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The wide circulation of health misinformation has the potential to cause major health complications for the older generation worldwide who are less active on digital media and are thus less able to identify misinformation. This article draws on the social ties and relational correction perspective to reflect on the evaluating, verifying and correcting practices regarding health misinformation in messenger apps within the older generation in Bangladesh. Thirty Bangladeshi older adults, between the ages of 60 and 74, participated in in-depth interviews with the aim of mapping out the interpersonal relationships with cultural dimensions that contribute to the sharing and correcting of health misinformation. While resharing health information, the social tradition of maintaining a positive impression and trusting those within their close network was visible among these older adults. Although strong and weak ties contributed equally to this process, strong ties played a dominant role in correcting misinformation.

Olaszországot és Líbiát szoros kapcsolatok fűzik egymáshoz a gazdasági biztonság területén, ez azonban nincs a tudományos kutatások középpontjában. Az aszimmetrikus gazdasági kapcsolatok a nagyobb állam számára politikai befolyást is biztosíthatnak. Az olasz–líbiai kereskedelmi kapcsolatok nagy részét a líbiai kőolaj és földgáz Olaszországba való exportja teszi ki, aminek a mennyisége 2011 óta jelentősen csökkent. Az ENI a legnagyobb külföldi szereplő Líbiában, így az ottani olasz befolyás egyik letéteményese. Az energiahordozók kereskedelme terén nincs olyan erős aszimmetria a bilaterális kapcsolatokban, mint az egyéb termékek terén, hiszen Líbia egy úgynevezett rentier state, így az Olaszországba irányuló szállításra szüksége van. A kereskedelmi kapcsolatok egyéb területein erős aszimmetria van Olaszország irányába, bár az arab tavasz óta líbiai piaci részesedése csökkent.

PurposeSocial networking sites (SNSs) offer people the possibility of maintaining larger networks of social ties, which also entails more complex relationship maintenance across multiple platforms. Whom to “friend” and via which platform can involve complex deliberations. This study investigates the relationships between users' perceived friending affordances of five popular SNSs (Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, Snapchat and LinkedIn) and their friending behaviors concerning strong ties, weak ties (existing and latent ties) and parasocial ties.Design/methodology/approachAn online survey using Qualtrics was provided to participants (N = 626) through Amazon's Mechanical Turk (MTurk). The survey asked their SNS use and their friending behaviors with different ties on each of the sites.FindingsUsers' friending decisions are dependent on an interplay of socio-technical affordances of each SNS and specific needs for the ties. The authors found that the affordances of bridging social capital and enjoyment are aligned with friending weak and parasocial ties, respectively. The affordances of bonding social capital were not valued to friend strong ties.Originality/valueThe study extends the affordance and social capital literature by assessing users' perceived, contextualized SNS affordances in relation to actual communication behaviors in friending different social ties. This approach provides contextualized insights to friending decisions and practices on SNSs.

The article considers the actual problem of organizing the communication space of distance learning for first-year students of the university. The development of information technologies, the need to introduce innovative approaches, the emergence of global extreme social situations, such as the COVID-19 pandemic of 2019–2021years, – intensified the use of distance approach in educational activities. The purpose of this article is to study the experience of organizing the communicative space of distance learning, because communicative space is one of the key factors for effective learning. As a result of the empirical research, the issues of the formation of the communicative process, social connections and attitudes to educational activities among first-year students have been analysed. The paper concludes, that the effectiveness of the organization of the communicative space of distance learning depends largely on the communicative competencies of the teacher. The study reveals the most important competencies of teachers for organizing the communication space of online learning – the focus on innovation, the development of empathic abilities of teachers, business and Internet-communication skills.

For the last decade, the internationalization of higher education became a priority for both the Canadian province of Saskatchewan and Ukraine. Having historically strong ties, these two parties attempt to build equally strong educational relations. By analyzing educational partnerships and collaborations between the post-secondary institutions in Saskatchewan and Ukraine, the paper examines the history, nature, and development of the Saskatchewan-Ukraine relationships in higher education. The author analyses the case of the Saskatchewan-Ukraine cooperation in higher education by examining documents related to the Saskatchewan-Ukraine relations, those outlining Canadian federal and provincial policy initiatives, and Ukrainian state legislature. The paper also discusses the Saskatchewan-Ukraine educational cooperation as it is promoted on the websites of the universities involved in such cooperation. The author investigates different internship programs and initiatives between two Saskatchewan universities – the University of Regina and the University of Saskatchewan, and three Ukrainian public universities – Yuriy Fedkovych Chernivtsi National University, Ivano-Frankivsk National Technical University of Oil and Gas, and Ternopil Volodymyr Hnatiuk National Pedagogical University. The document analysis provides information of three major categories: the history of the Saskatchewan-Ukraine relations, the current state of such relationships in education, and the prospects of the Saskatchewan-Ukraine educational cooperation. Regardless of the strong governmental support of the Saskatchewan-Ukraine relationships in education, several challenges to the relationships appear in the light of the current political-economic contexts. The paper discusses these challenges and suggests recommendations for developing further Saskatchewan-Ukraine cooperation in the educational field.

