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Хвороба моя-моя відноситься до судинної патології головного мозку і є хронічною оклюзуючою васкулопатією. У перебігу хвороби відбувається формування колатеральної мережі на основі головного мозку, що на ангіограмах створює враження димки. Наведено клінічний випадок хвороби моя-моя у 32-річної пацієнтки з повторними інфарктами головного мозку в басейні лівої середньої мозкової артерії. Діагноз встановлено на підставі діагностичних критеріїв захворювання за даними сучасних методів нейровізуалізації.

Анализируются 200 пациентов с положительными тестами на скрытое левшество и исследованием когнитивных функций с применением авторского скринингового теста. Возраст больных — от 30 до 65 лет (в среднем 41,0 ± 5,3 года), из них мужчин — 116 (58,0 %), женщин — 84 (42,0 %). При использовании стандартного исследования неврологического статуса у них были установлены следующие неврологические коморбидные диагнозы: ишемический мозговой инсульт — у 22 больных (11,0 %), дискогенно-венозная люмбосакральная радикуломиелоишемия — у 74 (37,0 %), рассеянный склероз — у 16 (8,0 %), вегетососудистая дистония с гипоталамическими пароксизмами — у 74 (37,0 %), паркинсонизм — у 14 (7,0 %). Исследование тестов на скрытое левшество и состояние когнитивных функций в дополнение к стандартному изучению неврологического статуса значительно расширяет круг диагностических возможностей. Терапевтические и нейрореабилитационные мероприятия должны проводиться с учетом клинических симптомов и признаков всех коморбидных патологий и соблюдением правил хорошей клинической практики.

Introduction. Speckled lentiginous nevus or Nevus Spilus (NS) is a congenital or acquired melanocytic nevus. NS appears as dark hyperpigmented macules or papules interspersed in the lentigo-like hyperpigmentation patch. Surgical methods for removing NS, primarily on the skin with a thin dermis, are associated with the risk of disruption of its structure or scarring. The use of single wavelength laser irradiation allowed achieving pronounced bleaching of the NS area with such side effects as scars, post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation, and relapses in some cases. Side effects could occur due to the lack of complete blood flow in the microvascular bed near the NS. The study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of NS treatment with a dual-wavelength copper vapor laser (CVL). Description of patients and the method of the treatment. Two fair-skinned adult female patients with NS, of medium size and different location, asked to restore the natural colour of the skin in order to get rid of cosmetic defects. NS treatment was carried out using CVL (Yakhroma-Med model, P.N.Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences) during six procedures, an interval of 46weeks. For treatment, we used two-wavelength CVL radiation with average power in the range of 0.60.8W with a power ratio of 3:2 at wavelengths of 511 nm and 578 nm; exposure time: 0.20.3 s. The diameter of the light spot on the skin accounted for 1 mm. Both patients were satisfied with the result of the treatment due to the noticeable blanching of the pigmented skin area after the NS removal. During the following two years, no dark spots or scarring was observed at the NS removal site. Conclusion. Treatment of medium-sized NS using two-wavelength CVL radiation made it possible toeliminate the cosmetic defect without side effects.

Gaucher disease (GD) is the most common lysosomal storage disorder, resulting from a deficiency in the activity of a lysosomal enzyme glucocerebrosidase, which is involved in the catabolism of sphingolipids. The phenomenal progress in understanding the pathogenesis and development of specific therapy of this disease over the past 60 years dramatically changed the clinical phenotype of GD, turning a severe progressive disorder into an asymptomatic metabolic defect. The evolution of the understanding of GD associated with fundamental discoveries in the field of cell biology, biochemistry and genetics may be of interest to a wide audience as a model of the effective work of the scientific community in the treatment of rare metabolic pathology.Болезнь Гоше (БГ) наиболее распространенное и хорошо изученное заболевание из группы лизосомных болезней накопления, возникающее вследствие наследственного дефицита активности лизосомного фермента кислой -глюкозидазы (глюкоцереброзидазы), участвующего в катаболизме сфинголипидов. Без преувеличения феноменальные успехи в изучении патогенеза и разработке специфической терапии данного заболевания во 2-й половине XX начале XXI в. кардинально изменили клинический фенотип БГ, превратив тяжелое прогрессирующее заболевание в бессимптомный метаболический дефект. Эволюция представлений о БГ, тесно связанная с фундаментальными открытиями в области клеточной биологии, биохимии и генетики, может представлять интерес не только для узкой группы специалистов, занимающихся диагностикой и лечением БГ, но и для более широкой аудитории как модель эффективной работы научного сообщества в лечении редкой метаболической патологии.

Background. Pyogenic granuloma (PG) or lobular capillary hemangioma, ICD10 code: L98.0. appears as a single bright red or violet papule up to 20 mm in size, on the face, fingers, skull surface, arms, and intergluteal fold, as well as on the oral mucous membranes. Surgical removal of facial PG is not always possible due to insufficient thickness of the dermis. Treatment of PG with a pulsed dye laser (PDL) or neodymium laser (Nd:YAG) can achieve a noticeable elimination of the lesion but is reported to be accompanied by such side effects as purpura or scarring. It determines the feasibility of introducing into clinical practice the methods of laser treatment of PG using the radiation of a copper vapor laser (CVL) with a wavelength of 578 nm, which effectively absorbed by the blood. Aim. The assessment of the clinical efficacy and safety of the CVL treating PG. Methods. 26 adult patients with PG in various parts of the face, including the lips, limbs, and trunk, were included in this study. PG treatment was carried out in one session with CVL (Yakhroma-Med, FIAN) at an average power of 0.71.0 W, at a wavelength of 578 nm, exposure time 0.20.3 s. The diameter of the light spot is 1 mm. Results. Immediately after the single laser treatment, the PG involved area became grey. In 710 days, the irradiated area was utterly similar to the adjacent intact skin. No postoperative bleeding or infection was noted. Side effects included mild skin atrophy. During the follow-up observation for five years, no side effects were found. Conclusion. The high efficiency of PG elimination using CVL in the absence of pronounced side effects allows suggesting this method for introducing into dermatologists and cosmetologists' clinical practice as a highly effective and inexpensive method of treatment.

