Search

Introduction. Even now — a year after the pandemic announcement by WHO, there is lack of clinical evidence to confirm the efficacy of the majority of anti-COVID drugs, evenly for general and critically ill patients. Objective. To estimate the efficacy and safety of some anti-COVID-19 drugs as well as the impact of the demographic data and comorbidity on clinical outcomes of critically ill patients. Materials and methods. The single-center retrospective cohort study was performed on critically ill patients admitted to the ICU of Moscow Municipal Hospital No. 68 from March 6 to June 3, 2020. Anthropometric parameters, severity of the condition and comorbidities, as well as CT data, treatment in the ICU, duration of mechanical ventilation and the patients’ length of staying the ICU were taken into account and analyzed. Results. Overall, 403 patients (231 male, average age: 62.4 ± 15.3 years, range from 21 to 97 years) were enrolled into the study. In hospital mortality rate appeared to be 44.9 % (181/403) and was equal for men and for women (p = 1,000). The application of low molecular weight heparin was the single one significant predictor of mortality reduction according to the results of multivariate analysis — HR = 0.742 (0.545–0.991), p = 0.045. The main unmodifiable predictors for mortality elevation in the ICU were: age 65+ (RR 2.116 [1.680–2.664], p < 0.001) and Charlson’s comorbidity index (HR 1.136 [1.087–1.188], p < 0.001). The group of patients with a fatal outcome had a higher comorbidity index, the number of points on the SOFA scale (p < 0.001), as well as a larger median number of days in the ICU (p = 0.012). Conclusions. Current study has convincingly proved that low molecular weight heparin to be used for while treating severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 patients in intensive care settings.

Objective(s) : Since there is increasing evidence of serious deterioration in long-term Quality of Life (QoL) in COVID-19 intensive care unit (ICU) survivors, we identified predictors of poor quality of life in these patients. Design : Prospective cohort study. Setting : Research hospital repurposed in to a COVID-19 center. Participants : Consecutive patients admitted in COVID-19 ICU between March and June 2020. Interventions : A SF-36 questionnaire, which includes physical and mental items, was used 6 months after patients discharge. Measurements and Main Results : 403 patients were managed in the ICU with a hospital mortality of 181/403 (44.9%) while 16 (4.0%) further patients died within 6 months. Among the 125 questionnaire responders, only 32.0% and 52% had a normal quality of life in terms of the physical and mental component of health. Multivariable analysis identified low-molecular-weight heparin treatment in ICU as the only modifiable factor associated with an increase in physical component of QoL OR: 3.341 (95%CI 1.298-8.599), p=0.012, while age ≥52 years OR 0.223 and female sex OR 0.321 were significantly associated with a decrease in the physical component. Medical history of cerebrovascular insufficiency was significantly associated with a decrease in mental component of QoL OR: 0.125, while the only factor associated with an increase in the mental health component was BMI ≥ 27.6 kg / m2 OR 7.466. Conclusions : In COVID-19 intensive care unit survivors we identified treatment with low molecular weight heparin as a predictor of improved physical component of QoL at 6-months., Graphical abstract Image, graphical abstract

The social security problems come to the fore as the relationships between individuals, society and modern technologies become more and more complicated. In the context of the pandemic social security issues turned out to be decisive for the education system, the transformation of which caused significant difficulties. The article covers the topic of the security of digital education and focuses on theoretical concepts as well as on the analysis of practical cases found in the media. The author analyzes the experience of educational organizations and education management institutions in the area of protection against risks in the information environment, and identifies the most successful approaches. As a result, the conclusion is made that it is necessary to create a system of safe information and communication environment that should be designed to ensure the rights and quality of life of individuals in the context of the digital transformation of educational and upbringing processes.

The article analyzes the fundamentals of standardization in the field of state audit and its role in the activity of the supreme financial control bodies. The importance of standardization was confirmed in the preparation of proposals and recommendations, based on the results of control and expert-analytical activities by the supreme financial control bodies, with the aim of improving the management of public resources. Expert-analytical activities significantly increase the efficiency of internal state auditors. It is one of the most important tools in the implementation of the functions and powers assigned to internal auditors under the Law. Today, there are many types and methods of audit and analytical procedures. In addition to them, computerized techniques were added, that help auditors to automate the analysis process and make it less costly and time-consuming. Expert-analytical activities for bodies of internal state audit are not regulated by law. This means that the bodies of internal state audit do not conduct an expert-analytical event separately from the audit, as an independent event, in contrast to the bodies of external state audit. Expert-analytical activity for internal state audit bodies is one of the analysis tools for conducting audits, fixed in accordance with the functions of the state body under the Law.