Given the available scientific understanding regarding the environmental impacts of everyday behaviors, individuals should be both concerned and motivated to act in environmentally responsible ways. Yet, the connection between environmental awareness, concern, attitude, and behavior is neither direct nor clear. Various factors have been demonstrated to influence environmentally responsible behavior (ERB), including: attitudes, values, knowledge, affect, context, and social capital. We contribute to this conversation by exploring the mechanisms that community participation, social trust, and strong ties influence ERB in an urban context. Our results indicate that dimensions of social capital effect environmentally responsible behavior through environmental concern. Specifically, we find that social trust is a significant predictor of both environmental concern and locus of control. These results provide insight into the small but growing literature on environmental concern, social capital, and ERB and suggest that policies and practices that increase social trust can lead to more environmentally responsible behavior and advance urban sustainability.

Using large-scale call detail records of anonymised mobile phone service subscribers with demographic and location information, we investigate how a long-distance residential move within the country affects the mobile communication patterns between an ego who moved and a frequently called alter who did not move. By using clustering methods in analysing the call frequency time series, we find that such ego-alter pairs are grouped into two clusters, those with the call frequency increasing and those with the call frequency decreasing after the move of the ego. This indicates that such residential moves are correlated with a change in the communication pattern soon after moving. We find that the pre-move calling behaviour is a relevant predictor for the post-move calling behaviour. While demographic and location information can help in predicting whether the call frequency will rise or decay, they are not relevant in predicting the actual call frequency volume. We also note that at four months after the move, most of these close pairs maintain contact, even if the call frequency is decreased., published version in EPJ Data Science

A survey was conducted in an As-affected village of Bangladesh&mdash, the first discovery of As contamination in the country&mdash, to assess the current situation and how implementation activities have worked to mitigate the problem. The As testing showed that the levels were less than the Bangladesh standard (50 &micro, g/L) in all shallow tube-wells throughout the village. The questionnaire survey was conducted in the village as well as a neighboring As-affected village for comparison. The results revealed that there was a significant number of people using shallow tube-wells in both villages despite knowing that these wells could be contaminated with As and that safe water was available through a pipeline water supply. About 70% of responding households possessed their own water sources, mostly shallow tube-wells, and owners were less likely to choose tap water for drinking purpose than nonowners. In the village where As contamination was first reported, those individuals with a higher level of education and strong ties with neighbors were more likely to use shallow tube-well water for drinking purposes rather than tap water. This study suggests several measures to mobilize people to get safe water, namely providing subsides to install private taps, supplying public taps, and marketing and distributing handy water quality tests for households.

To sustainably manage a growing population, urban consolidation has become a key strategy for policy-makers in Australian cities. Urban consolidation involves the densification of existing residential areas through the provision of medium and high-density housing. Residential relations in high-density housing are often thought to be problematic due to the altered physical dimensions neighbours must interact within. Additionally, medium and high-density housing is dominated by private renters and, consequently, high-residential mobility and instability. High-mobility diminishes residential interactions as neighbours are less likely to know each other and therefore develop only weak ties with one another. This thesis explores how neighbouring is enacted in neighbourhoods experiencing urban consolidation, compared to more traditional, low-density suburbs. It examines 11 qualitative interviews with residents of Kangaroo Point, a Brisbane neighbourhood characterised by high-density and high-mobility, and 11 from Fig-Tree Pocket, a low-density Brisbane suburb. It shows that medium and high-density housing is often not conducive to incidental neighbour interactions, and high rates of residential mobility often act as a deterrent for establishing strong ties with neighbours. Despite this, it demonstrates that residents in areas of urban consolidation are still able to uphold the basic components of being a good neighbour.

Purpose: This study examines the influence that tie strength has on contractual relationships between exchange parties with specific investments and also explores the role of network intens...

The IT sector has been rapidly growing; in fact, a high number of jobs are expected toremain unfilled, which makes it our common interest to attract more students to this field. The strikingscarcity of women in the IT sector offers an obvious solution: if more women could be involved, thelabor shortage in IT could be fixed. The low number of women in IT has strong ties with ITeducation; therefore, the role and responsibility of teachers is immense. If we want to have moreworkforce and more competent professionals in the IT sector, educators need to create a morehospitable environment for girls and women in (both secondary and tertiary) education. The presentstudy aims to show why it is key to introduce the gender aspect into IT education, both globally andspecifically in Hungary. The primary goal of the article, thus, is to call attention to the repercussions ofentrenched gender stereotypes in education, while also offering specific methods that can make IT-related classes more inclusive.

Use of WhatsApp as a social media technology and M-pesa, a mobile money service for crowdfunding in Kenya are proliferating at an incredible pace. Crowdfunding helps communities organize for effective participation in social and economic development and empowerment by making sure that members of the community get to benefit from services, such as access to social amenities and better infrastructure, which would not have been available if the community members were to wait for the government to provide the services. This method is being used at Kisii University for students’ retention and providing social welfare to students, their parents and university staff. The approach adopted by this study was qualitative inductive research, where the researcher had a one-on-one interview session with creators of crowdfunding campaigns and the funders using Skype and phone calls as interview tools.

