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Icing is one of the main external environmental factors that causes aircraft to lose control. The flight safety assurance system under icing condition is particularly important. However, most of the systems do not consider the coupling characteristics of aerodynamics and flight dynamics of icing aircraft. This will affect the accuracy of the calculation results. Besides, the icing risk management system helps the pilot to realize the possible dangers in advance and perform correct maneuvers, based on quantitative assessment and visualization methods of flight risk. The envelope protection system realizes flight safety guarantee based on the real-time boundary protection method of key flight parameters. Finally, based on distributed simulation technology, a flight simulator was used as a platform to integrate the icing risk management system and envelope protection system to realize man-in-the-loop simulation. Two fictional but historically motivated icing scenarios are designed to test the system, and the results demonstrate that the icing risk management and protection system would be useful for aviation safety and can also be used for pilot training and reproducing flight accidents to find the causes.

Biomedicine is one of the fastest growing areas of additive manufacturing. Especially, in the field of in vitro diagnostics (IVD), contributions of 3D printing include i) rapid prototyping and iterative IVD proof-of-concept designing ranging from materials, devices to system integration; ii) conceptual design simplification and improved practicality of IVD products; iii) shifting the IVD applications from centralized labs to point-of-care testing (POCT). In this review, the latest developments of 3D printing and its advantages in IVD applications are summarized. A series of 3D-printed objects for IVD applications, including single-function modules, multi-function devices which integrate several single-function modules for specific analytical applications such as sample pre-treatment and chemo-/bio-sensing, and all-in-one systems which integrate multi-function devices and the instrument operating them, are analyzed from the perspective of functional integration. The current and potential commercial applications of 3D-printed objects in the IVD field are highlighted. The features of 3D printing, especially rapid prototyping and low start-up, enable the easy fabrication of bespoke modules, devices and systems for a range of analytical applications, and broadens the commercial IVD prospects.

Mass customized and mass personalized production has become facilitated by the fourth industrial revolution. The resulting industrial environments require the development of information systems able to take the specifications of customers and convey them to the production system in such a way as to contribute to the coordination of all the stakeholders and activities required to fulfill the orders of the customers. This is beyond the capabilities of traditional systems based on MRP and ERP, since the information should be managed in a flexible and decentralized way to exploit the Smart Manufacturing facilities of Industry 4.0. Blockchain, instead, is a technology that provides those features constituting a sound information supporting basis for mass customized/personalized production. Consequently, we explore the potential of blockchain as an information technology able to support industries that base their business models on mass customized/personalized production processes. This survey allows us to identify important challenges for further developments, highlighting three issues in the production setting: (i) to deepen the interoperability of systems, (ii) to generate more implementations, and (iii) to develop efficient consensus protocols. As a response to these insights we provide a conceptual design of how blockchain contributes to managing efficiently mass customized production systems. In our design the information of customer specifications can be fused with data from the production process to generate a plan to fulfill the demand. This design arises as a solution approach to three stated problem, which are faced by mass customized production systems.

The costs of gas transportation and its environmental/security impacts in Iran have led to evaluating geothermal/solar renewable sources instead. Regarding the high potential of geothermal/solar in Sistan/Baluchestan province, Iran, which have still no access to the global gas network, these resources create a desirable plan. This paper attempted to present/compare four possible solar-assisted ground source heat pumps to supply four purposes of electricity demand, heating/cooling, and domestic hot water. First, the energy needed in the region was designed with DesignBuilder. Then, each proposed system was modeled in Polysun software using a photovoltaic-thermal and a vertical geothermal heat exchanger. Afterward, all probable plans were evaluated and compared technically, economically, and environmentally. The results indicated that the maximum/minimum values of the coefficient of heat pump performance for direct heat exchanger and series systems were 4.39/3.87. Also, the optimal plan was introduced with 4957/10667 kWh electricity consumption/production. Besides, an economic analysis was estimated for the optimal strategy with an investment return of 7years. The designed system prevented 5089kgCO2 emissions annually. By means of this integrating hybrid system, Sistan/Baluchestan province would become a significant renewable power plant globally, and a considerable techno-economic and environmental challenge would be dissolved in Iran.

Publisher Summary This chapter provides insight into the designing methods of furnaces in a bid to assist future furnace designers to focus on and achieve the objective, i.e. fuel efficient, low cost design. A new furnace is a major investment, with a typical design life of 20 years and an operating life of probably twice that, so decisions made during the design stage will have implications for the furnace owner(s) for decades. Cost of fuel, amount of capital, and even the region where the furnace will be used are factors to be kept in mind during the designing stage. This chapter limits the discussion to the process design of furnaces and how the furnace is integrated with the rest of the process. Wide ranges of chemical and physical processes are undertaken in furnaces and it is impossible to cover them all. In any case it is important to undertake a thorough analysis of the physical and chemical processes to understand the ideal rates of heating and cooling to achieve the ideal or optimum product. To achieve a cost-effective design process, it is critically important that the conceptual design is undertaken thoroughly. Time, intellectual effort, and especially critical thinking spent on this part of the design process are repaid many times over by cost savings later. In reality, design usually involves a number of iterations where the preliminary design is changed as a consequence of feedback from the results of the preliminary efforts, and/or the designers become aware of other possibilities.

