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For accurate evaluation of high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) treatment effect, it is of great importance to effectively judge whether the sampled signal is the HIFU echo signal or the noise signal. In this paper, a judgment method based on an auto-regressive (AR) model and spectrum information entropy is proposed. In total, 188 groups of data are obtained while the HIFU source is on or off through experiments, and these sampled signals are judged by this method. The judgment results of this method are compared with empirical judgments. It is found that when the segment number for the power spectrum estimated by AR model is 14 to 17, the judgment results of this method have a higher consistency with empirical judgments, and Accuracy, Sensitivity and Specificity all have good values. Moreover, after comparing and analyzing this method with the classic power spectrum estimation method, it is found that the recognition rate of the two sampled signals of this method is higher than that of the classic power spectrum estimation method. Therefore, this method can effectively judge the different types of sampled signals.

The new generation of LEO (Low Earth Orbit) communication satellite constellations have the advantages of low latency, strong signals, and global coverage. In order to achieve global coverage, the LEO satellite constellations are often very large, with a large number of satellites, which puts forward high requirements for the overall design, operation and maintenance of the constellation. Based on the Modelica language, this paper conducts a detailed study of the LEO communication satellite constellation and built a system model of satellite constellation, and carries out a full-link simulation for the typical service of mobile communication. By analyzing the simulation results, we conclude that based on the model of satellite constellation proposed in the paper, the satellite constellation can be quickly designed and simulated.

Objective To study the effects of D-methionine in a mouse model of noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL). Methods We investigated changes in auditory function and microscopic cochlear structure in a mouse model of NIHL, and carried out 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) immunostaining and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling, and examined expression levels of connexins 26 and 30 by western blot. Results The auditory brainstem response threshold was significantly increased by noise exposure. Noise exposure also damaged the inner and particularly the outer hair cells in the cochlear basement membrane, while histochemistry demonstrated only scattered loss of hair cells in the basement membrane in mice treated with D-methionine before or after noise exposure. D-methionine inhibited apoptosis in the cochlear basement membrane, stria vascularis, and spiral ligament. 4-HNE expression in the basement membrane, stria vascularis, and spiral collateral ligament was increased by noise exposure, but this increase was attenuated by D-methionine. Connexin 26 and connexin 30 expression levels were reduced by noise exposure, and this effect was similarly attenuated by D-methionine administered either before or after noise exposure. Conclusion D-methionine administered before or after noise exposure could rescue NIHL by protecting cochlear morphology, inhibiting apoptosis, and maintaining connexin 26 and 30 expression.

With the characteristic size of integrated chip entering 28nm, selective epitaxy technology of silicon germanium (SiGe) has become an indispensable key technology. Although this technology can improve the performance of PMOS devices, the degree of improvement is closely related to the defects of the devices. These defects are not only related to the epitaxial process itself, but also directly related to the process integration, which will affect the defect detection of the subsequent multi-channel process, as well as the yield and reliability of the device. Major defects, such as tiny particle defects and insufficient germanium and silicon growth, are major killers that affect device output. In this paper, these defects are studied in detail, the formation mechanism are discussed and the corresponding solutions are put forward.

The knowledge of value and diversity is the source of firm’s competitive advantage, and that a most core assumption of knowledge-based view is that it is the integration of units’ inner firm instead of knowledge itself that accumulates the competitive advantage. Based on knowledge-based theory, a questionnaire survey of 335 firms in China was conducted to empirically analyze the relationship between market orientation, absorptive capacity, and new product innovation performance. The article found that the absorptive capacity mediates the relationship between market orientation and new product performance, and competitive intensity, sensemaking negative adjusts the relationship between market orientation and absorptive capacity. This study shows that firms need to identify useful knowledge from complex market information and technical information, and that firms and employees need to digest and absorb a large amount of information and convert them into knowledge, which promote firm form ability that is absorptive capacity to gain a competitive advantage. Firms should have a sense of risk and maintain a high sensemaking to external environment.

