Search

Gastroenterology, Digestive Endoscopy and Hepatology have faced significant improvements in terms of diagnosis and therapy in the last decades. However, many fields still remain poorly explored, and many questions unanswered. Moreover, basic-science, as well as translational and clinical discoveries, together with technology advancement will determine further steps toward a better, refined care for many gastroenterological disorders in the future. Therefore, the Young Investigators of the Italian Society of Gastroenterology (SIGE) joined together, offering a perspective on major future innovations in some hot clinical topics in Gastroenterology, Endoscopy, and Hepatology, as well as the current pitfalls and the grey zones.

The problem of this study is how to make a link between four studies, which reflect how they integrated to make one pound study, or how they are aligned together in order to explain and interept the chanalenges facing the sudan economy. So study is aggregation to four studies by using meta-analysis method which is suitable for intergrating studies with the aim of elaborating main stream focusing in how the different studies under consideration reaching same results with different methods. Hence here the study seeks for increasing the power of testing the main question of the study which is the challenge that faced the Sudan economy particularly the structural distortion of economic variables. The study gathered the results of the four mentioned studies which are almost concerned with the exchange rate. The results confirmed the structural problem which faced the Sudan economy, while meta-analysis results assured and empowered the hypothesis of the study in terms of significant effect size. Moreover, the results consolidated the similarity of the studies in manipulating the problem of this study. In addition to that the heterogeneity stems from differences in the effect size of each study rather than differences in the sample sizes of the studies. Finally the study of exchange rate volatility has greater effect size, next to the study of estimating the error correction of exchange rate model while the studies of appropriate estimator of exchange rate and profitability of commercial banks have slight and insignificant effect size. Finally the different results assure the convenientability of meta analysis in reflecting the chellenges that faced the Sudanese economy and their ramifications, then accordingly the suggested remedies which may help in tackling the matter.

INTRODUCTION: Comprehensive tobacco control policies are lacking in Indonesia where smoking prevalence in males is among the highest in the world. This study aims to explore the knowledge, attitude, opportunities and challenges to tobacco control among local stakeholders. METHODS: This is a qualitative study using in-depth interviews. Four study areas included Bengkulu Province, Bengkulu City, Seluma District, and Kaur District. Eighteen participants interviewed were from policymakers, legislators, and civil societies during November-December 2020. Thematic data analysis was used. RESULTS: While knowledge and support of the existing Smoke Free Policy (SFP) were high, that of other policies such as outdoor tobacco advertising (OTA) ban and tobacco product display ban were low. Among others, one opportunity was there is already SFP regulation in each study area, to which such bans can be added. Among others, three major challenges were: (a) lack of enforcement of the existing SFP, (b) lack of national regulation to ban OTA and product display, and (c) counter actions by the tobacco industry. CONCLUSION: The opportunities and challenges identified could be lessons learnt for more comprehensive tobacco control especially by local governments in Indonesia and other countries with similar settings.

Ensuring the security of business is the object of study of various fields of knowledge. The article highlights different approaches to the interpretation of the concepts of "threat", "risk", "danger" in the field of entrepreneurship, covered in the scientific and educational literature of legal and economic direction, legislation of Ukraine to clarify the conceptual and categorical apparatus and develop proposals to improve legal business security regulation. Significant differences in the definition of the same concept give rise to conflicts in its application in practice, which slows down the regulation of social relations, which are formed as a result of security in business, which in turn increases the level of danger in this area. Our own definitions of the definitions of "threat", "risk", "danger" in the field of entrepreneurial activity are proposed. In the interconnection of these concepts, we recognize a threat that exists objectively in the environment, regardless of behavior of a business entity, as a basic category, but in the case of the latter's risk, it increases the level of its danger. The terms "threat", "risk", "danger" in the field of entrepreneurial activity are not defined at the legislative level. Therefore, it is proposed to develop a legal act Strategy for Business Security, which will define the deadlines and help improve legal regulation in the economic sector and the effective organization of business security in practice

As a discipline, the science of natural hazards and disaster risk aims to explain the spatial-temporal pattern, process and mechanism, emergency response and risk mitigation of natural hazards, which requires a multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary approach. With the support of Natural Science Finance of China (NSFC) and Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), in-depth research and systematic analysis on natural hazards and disaster risk were conducted. In this paper, the state of the art in research on natural hazards is summarized from seven aspects: formation process, mechanism and dynamic of natural hazards, disaster risk assessment, forecast, monitoring and early warning, disaster mitigation, emergency treatment and rescue, risk management and post-disaster reconstruction. The trends within the natural hazards and disaster risk as a discipline were identified, along with existing shortcomings and significant gaps that need to be addressed. This paper highlighted: 1) the scientific challenges including the frontier scientific issues and technological gaps on natural hazards and disaster risk discipline from 2025 to 2035 in China, and 2) the proposal to develop a systemic and holistic natural hazards and disaster risk discipline.