OBJECTIVES The active factor along with light exercise can reduce static muscle work and increase muscle flexibility and endurance. Accordingly, this study aimed to design and prototype a new active footrest, implemented in conventional sitting workstations and to test its usability among office workers. METHODS The steps taken to design and prototype the active footrest were a) selection of an exercise appropriate for goals of ergonomic interventions, b) idea development, c) selection of the best conceptual design, d) design with SOLIDWORKS version 2016 software, and e) fabrication of a prototype. Afterward, the usability of the active footrest prototype was assessed among 20 office workers (10 females) using field data by the System Usability Scale. RESULTS Upon the completion of the design steps, the active footrest prototype was prototyped by taking into account design criteria (e.g. functionality, inclusive design, easy application, and reduction of additional body movement), anthropometric data and mechanical properties. The participants rated the usability of the active workstation as 89 ± 8.21 (out of 100) and indicating good usability results. CONCLUSION In this study, an active footrest was designed and prototyped to perform knee extension exercise with the capability of being implemented in conventional sitting workstations.

Integrated 3D modeling adaptation to infrastructure has been slow due to technical challenges, such as the lack of interoperability between software. To fill this gap, a versatile model with 3D modeling capabilities was developed to assist in designing sustainable bridges at the conceptual design stage. The model incorporates a rule-based expert system and four modules, namely, 3D CAD modeling, bridge sustainability rating system (BrSRS), bridge environmental performance strategy mapping (BrEPSM), and conceptual cost estimation. The 3D CAD module was developed using the Graphics.DrawLine method. The BrSRS and BrEPSM modules were developed by amalgamation of the identified pertinent sustainable and footprint indicators. The model aims to provide bridge type recommendations, allow customization of a sustainable bridge, illustrate forecasted footprint levels, present the conceptual design in AutoCAD’s 3-dimensional (3D) mode, facilitate a recalculation process when the bridge’s dimensions are altered, and generate a conceptual cost estimate.

In the design of high-rise buildings, the lateral structural system that resists seismic and wind actions often dominates the overall design, and as a result, the optimum design of the lateral structural system is important for material efficiency. This paper aims to present a new design methodology that relies on an extended Evolutionary Structural Optimization (ESO) method to optimize the shear wall layout for the design of high-rise buildings. By discretizing all the shear walls of the ground structure into wall elements, different shear wall layouts were described by a binary matrix where ‘0′ and ‘1′ indicate the absence or presence of a wall element respectively. The proposed framework borrowed the intuitive concept of the ESO method, where the less stressed wall elements in the structure were gradually removed but the highly stressed wall elements were reserved. The conceptual design method was combined with the optimization algorithm to control the optimization process and to reduce structural eccentricity considering architecture, strength and serviceability constraints. Then, the structural weight could be automatically minimized under multiple loading cases and design constraints. By integrating the commercially available ETABS, a dedicated optimization software with an independent interface was developed and details were also presented in this paper for practical software development. The proposed framework was used to optimize the layouts of different shear wall structures, and case studies showed that the proposed framework could optimize shear wall structures with a material saving of up to 14% compared to the conventional design, which proved the feasibility and effectiveness of the framework. The paper can therefore be referenced by other researchers and software engineers to further explore the layout optimization of shear wall structures and to reduce material usage for a more sustainable design.

Logistics supply chains with nodes at critical locations such as the Earth’s surface, Earth’s orbit, cis-lunar space, Mars orbit and the surface of Mars are crucial to enable sustainable human exploration of Mars. The concept of a Mars orbital logistics node is envisaged to have at least aggregation, refueling, resupply and refurbishing capabilities is defined in this paper. Its elements are analogous to platforms like the International Space Station and Lunar Gateway. The stationing orbit of the logistics node is one of the primary design drivers in determining the associated propellant requirement. We evaluate Δ V requirements across four phases of the mission—interplanetary transfer, capture and departure, deorbit and entry, and launch and orbit transfer. A comprehensive data base of interplanetary trajectories is analyzed. Perturbations due to Mars’ gravity are considered and multiple options for maneuver are considered herein. Three mission scenarios – long stay crewed, short stay crewed and cargo transfer – are evaluated along with three deorbit concepts. A broad range of Low Mars Orbits (LMO) with periods between 0.4 and 0.6 sols and Highly Elliptical Mars Orbits (HEMO) with periods between 2 and 4 sols is found to fall on the trade-off curve of total Δ V and orbital periods across seven synodic periods. Final orbit selection can be made using this data and a desired criteria and mission timeline. For example, HEMO minimizes propellant to access the stationing orbit from interplanetary trajectory whereas LMO minimizes propellant requirement to access the surface from the stationing orbit. HMO is also favorable for short stay and cargo missions.

In this work, a novel sequential approach for optimal conceptual design of extractive distillation columns for the separation of ternary azeotropic mixtures was developed. This approach is based on...