Global manufacturing is in the midst of a new round of technological revolution and industrial transformation driven by information and communication technology. Major technologies such as robotics, digital manufacturing, reinforcement learning, and brain-like computing are reshaping manufacturing technology systems. This paper proposes a sustainable intelligent manufacturing technology system, which is autonomous and controllable. This structure runs through the enterprise equipment layer, control layer and management layer, greatly enhances product innovation capability, and promotes manufacturing to the high end.

Eye tracking is increasingly employed to evaluate operators’ mental workload and the usability of interfaces. In this paper, eye tracking data were recorded for ten operators performing the simulated manually controlled rendezvous and docking (manual RVD) of two space vehicles. Indices such as blink rate, blink duration, percent eyelid closure (PERCLOS) were calculated to assess the mental workload and fatigue level of the operators. Fixation measures were analyzed to investigate the attention allocation of the operators on the different information areas on the display. Results showed that the workload of the RVD task was generally acceptable. However, workload increased in the accurate control stage (the last 20 meters’ approaching) compared to the tracking control stage (the more distant approaching). The fixation measures showed that human eyes were mostly fixed on the area of the spacecraft image, while numerical display areas provided compensatory information. The present study revealed that the design of the RVD interface supported human perception and task completion.

With the improvement of people's living standards, people's growing demand for green food is becoming bigger and bigger, but there are some problems in traditional marketing and at the same time, the rapid development of web marketing has impacted greatly on traditional marketing channels of the green food. The study attempts to analyze the development and the problems of green food in our country in traditional marketing, discussed the necessity and feasibility of the traditional green food enterprises to develop E-commerce in the Internet era, as well as ways to network marketing development and put forward countermeasures and suggestions for China green marketing.

The development of food cold chain is associated with people's lives, there's distance between the current level of cold chain logistics construction and social development, but food quality and safety problems caused by uncontrollable logistics sectors are also intensified increasingly. In this study, we discusses the application of RFID in the cold chain logistics of fresh products in all aspects of production, processing, storage, transportation, sales and proposed RFID-based fresh produce cold chain traceability system from the view of food safety by combing the development of fresh produce cold chain logistics and related literature. We expect fresh produce cold chain traceability system can ensure fresh produce safety from farm to the table, which may be a reference to the development of China's food industry.

Service characteristic of intangible, concurrency and heterogeneity, which make it quite normal that service error appear in the process of companies management. Despite the virtual nature of e-commerce, online retailers also have service failures. Taking group-buying websites as an example, this paper explores the factors influencing the customer satisfaction from the perspective of service quality by combing the mechanism of service recovery and customer satisfaction, and provides suggestions for group-buying websites operators. The results show that service quality, service result quality and service recovery quality all contribute to the improvement of customer satisfaction. The research results have important practical significance for the online retailers to improve customer satisfaction, to make up for service errors, and to increase the stickiness of users to websites.

Service characteristic of invisibility, heterogeneity, concurrency, which increases the chance of failures, existing research thinks that good customer relationship can influence customer behavior after the service failure, ease service failure loss, but there are also study points out the customer relationship will strengthen negative reaction of service failure. Based on two-dimensional construct idea about customer's Personality-relatedness and Reciprocity features (Kaltcheva 2012), the article introduced service recovery variables, and studied customer relationships, service failure effect on the customer behavior. The study found that customer relationship has certain influence on the probability of silent exit, destructive voice of customer after service mistakes appear. The research extended the customer relationship and customer service mistakes reaction model, the results has important practical guiding significance to save service failure losses of the service industry, ensure satisfaction and loyalty of customer, and maintain enterprise brand.

New product innovation and R&D are important sources for firms to obtain competitive advantages, and market knowledge is the core element for firms to obtain new product innovation performance. However, it can be also found out that the relevant discussion upon innovation has been still limited to restricted theories and the developing empirical researching area by reviewing the literature. Based on knowledge-based theory, a questionnaire survey of 220 high-technology and internet firms in China was conducted to empirically analyze the relationship between innovation driven, potential absorptive capacity, and new product innovation performance. The study found that: the potential absorptive capacity mediates the relationship between market orientation and new product performance, technological opportunity and new product performance, and the potential absorptive capability positively adjusts the relationship between technological opportunities and realized absorptive capacity. It is possible to understand more clearly the process of firms acquiring and digesting information, transforming and mining knowledge to achieve new product innovation performance by analyzing the process of knowledge absorption and conversion.