A computerized analysis of X-ray images using a neural network that performs binary classification is proposed. The architecture and parameters of the developed deep convolution neural network are considered, and ways of improving the performance of the neural network by calculating the entropy of image fragments and using an ensemble of trained networks are proposed.

Egorov A.E.1,2, Kats D.V.1,2, Baeva N.G.1,2, Movsyasyan A.B. 1 1 Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow 2 Municipal Clinical Hospital № 15 named after O.M. Filatov, Moscow Aim: to analyze the dynamics of patients’ visual functions with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) with preserved visual functions (PVF) and compensated intraocular pressure (IOP) after conducting trophic modified laser coagulation (tMLC). Patients and methods: the study included 67 patients (97 eyes) with moderate and advanced stages of open-angle glaucoma and normalized intraocular pressure. The examination for all patients included: anamnesis of disease, life, also a comprehensive ophthalmological examination was carried out, including visual acuity, tonometry, biomicroscopy, automated perimetry using kinetic visual field and central threshold test. In the study, patients were examined 4 times: before treatment, 5 days after tMLC, 1 month after tMLC and 5 month after tMLC. Trophic modified laser coagulation was performed in two stages: the creation of zones of increased permeability blood-ocular barrier (BOB) and the injection of the drug in that area. Results: patients with compensated POAG and PVF after conducting tMLC observed improvement of visual fields and patients noted subjective contrast enhancement of the image. Evaluation of average visual acuity data revealed an increase for 45.2% in a month after the treatment. The analysis of computer perimetry data revealed an extension of peripheral visual fields by 6.9% on average compared to the original ones. Conclusion: the research suggest the effectiveness, safety and prospective use tMLC as neuroretinoprotective therapy in patients with compensated POAG and PVF, it is provided that a stable and uniform reception of the drug to almost inaccessible structures of the posterior segment of the eye by overcoming blood-ocular barrier. Key words: primary open-angle glaucoma, optic neuropathy glaucoma, neuroretinoprotection, trophic modified coagulation. For citation: Egorov A.E., Kats D.V., Baeva N.G., Movsyasyan A.B. The method of targeted delivery of drugs to the posterior segment of the eye // RMJ “Clinical ophthalmology”. 2018;1:26–29.

The diagnostics of the optic nerve (ON) pathology relies on the results of clinical and instrumental examinations, electrophysiological tests, computer tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. The potentials of these techniques are often limited, and the costs high. Ultrasound examination is noninvasive, informative and relatively inexpensive. The literature review is focused on the role of echography in the diagnosis and diagnostic differentiation of optic nerve pathologies. The data on the techniques of measurements of the optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD) and its normal parameters are presented. In addition to eye pathology, B-scanning of the optic nerve is a very useful diagnostic method in cerebral pathology and systemic diseases. In clinical practice, the measurement of the main acoustic and biometric characteristics of ON plays a crucial role in the assessment of severity of damage and treatment effectiveness of ON pathology. The comparability of measurements of intraocular and retrobulbar ON parts using the different imaging techniques will require further studies.

The article is devoted to the problem of destructive cyber influence. The objects of the study are “death groups” calling on young people to commit suicide, as well as the “Columbine communities,” which are associated with acts of aggression and murder in educational institutions. The problem of virtual youth communities of destructive type is presented from the positions of philosophical, anthropological, existential, and axiological analysis.

In this article, the author considers various types of pseudo-random sequence generators, their distinctive properties. The article provides formulas for calculating the next member of the sequence, knowing the previous ones. The main functions and properties are considered that make it possible to evaluate the quality of the generation of pseudo-random sequences, and based on the analysis performed, the most successful variant of the pseudo-random number generator is selected taking into account the requirements.

An auxiliary neural network is developed to solve the problem of preliminarily processing X-ray images to distinguish areas with lung and spine, and to mask unnecessary areas. Images processed with the neural network are used to study the main neural network for detecting pathology in lungs. A comparative analysis is performed of the quality of studying the main neural network on the basis of preliminarily processed images and initial ones.

