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The conservation and utilization of wild animals in China often raises public concerns. Thus, the Chinese government is increasingly exploring sustainable development of wildlife resources, and has implemented a series of measures, such as the modification of the Wildlife Protection Law (WPL), implementation of captive breeding licenses, an animal marking system, forest certification, and other actions to regulate captive breeding and utilization of wildlife. At the same time, the government tries to meet the Chinese traditional demand for wildlife products. We first introduce wildlife utilization as an internationally accepted conservation tool, and describe market‐based wildlife farming as a legal substitute for wild‐hunted animals. Second, we highlight the importance of wildlife products in Chinese culture and economy and review some successful examples of wildlife utilization in China, showing that the supply‐side approach is a viable alternative to classical conservation. Subsequently, we outline benefits of, and drawbacks to, China's ‘conservation through utilization’ approach, resulting in the implementation of China's new, revised WPL. We discuss merits and shortcomings of China's revised WPL and respond to recent national and international criticism on China's supply‐side approach to conservation. We strongly propose that captive breeding is a feasible approach to China's wildlife conservation–utilization dilemma, and much work is needed to promote the progress, such as legislation restructure, government attention, duties clarification, and so on. © 2019 The Wildlife Society., The conservation and utilization of wild animals in China often raises public concerns, and we reviewed the sustainable development of wildlife resources of China in recent years. We propose that captive breeding is a feasible approach to China's wildlife conservation–utilization dilemma. The Chinese government has thus implemented a series of measures to regulate captive breeding and utilization of wildlife (e.g., China's new Wildlife Protection Law).

The implementation of technology training is essential to promote the commercialization of research achievements, and plays a crucial role in poverty alleviation in China. Based on the microcosmic survey data of farmers in four poverty-stricken counties officially assisted by National Forestry and Grassland Administration, the effects of technology training on forest-related income of rural poverty-stricken households is analyzed by using Propensity Score Matching (PSM) method. The study found that after eliminating the deviation from the self-selection and the endogenous issues, the forestry technology training has increased the total forest-related family income and forestry production and operation income by 3.09 times and 2.82 times, respectively. The effect of technology training on income increase is remarkable. Besides, the behavior of poor farmers participating in forestry technology training is significantly affected by the following factors, such as gender, age, family size, managed forestland area, whether they held forest tenure/equity certificate, whether they joined forestry professional cooperatives, and whether they cooperated with forestry enterprises. In order to further improve the effect of technology in poverty alleviation, the following policy recommendations are proposed, including: (1) to encourage poverty-stricken households to actively participate in forestry technology training, (2) to establish a diversified system of forestry technology training, and (3) to ensure the training content is based on the actual needs of the poor.

The classification problem of imbalanced data is a popular issue in the field of machine learning in recent years. For imbalanced data, traditional classification algorithms tend to classify minority class samples into majority class, which result in the misclassification of many minority samples by the classifier. For imbalanced data classification problems, this paper proposes a Density Based Safe Level Synthetic Minority Oversampling TEchnique (DB-SLSMOTE). First, the algorithm clusters minority samples through Density-Based Spatial Clustering of Applications with Noise (DBSCAN). Then, the Safe Level Synthetic Minority Oversampling TEchnique (Safe-Level- SMOTE) is utilized for clusters of any shape discovered by DBSCAN. It is followed that the processed data is classified by Random Forest (RF). The experimental results show that the DB- SLSMOTE algorithm can effectively improve the classification performance of RF for minority samples in imbalanced data.