Background. Granulomas of the vermilion border of the lips (GVBL); as a complication of lip tattooing; inevitably poses cosmetic problems. Surgical excision and cryodestruction are associated with an increased risk of scarring and recurrence of GVBL. Laser therapy can selectively destroy a pigment and achieve the desired cosmetic result with minimal risk of side effects. So laser treatment was reported to be a more relevant method of treatment of GVBL. Aim. To evaluate the effectiveness of treatment of GVBL with copper vapor laser (CVL) radiation. Case report. 39-year-old female patient; without manifestations of systemic sarcoidosis; reported a 2-year history of granulomas of the lips vermilion border. She had a permanent makeup cosmetic tattoo before the onset of granulomas after lip tattooing. Histopathological examination revealed the presence of pigment in the upper and middle layers of the dermis. GVBL treatment was performed using a CVL during a single procedure; with an average CVL power of 0.60.8 W; with a ratio of 3:2 at wavelengths of 511 nm and 578 nm; exposure time 0.3 s. Light spot diameter 1 mm. CVL treatment led to a pronounced elimination of all GVBL without side effects within five years. Discussion. CVL allows a combined mode of exposure; consisting of grinding large granules of pigment to sizes that can be absorbed by the lymphatic system and suppressing VEGF expression using radiation with a wavelength of 578 nm. Conclusions. The CVL treatment provided an excellent cosmetic result due to selective photodestruction of the pigment and complete remodeling of the vascular bed associated with GVBL. The high clinical efficiency of eliminating post-tattooing foci of GVBL using CVL without side effects allows us to suggest this method for dermatologists and cosmetologists as a highly effective and inexpensive way to eliminate complications of permanent makeup.

This article is devoted to the development of a mechanism for ensuring the economic secu-rity of the coastal Arctic region. The analysis showed that in the Strategy of economic security of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2030 the mechanism of economic security for the regional level is not proposed, as well as indicators that take into account specific features in the development of territorial systems are not proposed. The absence of this mechanism does not contribute to the adoption of timely and effective man-agement decisions aimed at preventing the occurrence of adverse events and minimizing threats (damages).

The article discusses a device for diagnosing the electrocorrosive state of hollow reinforced concrete supports of the contact network and power lines. The operation of the device is based on the use of a visual method for monitoring electro-corrosive defects. A design of a video endoscope is proposed that provides an improvement in image quality by eliminating fluctuations in the position of a flexible optical probe during its vertical movement, an increase in the level of automation of the diagnostic process with registration of the coordinates of defects and documentary evidence in the form of a replenished database of images of the diagnostic object — the inner surface of hollow reinforced concrete supports from the surface soil to their base.

Acquired melanocytic nevi in aesthetically significant areas, especially palpebral nevi (PN), are becoming a frequent reason for patients to seek dermatologists. Surgical methods for removal of PN are reported to be associated with the risk of such side effects as scars and loss of eyelashes. Aim of the study. To evaluate the efficacy of the removal of PN on the eyelid area with dual-wavelength radiation of a copper vapor laser (CVL). Patients and methods. Laser removal of medium and large-sized PN (up to 10 mm) was performed in three fair-skin female patients. The procedures were carried out at an average CVL radiation power of 0.60.8 W, at a 3:2 ratio of radiation powers at wavelengths of 511 nm and 578 nm, exposure duration 0.3 s, light spot diameter 1 mm. The treatment was carried out during one session. Results. Removal of PN with dual-wavelength CVL radiation allowed achieving a significant lightening and reduction of the involved area, without scars. The skin healing after the procedure lasted 2 weeks. Conclusion. The high efficacy of the PN removing in the eyelid area using the dual-wavelength CVL radiation allows the introduction of this approach into dermatologists and cosmetologists clinical practice.

Background. The incidence of endometrial polyps has reached 25–35% making them the most common intrauterine pathology. Polyps account for every fourth hysteroscopy due to their association with abnormal uterine bleeding, infertility and malignancy risks. Absolute or relative hyperestrogenism are important factors in the development of endometrial polyp. Infectious and immune mechanisms have recently acquired special attention with the polyp pathogenesis.Objectives. Management optimisation of infertile patients with endometrial polyp through differentiated choice of postoperative therapy.Methods. We examined 90 patients of reproductive age (36.07 ± 6.14 years) with endometrial polyp and infertility conducting a comprehensive history analysis, assessment of reproductive function, extragenital and gynaecological pathology. Laboratory analyses comprised clinical and biochemical blood tests including vitamin and ferrum. Immunohistochemical endometrial estimators were CD16+, CD56+, HLA–DR(II)+.Results. Patients with endometrial polyp and infertility had frequent bacterial vaginosis (90.0%), pelvic inflammations and vaginitises (78.89% each); endometrial polyp relapse was 10.4-fold more frequent in patients with infertility I compared to infertility II. Killer cell (CD16+ and CD56+) and HLA-DR(II)+ counts grow in chronic endometrial inflammation. Chronic autoimmune endometritis exacerbated in 53.33%, chronic exacerbated endometritis or acute endometritis were observed in 46.67%. Therapy differentiated by immunohistochemistry allowed successful pregnancy in natural cycles in 60.9% of patients with infertility I and in 85.7% — with infertility II.Conclusion. The success rate of natural cycle pregnancy in patients of reproductive age with endometrial polyp after polypectomy is directly related to type of endometrial inflammation: chronic autoimmune, chronic exacerbated or acute endometritis. Immunohistochemical estimators can be used for differentiating therapy, which allowed a 70.3% pregnancy success rate.

An analysis of various schemes for coolant motion in a nuclear reactor with spherical microfuel elements (coated fuel particles, or pebbles) is presented. The conditions under which it is possible to reduce the pressure losses in the coolant keeping all the advantages of the spherical microfuel elements versus the fuel rods are considered. The rate of coolant flow and the pressure losses in the reactor during its longitudinal-axial and radial motion through the pebble bed are determined. An interchannel scheme of coolant motion is proposed, and the conditions are defined for which it has advantages over the radial scheme.