Funding Acknowledgements Type of funding sources: None. Main funding source(s): North-Western State Medical University named after I.I. Mechnikov Objective to study the features of autonomic regulation of sinus rhythm features of autonomic regulation of cardiac sinus rhythm in patients with Takotsubo syndrome (TTS) during inpatient stay in hospital. Materials and methods. The study included 25 female patients (the median age 57.5 ± 28.5 years) with TTS, diagnosis was based on the InterTAK criteria. On the 5-7th day after admission, the heart rate variability (HRV) was assessed both at rest and cardiac autonomic function tests: the deep breathing test (DBT) and active orthostatic test (AOT) with the usage of a computer diagnostic system «Valenta». RESULTS According to HRV data, initially at rest, the majority of the studied patients predominantly had a parasympathetic impact on the heart rate regulation: in 70% - increased parasympathetic influence, in 17% - increased sympathetic influence, in 13% - a balanced heart rate regulation. When performing a DBT, the predominance of the parasympathetic influence on the heart rate was noted both in spectral parameters and according to the data of time analysis (HF during DBT increased 1.8 times up to 489.6 ± 114.2 ms2 (p Conclusions During the index hospital inpatient stays the majority of patients with TTS have a vegetative imbalance due to increased parasympathetic influence on the heart rate, both at rest and during a deep breathing test and an active orthostatic test. This fact is quite unexpected and requires further study.

This research provides review of impose trade remedies (antidumping, countervailing measures, safeguard measures) and conduct relative investigation as well as sanitary and phytosanitary measures (SPS) against certain trade partner by different countries in 1995–2015. This research considers theoretical aspects, empirical studies of introduction of trade measures in integration blocks like NAFTA, MERCOSUR, ASEAN, Pacific Alliance, EAEU, TTP (countries-signers) and RCEP (negotiated parties) against members and third countries. Furthermore, trade measures imposed by Russia and imposed against Russia are considered. The paper was prepared as part of the research work of the state assignment of the RANEPA

Russian Abstract: Данное исследование посвящено оценке влияния защитных торговых мер на российских экспортеров. English Abstract: This study evaluates the impact of trade safeguards on Russian exporters.

The development of the modern education system around the world is connected with the application of digital technologies that have become essential for post-industrial society. Education from the traditional system of transfer of knowledge, meanings and values from teacher to student is being transformed into a system of managing the reception of information flows to students and assessment of formed competencies. In the information society, education becomes part of the modern electronic culture, with its inherent features and peculiarities. With the digitalization of learning, both new opportunities arise due to its global openness, the use of “smart technologies”, and certain threats due to the remoteness of interaction and the specificity of the virtual communication environment. The purpose of the article is to study the current trend of digitalization of education, the application of “smart technologies” in education, conducted on the basis of SWOT analysis. The methodological basis for the study will be the philosophical-axiological approach and theory of electronic culture, from the standpoint of which digital education is seen as its important component designed to adapt the new generation to the realities of digital society. As a result, risky prospects and trends for the digitalization of education will be identified, and recommendations will be made to create a safe communication and educational environment for digital learning.

The conditions of online culture cause a shift in the following crucial spheres of human life: communication, creativity, leisure, and art. This creates a complex of life-threatening and human safety problems, including the existential. The object of the study is “death groups” (“Blue whale,” “Wake me up at 4.20,” and others) that have become popular in social networks in recent years calling on young people to commit suicide. Within the Eastern European countries, such communities became numerous after 2015, took many lives, and caused a number of lawsuits. This article presents the characteristics of new existential problems in the conditions of e-culture, including those related to virtual escapism and adolescent suicide, through participation in “death groups,” and analyzes the mechanism of how the youth shifts the values of reality and game, life, and death. Hence, the greatest risks leading to escapism, asocial life, suicidal moods, and actions have been allocated.

Intelligent technologies use models, software applications and practices of collection, integration, analysis and presentation of information necessary for automatic generation of knowledge. Integrating knowledge databases into the data processing would contribute to the creation of interactive and cognitive software solutions. Since historical research is a domain that provides interesting opportunities for the introduction of ontologies, not only computer scientists, but historians are also interested in popularizing this kind of data repositories. This article presents the analysis and verification of the functionality of a software system that allows working with factual information about Bulgarian national embroidery. As this task is the intersection of various disciplines and technological spaces, and it has not been covered by any specific software system it poses a number of problems, the resolution of which is the main objective of the working team.