Top management in organizations have begun to realize that innovative employees add to the competitive edge of a company which serves to maintain their position in intense market competition. For this purpose, management needs to seek new ways to combine the social environment and employees in the workplace in an inextricable manner that supports innovation. The purpose of this paper was to examine the role of thriving at work and its effects on an individual&rsquo, s innovative behavior. Based on the socially embedded model of thriving, we aimed to assess the relevant related work on structured potential effects with relational ties (i.e., strong versus weak). Particularly, these ties affect the heedful relating differently. This study examined the antecedents of thriving at work and the innovative behavior among employees at a global investment company. Using partial least squares modeling on a sample of 412 observations (strong and weak ties), strong support was found for the theory-driven hypothesized relationships. The results contribute to a better understanding of the relational roles concerning recently emerging constructs of &ldquo, thriving at work&rdquo, and &ldquo, positive organizational scholarship.&rdquo, The implications and limitations of this study are further discussed.

Between merit principles and social contacts, how they facilitate individuals to obtain a government job in the United States remains unsettled. Based on a survey administered via Amazon Mturk, thi...

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate how referral reward programs (RRPs) utilizing scarcity messages influence bank credit holders’ referrals to and adoptions by close or distant friends. Design/methodology/approach A 2×2 experiment is implemented with 760 consumers solicited through Amazon’s Mechanical Turk worker panel. Logit transformation and general linear models are used to test the proposed hypotheses. Findings Results showed that offering RRPs with limited available referrals (quantity scarcity) increases the overall number of referrals to and adoptions by close and distant friends. The percent of strong ties also increases with RRPs. As quantity scarcity is relaxed, the percentages of referrals to and adoptions by close friends decrease. Originality/value The inclusion of tie strength with scarcity framing greatly enhances our understanding of the effectiveness of RRPs for bank credit cards. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first research attempt on this topic.

Recorrendo à abordagem das redes sociais, o presente artigo analisa os processos inovativos em dois diferentes tipos de empresas (empresas de alto e baixo desempenho inovativo), localizadas no Território Produtivo de Nova Serrana (MG). Utilizou-se o estudo de casos múltiplos, envolvendo duas empresas de cada categoria. Buscou-se, primeiramente, aferir o nível de inovação em produtos e processos e, em seguida, mapear as redes sociais e empresariais das empresas. Os resultados mostram que as redes das empresas de alto desempenho são mais densas e melhor integradas, apresentando maior frequência de laços fortes, o que faz com que recursos e informações trafegadas sejam de natureza mais refinada, com propagação abrangente e dinâmica. Por outro lado, as redes das empresas de baixo desempenho são mais porosas, caracterizadas por maior presença de atores isolados, ausência de atores centrais, sendo as informações e recursos que fluem em seu interior de natureza mais local.

Purpose The purpose of this study is to investigate how does key accounts managers’ (KAMs’) customer orientation affect customers’ repurchase intention and how do tie strength and structural holes in KAMs’ client networks moderate these linkages. Design/methodology/approach Paired data of 208 dyadic relationships between KAMs and customers in several Chinese industries are subjected to multiple linear regression analyses. Findings KAMs’ functional customer orientation can directly increase customers’ repurchase intention, whereas relational customer orientation cannot do that. With strong ties in client networks, KAMs’ relational customer orientation could promote customers’ repurchase intention, whereas when there are many structural holes in a client network, relational customer orientation would constrain customers’ repurchase intention. In addition, structural holes can enhance the effectiveness of functional customer orientation in facilitating customers’ repurchase intention, but tie strength has no impact on this. Originality/value This study pays attention to the emerging topic of KAMs’ customer orientation and introduces KAMs’ client networks as a new contextual factor. The findings not only address the outcomes of KAM’s customer orientation but also indicate the vital role client networks play in determining the effectiveness of KAMs’ customer orientation.

Although it is widely acknowledged that consumer engagement in healthcare research is a promising pathway to actionable patient-centered findings, there remains some ambiguity regarding effective patient-centered engagement strategies. Therefore, the purpose of this U.S.-based multi-state, veteran-focused community engagement project was to create a platform from which U.S. veterans could dialogue and identify their (1) research priorities; (2) barriers to research partnerships and participation; (3) recommendations for engaging other veterans in the research enterprise; and (4) preferences for how they would like to receive research findings. A total of 283 veterans and 101 community stakeholders participated across 54 dialogue sessions, or Think Tanks, held in six states with the largest veteran populations: California, Texas, Florida, Pennsylvania, New York, and Ohio. Each Think Tank session, guided by focus group methodology, was led by a local veteran with strong ties to the veteran community. A local researcher from the project team recorded field notes, which were analyzed by the lead research team using open and axial coding. Based on veterans’ recommendations, a list of veteran-centered research priorities is presented. Also presented are checklists, based on veterans’ recommendations, which can be used to guide research teams in the use of specific strategies for engaging veterans in research and effectively disseminating findings to the veteran community.