Introduction. Clinical variants of congenital melanocytosis in the dermis- nevus of Ota and nevus of Ito (NOI) - may cause marked cosmetic effects; they fail to regress and are reported to be associated with the risk of malignancy. Purpose. To develop criteria and the algorithm for selecting the optimal laser system and radiation specifications to remove NOI considering specific properties of the optical pattern of skin lesions having different locations and melanin concentration. Methods. A scientific and analytical review of publications indexed in PubMed, ScienceDirect, Embase, Web of Science, Russian Medicine, RSCI. Calculation of laser radiation absorption coefficients for various pathomorphological variants of dermal melanocyte locations, given the peculiarities of laser light interaction with targeted photothermophores in NOI focus. Results. The authors present data on epidemiology, history and clinical features of congenital derma melanocytosis of nevus of Ota and nevus of Ito (NOI) - localized, predominantly in periocular and periclavicular regions. Molecular mechanisms of NOI progression in children and adolescents are discussed. There are also data [WU1] on the efficacy and risks of side effects when treating NOI lesions with ruby (wavelength 694 nm), alexandrite ( wavelength 755 nm) and neodymium ( wavelength 1064 nm) laser light. Effectiveness and features of side effects of different wavelengths of laser light are compared. In the article, one can find criteria for selecting an optimal option for NOI laser treatment: maximal efficiency assessed by the visual analogue scale (VAS), number of laser sessions and severity of early and late side effects. For the first time, the authors present data on calculations of quantitative characteristics of optic skin biophotonic pattern if a melanocyte is localized in the papillary and reticular dermis in periocular zone. Conclusion. The obtained calculations on optic characteristics of skin biophotonics suggest [WU2] that two-wave laser irradiation with wavelengths 511 nm and 578 nm will be highly effective with a minimum risk of side effects when removing atypical melanocytes in case of congenital melanocytosis in the papillary and reticular dermis in periocular zone. Algorithms for different pathomorphological variants of melanocyte locatied in the dermis in NOI focus have been proposed to obtain an optimal modality for laser treatment using two-wavelength laser light with 511 nm and 578 nm which is generated by Russian-made copper vapor laser system "Yakhroma-Med" manufactured by Lebedev Physical Institute subordinate to the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS).

Introduction. Nevus sebaceous of Jadassohn (synonym: nevus of the sebaceous glands) (NSG) presents the congenital malformation of the skin with possible transformation into benign or malignant tumors during the adolescence or adulthood. Commonly appeared on the scalp or neck NSG is frequently concern with cosmetic problems making patients look for opportunities for its removal. Surgical removal of the NSG is related to an elevated risk of scarring. Using ablative lasers has proven to be effective in the removal of small NSG. However, the removal of medium and large NSG with ablative lasers was reported to be linked with a high risk of scarring and recurrence. The removal of the medium-sized NSG with a copper vapor laser (CVL) is described here for the first time. Case report and procedure. Laser removal of NSG (linear sized of 27 mm) was performed in a 25-year-old female patient with Fitzpatrick skin type II during eight CVL treatments. Laser settings were selected as follows: the average power of 1 W at the power ratio of 3:2 radiation at a wavelength of 511 and 578 nm. Pulse duration 20 nanoseconds, reprate 16.6 kHz, exposure duration 200 ms, and the light spot's diameter on the skin 1 mm. Results. After 8 procedures, the skin in the area of the removed NSG acquired a natural color and appearance. During 24 months of follow-up, there was no hyperpigmentation or signs of scars in the irradiated area. No relapses were observed for 24 months after the CVL removal of NSG. Conclusion. The application of non-ablative CVL removal of NSG ensured a desired cosmetic result without side effects.

Introduction.Congenital melanocytic nevus (CMN) is detected at birth or shortly after birth in 1% of infants. The localization of CMN in aesthetically significant areas causes a decline in child self-esteem and causes concern for his parents. Surgical excision of skin areas with CMN is associated with an increased risk of cosmetic side effects and is often followed by long-term stress conditions after the invasive intervention. Aim of the study.To evaluate the efficacy of the CMN removal in infants, children and adolescents with the dual-wavelengths copper vapor laser (CVL) radiation. Patients and Methods.Medium-sized (up to 9 cm) single CMN was treated in nine fair-skinned patients: seven girls and two boys, aged from 2 months to 16 years. The procedures were carried out at an average CVL power of 0.61.0 W, with a power ratio of 3:2 at 511 nm and 578 nm wavelengths, and an exposure time of 0.20.3 s. Light spot diameter 1 mm. The treatment was carried out during 210 sessions with an interval of 12 months between sessions. Results.In children and adolescents, the treatment of CMN with CVL dual-wavelengths radiation made it possible to achieve significant clarification of the involved area without hypertrophic scars. The duration of the healing of the irradiated area lasted 23 weeks. Side effects were manifested with subtle skin atrophy. Conclusion.The high efficacy of CVL removal of medium-sized CMN in infants and children using the dual-wavelengths CVL radiation without pronounced side effects allows introducing such an approach in the clinical practice of pediatric dermatologists and cosmetologists.

We designed, implemented, and characterized differential amplifiers for cryogenic temperatures based on Si bipolar junction transistor technology. The amplifiers show high gain values of more than 60 dB at 300, 77, and 48 K. The minimum voltage noise spectral density was achieved at 77 K and corresponded to 0.33 nV/Hz0.5 with a flicker noise of 20 Hz. The maximum voltage gain was 70 dB at 77 K for a frequency range from DC to 17 kHz. We experimentally show that the parallel differential circuit design allows for a reduction of the voltage noise from 0.55 to 0.33 nV/Hz0.5 at 77 K.

The noise amplification mode in a plasma maser with inverse geometry was obtained experimentally for the first time. It is shown that the introduction of a microwave absorber transfers the maser operating mode from the oscillator to the amplifier. In both modes, the tuning of the radiation frequency has been shown when the plasma density changes. This work is a step in the implementation of a plasma relativistic noise amplifier with a short REB pulse.

There have been carried out the route surveys to assess the development and distribution of the main pathogens of wheat and barley in 57 districts ofKrasnodar,StavropolTerritoriesand Rostov Region. The collection, organization and analysis of information on the damage degree of the production and breeding sowings of these grain crops by the main pathogens was conducted using a single spatial information environment designed by the Russian company “NextGIS”. During the field surveys, there have been included the data on the resistance to causative agents of yellow leaf spot of wheat, wheat Septoria leaf spot, powdery mildew on wheat and barley, rust diseases on wheat and barley, net spot of barley, and brown spot of barley into the program. In addition, while filling in the survey card, there were taken into account the date and time of the assessment, the phase of development of the grain crop, the variety; there was carried out a photographic fixation of the examined plants. In the field, there was used the freely distributed NextGIS Mobile software, installed on mobile digital devices (smartphones) running by the Android operating system. According to the results of field surveys using the NextGIS QGIS full-featured desktop geographic information system there were prepared thematic cartographic materials of the main wheat and barley pathogens in the southern region ofRussia. The collected long-term data of phytosanitary surveys will allow conducting a temporary analysis of the spatial distribution of pathogens in the studied area. This information can be useful for specialists dealing with plant protection, for employees of breeding institutions who develop varieties resistant to economically significant diseases of grain crops. The data can be used also by a wide range of specialists engaged in plant breeding who conduct field surveys and account any parameters of plant conditions, harmful facilities and the environment, as well as by the consumers of such information.