The paper considers an increase in carrier and traffic capacity of sections (lines) by means of improving 3 kV DC traction power supply system As a method of improvement the authors propose a system of contactless automatic voltage regulation with the application of various regulators: reactor voltage regulation, thyristor-reactor and thyristor. The paper presents simulation of the 3 kV DC traction power supply system with the use of KORTES program (complex for calculating traction power supply) that was developed by the JSC “VNIIZhT” (Railway Research Institute) and that is being used in the JSC «Russian Railways» . The authors used for calculation a real railway section of the Sverdlovsk Railway with a heavy gradient and a locomotive 2ES10 in case of passing single freight train with increased weight. During calculation a developed clarifying method with the use of corrective current coefficients was applied. Based on the simulation results, the authors carried out the study of technical and energy indicators of the traction power supply system that allowed assessing the carrier and traffic capacity of sections (lines). The results obtained proved the efficiency of a thyristor switching device in comparison to a reactor and a thyristor-reactor switching devices.

The practice of using the educational potential of undergraduates, in contemporary scholastic institutions, reflects the insufficient effectiveness of using knowledge as a necessary component of forming graduates’ professional human capital. On the one hand, students’ abilities are realized at a lower level than possible. On the other hand, the available educational potential is limited to performing certain training tasks in a framework with competencies that lead to a falling quality of education and consequently, to the decreasing competitiveness of a high school.

The paper investigates how language facilitates communication process between government and business. We use Russian context to show barriers and challenges of using language in official communica...

To more accurately estimate the 2012 maternal mortality ratio for Texas using an enhanced method for identifying maternal deaths.This population-based descriptive study used both data matching and record review to verify pregnancy or delivery within 42 days for 147 deaths with obstetric cause-of-death codes, and used data matching alone to identify additional maternal deaths within the same timeframe. Crude maternal mortality ratios were calculated for confirmed maternal deaths overall, by race and ethnicity, and by age. These maternal mortality ratios were compared with maternal mortality ratios computed using obstetric cause-of-death codes alone (standard method).Fifty-six maternal deaths were confirmed to have occurred during pregnancy or within 42 days postpartum. Using our enhanced method, the 2012 maternal mortality ratio for Texas was 14.6 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births, less than half that obtained using the standard method (n=147). Approximately half (50.3%) of obstetric-coded deaths showed no evidence of pregnancy within 42 days, and a large majority of these incorrectly indicated pregnancy at the time of death. Insufficient information was available to determine pregnancy for 15 obstetric-coded deaths, which were excluded from the 2012 maternal mortality ratio estimate; however, had these deaths been included, the resulting maternal mortality ratio would still be significantly lower than that reported using the standard method.Relying solely on obstetric codes for identifying maternal deaths appears to be insufficient and can lead to inaccurate maternal mortality ratios. A method enhanced with data matching and record review yields more accurate ratios. Results likely have national implications, because miscoding of obstetric deaths with the standard method may affect the accuracy of other states' maternal mortality ratios.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) becomes gradually the most frequent liver disease in the world. Expert teams in the USA, Western Europe, and Russia give pride of place within the NAFLD treatment regime to lifestyle modification including the optimization of physical activity, diet and, as a consequence, the BMI reduction. However, it is often difficult for the practitioner to motivate the patients to change their lifestyle and eating habits. Due to this, it is extremely important to use a pharmacologic therapy aimed at weight loss, reducing insulin resistance and repopulating the severely damaged liver parenchyma. By now ursodeoxycholic acid drugs (Ursosan) have been proved to be highly effective in treating NAFLD in clinical practice, having a significant impact on several pathogenetic mechanisms of this disease.

Since Complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor technology is the conventional technology for micro- and optoelectronics, integration of emerging materials, such as halide perovskites, into the process is an important branch of perovskite technologies development. In this regard ITO free device research becomes increasingly important. The Perovskite Light-Emitting electrochemical cells are a promising alternative to conventional Perovskite Light Emitting Diodes. In this work we demonstrate green (λEL = 523 nm) CsPbBr3 Perovskite Light-Emitting electrochemical cells with luminescence intensity of 50 kd/m2 integrated with Si++(111) substrate.

Background There are currently no best practice recommendations for lymphocyte subset monitoring for patients with multiple sclerosis (pwMS) on disease-modifying therapies including Tecfidera® (dimethyl fumarate, DMF). However, there have been several cases of pwMS on DMF without severe lymphopenia who had high CD4:CD8 T cell ratios and went on to develop progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. Objective Our objective was to characterize the changes in immune profile during and after DMF treatment in pwMS. Methods A retrospective analysis of longitudinal data from 299 pwMS who have been treated with DMF at the Fraser Health Multiple Sclerosis Clinic in British Columbia, Canada. The blood test results were taken from January 1, 2013 to April 1, 2020. Results Our results suggest that CD8+ T cells had the highest proportional decrease compared to other lymphocyte subset populations and overall lymphocyte count in response to DMF treatment. CD56+ Natural Killer cells were similarly decreased in response to DMF treatment. CD4:CD8 T cell ratio was the measurement that had the highest rate of change in response to DMF initiation and discontinuation. Conclusion CD8+ T cell count and CD4:CD8 T cell ratio may be a more sensitive measurement of the immune landscape of patients with MS on DMF.