This paper focuses on how newly established technology-based start-up companies become part of the business landscape. In more detail, the aim of the paper is to analyse how a start-up becomes embedded through its networking behaviours in a business network. To approach this phenomenon, the theoretical frame of reference is based on the industrial network approach to industrial markets separating a developing, producing and using setting. The business network settings are combined with networking behaviours consisting of both strong and weak ties. Importantly, for a start-up to become embedded through networking, resources of the start-up need to be combined with resources in the three business network settings. The paper relies on a case study methodology focusing on a start-up, founded at a technical university in Sweden, and its networking behaviours. The paper concludes that networking behaviours relying on strong ties are crucial to resource combining. However, the analysis also shows the importance of networking behaviours of weak ties, acquiring information and interaction to sensing new opportunities. The paper ends with managerial implications for start-up managers, pinpointing the need to work with both strong and weak ties as a platform to eventually become embedded in business networks.

We explore the relationship between the characteristics of social capital, the speed of access to medical technologies and the role of gender in a private practice context. Our findings from a sample of 98 German private practitioners show that: (a) being a woman has an overall negative impact on the speed of access to medical technologies; (b) private practitioners with strong social network ties obtain quicker access to medical technologies than do those with weak ties; (c) men relying on their weak ties perform better than women who do so. In contrast, we observe that women relying on strong ties outperform their male counterparts in terms of speed of access to medical technologies., Nous explorons la relation entre les caractéristiques du capital social, la rapidité d’accès aux technologies médicales et le genre dans le contexte de cabinets médicaux privés. Les conclusions tirées à partir d’un échantillon de 98 médecins privés allemands montrent que : a) le fait d’être une femme médecin a un impact négatif global sur la rapidité d’accès aux technologies médicales; (b) les médecins privés ayant des liens sociaux forts obtiennent un accès plus rapide aux technologies médicales que ceux qui ont des liens faibles; c) les hommes qui s’appuient sur leurs liens faibles obtiennent de meilleurs résultats que les femmes. En revanche, nous observons que les femmes qui ont des liens forts ont plus rapidement accès aux technologies médicales que leurs homologues masculins., Exploramos la relación entre las características del capital social, la rapidez del acceso a tecnologías médicas y el papel del género en un contexto de práctica privada. Nuestros hallazgos en una muestra de 98 practicantes privados alemanes muestran que: (a) ser una mujer tiene un impacto negativo en general en relación con la rapidez de acceso a tecnologías médicas; (b) practicantes privados con vínculos fuertes de redes sociales obtienen acceso a tecnologías médicas más rápido que aquellos que tienen vínculos débiles; (c) hombres que dependen en sus vínculos débiles se desempeñan mejor que mujeres que hacen lo mismo. Por lo contrario, observamos que mujeres que dependen en vínculos fuertes superan a sus contrapartes varones en términos de rapidez de acceso a tecnología médica.

Network research shows that strong relationships, highly embedded relationships, and brokered relationships may have different outcomes. While pros and cons are associated with each of these network structures, how this ambiguity translates into individuals’ actions of network change is unclear. Specifically, if network positions can be both beneficial and detrimental, how do individuals decide whether to maintain those positions? We develop a tie-specific model of network modification that captures the positioning in the work-related network and the level of knowledge acquired from that network for each individual in a knowledge-intensive organization. Our analysis of tie-level data identifies the level of acquired knowledge as an important disambiguating mechanism that determines how individuals manage their strong ties, embedded ties, and brokered ties over time.

The proximity framework has attracted considerable attention in a scholarly discourse on the driving forces of knowledge exchange tie formation. It has been discussed that too much proximity is negatively associated with the effectiveness of a knowledge exchange relation. However, little is known about the key factors that trigger the formation of the boundaryspanning knowledge ties. Going beyond the “dyadic” perspective on proximity dimensions, this paper argues that the key factor in bridging distances may reside at the “triadic” level. We build on the notion of “the strength of weak ties” and its recent development by investigating the innovative performance and relations of more than 600,000 German firms. We explored and extracted information from the textual and relational content of firms’ websites by using machine learning techniques and hyperlink analysis. We thereby proxied the innovative performance of firms using a deep learning text analysis approach and showed that the triadic property of bridging dyadic relations is a reliable predictor of firms’ innovativeness. Relations embedded in cliques (i.e., strong ties) that connect cognitively distant firms are more strongly associated with firms’ innovation, whereas inter-regional relations connecting different parts of a network (i.e., weak ties) are positively associated with firms’ innovative performance. Also, the results suggest that a combination of strong inter-community and weak inter-regional relations are more positively related with firms’ innovativeness compared to the combination of other relation types.

An analysis of long-term nursing and residential care facilities for the elderly in the Lombardy Region and their distribution relative to the elderly population makes it possible to trace correlations between these hospitalization facilities, severely affected by the epidemic, and their territories. As part of a broader field of reflection over the impacts of Covid-19, an assessment of residential facilities for the elderly allows us to pinpoint the key features and critical issues in the current management model over non self-sufficient elderly persons. This study addresses the heterogeneity of residential facilities for the elderly in Lombardy and draws attention to the relationship between densely urbanized areas, often characterized by “mobile and reticular living” ( Casti, 2020 ), and the size of such facilities. Our objective is to expose the criticalities produced by the health crisis around a social healthcare system faced with an unusual event around a specific category of residential facilities designed to host people with marked fragilities. The numerous victims recorded in residences for the elderly, which turned into hotbeds of viral transmission, has highlighted the need to rethink existing models of care and hospitality. This study uses reflexive cartography to cross-reference data on some physical features of Nursing and Residential Care Facilities in Lombardy to social features which relate to the elderly population. Such cross-referencing identifies shortcomings and charts the distribution of different care models in the region, calling attention to the strong ties that exists between large Nursing and Residential Care Facilities and densely urbanized urban contexts.