A method for the measurement of the complex permittivity of insulators using a microwave coaxial photonic crystal is proposed and implemented. The method is based on a solution to an inverse problem using minimization of the difference of experimental and calculated frequency dependences of the transmission and reflection coefficients at the defect-mode frequency in the band gap of a photonic microwave crystal containing a structure with the parameters that must be determined. An unambiguous solution to the inverse problem can be obtained using a defect mode in the band gap at the frequency of which a maximum of the standing wave is obtained in the region of the structure under study.

Aim. To describe the results of applying citrate dialysis in the complex therapy of a patient with postpartum sepsis.Materials and methods. This paper presents an analysis of a case of the successful treatment of patient P. with the diagnosis “Childbirth 3 urgent. Pfannenstiel laparotomy. Caesarean section in the lower uterine segment. Hypotonic bleeding. Relaparotomy: ligation of the internal iliac arteries, hemostasis. Relaparotomy: additional hemostasis, pelvic tamponade, abdominal cavity tamponade. Hemorrhagic shock of fourth category. Extirpation of the uterus with tubes. Sepsis. Septic shock. DIC syndrome”. Citrate dialysis was included as part of intensive care therapy.Results. Citrate dialysis allowed the patient with multiple organ failure, against the background of complex intensive care therapy, to restore kidney function after 28 sessions of renal replacement therapy. Diuresis was completely restored on day 42. Biochemical parameters, such as urea and creatinine, were normalized on day 45. The duration of treatment in the anesthesiology and resuscitation departments was 47 days, out of which lung mechanical ventilation lasted for 17 days. The total duration of treatment in the hospital was 54 bed days. The patient was discharged in satisfactory condition.Conclusion. The methods of extracorporeal detoxifi cation can signifi cantly improve treatment outcomes in this category of patients and reduce maternal mortality rates.

Background. The presence of benign hyperplastic tissue does not exclude the malignant process within one prostate gland. According to various sources, almost 40 % of patients with prostate hyperplasia can be diagnosed of prostate cancer. The large adenoma seriously complicates of radical surgery, which in this group patients, is perhaps, the only effective method of treatment. The effect of prostate volume on the main criteria the effectiveness of treatment is ambiguous. Robotic technologies, introduced into clinical practice, may have the advantages of this complicated group of patients.Materials and methods. Study group (1st group): 40 patients with prostate volume ≥80cm3 (9.4 %) over the period December 2014. to December 2018. were performed robot-assisted radiсal prostatectomy. The comparison group included 54 patients with prostate volume 3. The average prostate volume in 1st group was 112.2 ± 26 (80–195) cm3, in the 2nd group – 38 ± 11.2 (17–62) cm3 (p st group consists of older patients with a higher level of prostate-specific antigen (p Results. The difference in the operation time was 18.2 min, which was statistically insignificant (p >0.05). The average volume of blood loss in the 1st group was 282.5 ± 227.5 (50–1000) ml, with 175 ± 147.2 (50–700 ml) ml in the 2nd group (р >0,02). After 12 months, 100 % of patients in the 1st group showed no relapse (prostate-specific antigen ≤0.2 ng/ml). The level of continental function was comparable of the monitoring group.Conclusion. When performing robot-assisted prostatectomy increased prostate size has no effect on operating time, but significantly increases of the blood loss. The size of the prostate may serve as an important variable to predict the functional and oncological results of treatment.

The article contains the analysis of computer technologies application for electronic devices designing. There are basic stages of device design on the example of an adjustable square wave-form generator. It contains the description of its operation principles, circuit diagram, features of PCB and shell creation. Acquaintance with design of basic stages on the example of a simple device can help starting design devices for students and young scientist researches.

The article is devoted to the development of a system of economic security indicators and their threshold values that allow taking into account specific features in the development of coastal Arctic regions. Despite the fact that increased attention is paid to issues of national and economic security, the regional level remains virtually unaffected.

The article is devoted to the study of the theoretical foundations of regional economic security and its financial component. The paper States that economic security has a special role, which is due to the fact that all other types of security (military, food, social, medical, information, energy, etc.) cannot be implemented without sufficient economic support. At the same time, the most important role in ensuring the economic security of the regions is assigned to financial resources.

The article reveals the problems of applying administrative warning measures related to ensuring public order and public safety. The author reveals the features of legal regulation and practical implementation of such measures as restriction or prohibition of traffic and pedestrians on certain sections of streets and highways, temporary restriction of citizens ‘ access to certain areas of terrain and objects (blocking areas of terrain, individual buildings and objects), as well as the use of vehicles and communication facilities belonging to enterprises, institutions and organizations. Based on the study, the author makes suggestions for improving the current legislation of the Russian Federation in terms of the mechanism for implementing the analyzed measures.

In young children, benign vascular tumors (VT) are most often manifested as congenital hemangioma and infantile hemangioma. There are considered clinical variants, pathogenesis, evaluation of severity and approaches to assessing the effectiveness of laser surgical treatment for VT in infants. For the first time, there are presented numerical criteria for selecting the optimal laser system to provide the relevant photo-obstruction of the pathological vascular bed, reducing the risk for the development of side effects in the early and remote period after the laser radiation exposure. Comparison of the values of the coefficients of complete absorption of oxyhemoglobin and hemoglobin at different stages of vascular tumor development shows the optimal laser treatment of vascular tumors can be realized by the laser radiation with a wavelength of 578 nm, since it is absorbed to the maximum extent by the main vascular photothermophores - oxyhemoglobin and hemoglobin. Taking into account the features of the angioarchitecture of the pathological vascular bed of the papillary dermis, to prevent the occurrence of petechial hemorrhages (purpura) immediately after the procedure, laser irradiation should be carried out in a pulsed mode with a pulse duration of 15-20 ns. To prevent thermal damage to the reticular layer of the dermis, it is advisable to use a laser pen with a diameter of 0.6-1 mm. The choice of optimal conditions for radiation exposure ensures high efficiency of the laser treatment of vascular tumors, which have been becoming one of the most promising directions in modern hospital-replacing technologies in pediatric laser surgery.