Sinusoidal phase-modulated signal light through the Fabry-Perot interferometer can produce a beat signal. Moreover, its amplitude monotonically changes with the signal light frequency. So the beat signal amplitude can be used to measure laser-Doppler-shift. In addition to the beat signal, the phase-modulated signal also contains a direct current (DC) signal, and it still contains a large amount of Doppler-shift information, but the information is not utilized, resulting in the waste of Doppler information. In this paper, this kind of phase-modulated laser-Doppler-shift measurement method is improved to simultaneously utilize the useful information in the DC and beat signal for the Doppler-shift measurement. The specific method is to use the ratio of beat signal amplitude to DC signal amplitude to define a new parameter used in Doppler-shift measurement. The signal light intensity terms in DC and beat signal can be eliminated, so the improved phase-modulated laser-Doppler-shift measurement method does not need to measure the signal light intensity, which makes its structure further simplified and a noise channel eliminated. By comparing the frequency change curves between the newly defined parameter and the beat signal amplitude theoretically, we find that they have the same distribution rule. This theoretical result shows that the improved phase-modulated laser-Doppler-shift measurement method will keep the same working mode as un-improved one, and can inherit its advantages. In theory, by comparing the measurement sensitivity curves, it is proved that the improved phase-modulated laser-Doppler-shift measurement method has higher measurement sensitivity and dynamic range than the un-improved one. The useful information included in the DC signal is the modulated signal light intensity transmittance of Fabry-Perot interferometer. So the improvement is essential to introduce the advantages of edge-technique laser-Doppler-shift measurement method based on the Fabry-Perot interferometer into the phase-modulated method for achieving higher performance. Two phase-modulated laser-Doppler-shift measurement methods before and after improvement are separately used to measure the frequency-shifted controllable signal light reflected by a hard object. The experimental results are in accordance with the theoretical analysis results very well. The comparison of experimental result between the two methods shows that the improved phase-modulated laser-Doppler-shift measurement method can approximately double the measurement dynamic range and reduce about 35% measurement standard deviation compared with the un-improved one.

Zinc sulfide (ZnS) films with optical thickness (reference wavelength is 620 nm) ranging from 310 to 1240 nm were deposited on quartz substrates at room temperature by a thermal evaporation system. The structure and morphology of the films were investigated by X-ray diffraction, atomic force microscopy, respectively. The optical properties of the films were determined by in situ transmittance measurements and wideband spectra photometric measurements, respectively. The experimental results show that the films exhibit cubic structure, and the intensity of the (2 2 0) diffraction peak enhances with the increase of optical thickness. Surface grain size and surface roughness increase monotonously with increasing film thickness. Refractive indices and extinction coefficients calculated by in situ transmittance measurements are well consistent with those calculated by wideband spectra photometric measurements. Both the refractive index and packing density of the film increase as the increase of film thickness, which confirms the film is positive inhomogeneous and has an expanding columnar structure. Extinction coefficients of the films increase with increasing film thickness, which results from the increase of surface roughness.

This paper describes a time-varying random ice force model for narrow conical structures. The model concerns a situation where a uniform ice sheet acts on a narrow cone and fails by bending in a mode where the broken ice pieces are cleared away. The ice force is simplified as a series of impulses with random magnitudes and periods, which are based on a statistical analysis of the load panel data obtained in full scale tests. It was found that normal distributions can be used as approximations to the statistical characteristics of the force amplitudes and periods. This paper addresses the determination of the distribution parameters. The random ice load function that is derived in this paper can be used in the dynamic analysis of compliant offshore structures with narrow ice breaking cones that are subjected to ice actions. Further limitations are discussed in the paper.