In this chapter a state of the art of the literature on small jurisdictions is provided, focusing on the features most relevant to social security, such as: the impact of economic and environmental shocks; scale disadvantages and flexibility; the limited human resources and infrastructure; the training needs; the limited number of people covered by social security; the importance of migration; and the strong ties with other states. Issues related to homogeneity and proximity, to the unity of administration and the lack thereof in the benefit schemes, and financial issues will be discussed. In this chapter, we also give an overview of the existing literature dealing with the common features of small jurisdictions, focusing on the features relevant to social security. As such, this part gives a status quaestionis concerning our central theme: are small jurisdictions confronted with specific issues or problems when dealing with social security?

Research on supplier–customer relationships has attracted a great deal of attention, as such relationships can positively impact firms’ knowledge acquisition and innovation. Within this stream of research, strong ties with customers have been explored with attention to their beneficial and detrimental effects, presenting a paradox to be addressed. To contribute to this debate, we suggest focusing on how tie strength is measured, and accordingly, we return to the seminal definition of tie strength by Granovetter (1973), who defines it as a combination of behavioural and affective components. We acknowledge that the two components have different characteristics and dynamics, which urges us to unbundle the two components and measure their separate impacts on knowledge acquisition and innovation. To further investigate the role of tie strength in innovation, we hypothesize and test the mediating role of knowledge acquisition. We test our hypothesis in vertical partnerships between small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) located in a high-tech cluster and their key customers. We show that the unbundled components of strong ties have a direct positive impact on the knowledge acquisition of high-tech SMEs and an indirect positive impact on innovation, with knowledge acquisition mediating the effect. Our study contributes to the debate on the paradox of tie strength in supplier–customer relations by providing and empirically testing a research approach that might complement the previous approaches and by shedding light on the important role of the affective component of tie strength in knowledge acquisition and innovation.

In this work, we challenge the assumption that weak ties play uniquely important social support roles on social network sites, particularly regarding informational support. To overcome methodological limitations of earlier research, we present a mixed-methods study. Forty-one participants were interviewed and asked to identify five weak, medium, and strong ties each and to report on perceived and actually received social support (emotional, informational, instrumental, and appraisal) associated with each. Complicating traditional understandings of “the strength of weak ties,” the qualitative analyses of actual support events show that both emotional and informational support is provided by strong ties. In an additional quantitative between-subjects study design, 352 participants were asked about various aspects of a weak, medium, or strong tie. These results indicate that participants valued their strong ties more regarding every form of support. Although there were only weak correlations between perceived and recalled actually received support, people also report actual support events with strong ties to be more helpful—overall suggesting the strength of strong ties.

Crowdfunding improves access to financing, yet cases of crowdfunding&rsquo, s importance, besides traditional financing, are rare and notably localized. In explaining why global crowdfunding volumes are so heterogeneous, previous academic research has focused mainly on the existence of a legal system that is supportive of crowdfunding, but with conflicting results. We argue that a broader range of institutions must be considered to describe the spread of crowdfunding at its current early stage of development, and provide first empirical evidence on the matter. Using a dataset covering crowdfunding volumes of 122 countries over the years 2015&ndash, 2016, we confirm that the existence of crowdfunding-specific regulations has a positive association with total crowdfunding volumes per capita. We also find that regulation targeted at a specific type of crowdfunding has an economically stronger association with corresponding transaction volumes. In line with our argument, we find that a significantly broader range of less crowdfunding-specific institutions exhibit strong ties to crowdfunding volumes, with strong e-service culture emerging as an especially robust determinant of all types of crowdfunding volumes. Stronger legal rights, greater financial freedom, and higher democracy levels are also associated with greater total crowdfunding volumes, but exhibit varying relevance across different types of crowdfunding.

This chapter argues that the pervasive ubiquity and ordinary affective mobility of mobile-phone camera photography has an impact on memory and forgetting in terms of the emergence of a concept of friendship photography. It examines the emergence of the photograph as a shared, networked and thus connected reflection of the everyday lives of young people by drawing upon Annette Kuhn's autobiographical memory work through her analysis of the family photograph album and Anna Reading's concept of 'memobilia'. Rather than emphasize mobility and itinerancy, Nicola Green and Leslie Haddon have argued that camera phones and social networking can intensify strong ties through the connected presence of established cliques. And, for the purposes of thinking through this concept of friendship photography, it makes sense to understand how a social-networking site with almost 1 billion active users at the time of writing images and imagines friendship online as big data.