Aim: to assess the efficacy and side-effect risk of the surgical treatment of seborrheic k eratosis (SK) using a copper vapour laser (CVL).Patients and methods. 3980 patients (1214 men and 2766 women aged 20 to 78 years) suffering from SK were treated using a CVL (Yakhroma-Med model, Russian producer) equipped with a laser pen and a scanning nozzle. The laser treatment was performed without anaesthesia in one to four sessions. During the treatment procedure, the following radiation parameters were applied: wavelengths ranging from 511 to 578 nm (in the ratio of 3 to 2), an average power of 0.6–1.2 W and an exposure duration ranging from 0.2 to 0.4 s. The diameter of the light spot on the skin surface was 1 mm. The follow-up observation lasted 24 months.Results. The computer simulation of tissue heating by CVL and other laser systems showed that CVL is an optimal treatment choice for seborrheic keratosis in terms of the energy deposition depth. According to our clinical data and the results of computer simulation, the CVL is established to be the safest and the most effective for seborrheic keratosis treatment.

A change in the operation mode of a plasma maser with a pulse duration of 40 ns from a noise amplifier to a feedback self-oscillator at a power level of up to 10 MW has been experimentally demonstrated for the first time. In the noise-amplifier mode, the radiation power is distributed almost uniformly in a frequency range from 3 to 9 GHz. In the self-oscillator mode, the emission spectrum contains characteristic frequencies of longitudinal oscillation modes of plasma—beam cavity.

At the present stage of development of digital information technologies intensive digitalization (computerization) of both direct and indirect measurement methods is taking place. The direct consequence of the computerization of measurements was, firstly, the emergence of a new class of measuring instruments – Processor measuring instruments (PRIS), secondly, increasing the level of formalization of measuring procedures, thirdly, the creation of a new, revolutionary technology –Virtual Instrument (VI). The purpose of the article is to analyze the development of digital technologies for measuring spectra, identifying the problems that arise in this case and formulating priority scientific and applied problems for their resolution.Theoretical and applied research has established that digital spectrum measurement technologies, in addition to significant advantages, have certain disadvantages. It has been shown that the disadvantages of digital technologies for measuring spectra arise both from the nature of digital methods and from the analytical and stochastic properties of the bases of the applied transformations in measuring the spectra. An analysis of digital methods for measuring spectra showed that methods based on Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) retain their leading role and are effective in almost all subject areas. However, there are also problems of digitalization of measurements of the spectra of signals based on the DFT, which are associated, first of all, with the manifestation of a number of negative effects that are absent with analog methods for measuring spectra based on the Fourier transform. This is the periodization effect of the measuring signal and its spectrum, the stockade effect, as well as the aliasing effect. As the analysis showed, existing methods of dealing with the negative effects of digitalization of spectrum measurements solve the problems of introducing digital technologies only partially. To combat the negative effects of digitalization of spectral measurements, a generalization of the DFT in the form of a parametric DFT (DFT-P) (Parametric Discrete Fourier Transform – DFT-P) is proposed.The main scientific and applied problems of computerization of signal spectrum measurements are formulated: the development of the theory of digital methods for measuring signal spectra, the creation of new and improvement of existing digital methods for measuring signal spectra, the development of algorithmic, software and metrological software for PRIS and VI for the implementation of DFT-P.

There are presented data on the epidemiology, pathogenesis, and diagnosis of cutaneous simple capillary malformations, described as Nevus simplex and Nevus flammeus (NF) in the Classification of Vascular Anomalies in a revision on May 2108. There are compared the efficacy and side effects of an application of laser irradiation of different wavelengths for the laser surgical treatment of NF in patients of various ages. There are described features of morphometry and angioarchitecture of the vascular bed of NF at the early and advanced stages of the disease. In order to substantiate the choice of the preferred laser irradiation settings, the peculiarities of absorption of the laser irradiation with different wavelengths by main cutaneous photothermophores (chromophores) are compared in children of various ages. For the first time, there are presented data on the age-related features of the absorption coefficient and the relevant absorption index for laser irradiation of different wavelengths. The maximum values of the absorption coefficients and the index of the relevance of the absorption of laser radiation with a wavelength of 578 nm by the main skin photothermophores indicate the greatest efficiency of the domestic copper vapor laser for the surgical treatment of NF in children of different ages.

Objectives. To study the concentration of antibodies to glutamate receptors in the serum and CSF of patients with vascular myelopathy in parallel with conventional diagnostic approaches. Materials and methods. The study group included 40 patients with vascular myelopathy: 10 patients with spinal stroke and 30 with subacute and chronic myelopathy. After application of exclusion criteria, the study group consisted of 27 patients. The reference group consisted of 30 patients with acute ischemic stroke and 30 with spondylogenic radiculopathy. The control group consisted of 15 healthy subjects. Patients underwent neurological investigations and MRI scans of the spine and spinal cord. Concentrations of antibodies to glutamate receptors (NMDA receptor NR2 fragments and AMPA/kainate receptors) were assessed by immunoenzyme analysis. Results and conclusions. Increases in titers of antibodies to NMDA receptor NR2 fragments were seen in the serum (p = 0.0001) and CSF (p = 0.0005) of patients with spinal cord ischemia as compared with the reference and control groups. Data on NR2 antibodies reliably detected myeloischemia as compared with analysis of antibodies to AMPA/kainate receptors and S100β protein. On the other hand, increased levels of antibodies to AMPA/kainate receptors were seen in patients with more severe disease, with more extensive lesions to the white matter. The authors take the view that determination of antibodies to glutamate receptors can be used in the diagnosis of vascular myelopathy and in the identification of disease severity.