The basic optical property and phase-matching of new mixed AgGaGeS4 crystal are presented. Frequency conversion, in particular the SHG of 30ns pulses of 9μm emission band of transversely excited atmospheric-pressure (TEA) CO2 laser, is realized in AgGaGeS4 for the first time. As high as 0.57% peak power and 0.3% external energy efficiencies and 0.7mJ harmonic pulse energy are obtained for the 9.55 μm emission line at pump intensity of 4% level of the damage threshold.

China is emerging as one of the largest business to consumer retail market space in the world. Chinese digital consumers may exhibit different online shopping behaviour as compared to consumers in other parts of the world. Most research on consumer behaviour and e-service quality today relies on traditional service quality models. The aim of this paper is to propose and empirically verify an e-service quality model based on the B2C market space in the context of China's market. Key dimensions of e-service quality influencing quality perceptions of Chinese consumers and its impact on e-satisfaction are studied. The empirical results suggest that e-retailers should focus on website aesthetics and personalisation. Theoretical and managerial implications are also elaborated.

To investigate the cost-effectiveness of a comprehensive programme for drug-resistant tuberculosis launched in four sites in China in 2011.In 2011-2012, we reviewed the records of 172 patients with drug-resistant tuberculosis who enrolled in the comprehensive programme and we collected relevant administrative data from hospitals and China's public health agency. For comparison, we examined a cohort of 81 patients who were treated for drug-resistant tuberculosis in 2006-2009. We performed a cost-effectiveness analysis, from a societal perspective, that included probabilistic uncertainty. We measured early treatment outcomes based on three-month culture results and modelled longer-term outcomes to facilitate estimation of the comprehensive programme's cost per disability-adjusted life-year (DALY) averted.The comprehensive programme cost 8837 United States dollars (US$) per patient treated. Low enrolment rates meant that some fixed costs were higher, per patient, than expected. Although the comprehensive programme appeared 30 times more costly than the previous one, it resulted in greater health benefits. The comprehensive programme, which cost US$ 639 (95% credible interval: 112 to 1322) per DALY averted, satisfied the World Health Organization's criterion for a very cost-effective intervention.The comprehensive programme, which included rapid screening, standardized care and financial protection, improved individual outcomes for MDR tuberculosis in a cost-effective manner. To support post-2015 global heath targets, the comprehensive programme should be expanded to non-residents and other areas of China.Étudier le rapport coût-efficacité d'un programme global de lutte contre la tuberculose pharmacorésistante lancé en 2011 dans quatre régions chinoises.En 2011-2012, nous avons analysé les dossiers de 172 patients atteints de tuberculose pharmacorésistante qui s'étaient inscrits à ce programme global et nous avons collecté des données administratives pertinentes auprès de différents hôpitaux et de l'agence de santé publique chinoise. À titre de comparaison, nous avons examiné une cohorte de 81 patients soignés pour une tuberculose pharmacorésistante entre 2006 et 2009. Nous avons réalisé une analyse coût-efficacité, sur le plan sociétal, qui incluait une incertitude probabiliste. Nous avons mesuré les résultats du traitement précoce en fonction de