The dynamics of the intrauterine development of the corpus callosum (CC) of the brain were studied in a prospective cohort trial of 100 large fetuses (birth weight 4000 g and above, group mean 4350 ± 250 g) with symmetrical and asymmetrical development in terms of the weight-to-length coefficient. The control group consisted of 50 fetuses with mean body weight 3452 ± 287 g. The length, thickness, and width of the CC were measured by multiplane ultrasound scanning. Slowing of the rate of increase in CC length was found in large fetuses from week 33 as compared with the control group. Comparative analysis of CC measures in large fetuses in relation to developmental symmetry revealed significantly smaller length from week 27. CC width in large fetuses with asymmetrical development was significantly smaller than with symmetrical development from week 21 to the end of the development period.

In transportation bulk cargo by the sea vessels weight of the cargo loaded in specified amount can be determined by both land measuring facilities and ship draught. In terms of the study there has been offered a comparative characteristics of different methods of measuring ballast water: manual measuring and use of automatic gauging (the system of pressure gauges MAS 2600 and electropneumatic system LevelDatic 80S). Errors occurring in the measuring process were studied. The article presents a technique to control measuring ballast waters while loading. The results of the analysis of water level in ballast tanks allow to evaluate possible losses of a consignee for any given type of vessel, and require to provide strict control over cargo loading in order to guarantee safe navigation and economic effectiveness of cargo operations.

The aim of the study was to compare the efficacy of tocolytic agents - hexoprenaline and atosiban taking into account the gestational age. Patients and methods . The study included 147 pregnant women with threatening preterm labour between 28 to 33 weeks of gestation. Seventy-three pregnant received tocolysis by hexoprenaline (36 of them before 28 weeks of gestation and 37 – 32 weeks and more) and 74 – atosiban (39 of them before 28 weeks of gestation and 35–32 weeks and more). There were no differences in the clinical condition of pregnant women and features of preterm labour among groups before start of the tocolysis. The degree of effectiveness is determined by the duration of the pregnancy prolongation (48 hours, 7 days, more than 14 days). Results . Depending on the gestational age women that received hexoprenaline tocolysis prolonged pregnancy for 48 hours in 80,6% and 81,1%, whereas in the treatment with atosiban in 94,9% and 100%. Full-term gestation births occurred in 24,3% after hexoprenaline tocolysis at 32 weeks and more and in 51,4% with – atosiban (p < 0,05%). On average, atosiban tocolysis allowed to prolong pregnancy by 6–10 days longer than hexoprenaline (p < 0,05). Conclusion : The results of study have shown that atosiban was more effective tocolytic than hexoprenaline in the treatment of threatening preterm labor in both 28-32 and 32 or more weeks of gestation. The efficacy of atosiban slightly increased with gestational age from 28 to 33 weeks.

The current article provides the pharmacoeconomical comparison of cost-effectiveness between combined preparations for treatment of climacteric syndrome and IUD Mirena combined with trans-dermal estrogen formulations.

The diagnosis of deviations in quality of yogurt is performed by approved methods set out in the Bulgarian national standard (BNS) and its adjacent regulations. The basic method of evaluation of the microbiological quality of the product is the microscopic. The method is subjective and requires significant processing time of the samples. The precision of diagnosis is not high and depends on the qualifications of the expert. The systems for pattern recognition in the most natural way interpret this specific expert activity. The aim of this report is to assess the possibility of application of a method of processing and image analysis for determination of the microbiological quality of yogurt. Selected method is template matching. A comparative analysis is made of the methods for template matching. The comparative analysis of available algorithms showed that the known ones have certain disadvantages associated with their rapid-action, the use of simplified procedures, they are sensitive to rotation of the object in the template. It is developed algorithm that complement these known and overcome some of their disadvantages.