The relevance of the research is cased by the need to develop an energy-efficient way to maintain the fluidity of hydrocarbon fuels at low temperatures, at temperatures significantly lower the freezing point of the product. Under conditions of low temperatures of high latitudes of Siberia and Arctic, there are problems with the launch of power plants operating on hydrocarbon fuels and oils. Thermal and chemical methods used to preserve the fluidity of fuel, oil and coolant fluid do not provide a complete guarantee in operational preparation for operation of autonomous objects. Vibration technologies can significantly change the rheological properties of hydrocarbon fuels by creating high shear rates and hysteresis heating of petroleum products. The process of vibratory creation of high shear velocities in a continuous medium has energy costs ten times less than the thermal method for maintaining fuel flow. The low thermal conductivity of hydrocarbon fuel contributes to formation of solidified fuel near the inner walls of the tanks, which are the thermal insulation. Introducing a mechanical vibration power inside the tank, the fuel inside this system will be sufficiently liquid and ready for use on demand. The main aim of the research is to create a method for calculating heat-insulating effect of a frozen petroleum product, to determine the amount of energy required to maintain the fuel in a liquid state at different ambient temperatures. Methods: mathematical calculation of the temperature difference in the system «tank wall – layer of solidified fuel» and experimental studies of changes of rheological properties of petroleum products under the influence of a submerged vibrating confuser system. Results. The authors have proposed the engineering method for calculating frozen fuel thickness on the inner walls of the tank at negative ambient temperatures and the amount of mechanical energy required to maintain fuel fluidity.

Background . The indicator of detected cases of prostate cancer (PCa) in 2015 was 38,812. The standardized incidence rate was 40.23per 100,000population. Increase in the incidence of PCa from 2005 to 2015 — 135.5 %. The average annual growth rate is 7.76 %. The histological verification of PCa is of great importance in the diagnosis and subsequent choice of treatment tactics. Currently, the most common method of transrectal “blind” prostate biopsy is to control the control, which does not have sufficient sensitivity and specificity for detecting PCa, and the morphological result contains limited information about the aggressiveness and stage of cancer. In connection with the development of modern methods of magnetic resonance diagnostics, such as multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging, which is currently the most sensitive and specific imaging method for the diagnosis of PCa, methods of targeted prostate biopsy are increasingly used in clinical practice. Scientific work supports the rapidly growing use of multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as the most sensitive and specific imaging tool for detection, lesion characterisation and staging of PCa. Objective is to the safety and frequency of complications of transperineal, transrectal, MRI/TRUS (magnetic resonance imaging/transrectal ultrasound) fusion targeted-biopsy. Materials and methods. The fusion of magnetic resonance imaging data with transrectal ultrasound enables the targeted biopsy of suspicious areas. 142 consecutively selected patients were examined, mean age of 62.0 + 6.5 years. According to aim we assigned patients to 3 groups: 1 st group (n = 49) underwent repeated transrectal biopsy of the prostate; in patients of 2 nd group (n = 39) perineal biopsy of the prostate; in 3 rd group there were patients (n = 54) a targeted fusion biopsy with magnetic resonance imaging and transrectal ultrasound-navigation. Results. PCa was diagnosed in 26.5, 46.2 and 61.1 % respectively. The most frequent complication of biopsy of the prostate gland was hematuria. This symptom was found in 33.3 % patients of the 1 st group, 42.5 % in the 2 nd group and 42.2 % in the 3 rd group. The prolongation of hospitalization due to hematuria was required by 5patients (11.9 %) from 1 st group, 8 (17.0 %) from 2 nd and 5 (7.8 %) from group 3. Hospitalization and additional treatment was required in 8 (16.3 %) patients in 1 st group and 1 (2.5 %) in 2 nd group. Infectious-inflammatory complications are often diagnosed and require additional treatment. In 1 st group patients, this type of complication was observed in 16.3 %, 2 nd and 3 rd groups 5.1 % and 1.9 %, respectively. In 4.7 % of the patients in the 1 st group, sepsis was diagnosed, complications were not recorded in patients of groups 2 nd and 3 rd of the data group. When assessing the complications, there was a slight predominance of the complication rate of the standard transrectal biopsy procedure, but this difference was statistically insignificant (p >0.05). Conclusion . We compared the security of standard biopsy and perineal biopsy to diagnose PCa against a novel approach using software to overlay the images from magnetic resonance imaging and ultrasound to guide biopsies towards the suspicious areas of the prostate. We found consistentfindings showing the superiority of this novel targeted approach, although further high-quality evidence is needed to change current practice. No significant statistical differences were found in the complications rates between.

A feasible design of a system with an allowed band with near-unity frequency-independent transmission utilizing the reflective properties of photonic crystals with dielectric filling and resonant irises in a setup with a Y-circulator is demonstrated. The existence of impurity modes of oscillation damping in the allowed band of this photonic crystal with disturbed periodicity is confirmed. Bandstop filters with parameters controlled by n–i–p–i–n diodes are constructed based on photonic crystals with resonant irises. These filters have a rejection level of >43.0 dB in the stop band and losses below 0.8 dB outside of it.

An increase in life expectancy in developed countries is inevitably accompanied by an increase in the number of nonmelanoma skin diseases, which are primarily represented by basal cell cancer (BCC) occurring in elderly and old-age patients. The pathogenesis of such diseases is associated both with impaired proliferation and differentiation of the keratinocytes of the epidermal basal layer, as well as with the transformation of the vasculature in the papillary dermis in the vicinity of BCC. In recent years, such conditions have been increasingly treated using CO2 , neodymium, diode and pulsed-dye lasers. In many cases, these devices allow malignant BCC cells to be successfully eliminated. However, the use of near-infrared lasers in the periorbital area is limited due to a higher risk of damaging the organs of the visual system. Therefore, a search for new laser surgery methods that can be used for treating malignant skin tumours seems to be a prospective research direction.Methods. 3 male and 9 female patients diagnosed with primary BCC were treated using a copper vapour laser (Yakhroma-Med). The age of the patients varied from 34 to 77 years. Laser treatment was carried out in one session under the following irradiation parameters: the wavelength of 511 and 578 nm, the average power of up to 3 W and a series of 15 ns pulses. The pause between the pulses was 60 μs, with the exposure time ranging from 200 to 600 ms. The light spot diameter on the skin surface was 1 mm. The follow-up monitoring duration was 24 months.Results. In all the BCC patients, one session of copper vapour laser treatment allowed malignant cells in the disease area to be completely eliminated without relapses during 2 years after the therapy. The duration of skin healing in the irradiated area was 2 weeks in patients under the age of 40 years, compared to 3–4 weeks in elderly patients. After the treatment, short-term side effects, such as a slight edema, erythema and peeling, were observed.