This study aims to investigate the role of upward social comparison in the relationship between challenge and threat appraisals and performance employing experimental design. Specifically, we propose that the effects of upward social comparison information will differ among those who are under challenge and those who are under threat, which then will have implications onto performance.

Illumination estimation is the essential step of computational color constancy, one of the core parts of various image processing pipelines of modern digital cameras. Having an accurate and reliable illumination estimation is important for reducing the illumination influence on the image colors. To motivate the generation of new ideas and the development of new algorithms in this field, two challenges on illumination estimation were conducted. The main advantage of testing a method on a challenge over testing it on some of the known datasets is the fact that the ground- truth illuminations for the challenge test images are unknown up until the results have been submitted, which prevents any potential hyperparameter tuning that may be biased. The First illumination estimation challenge (IEC#1) had only a single task, global illumination estimation. The second illumination estimation challenge (IEC#2) was enriched with two additional tracks that encompassed indoor and two-illuminant illumination estimation. Other main features of it are a new large dataset of images (about 5000) taken with the same camera sensor model, a manual markup accompanying each image, diverse content with scenes taken in numerous countries under a huge variety of illuminations extracted by using the SpyderCube calibration object, and a contest- like markup for the images from the Cube++ dataset. This article focuses on the description of the past two challenges, algorithms which won in each track, and the conclusions that were drawn based on the results obtained during the first and second challenge that can be useful for similar future developments.

The article discusses the basic concepts of modern security theory: “danger”, “threat”, “challenge”, “risk” and “interest”. Based on the analysis of the content and correlation of these terms, the essence, nature and causes of threats to the national security of the Russian Federation are consider. The authors propose a revised definition of “threat to national security” as “a potential problem situation, which, without timely detection and resolution may lead to violation of stable operation or the destruction of the state”. Analysis of modern scientific literature on national security issues has shown that the term “call”, used in the meaning of “signal messages”, does not coincide with the original meaning of the term, understood as “challenge” — a problem C Based on this, the concepts of “threat” and “challenge” (understood as a problem situation) are synonymous. As a result, the authors concluded that there are two different conceptual approaches to security. Eurasian, which is characterize by the “threat — danger — damage” model, and Anglo-Saxon, which considers the mechanism of threat development through the “interest — control — lack of control — challenge — risk” model. In this case, interest and control are consider in relation to resources, territories, technologies, challenge as a problem situation that needs to be solved and risk as a possibility of lost profits.

Alemnew Wale Tegegne,1 Aychew Kassie Gidafie,2 Desalegn Girma Mamo Snr,1 Semahegn Tilahun Wassie,1 Zinie Abita Mengie1 1Department of Midwifery, College of Medicine and Health Science, Mizan Tepi University, Tepi, Ethiopia; 2Department of Nursing, College of Medicine and Health Science, Mizan Tepi University, Tepi, EthiopiaCorrespondence: Alemnew Wale Tegegne Tel +251918657367Email walealemnew@gmail.comBackground: The worldwide COVID-19 pandemic is overstressing health systems and Essential health services and vaccination services are disrupted. Immunization is a confirmed gizmo for governing and even eliminating communicable diseases.Objective: This study aims to assess the challenge and status of immunization during COVID-19 and associated factors among children aged 10– 23 months south Nation Nationality and People Region Ethiopia. Methods and Materials: community-based mixed quantitative and qualitative cross-sectional study was done in southwest Ethiopia. Data was collected using semi-structured questionnaires and in-depth interviews. After that, the data were edited, coded, and move in into Epi info version 7.2 for data management then transported to SPSS version 25 for analysis. The analyzed data were presented by tables, graphs, figures, and text form.Results: According to this study, the prevalence of incomplete immunization was found to be 809 (62.2%) with (95% CI: 59.5, 64.8). In multivariable analysis waiting time at a health facility (AOR=0.04, 95% CI 0.0001,0.004), education (AOR=5.08,95% CI2.31,11.14), place of delivery (AOR=2.34,95% CI 4.96,6.089), fearing of COVID-19 (AOR=3.62,95% CI 1.72,7.64) and do not understand the separation care of COVID-19 and other health services (AOR=2.85,95% CI1.38,5.9) were significantly associated factors.Conclusion: The prevalence of incomplete immunization among children aged 10– 23 months was very high in this study as compared to the other studies done in a different pocket of Ethiopia. Consecutively, reducing waiting time at a health facility, avoiding unnecessary fear of COVID-19, and promoting immunization in a different area of southwest Ethiopia along with health extension workers are recommended.Keywords: immunization status, challenge, children 12– 23-month-old, southwest Ethiopia