The design process of a new aircraft (AC) is always associated with the issue of choosing its basic technical parameters, or, in other words, the formation of its conceptual design. In case of a civil aircraft, the choice of these parameters is defined by the requirements for operational safety, market conditions, norms that specify the tolerable harmful impact of the aircraft on the environment, etc. In case of a military aircraft, its outlay mostly depends on the concept of potential military threats, ways of using the military aircraft in military conflicts. Some of these requirements are formulated in regulatory documents – the Aviation Requirements for Civil Aircraft and the General Tactical and Technical Requirements of the Air Force for Military Aircraft. For example, Part 25 of the Aviation Requirements for Civil Aircraft defines the Airworthiness Standards for transport aircraft. It should be noted that the stated above requirements are often a tool of competition, for example, when tightening the aircraft noise abatement procedures provides advantages for particular manufacturers, not admitting other manufacturers to enter the market, whose aircraft do not conform to the new standards. Thus, complying with the requirements virtually involves additional costs both in the aircraft development and during its operation. In addition, the implementation of the requirements stated above can lead to the deterioration of the aircraft’s performance, and hence, to the decrease of its competiveness and combat effectiveness. Therefore, each requirement of the regulatory documents should have a profound scientific rationale. This article analyzes one of the regulatory documents requirements referring to the necessity of anti-g system on board aircraft. The authors propose the approach to specify the existing criterion to provide the scientific basis for the anti-g system on board aircraft by assessing the actual level of pilot load when maneuvering. The subject under study is of particular importance for the Yak-152 trainer aircraft. The actual level of loads during pilotage of the Yak-152 trainer aircraft does not require the use of the anti-g system but if to be based on a formal criterion, namely, in terms of the maximum operational overload value, the aircraft should be fitted out with such a system.

The high level of sodium in red mud (RM) is one of the main issues hindering its incorporation as a raw material for construction and building materials. This paper presents a few studies on building materials developed using more than 70% w/w RM content. A proposed industrial process flowchart together with capital (CAPEX) and operational expenditure (OPEX) for a large‐scale plant are presented here. It was estimated that the cost of processing 75 Mton of RM, over a period of 25 years, was US$ 17/ton, including CAPEX + OPEX. The products comprised pellets composed of RM and clay subjected to 1200°C in a straight‐grate kiln. The pellets can be used as road gravel, coarse aggregate in concrete, or converted into supplementary cement material for Portland cement. The collaboration of the construction and building material industry with the alumina industry will be beneficial to mitigate the environmental impacts of RM.

To enhance the operating security and stability of the cross-linked polyethylene power cable based urban distribution network due to conventional cable joint (CCJ) faults, this paper presents a novel superconducting fault current limitation scheme by using a superconducting cable joint (SCJ). The basic principle, circuit modeling, conceptual design and distribution network integrated with the SCJ are presented in detail. The comparative study without and with the proposed SCJ scheme and comprehensive evaluation are carried out. The simulation results obtained under symmetrical and asymmetrical CCJ faults show that the harmful large fault grid currents can be limited effectively and the fault grid voltage can be well improved. Thus the high temperature electric arc in the fault location caused by CCJ faults can be safely controlled. And large area power failure in actual power system can be avoided.

The article presents a novel methodology for designing chiller plants for a hotel facility to determine the optimal distribution of the chillers cooling capacity that compose the plant. The methodology proposes three phases. In the first, the statistical analysis allowed to determine the cooling demand required in the facility, where the constructed thermal demand profiles reflect future operating conditions, and to obtain the individual cooling capacities of the chillers. In the second phase, the black box models were built to simulate the chillers energy performance and, using a mathematical algorithm allows to obtain a combination of chiller plants. The third phase constitutes the energy evaluation through the solution of a mathematical optimization problem and using a genetic algorithm. This was carried out under the sequence approach and the optimal load of each machine against the working conditions. This analysis allows calculating the performance, the life cycle cost, and the indirect environmental impact. The paper proposes a case study to demonstrate the feasibility of applying the methodology to the initial design stage, achieving a saving of 14,4%. Finally, using statistical analysis, the method allows comparing the relationship between each chiller plant considering the design and operating parameters.

The design of a stationary disc wood chipping machine was considered, as well as the stress-strain analysis of a cutting knife with a flat and shaped cutting edge, which will produce a dimensional chip. The design consisted of the conceptual design of a cutting knife, a cutting mechanism, and an entire disc chipping machine, which includes cutting tools. The design solution is based on mathematical calculations of the individual parts of the cutting device. Calculations of the cutting mechanism and the cutting tool were performed using the finite element method. The results of the stress analysis found that the maximum stress acting on the edge of the knife during cutting corresponded to the permissible stresses of the knife material and subsequent use in practice. Based on the design and physical parameters of the wood cutting process, the design of the entire chipping machine was simulated and then was modeled using the PTC Creo parametric 5.0 program. Additional finite element analysis was performed using the Creo Simulate 5.0 software.

In the present study, an innovative design of the urea-selective catalytic reduction (SCR) system without conventional mixing elements was developed. The aim was to obtain a high degree of urea decomposition, and uniform ammonia distribution at the inlet to the catalyst, while minimising the liquid film deposition and keeping the compact design. The concept of the design was based on creating high turbulences and elongating the flow paths of the droplets. The design was verified through a series of numerical simulations based on the Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) approach and a discrete droplet model (DDM) spray representation. The analysis included various operating conditions as well as subcooled and superheated sprays. A uniform ammonia distribution was achieved regardless of the operating points and spray properties. Additionally, in the case of the flash-boiling injection, a further reduction of the wall film was observed.