The project is about the conversion of two listed buildings of the former paint factory IRIS in Eleusina into a multipurpose cultural center. Like all abandoned industrial relics in the area, the two listed buildings manifest strong ties with the industrial past of Eleusina and the collective memory of its inhabitants. The repurposing of the buildings by architect Constantine Bouras produces a space for theater, cinema, music, congresses, art exhibitions and other cultural activities, while part of it is home to the Aeschylus Museum.

Clinical informatics (CI) is a rich field with longstanding ties to resident education in many clinical specialties, although a historic gap persists in emergency medicine. To address this gap, we developed a CI track to facilitate advanced training for senior residents at our 4-year emergency medicine residency. We piloted an affordable project-based approach with strong ties to operational leadership at our institution and describe specific projects and their outcomes. Given the relatively low cost, departmental benefit, and unique educational value, we believe that our model is generalizable to many emergency medicine residencies. We present a pathway to defining a formal curriculum using Kern's framework.

How do calculative trust and relational trust influence the emergence of institutional-based trust in farmers’ markets? We fill a gap in the literature by studying how diverse forms of trust influence the way frequent consumers evaluate the institutions of a farmers’ market. We analyze a data set of 687 frequent shoppers from the U.S. state of Missouri, assessing the institutional-based trust in farmers’ markets in comparison with the level of institutional-based trust in conventional food systems. The results suggest that calculative trust plays an important role in the consolidation of institutional-based trust in local food systems. More specifically, consumers who shop frequently and live closer to a farmers’ market tend to trust more in local food systems than in conventional food systems. Likewise, affinity towards conventional food systems—i.e., convenience-oriented lifestyle preferences—seems to influence the level of institutional-based trust in local food systems. Consumers who eat out more often tend to trust less in local food systems, possibly due to the lack of repeated experiences with sellers. Following the literature, we also show that consumers search for a broader set of attributes when shopping at a farmers’ market. Even though relational trust is correlated with higher levels of institutional-based trust in alternative food systems, strong ties do not increase the trust in the information found in a farmers’ market.

The past three decades have witnessed the tremendous growth of the number of information schools (a.k.a., iSchools) and the size of their faculty bodies. However, there is little empirical evidence in faculty hiring patterns within the community. Analyzing hand-curated data of 81 junior and 485 senior faculty members from 27 iSchools in the United States and a total of 41 981 journal and conference proceeding publications, we investigate the effects of collaboration experience on placement quality, controlling for other well studied factors including gender, scholarly performance, and prestige of degree-granting programs. In particular, we find that strong ties in collaboration, as measured by PhD advisors’ academic achievements, have little correlation with placement quality fixing other factors. On the other hand, weak ties, manifested by coauthors excluding advisors, are found to be beneficial. Providing a better understanding of hiring practice in iSchools, the results highlight the importance of “standing on the shoulders of giants” for junior information science researchers wishing to find high-quality faculty job. Finally, our findings lay the foundation for future investigations, where stakeholders and administrators can assess the effectiveness of existing hiring strategies, which in turn provide managerial and policy implications for iSchools to adapt to the fast growing landscape of information science.

Networks have been widely recognized as important to social entrepreneurship. This investigation aims to analyse how the structure of networks is influenced by the social organizations’ features an...

With nearly two billion users, social media Stories-an ephemeral format of sharing-are increasingly popular and projected to overtake sharing via public feeds. Sharing via Stories differs from Feeds sharing by removing the visible feedback (e.g. "likes" and "comments") which has come to characterize social media. Given the salience of responses visibility to self-presentation and relational maintenance in social media literature, we conducted semi-structured interviews (N = 22) to explore how people understand these processes when using Stories. We find that users have lower expectations for responses with Stories and experience lower pressure for self-presentation. This fosters more frequent sharing and a sense of daily connectedness, which strong ties can find valuable. Finally, the act of viewing takes on new significance of signaling attention when made known to the sharer. Our findings point to the importance of effort and attention in understanding responses on social media.

International audience; The earliest phase of Arakan history, between about the fifth and the tenth centuries, has to be written on the basis of inscriptions and related material such as coins bearing Sanskrit texts, as well as sculpture and architecture. These show Arakan to have had strong ties to Southeastern Bengal (the Samataṭa and Harikela regions) and beyond this with the Buddhist communities of Northeastern India using Sanskrit as preferential medium of expression. A first batch of Arakan Sanskrit inscriptions was studied by E.H. Johnston and published posthumously in 1943. Since then, this field has moved forward thanks mainly to three articles by D.C. Sircar that appeared in the 1960s and 1970s. Since then, no further epigraphic material of early Arakan has been published. The Sanskrit inscriptions of Arakan are often in deplorable state of preservation. But even fragmentary material can throw new light on the past, especially when studied in combination with epigraphical and numismatic discoveries made in Southeast Bengal over the past half-century. This article deals with three such fragmentary inscriptions, all previously unpublished. It presents the discovery that the ancient name of Arakan was Kāmaraṅga, discusses aspects of the history of Buddhism in Arakan during the first millennium, and discusses the problem of the chronology of early Arakan based on a detailed palaeographic analysis of the inscriptions published here.

