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Acute liver injury is a serious threat to human health. Complementary therapy including a traditional Chinese herb has been used for the prevention and treatment of liver injuries. Schisandrae sphenantherae fructus (Schisandra) is the mature dry fruit of Schisandra sphenanthera Rehd. et Wils. Wuzhi capsule, a preparation containing Schisandra and its main component anwulignan, is used to treat hepatitis and hepatic insufficiency caused by viruses and drugs in the clinic. However, to date, there has been little study to reveal the effect of anwulignan in the protection of the liver. Therefore, in this study, we hypothesized that anwulignan could protect carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced acute liver injury in mice. Anwulignan was shown to reduce significantly the liver index, decrease liver histopathological injury, decrease the serum level of aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase, increase the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase, reduce liver malondialdehyde content, and downregulate the expression levels of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, and tumor necrosis factor-α in the liver tissue, as well as the protein expression levels of receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 1 (RIPK1), RIPK3, and phosphorylated mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein. All these results suggest that anwulignan can alleviate the CCl4-induced acute liver injury in mice, which may be related to its antioxidant, anti-inflammation, and inhibition of liver cell necroptosis effects.

It has been proved that MOOC can effectively improve the teaching quality of higher education, but specifically, the study of SPOC of local undergraduate colleges in china is relatively less. We gather the data from Chuzhou University bachelor students with the purpose of investigating the reliability and validity of SPOC, as well as its satisfaction, the data was analyzed by SPSS 22.0 software. Based on the empirical results, this study concludes with a set of principles for activities in the SPOC context.

It is evident that a STEP-based PnP (plug-and-play) CAD/CAPP integrative tool is very helpful for product data integration. However, the problem is in the difficulty in developing an integrated PnP tool that can be applied to heterogeneous CAD and CAPP systems. This paper presents the framework of a CAD/CAPP integrative tool with PnP characteristics. This implementation is by a series of model mapping from AP203 to AP224 and between AP214 and AP203/AP224.

Collaborative virtual environment model and role scheme are two research branches in computer science. Collaborative activities need an effective mechanism to support participants' roles and rights 'while role schemes can be applied to this field. In this paper, we present a new generic role-based and agent-oriented model for collaborative virtual environment based on discussion of collaborative activity as an essential role in the research of CVE. It introduces role schemes to establish more efficient collaborative virtual environments. The proposed model includes two important parts: collaborative entity and collaborative event. It also advances intelligent entity in running state and collaborative federation in this model to describe cooperation in collaborative virtual environment.

The e-business needs the value-added-based completely online dynamic model and analysis framework including some processes from value-chain ontology-based modeling, value decomposition, analysis and reconstruction, value process modeling, value-driven inter-organizational workflow modeling, value-added e-negotiation analysis between value chain partners, interoperability and integration of value chain. It is base to implement business intelligence. This paper provides the formula patterns and analysis methods based-on value-driven modeling for e-business, and present the value-driven analytical framework for business intelligence. The important e-business model - e-marketplace is made for value-driven business analysis

As an extension of WWW, Web-based collaborative virtual environment is a next generation interface, for collaborators geographically dispersed to work together. Virtual reality modeling language, a kind of description language for 3D worlds, is appropriate for constructing, distributing, and rendering a shared 3D world of CVE system over WWW. However, the current VRML technology does not support multi-user directly and all VRML contents per se are collaboration-unaware. To supply the gap between VRML world and CVE system, Java technology is integrated with VRML through an interface called external authoring interface (EAI) provided by VRML language. This paper analyses the requirements and design considerations of generic CVE system; then it presents generic system architecture for CVE systems. Based on these design considerations and requirements, this paper proposes a new Java-based framework for web-based CVE which adopts VRML language to construct, distribute and render a shared 3D world over the Internet, and integrates Java with VRML through EAI to manage and control the virtual world to support multi-user collaboration.

Modeling collaborative virtual environment completely has two emphasizes including static definition and dynamic state transition representation. This paper presents a new complete model called ERACVE integrating fuzzy-timing Petri nets with role and agent technology, which involves two parts. A fundamental part defines CVE as a five-tuple containing all important components and give series of formal definition one by one. To explicitly represent dynamic state transition which is according with timing aging to satisfy 4D and real-time requirements, an extended fuzzy-timing Petri nets formal modeling technique is employed in modeling state transitions of intelligent entity in running state, collaborative federation, and collaborative activity. Also, an application of ERACVE to shared object concurrent manipulation is given to verify this model's validity. Integrated fundamental part with expanded part, ERACVE is a complete model for CVE not only on formal static definition but also on dynamic state transition description.

Software quality relies on the quality of software process to a high degree. In this paper, we first introduce the related work and list the design requirements of an ideal software process improvement system. Based on CMM/CMW, ISO/IEC 15504, ISO 9000-3 and Bootstrap, etc., software process assessment and improvement methods and standards, this paper provides a methodology for benchmark-based adaptable software process improvement (MBASPI), and introduces the main components of its support environment (MBASPI/E). With the philosophy of "balance and optimum", through large granular software process reuse, using software process modeling language to construct the unified models of practical development, and through the enactment of these models under the support environment combining with domain knowledge to force software development organizations to comply some process standards, so to achieve a higher capability maturity level and realize a continuous software process improvement natively.

Modeling hybrid avatar and virtual actor is an important work having very important influence on the overall collaborative virtual environment for they are considered as key elements of communication, collaboration and interaction. This paper analyzed modeling requirements, which are divided into two types: body and brain requirements. To satisfy brain requirements, keystone of modeling work, role scheme and agent technology are employed. Hence, this paper analyzed relationship among role, agent and brain requirements to assure that combining role theory with agent technology is feasible to model hybrid avatar and virtual actor with all brain requirements satisfied. The paper also presented a role based agent oriented model for hybrid avatar and virtual actor, which is an integrated package of body part and brain part that cooperate with each other. The body part contains a graphic representation and a set of interfaces provided to the brain part, which is role-based and agent-oriented.

Collision-free locomotion of avatar is premise of its automatic constant navigation in CVE. This paper discussed how to design a horizontal collision detection scheme to prevent avatar from penetrating into all other virtual entities without stalling to achieve collision-free motion. First, it proposed several design considerations for a horizontal collision detection scheme. Second, it attached collision precaution and collision repulsive field to obstacles and divided process procedure of collision detection into three processes: collision determination, collision avoidance and path amendment. Furthermore, it presented a new collision detection scheme PMBHCD based on two level 2D projection maps, Free Space Map and Detail Projection Map PMBHCD is discussed in three situations, applied different approaches, according to three types of obstacles: static obstacle, moving obstacle and other avatars. Finally, an implementation is described in details.