Spatial arch footbridges represent an innovative answer to demands on functionality, structural optimization and aesthetics for curved decks, popular in urban contexts. This paper presents a methodology, and its implementation as a tool in a parametric design environment, for the fast determination of the antifunicular shape of spatial arch bridges supporting a curved deck of an arbitrary geometry. Profiting from the interactive design space exploration capacities of the tool, a large parametric analysis is performed. Specifically, the performance of these structural systems, evaluated in terms of internal forces in the structure, is investigated iterating through the domain of relevant design variables: the relative transversal position between arch and deck and the arrangement of hangers. On this basis, this study identifies the influence of some of the parameters governing the behaviour of spatial arch footbridges with the goal of providing guidance on the most appropriate decisions during the conceptual design stage of such structures.

Developing small-angle neutron scattering techniques at compact accelerator-driven neutron sources (CANS) is of great importance for expanding the user community and advancing CANS capability. At the Compact Pulsed Hadron Source (CPHS) at Tsinghua University, neutron-focusing mirrors are under intensive research to address the challenge. A grazing-incidence focusing SANS (gif-SANS) project is initialized. It employs a nested supermirror assembly with a large collecting area to achieve ⩾ 10 5 n/s neutron intensity at Q min ⩽ 0.007 Å − 1 . It will equip two detectors, one being a 3He detector for normal Q-range measurements, and the other being a high-resolution detector for extending the Q min down to 10 − 3 Å − 1 . In this work, we present the conceptual design of the gif-SANS at CPHS. Such a scheme is conducive to enable high-performance SANS measurements at CANS.

In order to reduce the costs of energy sources, especially cooling plants in the summer period, it is proposed to develop a conceptual design of a solar power plant on the roof of the meat industry “Neoplanta” from Novi Sad. The conceptual design of a PV power plant with a power of 3 MWp is given and a simulation of the operation of one block of 12x20 PV panels in the MATLAB (SIMULINK) is performed. Also, a complete techno-economic analysis was performed, as well as the return on investment according to the applicable laws.

Business Process Management Systems ( BPMSs ) provide automated support for the execution of business processes in modern organisations. With the emergence of cloud computing, BPMS deployment considerations are shifting from traditional on-premise models to the Software-as-a-Service ( SaaS ) paradigm, aiming at delivering Business Process Automation as a Service. However, scaling up a traditional BPMS to cope with simultaneous demand from multiple organisations in the cloud is challenging, since its underlying system architecture has been designed to serve a single organisation with a single process engine. Moreover, the complexity in addressing both the dynamic execution environment and the elasticity requirements of users impose further challenges to deploying a traditional BPMS in the cloud. A typical SaaS often deploys multiple instances of its core applications and distributes workload to these application instances via load balancing. But, for stateful and often long-running process instances, standard stateless load balancing strategies are inadequate. In this article, we propose a conceptual design of BPMS capable of addressing dynamically varying demands of end users in the cloud, and present a prototypical implementation using an open source traditional BPMS platform. Both the design and system realisation offer focused strategies on achieving scalability and demonstrates the system capabilities for supporting both upscaling, to address large volumes of user demand or workload, and downscaling, to release underutilised computing resources, in a cloud environment.

In this paper, the authors investigate whether airbreathing engines have useful application to vertical takeoff and vertical landing systems, which currently represent the mainstream for reusable l...

There is compelling evidence for positive effects of plant diversity on the functioning of forests and agroecosystems. This information is increasingly used to optimize production systems that provide a wide range of ecosystem services. While agroforestry is actively promoted for the sustainable intensification of agriculture and restoration of degraded landscapes, there is a paucity of knowledge on Biodiversity Ecosystem Functioning (BEF) relationships in agroforestry systems. Since BEF-relationships in agroforestry might be shaped by combinations of different life-forms (e.g. trees, shrubs, herbs) and their interactions, experiences from grassland and forest experiments cannot be readily transferred to agroforestry. This highlights the need for a new type of experiments in agroforestry to advance our understanding of the role of biodiversity for the functioning of these systems. Therefore, our aim was to develop a conceptual framework for analysing BEF-relationships in agroforestry systems and to present an exemplary design for this purpose, which we placed in a (sub)tropical context. Based on designs used in tree diversity experiments, we suggest four major design principles: 1) a trait-based approach for selecting tree and crop species, 2) the integration of trees and crops along a gradient of functional diversity, 3) maintaining constant density across different combinations of life-forms in agroforests through the concept of “growing-patch-density”, and 4) disentangling a priori the effects of species diversity on ecosystem functioning from those of structural and functional diversity, defined here as the variation in structural attributes such as plant dimensions and in plant functional traits, respectively. Our conceptual design and the embedded principles offer a promising avenue to identify important drivers of specific BEF-relationships and to quantify management influences on these. This design can support new research projects that aim at improving ecosystem functioning of agroforestry with the view of optimizing the provision of ecosystem services and facilitation of ecosystem restoration.