Introduction. Water resources management extracts the focus of researchers and authorities all over the world. This is due to water scarcity and increasing water needs. Egypt is one of these countries. Egypt has been suffering from water shortage for 20 years. This paper aims to clarify the main challenges facing water resources management in Egypt and possible opportunities to meet them. Find effective techniques for the conservation of water resources in Egypt. Materials and methods. Comprehensive analysis and deep understanding of previous studies and materials was applied. Results. It was found that the construction of the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam, irrigation of cultivated land and high losses, high evaporation rates and low rainfall, increasing population and the lake of information are the main challenges. Conclusions. Challenges can be eliminated through the execution of specific procedures. Water resources alternatives contribute significantly to mitigating water scarcity. Land use allocation based on optimization modeling and GIS is an effective technique for integrated water resources management. This method has not been addressed in Egypt much and can be applied to various zones.

In recent years, solution‐focused parenting support has been developed and implemented as a promising brief and strength‐based approach. Given the fundamental differences between solution‐focused and the historically more common problem‐focused parenting support and the complexity of transforming professional practice, an actual shift towards solution‐focused parenting support can be expected to be limited up to now. However, because research into the specific communication characteristics of professional parenting support is currently lacking, no conclusion can be drawn at present. Therefore, this study aims to explore the current problem‐ and solution‐focused characteristics of parenting support in the Dutch youth healthcare (YH). In total, 15 support sessions performed by 10 public health nurses were audio recorded and transcribed verbatim. A detailed qualitative content analysis of professional communication was conducted to identify problem‐ and solution‐focused factual, expressive, relational and appealing aspects of parenting support. Problem‐focused characteristics dominated all sessions of parenting support. This study is the first to thoroughly analyse the problem‐focused and solution‐focused communication characteristics of professional parenting support using a qualitative content analysis. Parenting support practice in the Dutch YH did not shift substantially to a solution‐focused approach. More effort is required to stimulate and facilitate this professional transformation.

The right of citizens to privacy in the Republic of Kosovo is guaranteed under the Law on Personal Data Protection. Moreover, this right is guaranteed by the Constitution (Official Gazette, 2008), which is the highest legal act. The purpose of this academic paper goes beyond a superficial assessment of the level of implementation of this fundamental right of the citizen. The core of this paper focuses on highlighting the existing challenges and those that may persist in guaranteeing the privacy of each of us under the reign of the 'Covid 19' Virus in the geographical and psychological space of all citizens of Kosovo. Despite the existence of an independent authority, mandated to oversee the implementation of this right in the public and private sector, its implementation is a permanent mission of this authority, which in our country is the Information and Privacy Agency, but also is subject to challenges, which are not always generated by human negligence. To give the deserved physiognomy to this article, official accessible sources of the sole authority that oversees the implementation of this right in our country have been used. Statistical data presented within the trunk of the paper reinforce the thesis introduced in the introduction of the article, which is confirmed during its full elaboration, reinforcing the view that part of the main challenges for Information and Privacy Agency persists being the limited number of human professional resources, as a guarantee for establishing an unwavering trust among the citizens that their privacy is guaranteed.

The ever-evolving legal and regulatory landscape and resulting pressure on organizations to adapt and comply is just one of many factors that have turned compliance management into a crucial yet increasingly complicated activity. In recent years, numerous compliance challenges have been reported on and traditional approaches for managing legal and regulatory risks are increasingly being scrutinized. This paper provides an overview of the main challenges faced by commercial organizations and goes on to focus on what is referred to as a holistic, integrated approach to managing compliance. It explores the key characteristics and suggested benefits of the approach, as well as some factual and more substantive arguments in support of its claims and underlying logic. Borrowing from criminological theory, it further argues that despite the potential benefits of a holistic view of compliance, there equally remains room for caution.

Background and purpose: The occurrence of primary orbital lymphoma comprises approximately 1% of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma and 8% of extranodal lymphoma. The vast majority of orbital lymphomas are of B-cell origin, of which extranodal marginal zone B-cell lymphoma is the most common subtype. The purpose of this paper was to present the diagnostic challenges in a case of orbital lymphoma. Case presentation: An 84-year -old woman with orbital tumour was operated on after a long period of inappropriate treatment. It was later diagnosed as B-cell lymphoma. Conclusion: Orbital lymphoma can be easily mistaken for another ocular disease due to the slowly progressing non-specific complaints of the patients. We should be alert to the possibility of this ocular diagnosis when we are presented with an elderly patient with proptosis.

