos com o ensino superior no país. O artigo apresenta inicialmente a trajetória do ensino superior de administração, para então abordar os principais desafios que as escolas e seus acadêmicos enfrentam nessa área, consolidar as principais tendências para o ensino superior e, por fim, destacar a necessidade de rascunhar uma agenda de debate que envolva as instituições, seus representantes e acadêmicos. This article presents a brief historical review of the trajectory, challenges and trends of the teaching of business and public administration in higher education in Brazil. This has shown to be a very timely study, considering several initiatives that have been taken lately by scholars and institutions dedicated to higher education in the country. The article first presents the trajectory of the teaching of administration in higher education and then discusses the main challenges faced by schools and scholars in this field, consolidates the most important trends in higher education, and finally points out the need for drafting an agenda for the debate involving institutions, its representatives and scholars.

“The army called me down to New York [in 1950]. I was with New York University (NYU)—and the colonel said to me, ‘Well, if you volunteer to be in the army, then you'll become a lieutenant, an officer. But if you don't volunteer, you'll be drafted anyway, and sent to boot camp. So I volunteered. And they sent me to medical field service school in Fort Sam Houston, Texas. And that was kind of interesting. And then, I guess my card dropped out, they wanted a dentist who was a physicist. And that was me.” Robert S. Ledley Dr. Robert S. Ledley is credited with “sowing the seeds” for the field of medical informatics [Ledley 1959],1 initiating the development of computerized medical image analysis [Ledley 1964],2 and for being the principal investigator of the Protein Information Resource (PIR) for 20 years [Dayhoff 1965].3 Dr. Ledley is best known for developing the first whole-body computerized tomography (CT or CAT) scanner in 1973 (Patent No. 3,922,552), which revolutionized diagnostic medicine. Dr. Ledley's first CT scanner [which he called the Automatic Computerized Transverse Axial, or ACTA, scanner; [Ledley 1974a, 1974b]2, 4 is now owned by the Smithsonian Institution's Museum of American History [Kondratas 2005].5 Using his scanner, he was the first to perform three-dimensional reconstructions [Huang 1975],6 the first to use CT in radiation therapy planning for cancer patients [Scheer 1977],7 and the creator of many other “firsts” in the application of CT in medicine. The following story describes his efforts to develop this scanner. ### How Did You Become a Dentist and a Physicist? I always liked physics. I started at Columbia [University in 1942]. Once you’re in the college, you can take any course in the whole university. In those days they only gave one year of college physics, and everything else was …

Until about 50 years ago, the altering of a normal drug effect by a genetic deficiency was only rarely observed. Here, my discovery of the genetic variant of butyrylcholinesterase affecting succinylcholine action is described in some detail. Such discoveries led to the combination of the two older sciences, genetics and pharmacology, thereby forming pharmacogenetics. After the discovery of similar examples in the years that followed, pharmacogenetics expanded on the basis of two discoveries. First, the common occurrence of interethnic differences in drug response and, secondly, the fact that most pharmacological differences were multigenic. New methodologies brought a transition to pharmacogenomics; this included detection of clinically important genetic variants and has uncovered potentially new drug targets. The arrival of personalised medicine -- where a patient's genes determine the choice of drug to be administered -- can be hoped to gradually improve drug safety and efficacy. Efforts to reach this level of perfection are, however, dogged by uncertainties.