The aim of this paper is to present a prototype cataloging interface, which provides easier data entry, follows the cataloger's thought process and is based on the advantages of the IFLA LRM model. The paper summarizes all stages of the conceptual design and shows how the LRM was implemented. The main purpose of the cataloging interface design is to show how a LRM-based cataloging module might look like and how it could improve the existing cataloging process.

Background Recently, the demand for isolation rooms has rapidly increased with the spread of infectious diseases such as COVID-19. Previous studies investigated temporary isolation wards to resolve the shortage of beds. Most of the studies, however, focused on construction methods and the capability of equipment instead of experiential aspects such as medical activities and life in quarantine. This article presents design requirements and the associated example design cases based on the identified needs of medical and facility staff from a participatory design workshop. Methods A participatory design workshop was conducted with 21 medical and facility staff in a hospital specializing in infectious diseases. Two workshop sessions including MACRO-level design for overall configurations and MICRO-level design for room layouts were conducted to participants. The collected data was analyzed to derive design requirements for temporary isolation wards. To verify the relevance and applicability of the derived design requirements, we asked four designers to develop conceptual designs of new isolation wards based on the card-type design aid, which includes the details of the requirements. Results From the design workshop, five design requirements were derived: supporting the communication between the inside and outside of an isolation ward;preventing contact with the infection source;relieving emotional anxiety;relieving medical staffs’ work burden;and securing an appropriate hospital environment. During the conceptual design process using the design aids, designers created animated conceptual scenarios for isolation wards (information system using QR codes, serving robots for delivery, trash bin discharging wastes in safety, digital window, and plugin facility module). Conclusions The design requirements can be applied for new medical service design projects, which should consider experiential aspects in addition to the physical and spatial aspects in context of temporary isolation ward design. The example scenarios would be beneficial for further exploration of a new product, system, and service design for infectious diseases while considering the experiences beyond the physical configuration. © 2021. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License org/licenses/bync/ 3.0/), which permits unrestricted educational provided the original work is properly cited. All Rights Reserved.

The primary goal of this work is to design a novel magnetorheological damper with selectable performance parameters to improve the environmental adaptability of vibration systems equipped with such a damper and to provide a new idea for the design of magnetorheological dampers. The feasibility of the new idea is verified in both principle and experiment. The conceptual design, working principle analysis, magnetic design and prototype development of the magnetorheological damper are carried out. The damper prototype is tested on the dynamic testing system and the results show that the field-off force, peak force and dynamic range of the damper vary with the working modes, which proves that the performance parameters of the proposed damper are selectable during usage. Compared to conventional magnetorheological dampers, this new type of damper has a greater potential to achieve a large adjustment range. In addition, the damper can automatically switch the working channel in accordance with actual stroke, thus improving the response of the vibration system to unanticipated increasing loads.

The application of topology optimization methods in architecture, while useful for conceptual design explorations, seems to be limited by the practical realization of continuum-type design outcomes. One way to overcome this limitation is setting up design and fabrication techniques, through which continuum domains become discrete structures. This study investigates to which extent discrete optimized systems can be built using a hybrid approach combining 3D printing and analogue fabrication techniques. The procedure is based on an algorithm in Grasshopper (Rhinoceros) that translates continuum topologies obtained in MATLAB into discrete systems, providing alternatives depending on the targeted volume fraction, the intended surface smoothness of the structural components and building material. The study focuses on fabrication aspects and structural performance of discrete structures using 3D printed nodes. Experimental tests evaluate the compressive strength of different types of filaments with varied infill percentages. Final prototypes are fabricated using a hybrid technique involving the use of 3D printed nodes to assemble bar-arrays comprising wooden members. Results provide a critical appraisal of the limitations and potentialities of 3D printing for hybrid fabrication of real scale structures.

Indiscriminate disposal of beverage cans as waste poses a great threat to the environment, causing flooding, landfill, and blockage of drainages, leading to land pollution and sometimes accident. Hence, there is a need to design a system capable of converting these wastes into usable products. In this study, a simulation-based analytical design for aluminum recycling processing plant was carried out to ascertain the efficiency and reliability of the design before fabrication using finite element analysis (FEA) approach. The simulation results revealed a lesser maximum stress of 6.323 MPa for the furnace outer casing under the action of load with a displacement of 0.0795 mm. The stress of the machine components is less than the yield strength of the selected materials, making the machine fit and workable. The analytical results agree with the numerical analysis; hence the conceptual design is fit for fabrication based on the design analysis and evaluation. After the design analysis and simulation, the designed recycling process plant parts are found to be under negligible deflection and stress which is far below the yield strength of chosen materials.