This study investigates and fully identifies the challenges of the Iranian e-learning system. The approach was qualitative and the method was research synthesis. The statistical population consisted of studies from 2006 to 2019 in the field of challenges of the e-learning system of Iran collected with specific keywords from the country’s databases. A total of 48 studies were identified as relevant. They were screened in stages and evaluated based on their title, abstract, and content. The final 19 articles selected underwent content analysis, revealing that Iran’s e-learning system faces problems in eight dimensions: legal, human, educational, technological, sociocultural, support, economic, and managerial-organizational. The results of the analysis could serve as a model for countries with similar technology infrastructure and cultural features wishing to improve their e-learning systems.

This article reassesses whether, and if so how and why, China contests the WTO's liberal trade order. Our framework on 'varieties of contestation' goes beyond the mainstream view of a monolithic Chinese trade policy that either challenges or supports the liberal trade order. We propose a two-step approach that allows for a more differentiated assessment. First, a constructivist analysis captures the extent to which China embraces liberal trade norms. China may contest the validity of the liberal compromise that underpins WTO rules (frame contestation) or merely express disapproval regarding their application (claim contestation). Second, a political-economic analysis of sector-specific preferences allows us to explain why China engages in contestation in some cases, but not in others. Empirically, we examine three sectors that have played a crucial role in recent WTO discussions: steel, agriculture, and information technology. We find that contestation is more prevalent in steel and agriculture compared to IT. It is only with respect to the steel sector, which is state-permeated and where behind-the-border regulation is at stake, that China contests the validity of the prevailing liberal compromise. This pattern of selective contestation suggests that China will neither entirely abandon the WTO nor proactively revive it.

This article examines the effects of state-society relations for the development of hydropower programs in the North Western Ethiopia. The Beles valley is one of the major development corridor recognized in the country of which attempts were made to harness hydropower in the mid 1980s. In this valley, hydropower development program was initiated to enhance sustainable national economy through power production. However, this public investment has been facing challenges shortly after the commencement of the project. Methodologically, the paper is based on qualitative method conducted in cross sectional manner in the Beles upper valley, North Western Ethiopia. Data were collected through interviews, focus group discussions and consultation of secondary documents. The data were analyzed through thematic and content analysis. The major challenge of the hydropower development practice in the Beles valley was associated with state-actor relations. There was security dynamics by the move violence between the state force and insurgent armed group. The situation was further complicated by the society’s negative perception to the project attempted to be implemented in the upper stream by government. Related to these, low linkage between the Beles valley rural communities to the nearby administration and regional economy has also impacted the development of Beles hydroelectric projects. The article shows that how the state, actors and society relations affected the development projects attempted in mid 1980s for implementation in the Beles valley.

Clinical testing of bronchial hyperreactivity (BHR) provides valuable information in asthma diagnostics. Nevertheless, the test results depend to a great extent on the testing procedure: test substance, apparatus and protocol. In Nordic countries, three protocols predominate in the testing field: Per Malmberg, Nieminen and Sovijarvi methods. However, knowledge of their equivalence is limited. We aimed to find equivalent provocative doses (PD) to obtain similar bronchoconstrictive responses for the three protocols. We recruited 31 patients with suspected asthma and health care workers and performed BHR testing with methacholine according to Malmberg and Nieminen methods, and with histamine according to Sovijarvi. We obtained the individual response-dose slopes for each method and predicted equivalent PD values. Applying a mixed-model, we found significant differences in the mean (standard error of mean) response-dose (forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1)%/mg): Sovijarvi 7.2 (1.5), Nieminen 13.8 (4.2) and Malmberg 26 (7.3). We found that the earlier reported cut-point values for moderate BHR and marked BHR between the Sovijarvi (PD15) and Nieminen (PD20) methods were similar, but with the Malmberg method a significant bronchoconstrictive reaction was measured with lower PD20 values. We obtained a relationship between slope values and PD (mg) between different methods, useful in epidemiological research and clinical practice.