This study aims to describe how group leaders operate with their social ties of jihadi terrorists, using social network analysis. Data was collected through documents and interviews from terrorist detainees who were involved in jihadi terrorism activities in Indonesia. We found that relational trust with operational leaders plays an important role in terrorist social networks. More specifically, operational leaders possess a higher degree of centrality and betweenness centrality compared to ideological leaders, as operational leaders happened to possess stronger social ties (with close friends or respected authorities). Furthermore, we also found that terrorist networks in Indonesia consist of a large group of cells with low density, where members are not strongly connected to each other. The only bridges that were strong in these social networks were those involving operational leaders. This study confirmed previous studies that terrorist groups operate in a cell system, but lead to a novel finding that ideological leaders may play a limited or indirect influence in operational networks.

This paper explores the interactive relationship between exploration‐exploitation strategy and alliance portfolios evolution, through examining underlying motivations of the evolution of alliance portfolios along with firm strategy change. Based on a 20‐year longitudinal case analysis on a leading Chinese pharmaceutical manufacturer, we establish a three‐stage process model: (1) stage 1: under turbulent environment and with the consequent reduction in profitability, the firm implements exploration strategy and forms weak alliance portfolio; (2) stage 2: the firm transforms its strategy from exploration to exploitation and forms strong alliance portfolio; and (3) stage 3: as this single business firm transforms into a multibusiness firm, it tends to make a balance between exploration and exploitation strategy and form weak‐strong alliance portfolio. Based on this process model, this study reveals the diverse motivations of alliance portfolios evolution along with firm strategy change, the interplay mechanisms between exploration‐exploitation strategy and weak‐strong ties portfolios, and the portfolio effects across businesses within a firm.

Studies have shown that companies conduct compensation strategies in times of service failure to enhance recovery satisfaction and purchase intention. The role of compensation strategy in individuals’ propensity to leave fake negative reviews, however, has not been well studied. Accordingly, the present conceptual study addresses this gap. First, we present how customers’ deviant behavior is the result of companies’ service recovery strategies (i.e., compensation strategy) themselves. Next, we present how deviant behavior spreads out in a network and then comes to a halt. The paper concludes with a presentation of the conceptual model of the manifestation of individuals’ online deviant behavior. The research is important from both theoretical and managerial perspectives. From a theoretical outlook, this study adds to the literature on the dark side of guest services by investigating deviant behavior of customers and their strong ties. The research provides practitioners with a new perspective on how their service recovery strategy of compensation can lead to individuals displaying online deviant behavior and how they should address the issue.

We derive hypotheses from popular accounts of how use of social media affects our strong ties. Several authors have suggested that social media use erodes our strong ties by increasing the volume of social interactions and decreasing their depth. Using two-wave panel data representative of the Dutch population between 15 and 45 years, we examine changes in the core discussion networks (CDNs) of 5312 respondents (with 10,896 relations). Contradicting an erosion of strong ties, we found positive effects of social media use on CDN size, both cross-sectionally and longitudinally. Social media use was positively related to talking to CDN members in our cross-sectional model. Finally, we found that the CDNs of frequent social media users were more dynamic than those of less frequent users: they are more likely to both lose old and gain new ties. This suggests that Internet use is associated with more, and more dynamic, social interaction.

We examined Philippine graduates’ use of social networks to obtain initial employment in the United States labour market. Our research focused on employment opportunities and found that Philippine graduates’ usage of Strong Ties networks contributed to underemployment. Reliance on Strong Ties networking decreased respondents’ broader range of US employment opportunities and further impeded their prospects of upward employment mobility. While the Philippine graduates’ Strong Ties networking provided assistance and most specifically acted as intermediaries for gaining their initial employment, this type of networking had a significant impact resulting in poor labour market outcomes and rather imperfect long-term employment opportunities. Moreover, we found that, in conjunction with the use of Strong Ties, key variables, such as low-demand degree fields, lower educational attainment, lesser proficiency in English and green card status, were also strongly associated with poor employment outcomes.

This paper investigates the interdisciplinary relations of nanotechnology (Nano), biotechnology (Bio), information technology (Info), and cognitive science (Cogno) (together known as NBIC converging technologies) using different bibliometric techniques. For each set of two (pairs) and three (trios) of subjects, overlaps in journal citation, authorship, publication journals, and keywords were calculated for all Iranian NBIC articles published from 2001 to 2015 in international journals. Maximum and minimum spanning trees were used to visualise the interdisciplinary relations. To determine the nature of convergence between the subjects, an expert panel categorised the shared keywords of each pair and trio of subjects using four categories of tools, material, applications and techniques. The results showed that overall the pairs of Nano–Bio and Nano–Info had the highest level of mutual interdisciplinary relations. Info–Bio and Cogno–Bio had the weakest mutual interdisciplinary relations. Among the trios, Nano–Info–Bio had the strongest relations and Cogno–Nano–Info had the weakest. The dominant type of convergence for Nano–Bio and Cogno–Bio was sharing materials. For Nano–Info the dominant type of convergence was sharing tools and techniques. For Info–Cogno, and Info–Bio sharing techniques was the dominant type of convergence, and for Nano–Cogno sharing materials and applications was most dominant. Nano–Info–Bio mostly shared materials and applications. Identifying weak and strong ties between the four NBIC fields can help plan for their further convergence at science and technology levels.