The Central Solenoid (CS) is the core element of the ITER magnet system, contributed as in-kind procurement by the US Domestic Agency. Made up of six modular inter-exchangeable module coils, vertically stacked, forming a 15 m high and 4 m outer diameter solenoid, to be inserted inside the central tokamak core, after assembly of the 18 D-shaped Toroidal Field (TF) coils. Each module uses a Nb3Sn conductor internally cooled by circulation of supercritical helium at 4.5 K and supplied, for each module, with a 45 kA current by the way of two vertical leads exiting from the module outer radius. The available space between the CS and TF magnets being very limited, the US DA has developed a compact - so called Coax Joint (CJ) - devoted to connect the respective twelve module leads to the feeders located at top and bottom of the CS via dedicated busbar extensions. The CS coax joint assembly procedure as developed by US DA would make use of CS assembly onsite soldering process, to be executed under supervision of the ITER Organization (IO) in the tokamak assembly hall. In order to mitigate risks related to these soldering activities needed at assembly stage, IO has proposed an alternative assembly process based on indium wires compaction - so called Coax Compacted Joint (CCJ)- and initiated its prototype development and qualification in time. The hereby presented CCJ design solution is based on four copper quadrants, each including an embedded straight Rutherford-type superconductor cable-strip to transport the current. The current is transferred from the lead to the quadrants by the way of compacted indium wires. A steel jacket welded around the joint ensures the mechanical support as well as the needed leak tightness. The paper describes developments made by CEA under IO supervision from the conceptual design to the testing of joints in relevant cryogenic and operative conditions.

One of the greatest challenges of effectively managing knowledge in an organization is promoting seamless connections of operations between departments, the Product Lifecycle Management paradigm. It is also a paradigm that fosters organizational adaptability and quick change in production. Historically, information systems supporting operations have been developed with a specific department's culture in background. Due to this legacy, connecting data, information systems and people across the product lifecycle is an ongoing puzzle for organizations. Theorists and practicians agree on the need to include employees' expertise and vision in this process. However, this involves multiple perspectives and needs that are different but equally valid make. This study explores a tacit knowledge capture tool to be used as a means to voice the interaction and negotiation among employees. Through its influence on ontologies, concept maps collaborative creation can provide a usability tool focused on meaning throughout the product lifecycle. A literature review of the challenges involved and of the proposed tool is presented, followed by a use case and concluded with recommendations drawn from theory and practice.

This paper proposes an optimization framework based on the OpenMDAO software library intended for engineer-to-order products and applies it to the conceptual design of a Mobile Miner. A Mobile Miner is a complex machine and a flexible alternative to Tunnel Boring Machines for small-scale tunneling and mining applications. The proposed framework is intended for use in early design and quotation stages with the objective to get fast estimates of important product characteristics, such as excavation rate and cutter lifetime. The ability to respond fast to customer requests is vital when offering customized products for specific applications and thereby to stay competitive on the global market. This is true for most engineer-to-order products and especially for mining equipment where each construction project is unique with different tunnel geometries and rock properties. The presented framework is applied to a specific use-case where the design of the miner's cutter wheel is in focus and a set of Pareto optimal designs are obtained. Furthermore, the framework extends the capabilities of OpenMDAO by including support for mixed-variable formulations and it supports an exploratory approach to design optimization.

In the product development process, digital support continues to advance. Some work steps during product development are still carried out without assistance. Sketch creation is one of these. Therefore, the content created here is rarely documented due to the effort required for digital transformation. An alternative can be sketching in virtual reality. This article explores whether 3D sketching in VR enables faster sketching and can offer the basic features of hand-drawn sketches. To verify this, a tool for 3D sketching was developed. 27 test subjects were asked to solve one out of two different design tasks using this tool. The experiments were evaluated using video coding to identify the subjects actions. The created solutions have been analyzed about quality. The study showed initial indications that sketching in VR generally enables faster processing while maintaining the same solution quality.

The use of exoskeletons promises improved ergonomics, empowerment of users and prevention of musculoskeletal disorders. However, the development process is complex and a generic development methodology that will guide and assist designers through it is missing. The goal of this paper is to describe a methodological approach that will assist the conceptual design of exoskeletons. Based on derived methodological requirements, activities 1, 2, and 3 of the VDI 2221 (Methodology for the development of technical products) are specified to adapt the generic guideline to the development process of exoskeletons. These activities include the analysis and determination of the relationship between the use case, product requirements and motions, technical functions, and design solutions. For generating a list of product requirements designers must focus on the workers’ motions and needs for a for a task-specific and personalised development. Use case specific movements are generalised by using rotational and translational basic movements that result in six degrees of freedom and from which a function structure is derived. The method is critically reviewed based on the established methodological requirements.

Vehicle concept development is a domain that has applied and detailed its process over decades. The megatrends of the 21st century of “automation” and “sharing” influence the vehicle concept in such a manner that this well-running process needs an update. The vehicle itself and the customer of the vehicle are changing and therefore the components of the vehicle and the input variables of the useroriented design of the vehicle concept must be changed as well. We present a development process for autonomous vehicle concepts to address these challenges. We are therefore analyzing the current definition of a vehicle concept and its development process. Based on a literature review of a selection of common design methodologies, we update this definition for autonomous vehicle concepts and present a development process that presents design concepts of autonomous vehicle in a user need oriented way. This includes the sharing of models since user needs could be fulfilled by more than one vehicle concept. We believe that the presented process can be a starting point for vehicle concept development of the 21st century.