Background: Smoking is among the top contributors to deaths and disability-adjusted life years in Indonesia, particularly among males. In 2012, a presidential decree encouraged provinces and districts to implement a smoke-free policy (SFP). This study aims to evaluate compliance and explore the challenges in the implementation. \ud \ud Methods: Through a mixed-methods design, we used quantitative methods to examine the compliance with six criteria including signage, no active smoking, no selling, no advertisement, no smoke, and no ashtray at SFP facilities in Bengkulu city. We observed SFP compliance at 105 facilities, including health/educational facilities, places of worship, workplaces, and indoor/outdoor public facilities. We also used a qualitative method to explore challenges in the implementation through interviews with the government and legislators. \ud \ud Results: The compliance rate to all six criteria was 38% overall, ranging from 17% at outdoor public facilities to 67% at health facilities. We found no spatial patterning, as shown by non-significant differences in compliance rates between SFP facilities inside and outside of 1-kilometer around the provincial and city health offices. Implementation challenges included lack of sensitization, lack of coordination, and limited budget. \ud \ud Conclusion: The compliance was relatively low due to several challenges, which could serve as a tobacco control policy lesson in a lower-middle-income country.

Artificial intelligence (AI) methods for the automatic detection and quantification of COVID-19 lesions in chest computed tomography (CT) might play an important role in the monitoring and management of the disease. We organized an international challenge and competition for the development and comparison of AI algorithms for this task, which we supported with public data and state-of-the-art benchmark methods. Board Certified Radiologists annotated 295 public images from two sources (A and B) for algorithms training (n=199, source A), validation (n=50, source A) and testing (n=23, source A; n=23, source B). There were 1,096 registered teams of which 225 and 98 completed the validation and testing phases, respectively. The challenge showed that AI models could be rapidly designed by diverse teams with the potential to measure disease or facilitate timely and patient-specific interventions. This paper provides an overview and the major outcomes of the COVID-19 Lung CT Lesion Segmentation Challenge - 2020.