This article reflects the experience of development and subsequent implementation into real operation of software for controlling the components of a “digital” recloser manufactured by JSC “Radio and Microelectronics”. The article contains a theoretical part with a description of the principle of using a recloser as an element of 6/10 kV electrical distribution networks digitalization. In addition, in this part, there is a representation of recloser internal structure with a diagram indicating its main functional components. The practical part of the article presents algorithmic and software tools developed to ensure the operation of individual components of the recloser. In particular, the principle of operation of the device for collecting and transmitting data is considered, and the capabilities of the channel-forming equipment for communication with devices of the upper control level are described. For a complete description of the system operation, the article reviews the developed software for personal computers that allows user to remotely download oscillograms from the reclosers under consideration. In conclusion, the experience of real operation of all the developed software is shown by the example of a system consisting of eight reclosers installed in the territory of Marusino, Novosibirsk region, Russia.

Introduction: Surgical methods for removing eyelid nevus are associated with a risk of developing such side effects as scarring or loss of eyelashes. Although current laser modalities have shown promising results, eyelid laser surgery may cause skin discoloration and noticeable scarring. This study aims at evaluating the efficacy and safety of the dual-wavelengths copper vapor laser (CVL) treatment of eyelid intradermal nevus of Miescher (NM).Patients and Methods: We present three adult female patients with eyelid intradermal nevus treated with CVL. CVL settings were as follows: the average power of 0.6-0.8 W, under a power ratio of 3:2 at wavelengths of 511 nm and 578 nm, exposure time of 0.3 seconds, the light spot diameter of 1 mm.Results: The dual-wavelength CVL treatment of medium- and large-sized NM provides the complete removal of eyelid dome-like NM after one and two sessions with a month interval correspondingly. The duration of skin healing accounted for two weeks.Conclusion: The complete removal of eyelid NM lesions without side effects demonstrates the safety and efficacy of dual-wavelengths CVL in treating such skin lesions. This laser treatment mode of benign skin neoplasms seems promising for dermatologists and cosmetologists’ clinical practice. DOI: 10.34172/jlms.2021.23

The paper focuses on the issues of transition from automation to robotization in the main Russian high-tech industrial companies. The principles of the robotization of high-tech industrial companies are examined in detail, including security, industrial applicability, utility, intellectuality, the speed of decision making, substitutability, and profitability. The authors present a graphical depiction of the wide field of application of robots (industry, trade, financial sphere, science, healthcare, agriculture, security, telecommunications and communications, etc.) The research prospects are connected with empirical research in artificial intelligence, space technologies, etc.

To carry out effective plant protection measures, it is necessary to take into account all the factors affecting the quality of the crop. The aim of our research was to study the degree of development of leaf diseases of winter wheat and the rate of infestation of crops, depending on the tillage method. The studies were carried out in 2019-2020 at the experimental plots of “Kuban educational farm” in Krasnodar. For the research, four experimental plots with Steppe variety of soft winter wheat were created, where various soil cultivation systems were applied: 1 - No-Till (zero technology), 2 - moldboard-free technology, 3 - recommended, 4 - moldboard technology. The article presents data on the degree of development of diseases and the degree of infestation of winter wheat plants in the crops of test plots with various tillage systems. It was found that the most preferable is the use of the recommended type of treatment, since with it the least number of diseases develops and the degree of development of pathogens is reduced by 2-3 times in comparison with other options. The influence of the tillage method on the number and composition of phytopathogen spores was revealed.

The copper vapor laser (CVL) generating two wavelengths, one of which corresponds to the high absorption of melanin (511 nm) and the other to maximum absorption of oxyhemoglobin (578 nm), has been proven to be efficient for the treatment of pigmented and vascular skin lesions.

The possibility of creating solid-state picosecond generators with a peak power of tens of GW has been experimentally shown. In the approach, an input pulse of nanosecond duration from a solid-state generator with a semiconductor opening switch (SOS generator) is amplified in peak power and shortened in time by successive stages of gyromagnetic ferrite lines. The essence of the approach is that the lines in each stage operate in a magnetic compression mode (Magnetic Compression Line, MCL), which is realized at close values of the input pulse duration and the period of oscillations generated in the line. In this case, the main part of the input pulse energy is transmitted only to the first peak of the oscillations. In the experiments, we used the SOS generator and a four-stage magnetic compressor based on MCL1-MCL4 lines. At the peak power of input pulse of 6 GW (490 kV, $40\ \Omega$ and 7-ns pulse duration generated by the SOS generator, a peak power of 77 GW (1.93 MV, $48\ \Omega$ ) with 105-ps pulse duration was obtained at the output of the four-stage compressor. Compared with the parameters of the input pulse, the voltage rise rate was increased by ∼ 230 times to 26.2 MV/ns, and the power rise rate was increased by ∼ 820 times to 1.65 TW/ns.

Background. The artery of Percheron is an anatomical version of the cerebral vasculature, in which one artery, departing from the proximal part of one of the posterior cerebral arteries, supplies the paramedial thalamus and the rostral part of the midbrain. The artery of Percheron stroke is often manifested by impaired consciousness, oculomotor disorders and neuropsychological symptoms. The diagnostics of the artery of Percheron stroke is carried out using computed tomography and/or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Intravenous thrombolysis and endovascular treatment methods are used upon admission within the “therapeutic window”. Further secondary prevention is recommended. The prognosis is favorable with the timely treatment. Clinical case description. A clinical case of a 43-year-old woman with acute oculomotor disorders is presented. The neurological examination revealed paresis of the vertical gaze, diplopia. MRI showed a bilateral acute infarction of both paramedial thalamuses. After the treatment, the patient was discharged with a minimal neurological deficit. Conclusion. Percheron artery occlusion is a rare form of cerebral infarction. Early diagnosis, in particular neuroimaging and angiography, allows for a timely adequate treatment, which has a positive effect on the rehabilitation.

Introduction: Rhinophyma is recognized as a common and severe skin disease manifested as progressive thickening of the nasal skin due to hypertrophy of the soft tissue. The most severe complication of rhinophyma is telangiectasis. So far the pathogenetic approach for the treatment of rhinophyma should be based on the removal of the dysplastic vessels to provide the appropriate revascularization of the involved skin area. Case Report: This study presented the experience of the treatment of rhinophyma with the copper vapor laser (CVL) designed with the computerized scanner device. A 52-year-old elderly Caucasian male patient with typical clinical signs of rhinophyma was successfully managed during three sessions of CVL treatment. CVL emits light with a wavelength of 578 nm, exposure time of 0.2 seconds. The settings used for the CVL in scanner mode were set at 1.2 W. The scanner device has a hexagonal frame with a maximum width of 12 mm with the distance of 1 mm between centers of laser spots. The CVL treatment resulted in a restoration of the natural appearance of the nose without side effect during 18 months after treatment. Conclusion: The described clinical case demonstrates excellent results of the management of rhinophyma by means of the scanned CVL. CVL treatment was associated with the removal both of dysplastic superficial skin vessels, the solution of the inflammation, decline of the sebum production and the disappearance of the nasal hypertrophy.

