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The paper sheds light on the path-dependent development of the Viennese entrepreneurial ecosystem (EE). By taking into account temporal dynamics from the 1990s onwards as well as region-specificities we are able to demonstrate the evolution of the EE is not a linear process, but rather the various pillars of the EE may develop in distinct directions and find themselves in discrete development stages. Our in-depth analysis supports the understanding of how various pillars of the EE - especially the regulatory and finance/funding pillar - interrelate. Furthermore, the detected cause-effect interlinkages are not balanced, but are rather shaped by power-constellations and temporal imprinting as well as other regional specificities, which influence the overall success of the EE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

International opportunity recognition has become an important field of research in recent years. This study deals with the effects of entrepreneurial alertness, systematic search, prior knowledge, and social networks on first-time international opportunity recognition of entrepreneurs inside born global firms. In order to answer this research question, a quantitative survey within born global firms was conducted. The empirical results demonstrate that entrepreneurs of born global firms tend to recognize the first international opportunity through a combination of entrepreneurial alertness and systematic search. Furthermore, network relationships are essential for entrepreneurs within these firms because they can aid in identifying the initial international opportunity. The findings also illustrate that the entrepreneur's prior international knowledge as well as prior international experience positively contribute to the initial international opportunity recognition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Entrepreneurship is increasingly acknowledged as an important factor underlying uneven economic geographies. Similarly, spatial patterns of entrepreneurship are increasingly considered to relate to the nature of the culture present within particular places. However, the nature of these relationships remains relatively unexplored, and this study addresses some of the gaps through both a theoretical and an empirical examination of the association between sociospatial culture and entrepreneurship. It develops the notion of community culture, and drawing on an analysis of data from localities in Great Britain, it finds that a range of dimensions of sociospatial community culture relating to social cohesion, collective action, and social rules are significantly associated with local entrepreneurial activity. Generally, localities in more economically developed regions are found to display more individualistic and diverse cultures. It is concluded that the findings represent a significant challenge for policy making in less developed localities and regions, which generally have sociospatial cultures high in communal and collective values but low rates of entrepreneurship. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

El artículo presenta información sobre el Foro Xcala 2016, una conferencia de las oportunidades de negocios, la cual tuvo lugar en Santiago, Chile, el 1-2 de junio de 2016. El autor comenta sobre el rol del programa de Xcala en la promoción de inversiones y de financiamientos para emprendedores en América Latina.

An essay on innovation and entrepreneurship is presented. Topics discussed include need of reforms in the laws for all entrepreneurs to flourish in the U.S.; problems caused by stifling regulations; non-technological business and innovation; and innovation related to traditional kinds of service businesses.

A study of innovation catch-up enabled by the window of opportunity in high-velocity markets is carried out through the case study of HTC, which also analyses the required intrinsic capabilities of latecomer enterprise at different stages of the catch-up process. Key findings are as follows. Firstly, factors inducing the emergence of the window of opportunity are multi-dimensional. Secondly, the process of innovation catch-up enabled by the window of opportunity can be divided into three stages: identifying, breaking through and broadening the window of opportunity. The stage of identifying the window of opportunity requires the capabilities of perceptive market foresight and confident technology selection. The stage of breaking through the window of opportunity requires strong capabilities for decisive risk-taking actions in technology integration, complementary R&D investment, and new market development. Finally, the stage of broadening the window of opportunity requires the capabilities of close industrial network integration and rapid market expansion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El artículo discurre sobre el crecimiento económico de los países africanos. El autor comenta sobre las oportunidades empresariales en los mercados de África y describe el desarrollo del comercio, especialmente la exportación de petróleo. También se consideran las economías diversificadas, de transición y en pre-transición.