The article is devoted to the concepts of business and human rights in metamodernism era (postpostmodern), when the contradictory processes of globalization and glocalization of economical and legal relations simultaneously create new opportunities and challenge the actuality and effectiveness of legal mechanisms of promotion of human rights in business field.It is emphasized that despite some progress in promoting the concept of business and human rights,the question whether international and national law is able to oblige businesses to sustain humanrights remains relevant. It is determined that the concept of business and human rights is based onthe categories of public interest, which is realized and taken into account by voluntary commitmentand implementation of relevant obligations of business entities and positive obligations of the statein the field of human rights. The article analyzes political and economic global trends and challenges which influence theconcept of business and human rights. Increasing asymmetry and inequality, changes in the systemof international economic institutions, especially financial, development of digital technologies,contradictory processes of integration and disintegration, expansion of illegal business and migration,the phenomenon of “Black Swans,” global economic crises and the covid -19 pandemic areprompting the necessity to provide sustainable development and social responsibility to business.Emphasis is placed on raising the level of awareness of business about the necessity and expediencyof observing human rights standards not only for ethical reasons, but also as a means of improvingtheir own success and competitiveness.The article also examines the main trends in the development of law which occur under the influenceof globalization and the demand for a new social contract, such as socialization, anthropologizationand ecologization of law, increasing the impact of crises, conflicts, pandemics on the content of law,expanding the scope and range of legal issues. changing the ratio of international and national legalregulation, changes in the subject area, raising the topics of non-state and global law, convergenceof public and private, changes in the system of sources of international law, blending of legal andnon-legal forms of regulation.It is emphasized that one of the trends in the development of international regulation of businessresponsibility in the field of human rights is the demand for more “strict” legal regulation, but thequestion is the realism and effectiveness of “strengthening” the legal force of international acts aboutbusiness responsibility in the field of human rights.The opinion on its own regulatory value of norms of soft law in the given sphere is expressed., Статья посвящена концепции бизнеса и прав человека в эпоху метамодерна (постпостмодерна), когда противоречивые процессы глобализации (и глокализации) экономических и правовых отношений одновременно создают новые возможности и бросают вызов действенности и эффективности юридических механизмов обеспечения прав человека в сфере бизнеса. Отмечается, что несмотря на определенные успехи в продвижении концепции бизнеса и правчеловека, актуальными остаются вопросы способности международного и национального праваобязать бизнес соблюдать права человека. Определено, что концепция бизнеса и прав человекабазируется на категориях общественного интереса, который осознается и учитывается путем добровольного взятия и реализации соответствующих обязательств субъектами предпринимательской деятельности и положительных обязательствах государства в области прав человека.Анализируются политико-экономические глобальные тренды и вызовы, влияющие на концепцию бизнеса и прав человека. Проблемы увеличения асимметрии и неравенства, изменения в системе международных экономических институтов, особенно финансовых, развитие цифровых технологий, противоречивые процессы интеграции и дезинтеграции, расширение нелегального бизнеса и миграции, феномен “черных лебедей,” глобальные кризисы в экономике и пандемия COVID-19 актуализируют необходимость обеспечение устойчивогоразвития и социальной ответственности бизнеса. Определено, что главным глобальным трендомстановится поиск более справедливого, базирующегося на значимости общин ценностей, посткапиталистического нового мирового порядка (что находит свое выражение в концептах “stakeholder capitalism,” “глобальный социализм,” “конец капитализма,” “великая перезагрузка” и т. п.) и запрос на формирование нового общественного договора, способного согласовать интересы государства, общества и бизнеса, обеспечить права человека и уважение достоинства, противостоять кризисам и конфликтам современности. Подчеркивается повышение уровняосознанности самым бизнесом необходимости и целесообразности соблюдения стандартовправ человека не только по этическим соображениям, но и как средства повышения собственнойуспешности и конкурентоспособности.В статье рассматриваются также основные тенденции развития права, происходящие подвлиянием глобализации и запроса на новый общественный договор: социализация, антро-пологизация и экологизация права, повышение влияния последствий кризисов, конфликтов,пандемий на содержание права, расширение сферы и круга вопросов, которые регулируютсяправом, изменение соотношения международного и национального правового регулирования,изменения в субъектной сфере, постановка вопроса о негосударственном и глобальном праве,конвергенция публичного и частного, изменения в системе источников международного права,смешение правовых и неправовых форм регулирования.Отмечается, что одной из тенденций развития международного регулирования ответственностибизнеса в сфере прав человека является запрос на более “жесткое” правовое регулирование,однако вопрос заключается в реалистичности и действенности “укрепление” юридической силымеждународных актов об ответственности бизнеса в сфере прав человека. Высказано мнениео собственной регулятивной ценности норм soft law в данной сфере., Статтю присвячено концепції бізнесу та прав людини в епоху метамодерну (постпостмодерну), коли суперечливі процеси глобалізації (та глокалізації) економічних і правових відносин одночасно створюють нові можливості й кидають виклик дієвості та ефективності юридичних механізмів забезпечення прав людини у сфері бізнесу. Наголошується, що попри певні успіхи у промоції концепції бізнесу та прав людини, актуальними залишаються питання спроможності міжнародного та національного права зобов’язати бізнес дотримуватися прав людини. Визначено, що концепція бізнесу та прав людини базується на категоріях суспільного інтересу, який усвідомлюється і враховується через добровільне взяття і реалізацію відповідних зобов’язань суб’єктами підприємницької діяльності та позитивні зобов’язання держави у сфері прав людини. Аналізуються політико-економічні глобальні тренди та виклики, що впливають на концепцію бізнесу та прав людини. Проблеми збільшення асиметрії та нерівності, зміни в системі міжнародних економічних інституцій, особливо фінансових, розвиток цифрових технологій, суперечливі процеси інтеграції та дезінтеграції, розширення нелегального бізнесу та міграції, феномен “чорних лебедів,” глобальні кризи в економіці та пандемія COVID-19 актуалізують необхідність забезпечення сталого розвитку та соціальної відповідальності бізнесу. Визначено, що головним глобальним трендом стає пошук більш справедливого, усвідомленого значущості спільних цінностей, посткапіталістичного нового світового устрою (що виражається у концептах “stakeholder capitalism,” “глобальний соціалізм,” “кінець капіталізму,” “велике перезавантаження” тощо) і запит на формування нового суспільного договору, здатного узгодити інтереси держави, суспільства та бізнесу, забезпечити права людини та повагу до гідності, протистояти кризамі конфліктам сьогодення. Підкреслюється підвищення рівня усвідомленості самим бізнесом необхідності та доцільності дотримання стандартів прав людини не лише з етичних міркувань, а й як засобу підвищення власної успішності та конкурентоздатності.У статті розглядаються також основні тенденції розвитку права, що відбуваються під впливом глобалізації та запиту на новий суспільний договір: соціалізація, антропологізація та екологізація права, підвищення впливу наслідків криз, конфліктів, пандемій на зміст права, розширення сфери та кола питань, які регулюються правом, зміна співвідношення міжнародного та національного правового регулювання, зміни у суб’єктній сфері, постановка питання про недержавне та глобальне право, конвергенція публічного та приватного, зміни у системі джерел міжнародногоправа, “змішування” правових і неправових форм регулювання. Наголошується, що однією з тенденцій розвитку міжнародного регулювання відповідальності бізнесу в сфері прав людини є запит на більш “жорстке” правове регулювання, однак питання полягає у реалістичності та дієвості “зміцнення” юридичної сили міжнародних актів щодо відповідальності бізнесу в сфері прав людини. Висловлено думку про власну регулятивну цінність норм soft law у цій сфері.