The article considers and analyzes an important stage in the development of laser systems for metal vapor from the point of view of biomedical applications. Since the advent of the first generation of domestic medical facilities with pulsed lasers on metal vapors, in particular, copper vapors (LSM), which were created in the FSUE “Research and Production Enterprise ‘Istok’”, not much time has passed. Now similar studies are widely developed and include a variety of uses, for instance, in oncology for treatment with photodynamic therapy (PDT), angioplasty of intravascular destruction of atherosclerotic lesions, dermatology and cosmetology for the treatment of facial skin defects, as well as otorhinolaryngology, gynecology, proctology, urology, and others. In that cases, doctors use the Yantar-2Fand Yakhroma-2 installations, developed on the basis of the “Kurs” LPM with radiation wavelengths λ = 510.6 nm and 578 nm and the average radiation power Prad= 5–10 W and tunable in wavelengths in the range of λ = 620–670 nm. Laser radiation is delivered to the affected area of a bio-object using a flexible light-guide cable with a diameter of 400, 600 or 800 μm fiber, which is one of the most convenient medical instruments. A compact and air-cooled medical installation of the new generation “Yakhroma-Med” based on the pulsed LPM “Kulon” with an average radiation power at the output of the light-guide cable Prad= 1–3 W uses in dermatology and cosmetology (together with the Lebedev Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences). Today, YakhromaMed is the leader in non-ablative technologies and is optimal for removing vascular, pigmented and unstained skin defects, treating acne and smoothing wrinkles. It is used in more than 100 clinics in Russia and abroad. Moreover, for scientific and practical medicine in the field of oncology, low-intensity laser therapy and surgery, dermatology and cosmetology, etc., a compact air-cooled industrial multifunctional high-intensity medical unit “Kulon-Med” (similar to Yakhroma-Med) based on two pulsed lasers was developed: LM “Kulon” with an average radiation power Prad= 10 W and LVRK with radiation tunable in wavelengths in the range λ = 620–750 nm and radiation power Prad= 1–3 W (together with Ltd. NPP VELIT, Kurchatov Institute and the Hertzen Hermitage Research and Development Institute). The laser radiation is transported using four flexible light-guide cables with a conductive quartz fiber diameter of 400 and 600 μm, which makes it possible to perform a therapeutic and prophylactic procedure simultaneously in several rooms. Medical facilities of this class have been put in many medical institutions. This report on the use of CVL in medicine says only about the developments in theMoscow region.

The dynamics of the main echocardiographic parameters of left ventricular myocardium (LVM), reflecting the mechanisms of myocardial remodeling of left ventricle in patients with metabolic syndrome and sleep obstructive apnea syndrome (SOAS) was studied. The research involved 98 men who are overweight (BMI > 30 kg/m 2 ) with established earlier a diagnosis of hypertension and blood pressure stabilization achieved against a background of adequate medical therapy. Study participants underwent cardiorespiratory monitoring night’s sleep for diagnosis of sleep obstructive apnea syndrome with assessment of apnea/hypopnea index and average nocturnal saturation, and EchoCG was performed to assess the structural parameters of LVM, such as left ventricle (LV) diameters, the thickness of the interventricular septum and posterior wall of LV with further calculation of LVM mass index. The data revealed reliable correlation of left atrium length and thickness of the left atrial posterior wall with an index of apnea/hypopnea (р < 0.05). No significant association study of structural parameters of LVM with the level of nocturnal hypoxemia have been identified. The study conclusions were drawn about the likely impact of the periodic independent upper airway obstruction in the remodeling of the left ventricle in the absence of a direct influence on the process of remodeling nocturnal hypoxemia.

Enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) is the standard for the treatment of Gaucher disease (GD). A lifelong intravenous administration of a recombinant analogue of human glucocerebrosidase compensates for the functional deficiency of its own enzyme. The use of ERT has changed the clinical phenotype of GD, a severe progressive disease has been turned into the status of an asymptomatic metabolic defect. At the same time, a reduced dosing ERT regimen applied in Gaucher patients who had achieved therapeutic goals has not yet been developed.Заместительная ферментная терапия (ЗФТ) является современным стандартом лечения болезни Гоше (БГ) и заключается в пожизненном внутривенном введении рекомбинантного аналога человеческой глюкоцереброзидазы, компенсирующего функциональную недостаточность собственного фермента. Применение ЗФТ изменило клинический фенотип БГ, переведя тяжелое прогрессирующее заболевание в статус бессимптомного метаболического дефекта. В то же время до сих пор не разработан поддерживающий режим ЗФТ, соответствующий потребности больных, имеющих минимальные остаточные накопления сфинголипидов после длительного периода лечения. Отдельные исследования на эту тему имеют противоречивые результаты.

Objectives. To assess the diagnostic value of NR2 peptide as a biomarker for cerebral ischemia by studying its plasma concentration in patients with ischemic stroke (IS) and to determine changes in levels due to treatment with the low molecular weight neuroprotector Cortexin. Materials and Methods. A total of 120 patients aged 18–70 years were studied, of which 36 were diagnosed with transient ischemic attacks (TIA) and 84 with IS – 70 in the carotid basin and 14 in the vertebrobasilar basin with Wallenberg–Zakharchenko syndrome. Determination of neurological status included assessment on the NIHSS stroke scale. Plasma NR2 concentrations were estimated in all patients on admission and after courses of treatment and results were compared with CT and MRI neuroimaging studies. Results and Conclusions. NR2 peptide fragment concentrations in all patients were above the normal value (>1.5 ng/ml, p < 0.0001). A direct correlation was found between the concentration of NR2 peptide (from 3.38 ng/ml to 15.6 ng/ml) and the size of the ischemia zone from a few mm to 80 mm (rs = 0.73). After 10-day courses of treatment with Cortexin, NR2 peptide fragment concentrations decreased (from 8.5 to 5.9 ng/ml, p < 0.0001). These data lead to the conclusion that this blood test for cerebral ischemia is valid and that Cortexin has significant therapeutic efficacy.