Physical prototyping during early stage design typically represents an iterative process. Commonly, a single prototype will be used throughout the process, with its form being modified as the design evolves. If the form of the prototype is not captured as each iteration occurs understanding how specific design changes impact upon the satisfaction of requirements is challenging, particularly retrospectively.In this paper two different systems for digitising physical artefacts, structured light scanning (SLS) and photogrammetry (PG), are investigated as means for capturing iterations of physical prototypes. First, a series of test artefacts are presented and procedures for operating each system are developed. Next, artefacts are digitised using both SLS and PG and resulting models are compared against a master model of each artefact. Results indicate that both systems are able to reconstruct the majority of each artefact's geometry within 0.1mm of the master, however, overall SLS demonstrated superior performance, both in terms of completion time and model quality. Additionally, the quality of PG models was far more influenced by the effort and expertise of the user compared to SLS.

This paper will adopt the Munich Agile Concepts (MAGIC) on the design of Vertistops and Vertiports (Verti-X) for Urban Air Mobility (UAM) Systems. Vertiports and Vertistops are single or multi-landing spaces for air taxis, which are electric-powered vertical take-off and landing (eVTOLs) aircraft. The target of this paper is to apply a holistic approach how to design so called Verti-X in a holistic and system of system method from the Requirement-, Function-. Architecture- and the Implementation phase. The MAGIC approach contains all of the requierd phases which are necessary to build up such a complex design of Verti-X. Therefore, based on the literature survey, we have determined the key components of the Verti-X design with a thorough requirement analysis. Then, we have followed the existed criteria and regulations to design a valid and verified Verti-X which fulfills all the requirement. Furthermore, the focus of this paper is to apply the first four phases of MAGIC regarding the requirement, function, architecture and the implementation of such Verti-X Design.

One of the most challenging activity in the engineering design process is the definition of a framework (model and parameters) for the characterization of specific processes such as installation and assembly. Aircraft system architectures are complex structures used to understand relation among elements (modules) inside an aircraft and its evaluation is one of the first activity since the conceptual design. The assessment of aircraft architectures, from the assembly perspective, requires parameter identification as well as the definition of the overall analysis framework (i.e., mathematical models, equations).The paper aims at the analysis of a mathematical framework (structure, equations and parameters) developed to assess the fit for assembly performances of aircraft system architectures by the mean of sensitivity analysis (One-Factor-At-Time method). The sensitivity analysis was performed on a complex engineering framework, i.e. the Conceptual Design for Assembly (CDfA) methodology, which is characterized by level, domains and attributes (parameters). A commercial aircraft cabin system was used as a case study to understand the use of different mathematical operators as well as the way to cluster attributes.

This paper presents the re-design approach of an urban motorcycle helmet to prevent users bypassing the strap fastening system. Related studies show that although a full-face helmet provides the maximum protection to a rider, in practice, full-face helmeted riders in urban traffic tend to improperly fasten it. On that notion, the design goal was to conceive a helmet that combines the advantages of different helmet types while responding to urban driving needs. During design ideation possible solutions were examined focusing on different ways of accessing and fixating the helmet on a rider’s head, without using a strap fastening system. Preliminary concept development produced three design concepts, that were evaluated using two sets of prototypes: (a) the 3D printing method under a 1:2 scale was used to detect any design faults, while the 3D modeled concepts were evaluated in four different crash impacts regarding total deformation and von-Mises stress, and (b) 1:1 models of the three concepts were used by experienced riders to assess possible usability issues during helmet placement/removal. Results of the two-phase evaluation of the three concepts and design issues for further development of them are discussed.

Aim. The presented study is aimed at the development of the underwater transport fleet as an effective tool for maintaining dominance in the Arctic.Tasks. The authors analyze the efficiency of sea transportation in the Arctic; examine and characterize existing vessels in the Arctic zone and the experience of different countries in creating underwater vehicles; determine requirements for underwater transport vessels.Methods. This study develops requirements for the conceptual design of underwater transport vessels that could serve as the basis of an underwater Arctic transport fleet with allowance for existing approaches to designing such vessels.Results. The costs of re-equipping submarines of old design for the creation of underwater transport vessels are preliminarily assessed. A number of objectives for future implementation are described. The influence of the project on the shipbuilding industry is shown.Conclusions. Building underwater transport vessels is technically possible, economically profitable, and expedient. This project can be implemented only in two countries — Russia and the United States.

This study is focusing on leveraging the system design tools set for next-generation solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) based natural gas fuel cell (NGFC) system. Conventionally, system design and optimization of NGFC systems rely heavily on traditional reduced order model (ROM) techniques and designers’ experience level. For overcoming the technical barriers of system design, multiple multi-physics models and machine learning (ML) tools have been utilized to automate the conceptual design process and enhance the reliability of solutions for the NGFC system. The proposed tools set includes a physics-informed ML tool for automated ROM construction that leverages advances in deep neural networks to significantly reduce ROM prediction error for the NGFC power island compared to traditional approaches. The constructed physics-informed ML ROM can be used in system design and optimization tools set Institute for the Design of Advanced Energy Systems (IDAES) Process Systems Engineering (PSE) framework. The tools set also provides user-friendly graphic user interface built within Jupyter Notebooks, and the whole tools set is open-source public available.