Water policy-making requires the dedicated involvement of all stakeholders, but difficulties remain for the community sector. This study aims to examine the critical challenges of community involvement in water policy decision-making in Thailand. Both qualitative and quantitative methods used in this research project consisted of 39 interviews with informants from a variety of interested parties and 403 community members from around the East Coast River Basin in Thailand completing a survey questionnaire. The results have shown that although mechanisms to enable community involvement in decision-making, such as public consultation and water-related committees, exist, problems remain within the community sector. The critical challenges lie in the opportunities of being consulted and the sharing of power in water policy-making. Although the networks are important, at the same time, they are also obstructing the community sectors in linking their requirements to a final decision, as well as dealing with politics, policy-makers, and staff who organized the process. Therefore, the government should further develop water committee mechanisms by setting up a comprehensive yet practically easy consultation process so that new or inexperienced community members get an opportunity to practice and learn the vital elements necessary in water policy-making. Further research should be conducted in order to compare the opportunities in water decision-making between communities in rural and urban areas. Studies at the local government level should be carried out, with results used as a mechanism to enable community involvement at higher levels of water policy decision-making.

Carbon labeling scheme as a quantitative measure on carbon emissions of product or service, can be applied to leading low carbon consumption and production, which is also a powerful tool to achieve carbon neutral. The policy brief reviews the progress of carbon labelling scheme to provide insight into its future perspectives on carbon neutrality in China. The results show that: ① China has not officially fostered as a carbon labeling system, but there is a pilot attempt to electric appliance; ② Publics’ perception towards carbon labeling scheme is in a lower level; ③ There is a room for improvement on the existing carbon labeling scheme, to improve its transparency and comparison.

Immune associated cells in the microenvironment have a significant impact on the development and progression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and have received more and more attention. Different types of immune-associated cells play different roles, including promoting/inhibiting HCC and several different types that are controversial. It is well known that immune escape of HCC has become a difficult problem in tumor therapy. Therefore, in recent years, a large number of studies have focused on the immune microenvironment of HCC, explored many mechanisms worth identifying tumor immunosuppression, and developed a variety of immunotherapy methods as targets, laying the foundation for the final victory in the fight against HCC. This paper reviews recent studies on the immune microenvironment of HCC that are more reliable and important, and provides a more comprehensive view of the investigation of the immune microenvironment of HCC and the development of more immunotherapeutic approaches based on the relevant summaries of different immune cells.

This special issue of the CEPS Journal aims to make room for new expe-riences and insights, to define challenges and exchange experiences, and to ana-lyse the factors that have influenced education and the ways – coping strategies – for dealing with “educational stress” in the given circumstances. The aim of the special issue is to analyse the experiences of different countries, different so-cio-cultural contexts and different subjects, as well as the different perceptions of teachers, students, parents and institutions, in order to gain insights into and better understand the process of education in crisis circumstances. However, we are well aware that after the pandemic subsides, nothing will be exactly the same as in pre-pandemic education.

Few studies to date have evaluated dementia care in Malaysia, and the focus of studies has primarily been on epidemiological and laboratory research. In this study, we aimed to identify potential challenges for the delivery of dementia care in Malaysia and priorities for research and enhancing existing dementia care. This study used thematic analysis to evaluate the open and focus group workshop discussions guided by semi-structured questions. Triangulation of the collected data (sticky notes, collated field notes, and transcripts of discussions) was achieved through stakeholder consensus agreement during a workshop held in 2017. Five main themes as priorities for dementia care were identified: (1) availability of a valued multi-disciplinary care service, (2) accessibility of training to provide awareness, (3) the functionality of the governance in establishing regulation and policy to empower care services, (4) perceived availability and accessibility of research data, and (5) influence of cultural uniqueness. The findings of this study seek to enhance existing dementia care in Malaysia but have potential application for other low and middle-income countries with a similar social and health care set up. The constructed relationship between themes also tries to tackle the challenges in a more efficient and effective manner, as none of these aforementioned issues are standalone challenges. In addition, we demonstrated how a carefully constructed workshop with defined aims and objectives can provide a useful analysis tool to evaluate health and social care challenges in a multidisciplinary forum.

The novel coronavirus (COVID-19) was first identified in Wuhan, China, in December 2019 among a cluster of patients that presented with an unidentified form of viral pneumonia with a shared history of visiting the Huanan seafood market. The pathogen has been identified as a novel enveloped RNA Betacoronavirus that has currently been named severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), and has a phylogenetic similarity to SARS-CoV. The World Health Organization (WHO) declared coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19), caused by SARS-COV2, is a public health emergency of international concern which is a threat to all countries including Iran.