This paper describes the utilisation of support networks for the organisation of informal childcare by working Polish migrant mothers in Dublin. Grounded in a support network perspective the study employs a mixed method approach to elucidate how the mothers use local and transnational relations in their child-minding strategies, but also highlights the obstacles posed by the distant character of the latter ties. In line with previous research on support networks, we find a strong reliance on strong ties in providing instrumental and emotional support (e.g., Wellman and Wortley, 1990) but also that ‘distance’ matters (e.g., Mok et al., 2010) and shapes the network mobilisation strategies of the working mothers. Locally based weak ties, based on various forms of reciprocity, are supplemental in providing ad-hoc crisis support when transnational ties cannot be mobilized. Nonetheless, transnational ties are shown to be crucial in the childcare provision, in particular for longer spells of regular childcare.

We examine the turnover of top executives in Japanese firms throughout the period 1990–2013. During this time, the presence of a main bank has been weakened, the ownership of institutional investors has rapidly increased, and independent outside directors have been introduced in many firms. We find that top executive turnover sensitivity to corporate performance has not changed despite skepticism on corporate governance of Japanese firms. On the other hand, there is a shift from return on assets (ROA) to return on equity (ROE) and stock returns as performance indicators that turnover is most sensitive to. We also examine possible sources of this change. We find that foreign institutional investors strengthen the turnover sensitivity to ROE after banking crisis when their shareholding has dramatically increased. This result allows us to interpret that they began to play a disciplinary role. In contrast, we do not find that independent outside directors have any significant effect of enhancing turnover sensitivity to ROE, unless a firm appointed independent outside directors more than three. While the scope of the main bank's authority has substantially contracted, strong ties with main banks increase turnover sensitivity in the more recent period, indicating that main banks continue to perform a certain role in disciplining management.

Strong ties with and dependence on public agencies for service contracts can influence private human service organizations’ operations. Using data from the National Survey of Private Child and Fami...

Educational management studies are now established as a way to infuse students with various pedagogic as well as didactic principles. The approaches are now switching from reading and lecture-based modes to analytical case-studies and problem-oriented learning methodologies. These inclusive development procedures are undertaken by educational institutions jointly in partnership with industry associates. This research paper highlights the consequences of learning practices in reducing the gap between corporate and academic entities through involvement in the problem-based learning methodology which is frequently utilized in business and medical studies at the Higher Educational Institutions (HEIs) of Pakistan. The paper investigates how the pedagogical method of problem-based learning is significant in meeting the changing needs of industry through enhancing the proficiency of graduates to manage corporate challenges in volatile external environments. The results lead us to conclude that problem-based learning at HEIs plays a substantial role in upgrading the potential of graduates to serve competitively in corporate sectors, thus realizing the inherent existence of strong ties between commercial and educational management sectors. Hence, PBL serves to be a more effective approach than the traditional teaching methodologies for producing better knowledge outcomes in terms of capable alumnae to serve at commercial levels.

This study uses longitudinal semi-structured interview data to understand the role of social capital in environmental migration. I investigate how rural agricultural households displaced by the Belo Monte Dam in the Brazilian Amazon used ties to family and close friends in both the origin and destination during the course of migration, from pre-migration planning through post-migration livelihood reconstruction. I discover that the majority of households made strategic use of strong ties, relying on local and translocal social capital to help them find and purchase new property. Also, numerous households migrated to the same destinations as other displaced households and/or to places where family and friends had already lived beforehand. Maintaining strong ties in the destination was a priority for many households, as it facilitated the process of rebuilding livelihoods by providing social, financial, and emotional support. This study sheds light on how households make use of social networks during environmental migration, which can in turn help us better understand how social ties may shape migration decisions, capabilities, and destination choices among those displaced due to future environmental change.

We study the relationship between opinion leadership and susceptibility to social influence in new product adoption and how this relationship varies with tie strength in social networks. Data analysis based on a sociometric survey indicates that opinion leaders are less sensitive to informational influence than non‑leaders. Furthermore, individuals with moderate levels of leadership are more susceptible to normative influence than individuals with high or low levels of leadership. We also find evidence of the moderating effect of tie strength. While opinion leaders are less susceptible to informational influence from weak-tie peers, they are equally sensitive to informational influence from strong-tie peers as non‑leaders. More interestingly, the inverse-U relationship between self-reported leadership and normative influence holds for strong ties, whereas this pattern between sociometric leadership and normative influence holds for weak ties. These findings have implications for better understanding how social influence operates over social networks in new product adoption.

This paper examines the effects of recommendations from different social ties on online consumers’ purchase intentions and how such effects change as consumers proceed in the shopping process and are exposed to scarcity-related promotional information. Results from a laboratory experiment indicate that when the degree of deal scarcity is low, recommendations from weak ties are more persuasive than those from strong ties for consumers at the initial shopping stage, whereas the opposite occurs for consumers at the later shopping stage. At both shopping stages, the differences in the effects of social recommendations disappear when the deals are highly scarce.