In many industries, the contemporary context of acute environmental dislocation shows the limits of traditional organizational recipes. In direct response to environmental challenges, companies are experimenting with new organizational solutions. While flexibility, or the capacity to redefine organizational form to follow changing purposes, is undeniably a common trend, these experiments otherwise differ greatly. Diversity is such, in fact, that it is difficult to clearly identify and define a unique organizational paradigm for the future. To explore the connection between environmental dislocation and organizational transformations, we adopt a historical and comparative perspective. Our empirical base of evidence is the luxury fashion industry in three countries, France, Italy, and the United States. For many years, this industry was defined by stable environmental conditions, and a craft model of organization remained dominant. We show that, over a more recent period, increasing environmental turbulence has brought about a redefinition of the rules of the game. A common response has been for organizations to move towards greater flexibility or modularity and to experiment with network forms. However, we also show that the paths or trajectories leading to organizational flexibility have varied significantly across countries, reflecting historical legacies and institutional constraints. We identify in fact three different network forms in that industry, which represent national ideal types—the “umbrella holding” company in France, the “flexible embedded network” in Italy, and the “virtual organization” in the United States. We argue that the process of change in the luxury fashion industry has been one of coevolution, where environmental transformation and organizational change have fed upon each other through time. Pioneer firms in the luxury fashion industry originally devised organizational solutions within the bounds set by nationally defined constraints and opportunities. Becoming institutionalized, these early solutions in turn shaped the environment for individual organizations and organizational populations, creating new sets of opportunities and constraints. In a path-dependent manner, different models of organization and national competitiveness thus emerged. In conclusion, we are brought to question the likelihood of full and stable convergence towards a unique organizational form or paradigm. There appears to be, in each national context, a process of construction of new organizational solutions that starts from local foundations. Embedded as they are in powerful historical and institutional legacies, organizational differences are there to stay, we believe, beyond the period of transition and acute environmental dislocation.

The paper summarizes the state of knowledge and the evolution of the researches on benthic macroinvertebrates of Italian mountain lakes, and identifies key aspects that need to be further explored. Mountain lakes have been investigated since the end of the XIX century. In the beginning, studies focused mainly on their geography, geology, geomorphology and hydrology. Only lately, interests arise on their hydro-chemistry and biology, in relation to water acidification and, in rare cases, to eutrophication. In particular, in the 1920s, the studies dealt mainly on lake basins morphology and their genesis. Later, researches were driven mainly by the growing need of hydroelectric power plants, shifting the attention on their hydrological and geological aspects. Nonetheless, more detailed limno-biological studies began in confined areas. During the 1960s, attention was redirected to the alpine environment in terms of environmental awareness, for the creation of parks, and to analyse the alteration of water quality caused by the deposition of transported pollutants from the lowlands. This created the opportunity to combine observations on both the hydro-chemical and biological aspects, to reach a synoptic view of these environments. It is only in the mid-1990s that ISI journals came to power and, striving for higher visibility, strongly promoted the production of papers. In this decade, the application of paleo-limnology, the creation of a long term ecological research network, the never abandoned idea of implementing best practice management for freshwaters conservation purposes, and the growing attention on the global climatic change gave new impulse to the studies on mountain lakes. Since the 2000s, biodiversity preservation, biological recovery, environmental key-drivers (mainly nitrogen increase) have become the new focus of the current research activities.

This paper examines the history and development of Machine Translation (MT) applications for the Arabic language in the context of the history and machine translation in general. It starts with a discussion of the beginnings of MT in the US and then, depending on the work of MT historians, surveys the decline of the work on MT and drying up of funding; then the revival with globalization, development of information technology and the rising needs for breaking the language barriers in the world; and last on the dramatic developments that came with the advances in computer technology. The paper also examined some of the major approaches for MT within a historical perspective. The case of Arabic is treated along the same lines focusing on the work that was done on Arabic by Western research institutes and Western profit motivated companies. Special attention is given to the work of the one Arab company, Sakr of Al-Alamiyya Group, which was established in 1982 and has seriously since then worked on developing software applications for Arabic under the umbrella of natural language processing for the Arabic language. Major available software applications for Arabic/English Arabic MT as well as MT related software were surveyed within a historical framework., Cet article examine l’histoire et l’évolution des applications de la traduction automatique (TA) en langue arabe, dans le contexte de l’histoire de la TA en général. Il commence par décrire les débuts de la TA aux États-Unis et son déclin dû à l’épuisement du financement ; ensuite, son renouveau suscité par la mondialisation, le développement des technologies de l’information et les besoins croissants de lever les barrières linguistiques. Finalement, il aborde les progrès vertigineux réalisés grâce à l’informatique. L’article étudie aussi les principales approches de la TA dans une perspective historique. Le cas de l’arabe est traité dans cette perspective, compte tenu des travaux effectués par les instituts de recherche occidentaux et quelques sociétés privées occidentales. Un accent particulier est mis sur les recherches de la société arabe Sakr, fondée dès 1982, qui a mis au point plusieurs logiciels de traitement de langues naturelles pour l’arabe. Ces divers logiciels de TA arabe-anglais-arabe ainsi que des applications associées sont présentés dans un cadre historique.