The analysis of various needs in medical laboratory services among physicians of the Samara oblast is targeted to further improvement of laboratory service at oblast level. It is established that effectiveness of laboratory service depends on the needs of customer of service sector which are both physicians and patients. Ignoring their needs results in an increasing both of number of unsatisfied customers and level of mistrust individual operators and laboratory service itself. On the contrary, client-centric approach facilitates dialog of all participants of process of providing laboratory services.

The article presents information about various medical and social characteristics of the population of the Samara region cities. The survey of respondents was held by the network commercial laboratory, which treatment rooms were opened simultaneously in several cities of the region. The conducted study allowed to compile a medico-social portrait of the customer of laboratory services of medical organizations. It was discovered that laboratory services of commercial laboratories are most commonly used by women (78.1%) between the ages of 18 to 40 years. It was revealed that 54.9% of all patient admissions were repeated, and 56.0% of the patients were tested on their own initiative. The initial application is male-dominated 56.2%. Geographically the most often service was provided in Togliatti city (63.8%). Most prone to doctor's recommendation, to apply for paid medical analyses are patients between ages of 18 to 50 years old. Based on the obtained data a set of measures was proposed aimed to improve the quality of medical laboratory services.

L-systems as a type of fractal model are one of the most widely used examples of the integration of mathematics and information technology. They can be seen in many elements created with the means of computer graphics, and have become a new tool that is relevant for modeling in biology, geology, and other natural sciences. Along with their applications in advanced technology science, L-systems also refer to archaic models that are surprisingly common in traditional designs of different ethnicities, and some of their basic concepts are also fundamental to systems of knowledge about the Bulgarian embroidery.This article reviews and analyzes the generative characteristics of some graphic motifs specific to Bulgarian folklore. The applicability of the study consists in finding tools for a general description of these motifs, which can easily refer us to other elements of human creativity - such as speech or music, and provoke the discovery of relationships and relationships between them.

High-quality training of doctoral students for valuable and thorough scientific research imposes high academic standards. The new academic generation of young scientists needs to be trained in creativity, critical thinking and autonomous intellectual conclusions. Doctoral students need to find suitable conditions for work, so that they can become independent researchers who at an early stage take responsibility for the scope, direction and progress of their projects. This defines the main purpose of doctoral education, which needs to be led at a high academic and methodical level. The highly acclaimed and well-popularized doctoral information system, developed at the University of Ruse, provides a wide array of possibilities for personalized learning path tracking. This enables the status of each doctoral student to be determined accurately and timely. The software allows for keeping detailed portfolios for each participant, and makes generation of various progress visualization tools, such as reports and graphs, effortless. Generating reports quickly and efficiently is an important benefit, compared to the conventional manual methods widely used in educational institutions. The paper explores the developed software system, and provides some sample analysis based on personal learning paths of doctoral students enrolled in the recent few years.

The purpose of this article is to describe the architectural approach in building a knowledge base for the Bulgarian national embroidery, in which its subjective characteristics are thoroughly presented. There is an opportunity, along with the generally accepted features, to store the characteristics encoded as a negative or hidden element and recognized by historians. Ontology based on subjective semantics would be extremely useful. We list a range of potential uses and offer types of measurements and applications that can be performed to measure the capabilities of the semantic approach. The study lists potential cases of the use of ontology based on subjective semantics, which demonstrates the usefulness of this approach.

Russian Abstract: В данной работе рассматривается проблема увеличения количества и усложнения структуры нетарифных мер, применяемых в торговле, в частности, в отношении сельскохозяйственных товаров и продовольствия, как групп, в наибольшей степени подверженных их влиянию. Принимая во внимание тот факт, что не все нетарифные мер выступают в качестве барьеров, авторы формируют методологию для их категоризации в соответствии с существующими подходами международных организаций и современными видами нетарифных мер. Принимая во внимание тот факт, что НТМ оказывают наибольшее воздействие на торговлю с/х товарами и продовольствием, а также высокие позиции России на мировых рынках рассматриваемых товарных групп, авторы производят оценку влияния нетарифных мер на торговлю данными товарами российской стороной. English Abstract: This paper addresses the problem of increasing the number and complexity of non-tariff measures used in trade, in particular with regard to agricultural goods and food, as the groups that are most affected by them. Taking into account the fact that not all non-tariff measures act as barriers, authors form the methodology for their categorization in accordance with existing approaches created by international organizations and emerging types of non-tariff measures. Taking into account the fact that NTMs have the greatest impact on the trade in agricultural goods and food as well as Russia's high positions in the global markets of these goods, authors assess the impact of non-tariff measures on the trade of goods under consideration for the Russian side.