résultats de culture sur trois mois et modélisé les résultats à long terme pour faciliter l'estimation du coût du programme global par année de vie corrigée du facteur incapacité (AVCI) évitée.Le programme global coûte 8837 dollars des États-Unis (US$) par patient soigné. Le faible taux d'inscription signifiait que certains coûts fixes par patient étaient plus importants que prévu. Bien que ce programme global se soit révélé 30 fois plus cher que le précédent, il a débouché sur des avantages accrus en matière de santé. Le programme global, qui coûte 639 US$ (intervalle de crédibilité à 95 %: 112 à 1322) par AVCI évitée, satisfait au critère de l'Organisation mondiale de la Santé définissant une intervention très rentable.Le programme global, qui incluait un dépistage rapide, des soins standardisés et une protection financière, a amélioré les résultats des patients atteints de tuberculose multirésistante en limitant les dépenses. Afin de soutenir les objectifs mondiaux pour l'après-2015 en matière de santé, le programme global devrait être élargi aux non-résidents et à d'autres régions de Chine.Investigar la costoeficacia de un programa integral para la tuberculosis farmacorresistente lanzado en cuatro localizaciones de China en 2011.En 2011–2012, se revisaron los informes de 172 pacientes con tuberculosis farmacorresistente que se habían inscrito en el programa integral y se recogieron datos administrativos relevantes de hospitales y la agencia de salud pública de China. Como término de comparación, se examinó un cohorte de 81 pacientes que habían sido tratados para la tuberculosis farmacorresistente en 2006−2009. Se llevó a cabo un análisis de costoeficacia desde una perspectiva societaria que incluía la incertidumbre probabilística. Se midieron los resultados de los tratamientos tempranos basados en los resultados de un cultivo de tres meses y se modelaron resultados a largo plazo para facilitar la estimación del coste del programa integral de años de vida en función de la discapacidad (AVAD) evitada.El programa integral costó 8.837 dólares estadounidenses (USD) por paciente tratado. Las bajas tasas de inscripción significaban que algunos de los costes fijos eran mayores por paciente que lo esperado. A pesar de que el programa integral parecía 30 veces más costoso que el anterior, tuvo como resultado unos mejores beneficios para la salud. El programa integral, que costó 639 USD (intervalo de credibilidad del 95%: de 112 a 1.322) por AVAD evitado, satisfizo el criterio de la Organización Mundial de la Salud en cuanto a intervenciones muy costoefectivas.El programa integral, que incluía un examen rápido, cuidados estándar y protección financiera, mejoró los resultados individuales de la tuberculosis multirresistente (MR) de una manera costoefectiva. Para apoyar los objetivos de salud globales posteriores a 2015, el programa integral debería expandirse a no residentes y otras áreas de China.استقصاء مدى فعالية تكلفة البرنامج الشامل للتصدي لمرض السل المقاوم للأدوية الذي بدأ العمل به في أربعة مواقع في الصين في عام 2011.راجعنا سجلات 172 مريضًا يعانون من السل المقاوم للأدوية ممن تم تسجيلهم في البرنامج الشامل، وجمعنا البيانات الإدارية ذات الصلة من المستشفيات ووكالة الصحة العامة بالصين، وذلك في الفترة من 2011 إلى 2012. وفحصنا مجموعة تتكون من 81 مريضًا ممن تلقوا العلاج من السل المقاوم للأدوية في الفترة بين 2006 و2009 بغرض المقارنة. وأجرينا تحليلًا لمدى فعالية التكلفة من الناحية المجتمعية، حيث انطوى التحليل على احتمالات عدم التيقن من النتائج. وأجرينا قياسًا للنتائج الأولية للعلاج اعتمادًا على نتائج عملية المستنبتات التي استمرت لمدة 3 أشهر، واستخدمنا النتائج التي ظهرت على مدى أطول كنموذج لتيسير تقدير تكلفة البرنامج الشامل باستخدام سنوات العمر المصححة باحتساب مدد العجز (DALY) التي تم تفاديها.