This paper reports the results of a study of small businesses in north Georgia, to determine to what extent they are utilizing social networking and if so, for what purpose. The research finds that small business has an established presence in the social networking domain, and to some extent is aware of the possibilities and opportunities offered, however, most are not moving beyond a passive presence. The paper concludes with an outline of its limitations, proposes approaches for further work and stresses the importance of this area for achieving competitive advantage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pursuit of economic opportunity has frequently put transnational companies in the spotlight recently. A substantial part of international trade consists of intra firm sales, or commercial transactions between units of the same business corporation, within or beyond the national borders of the parent company. This structure, known as transfer pricing and viewed as a legitimate business opportunity by international companies, it is usually used to abuse in order to minimize taxes and become the instrument of tax evasion. This situation has recently led governments to take more rigorous measures than ever before to protect national financial interests. However, while the technical aspect of transfer pricing practices is now carefully observed, the particular issues caused by transfer pricing have been neglected. Unethical transfer pricing behavior consumes scarce resources and causes costs but does not create value. In this paper, first ethic of transfer pricing is examined and then, unethical transfer pricing practices and the results of unethical transfer pricing are discussed. This study conclude that, even if transfer pricing is legal, not ethical. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to validate the model of entrepreneurial intention (EI) in a Brazilian sample using the identification model of entrepreneurial intention proposed by Chen and Linãn (2009) and the data collection instrument developed by them to test the model. Having been validated after application to college students in Taiwan and Spain, and following its translation into Portuguese, the survey was applied to a sample of Brazilian university students. Exploratory and confirmatory analyses of the data obtained were not able to validate the model. The results suggest that some aspects of culture influence the entrepreneurial intention. However, the instrument was effective in identifying the students' impressions about entrepreneurship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the article. The main purpose of this paper is to analyze the reasons for the lack of creative thinking among specialists, possible ways of its development, using one integrated methodology rather than many currently existing approaches. The results of the analysis. The authors investigated existing creativity development methods of staff and made an integrated plan, adapted to the specifics of Ukrainian enterprises. Three steps to stimulate creativity are proposed. First stage. Organization`s development evaluation. It is necessary for understanding what the workers do in the company, the opportunity to develop creativity, what leadership style is in this organization today. Thus, the characteristics of the company can determine which of the six types of companies through the spiral dynamics it belongs. Second stage. Appropriate atmosphere creating. When you know what is happening in the company, you can begin the change. It is known that you need a special atmosphere for ideas appearing. Creative director assumes the creation of such atmosphere and its support. There are six factors that contribute to the creative atmosphere in the company. Third stage. Work motivation. Creative relation to certain activities consists of three elements: competence, ability and flexibility to non-standard thinking. Manager can influence first two components, but this is the way of great investments and much time. Measures aimed at increasing internal motivation provide greater effect. For it manager has four levels: 1) tasks complexity; 2) freedom degree; 3) group work; 4) level of incentives and the way of organizational support. In this study the authors found that for development and promotion of creative thinking among staff, a manager has to give them freedom to act, to stimulate their work by clarifying the ultimate goal and the importance of its implementation. He should encourage the formation of creative solutions. Creative manager should: - create an atmosphere of openness and collaboration, in which subordinates can stimulate each other through better awareness; - stimulate with material instruments; - take into account individual differences, providing depth assessment of the unique traits of each individual, its strengths and weaknesses; - provide people with stimulating work, which evokes a sense of personal and professional growth; - ensure subordinates by projects and tasks that cause feelings of fullness and completeness. Conclusions and directions of further researches. Thus, managers can encourage creativity of their subordinates using various methods. For good results it should develop a system of staff motivation and creativity. The reward for such efforts is truly innovative company where creative approach to business is the rule but not exception. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China's economy is gaining significant importance in the global economy and local companies have been entering the Chinese stock market. This trend is only going to increase over the next years and the subject will certainly gain importance in the business and academic world. (Ernst & Young Global IPO trends report, 2011) This paper analyzes the performance of Chinese IPOs in the first day of trading and what mechanisms and tactics were in place in the past five years that allowed firms to perform the way they did. Moreover, the paper will also present changes that have recently occurred or are likely to occur in the near future that are going to change stock performance in the first day of trading in the next years. It will end highlighting strategic perspectives for companies pursuing an IPO in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Just as the entrepreneur is key to the health of a society's economy, so too is the entrepreneur key to its ethical well being. Narrow definitions of entrepreneurship that measure success based on wealth creation alone constrict responsible responses to ethical challenges, contributing to continual ethical lapses. This paper examines Cornwall and Naughton's emphasis on virtue as an important element of successful entrepreneurship. It then proposes a new definition of entrepreneurship based on endowing resources with new value rather than the more narrow vision of endowing resources with new wealth producing capabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the paradigmatic bases of the themes cultural capital entrepreneurship and collective organizations, with the main purpose of exploring the theoretical interface between the entrepreneurial characteristics and the formation of these organizations. It uses a qualitative approach, through a literature review on entrepreneurship, the context for the development of the potential entrepreneur, collective organizations, and cultural capital. To find the relationship between the issues studied, it presents four research proposals, based on a literature review and on a model of entrepreneurship in collective organizations. Through a theoretical interface, it was observed that the formation of the collective organizations is focused on the entrepreneurial action of more than one individual, acting collectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El artículo discurre sobre el desarrollo económico actual en África. El autor comenta sobre las oportunidades de negocios en los mercados africano y describe el crecimiento de la mano de obra en el continente. También se considera la penetración de los teléfonos celulares, incluyendo su influencia en los negocios.

El artículo discurre sobre el estado actual de la economía mundial, con un enfoque particular en las crisis financieras. El autor comenta sobre las oportunidades disponibles durante periodos de crisis y describe el mantenimiento de los servicios al cliente. También se considera las acciones empresariales apropiadas durante estas crisis.