In case of a shortage of China&rsquo, s domestic timber, the research of China&rsquo, s timber security has become increasingly more important. Using the pressure-state&ndash, response (PSR) conceptual model and the entropy method, the timber security of China during 1997&ndash, 2017 was evaluated and analyzed to understand and master the situation of timber security in this paper. The results showed that: (1) The pressure of timber security in China during 1997&ndash, 2017 was increasing in waves, with the condition of timber imports as the main factor, (2) the state of timber security in China presented a downward-then-upward tendency during 1997&ndash, 2017, the main influencing factors of which were the domestic timber supply and forest resources condition, (3) responses to ensure the timber security of China almost indicated a steep rising trend, because both the timber industry technical progress index and the waste paper recovery rate improved the safety of timber in China, and (4) the changing trend of the comprehensive evaluation of timber security in China approximately agrees with that of the state evaluation, which showed that state indicators were key factors affecting the timber security of China. The pressures influencing the timber security of China are rising, while the state of timber security and the responses of the high-tech industry have been improving at a higher range than the pressures, which has led to an improvement of China&rsquo, s timber security.

With the acceleration of economic globalization and trade liberalization, illegal logging and timber trade, which are closely related to the ecological environment and climate change, have aroused extensive concern within the international community. Based on the authors’ long-term experience and accumulated knowledge, as well as extensive field investigation, this article offers a range of observations. Firstly, it analyzes the worldwide significance and annual changes of China’s forest products trade; secondly it reviews China’s legal timber logging, transport and management systems and major challenges; thirdly, it compares timber legality verification schemes and methods around the world and summarizes experience of their implementation; fourthly, it proposes countermeasures and suggestions on strengthening the timber legality management in China; finally, the paper discusses the practical feasibility of timber legality verification work in China. The results of the authors’ research show that strict forest logging quota management means the risk of illegally logging in China is relatively low, that legality verification in China can meet the international market demand for legal timbers and that launching timber legality verification work in China is therefore feasible. This would make a significant contribution to breaking through green trade barriers, enhancing China’s position in negotiations, and promoting the standardization of the timber international trade.

It is imperative to transform local colleges and universities into universities of applied sciences. How to handle following relationships of different universities is vital to the scientific and effective transformation, including major orientation and feature development, teaching mode and practical teaching, structure and type of the teaching body, theoretical teaching and practical teaching and traditional teaching method and heuristic teaching method. After the Chinese reform and opening up, the higher education in China experienced three stages, including preliminary recovery stage (1978-1998), fast development stage (1999-2009) and stable promotion stage (2011-present), and it has achieved great achievements and process after entering into "mass education" stage through spanning over "elite education "stage, and higher education has provided many important talents and technical support for making China become the second largest economy in the world. In consideration of present scale, China has become a genuine the largest higher education county in the world. However, it is undeniable that there is a great distance between China and the strong higher education country, and there are still many things to do before we meet the requirements of achieving the great Chinese Dream. Ac cording to 2011 National Education Development Statistical Bulletin, there are 1,129 universities and 1,280 higher vocational (junior) colleges among the regular institutions for higher learning in 2011, the total enrollment of the regular institutions for higher learning is 6,815,000, the number of undergraduates is 23,085,100 and the number of graduates is 6,081,600. The ration between the number of colleges and universities and the enrollment has basically reached 1:1. With such a mass education scale, higher education is no longer the problem of making the masses receive education, but is a significant problem relating to national human resource development and national competitiveness, so it is necessary to recognize and develop our higher education on the height of national human resource optimization and national competitiveness Under such background, the Standing Committee of the National Council made the decision of "deploy and accelerate modern vocational education" on Feb. 26, 2014. The Ministry of Education hopes to establish a new national modern vocational technical education system by learning from the vocational education system of the developed countries in the world, including Germany, etc. It also hopes to form a integrate new education system consisting of secondary vocational education, higher vocational education, undergraduate vocational education universities of applied sciences), professional master education and professional doctor education through leading the transformation of a group of regular colleges and universities to universities of applied sciences which connects secondary vocational education, higher vocational education. In practice, the first group of 35 regular colleges and universities has joined in the National Universities (Colleges) of Applied Sciences in Jun. 2013 under the direction of the Ministry of Education. It should be known that it is imperative to implement the