بلغت تكلفة البرنامج الشامل 8837 دولارًا أمريكيًا للمريض الواحد الذي تلقى العلاج. وكانت المعدلات المنخفضة للتسجيل بالبرنامج تعني ارتفاعًا في بعض التكاليف الثابتة لكل مريض عن الحد المتوقع. وبالرغم من أن تكلفة البرنامج الشامل بدت أكثر ارتفاعًا بثلاثين ضعفًا مقارنةً بما سبق، فإنه أثمر عن نتائج أكثر جدوى من الناحية الصحية. إن البرنامج الشامل الذي تكلف 639 دولارًا أمريكيًا (بنسبة ثقة مقدارها 95%‏‏: من 112 إلى 1322 حالة) باستخدام سنوات العمر المصححة باحتساب مدد العجز التي تم تفاديها، قد اتفق مع معايير منظمة الصحة العالمية باعتباره تدخلاً فعالًا من حيث التكلفة إلى حد كبير.إن البرنامج الشامل، الذي اشتمل على الفحص السريع، والرعاية الصحية المتوافقة مع المعايير، والحماية المالية قد حسَّن من مستوى نتائج علاج السل المقاوم للأدوية المتعددة على المستوى الفردي بأسلوب فعال من حيث التكلفة. ويجب توسيع نطاق البرنامج الشامل ليضم غير المقيمين بالدولة ومناطق أخرى في الصين، وذلك لدعم الأهداف العالمية المنشودة لما بعد 2015 في مجال الصحة.旨在调查 2011 年在中国四个地点实施的耐药结核病综合方案的成本效益。.在 2011 至 2012 年，我们查阅了 172 位接受该综合方案的耐药结核病患者的记录，并且从各家医院和中国的公共卫生机构收集了相关管理性数据。为了进行对比，我们调查了一组曾在 2006 年至 2009 年接受过耐药结核病治疗的 81 位患者。我们从社会视角对成本效益进行分析，其中包括概率不定性。我们在为期三个月的培养结果的基础上评估了早期治疗结果，并且以更长期的结果建模，以便于估计该综合方案每个伤残调整生命年 (DALY) 挽救生命的成本。.接受该综合方案的每位患者的治疗花费为 8837 美元 (US$) 。低接受率意味着每位患者的一些固定费用比预期的更高。尽管该综合方案的费用比之前的高 30 倍，但是它有更高的健康效益。该综合方案的每个伤残调整生命年挽救生命花费 639 美元（95% 置信区间：112 至 1322），符合世界卫生组织规定的一项极具成本效益的干预措施的标准。.这套包含了快速筛查、标准化护理和财务保障的综合方案以具有成本效益的方式，改善了多药耐药结核病患者的个人治疗成果。为了实现 2015 年后的全球健康目标，该综合方案的普及范围应扩大至非本地居民和中国的其他地区。.Изучить экономическую эффективность комплексной программы по борьбе с лекарственно-устойчивым туберкулезом, запущенной в четырех китайских городах в 2011 г.В 2011–2012 гг. мы изучили медицинские карточки 172 пациентов, страдавших лекарственно-устойчивой формой туберкулеза и принявших участие в комплексной программе, и собрали соответствующие административные данные из больниц и агентства общественного здравоохранения Китая. Для сравнения рассматривалась когорта из 81 пациента, прошедшего лечение от лекарственно-устойчивой формы туберкулеза в период 2006–2009 гг. Нами был проделан анализ экономической эффективности с точки зрения социологии, который включал вероятностную неопределенность. Нами были измерены ранние результаты лечения (по данным культур, высеянных после трех месяцев лечения) и смоделированы исходы в более длительной перспективе, что позволило оценить выраженные в расчете на год жизни затраты на комплексную программу по утраченному времени в результате инвалидности (DALY), потерю которого удалось предотвратить.Стоимость комплексной программы составила 8837 долларов США из расчета на одного пациента. Малое число участников программы означало, что некоторые фиксированные затраты из расчета на пациента были выше, чем ожидалось. Хотя данная комплексная программа оказалась в 30 раз дороже, чем предыдущая, ее результаты с точки зрения пользы для здоровья пациентов оказались лучше. Комплексная программа стоимостью 639 долларов США (95% доверительный интервал, диапазон от 112 до 1322 долларов США) из расчета на предотвращенный DALY удовлетворяет критериям Всемирной организации здравоохранения для экономически эффективного вмешательства.Комплексная программа, включавшая быстрое скрининговое обследование, стандартизированное лечение и финансовую защиту, улучшила результат лечения у больных с МЛУ-формой туберкулеза и показала высокую экономическую эффективность. Чтобы достичь глобальных целей в сфере здравоохранения на период после 2015 года, данную комплексную программу следует распространить на нерезидентов страны и на другие регионы Китая.