Cogeneration system based on Small Modular Lead‐cooled Fast Reactor (SMLFR) becomes attractive due to its good characteristics of flexible location, safety, thermal efficiency, and economy. The conventional cogeneration systems using coal, gas, or renewable energy as the thermal resource have lower thermal performance as compared to LFR based cogeneration systems due to lack of sustainable energy resources. A modified concept design of cogeneration system based on a 35‐MWth SMLFR has been proposed to improve the thermal performance. A new concept of District Heating (DH) structure layout along with optimization based on the exhaust steam/water drainage position. The thermodynamic model based on energy and exergy methods has been used to design and calculate the energy losses of the cogeneration system components. The energy utilization rate can be increased significantly by optimizing the DH. The thermal efficiency of the proposed system reaches up to 73.64% with an increase of 3.51% and the exergy efficiency reaches up to 59.31% with an increase of 5.01%. The increase of thermal performance under the different heating demands will lead to better energy conservation and environmental safety. This study can be further used as the reference for the design and optimization of SMLFR cogeneration system based on thermodynamic and exergy analysis.

[EN] In the nineteenth century, civil and structural engineers received much public acclaim for their built works (e.g. Brooklyn Bridge, Eiffel Tower). One hundred years later, the engineer was perceived by many as "out" or as not requiring much skill. This paper examines how this erroneous perception of structural engineering can change by presenting structural engineers as heroes. Using parallels to the monomythical hero, and examples of engineers, the authors present the journey and characteristics of the structural engineering hero. The journey, which has many paths, begins with the engineer leaving the comfortable "Ordinary World" of design into a "Special World", where new forms, new materials, and/or scale for projects is needed. For underrepresented groups of people such as women and minorities, the heroic journey could be simply becoming an engineer and developing a career in conditions of equality and equity. As structural engineering heroes enter the Special World, they may face trials of nature and criticism, and face constraints of economy, time and knowledge. In the final Act of the journey, they return to the Ordinary World wiser, disseminating their knowledge and inspiring others. The authors define the characteristics of structural engineering heroes by four "P"s: they are prepared, they are planners, they have (super) powers and they are persona grata. The education of the structural engineer should train and inspire future engineers using the lessons learned from the heroes and their diversity. By doing so, what seems exceptional today can become common in the future.

Spent nuclear fuel, which can degrade during long-term storage, must be transported intact in normal transport conditions. In this regard, many studies, including those involving Multi-Modal Transportation Test (MMTT) campaigns, have been conducted. In order to transport the spent fuel safely, a tie-down structure for supporting and transporting a cask containing the spent fuel is essential. To ensure its structural integrity, a method for finding an optimum conceptual design for the tie-down structure is presented. An optimized transportation test model of a tie-down structure for the KORAD-21 metal cask is derived based on the proposed optimization approach, and the transportation test model is manufactured by redesigning the optimized model to enable its producibility. The topology optimization approach presented in this paper can be used to obtain optimum conceptual designs of tie-down structures developed in the future.

The need for space missions is ever growing with the complexity of problems encountered, requiring experiments at different physical conditions. The cost and other factors experienced in each of the space missions are soaring, irrespective of the entanglements of these missions. Micro and Nano satellites have paved way in this regard, as they are cheap, feasible and provide a platform for new technologies to be tested and validated in space which can then be extended to larger satellites for enhanced applications. Orbital harsh conditions make thermal system design very big challenge to satisfy the different operation conditions required per satellite components. Thermal Control system (TCS) analysis of Hyper-Spectral Remote Sensing Micro-Satellite is crucial in its conceptual design phase. The thermal system design concept of the Micro-Satellite may be passive or active system working on a non-hermetic platform. Satellite thermal system shall provide suitable temperature envelop allow components to work in full performance. It consumes daily average power about 45 W. Battery is the most critical component because of its capacity sensitivity to temperature changes.

This study presents the design and testing of a metallic thermal protection system (TPS) for future spaceplane vehicles. A conceptual design of the developed metallic TPS panel consisting of an out...

The deflecting asteroid by dusting (DAD) mission addresses the challenges of deflecting a potentially hazardous asteroid (PHA) that has a large probability of impacting Earth. It is an innovative a...

The paper presents results of conceptual design studies to determine configuration of an electrically propelled upper stage (EPUS) – a space transportation stage (a space tug) with main engines based on electric propulsion powered by solar arrays. It addresses the problem of deploying a multi-plane orbital constellation of small spacecraft (SSC) using an electrically propelled upper stage. It proposes to change the SSC operational orbital planes based on the effect of the difference in precession rates between the parking and the working orbits owing to the effect of eccentricity in the Earth gravitational field. Requirements have been defined for the EPUS electrical propulsion system that take into account the need to operate it to offset the aerodynamic drag while waiting in the parking orbit for the SSC operational orbital plane to turn. It demonstrates the feasibility of employing four EPUS that use Stationary Plasma Thruster-type electric propulsion as their main engines and gallium arsenide solar arrays for deployment in a 600 km orbit in four planes an orbital constellation of 24 small spacecraft with a mass of ~250 kg each using one launch of a medium capacity launch vehicle of Soyuz-2.1b type. Key words: Electrically propelled upper stage, electric propulsion, small spacecraft, orbital constellation.