The purpose of the study is to analyze the current situation of ideological and political education and psychological education of college students, and explore the challenges faced by these two kinds of education in the information age. First, different research methods, such as literature research, questionnaire survey, and interdisciplinary research, are used to investigate and study the current situation of ideological and political education and psychological education of college students. Second, the survey data are analyzed to reveal the challenges they have encountered. The results show that there are many problems in ideological and political education, which need to be improved and strengthened. The Internet has a strong attraction for college students, but the purpose of getting online of many college students is not clear. Although it plays an important role in improving teaching quality by helping college students establish correct attitudes toward their study, values, life, and society, ideological and political education lack strong pertinence and effectiveness due to the professionalism of the teachers. And the negative impact of network information on ideological and political education of college students is also obvious. About 11.4% of the respondents believe that network information affects their physical and mental health. About 8.4% of the respondents believe that harmful information on the network is easy to induce students to behave wrongly. About 41% believe that computer games distract them from learning, which indicates that the negative impact of network information on college students cannot be underestimated, and it is imperative to strengthen the ideological and political education of college students. The research provides a useful reference for the ideological and political and psychological education in the information environment and helps to solve the problem in the ideological and political education and psychological education of college students.

Universal Health Coverage (UHC) is an ambitious goal in health service with sustainable development goal (SDG). Likewise this goal is a mean and end as well in comparison with other goals. The lessons that countries are currently learning from the COVID-19 pandemic all underscore that investing in health for all is not optional. Stable, equitable, prosperous and peaceful society and economy is only possible when no one is left behind. This global crisis created from COVID-19 pandemic could be an opportunity to seize the moment to make changes that benefit both UHC and health security. Foundations of Universal Health Coverage Philosophical Foundation The philosophical foundation of UHC is based with health care as fundamental human right and it is not limited with certain group or class of people (1). In the spirit of previous unifying concepts such as Health for All, basic health needs, and the Alma-Ata declaration, it presents a vision in which all citizens will enjoy a strong and efficient health system that spans preventive and curative medicine, affordable access to that health system, access to relevant medicines, and sufficient human resources. Current sustainable development goal (goal 3) universal health care has been modified and revised form of previous approach of primary health care, Millennium Development Goal (MDG) and other related movement in health care for justice. Previous developing countries health needs has been extended for all countries and accepted on the ground of justice and equity in SDG goal 3.

EFSA received a mandate from the European Commission to assess the effectiveness of some of the control measures against diseases included in the Category A list according to Regulation (EU) 2016/429 on transmissible animal diseases ('Animal Health Law'). This opinion belongs to a series of opinions where these control measures will be assessed, with this opinion covering the assessment of control measures for Classical swine fever (CSF). In this opinion, EFSA and the AHAW Panel of experts review the effectiveness of: (i) clinical and laboratory sampling procedures, (ii) monitoring period and (iii) the minimum radii of the protection and surveillance zones, and the minimum length of time the measures should be applied in these zones. The general methodology used for this series of opinions has been published elsewhere; nonetheless, details of the model used for answering these questions are presented in this opinion as well as the transmission kernels used for the assessment of the minimum radius of the protection and surveillance zones. Several scenarios for which these control measures had to be assessed were designed and agreed prior to the start of the assessment. Here, several recommendations are given on how to increase the effectiveness of some of the sampling procedures. Based on the average length of the period between virus introduction and the reporting of a CSF suspicion, the monitoring period was assessed as non-effective. In a similar way, it was recommended that the length of the measures in the protection and surveillance zones were increased from 15 to 25 days in the protection zone and from 30 to 40 days in the surveillance zone. Finally, the analysis of existing Kernels for CSF suggested that the radius of the protection and the surveillance zones comprise 99% of the infections from an affected establishment if transmission occurred. Recommendations provided for each of the scenarios assessed aim to support the European Commission in the drafting of further pieces of legislation, as well as for plausible ad hoc requests in relation to CSF. (C) 2021 European Food Safety Authority. EFSA Journal published by John Wiley and Sons Ltd on behalf of European Food Safety Authority.

Cancer immunotherapy is becoming more important in the clinical setting, especially for cancers resistant to conventional chemotherapy, including targeted therapy. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy, which uses patient’s autologous T cells, combined with engineered T cell receptors, has shown remarkable results, with five US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approvals to date. CAR-T cells have been very effective in hematologic malignancies, such as diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL), B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL), and multiple myeloma (MM); however, its effectiveness in treating solid tumors has not been evaluated clearly. Therefore, many studies and clinical investigations are emerging to improve the CAR-T cell efficacy in solid tumors. The novel therapeutic approaches include modifying CARs in multiple ways or developing a combination therapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors and chemotherapies. In this review, we focus on the challenges and recent advancements in CAR-T cell therapy for solid tumors.