For 21st century businesses, humans are the most critical factors to remain competitive [1] . However, the biggest challenge for human resources researcher is that how to inspire people's maximum potential, and combined human potential with organizational performance. The achievement motivation, emotional stability and communication motivation, which are the most important psychological characteristics for human resource. Taking 300 employees of a E-business Enterprise as the research object, the thesis studying achievement motivation, emotional stability, communication motivation impact on work performance from the perspective of employees. The study found that achievement motivation, emotional stability are positively correlated to employee performance, communication motivation of stuff in technical position and work performance negatively correlated; The hypothesis communication motivation positively influence on employee performance is not fully established. There is a positive correlation between the number of friends in the staff organization and work performance. The results will help corporate managers improve employee motivation, improve corporate performance, reduce the mobility of employees, which helping to guide employees to adjust their achievement motivation, communication motivation and emotional stability exchanges, so that the employees can change from the low performance to high-efficiency, which help to dynamic working atmosphere, improve motivation, increase productivity.

Chronic frontal lobe functional deficits after traumatic brain injury (TBI) may be associated with altered catecholamine systems in the frontal cortex. To test this, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and dopamine beta-hydroxylase (DBH) levels were examined by immunohistochemistry and Western blot at 1, 7, 14, and 28 days after TBI or sham surgery. No alterations in DBH levels were observed by Western blot at any time point examined, but there was a significant increase in TH expression 28 days after TBI (optical density 334 +/- 68% or 3.3-fold, ipsilateral and 218 +/- 39% or 2.2-fold, contralateral) relative to the sham controls. The increase in TH may reflect a compensatory response of dopaminergic neurons to upregulate their synthesizing capacity and increase the efficiency of dopamine neurotransmission chronically after TBI.

Experimental traumatic brain injury (TBI) produces cholinergic neurotransmission deficits that may contribute to chronic spatial memory deficits. Cholinergic neurotransmission deficits may be due to presynaptic alterations in the storage and release of acetylcholine (ACh) or from changes in the receptors for ACh. The vesicular ACh transporter (VAChT) mediates accumulation of ACh into secretory vesicles, and M2 receptors can modulate cholinergic neurotransmission via a presynaptic inhibitory feedback mechanism. We examined the effects of controlled cortical impact (CCI) injury on hippocampal VAChT and M2 muscarinic subtype receptor protein levels at four time points: 1 day, 1 week, 2 weeks, and 4 weeks following injury. Rats were anesthetized and surgically prepared for controlled cortical impact injury (4 m/s, 2.5- to 2.9-mm depth) and sham surgery. Animals were sacrificed and coronal sections (35 micro(m) thick) were cut through the dorsal hippocampus for VAChT and M2 immunohistochemistry. Semiquantitative measurements of VAChT and M2 protein in hippocampal homogenates from injured and sham rats were assessed using Western blot analysis. Immunohistochemistry showed no obvious changes in VAChT and M2 immunoreactivity at 1 day and 1 week postinjury. At 2 and 4 weeks postinjury, an increase in hippocampal VAChT protein and a corresponding loss of hippocampal M2 protein was observed compared to sham controls. Consistent with these results, Western blot analyses at 4 weeks postinjury demonstrated a 40-50% increase in VAChT and a 25-30% decrease in M2. These changes may represent a compensatory response of cholinergic neurons to increase the efficiency of ACh neurotransmission chronically after TBI, by upregulating the storage capacity and subsequent release of ACh and downregulating presynaptic inhibitory receptors.

This paper presents a fuzzy control system for electroplating of gold which was developed to solve the problems of non-linearity and to overcome difficulties in establishing a mathematical model of the pH of the industrial gold electroplating process. Operating results show that the fuzzy controller effectively counteracts the non-linearity of the plant.

Summary Objective To determine the effects of pretreatment with either promethazine or dexamethasone on mivacurium-induced histamine release in children. Methods Eighty ASA I–II children (4–10 years of age) scheduled for tonsillectomy and/or adenoidectomy were randomly divided into 4 groups (n = 20 per group) designated as either the rocuronium, mivacurium, dexamethasone (DXM), or promethazine group. Children in the DXM and promethazine groups were treated separately with intramuscular DXM 0.2 mg·kg−1 or promethazine 0.5 mg·kg−1 injections 60 min before operation. Radial artery blood samples were collected to quantify plasma histamine concentrations 1 min before and 1, 3, and 5 min after administration of the relaxant. Mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR), and skin flushing were recorded at the same time. Results No significant decreases in plasma histamine concentrations were observed between groups; however, more stable MAP and HR and less skin flushing were observed in DXM group participants compared with individuals in the mivacurium group (P

The paper presents four different layouts of a subsea steel tube umbilical which is composed of six steel tubes, three electrical cables and one optical fiber cable. When the umbilical is loaded, there will be a relatively large stress and deformation when the cross-sectional layout is unreasonable. So the principles of the cross-sectional layout of the umbilical are studied considering the stress and deformation of components. The contact stress between components, stress and deformation of components are analyzed and compared based on finite element method. The preferable design of cross-sectional layout for this umbilical is present.Copyright © 2012 by ASME

This paper introduces the current situation of Energy Performance Contracting(EPC) in China and analyses the financing barriers ,such as the low participation of the government, the inadequate credit evaluation mechanisms ,the imperfect security system and so on, which hinder the development of ESCOs. The paper draws on the experience of the developed countries, and puts forward some suggestions for further development of EPC in China.

A new monitoring method based on the use of dual wavelengths monitoring is proposed. Firstly, the sensitivity of each layer in an optical coating for the monitoring wavelength is calculated by admittance equations. Then two appropriate monitoring wavelengths are chosen to make sure that every layer has a sensitive terminal point. The thickness error of the layer can be compensated. For quarter-wave multilayer and nonquarter-wave multilayer optical coatings, the advantage of this new monitoring method has been demonstrated by both the theoretical analyses and experimental results.

In terms of the conventional inverter doesn't match all unbalanced loads, a topology and strategy of nature- decoupling in circuit and magnetic circuit is proposed for aeronautic and military equipment field. Each phase voltage is controlled independently by PI controller and double-loop controller with voltage and current instantaneous feedback, and phase angle by closed-loop control with PLL , which make the output voltage and phase angle track the references sine wave. Pulse width and phase angle of reference sine wave are modulated by voltage-loop and phase-loop, which ensures phase and voltage of the inverter to symmetry. At first, output unsymmetrical mechanism of a traditional inverter is analyzed in this paper; Second, its main circuit topology, construction of voltage current feedback circuits, its control principle and implementation method are discussed; then, its mathematic models are set up and analyzed; At last, simulation and experiment results of 30 kW three-phase inverter is obtained that proves this circuit design to be feasible.

The feed-forward control scheme based on SPWM matrix converter is proposed. As a device without DC line, the AC line side abnormal inputs can deteriorate its output characteristics. Tri-carrier is prior modulated by measured envelop of line voltages, to let the pulse width of SPWM get different compensation in each pulse. This paper analyzes compensation principle, introduces realization method, and compares output behaviors of without compensation with compensation by Matlab/Simulink. Analyses and simulations show that the scheme modifies effectively output characteristics of MC (Matrix Converter) under abnormal input conditions. It is simple not only easy to realize through hardware but also to digital, and simple algorithm.

This paper present a novel algorithm via support vector machine to detect the salient buildings whose height and many features make them stand out. Two-level Haar wavelet decomposition is implemented on the image to enhance the building candidates. And then the desired regions are separated from the background. A set of structure features is proposed to capture the generic statistic properties of the salient building using Sobel operator. The proposed approach has been tested on many real examples with good results.

Routing based on a connected dominating set (CDS) is a promising approach in wireless ad hoc networks. Wu and Li proposed a distributed approximation algorithm for calculating CDS in a given connected graph. However, this algorithm is difficult when there are obstacles in the network topology. Obstacle hybrid routing algorithm (OHRA), presented here, addresses these issues. OHRA consists of mobility model, CDS election and hybrid routing. In obstacle mobility model, we introduce STANDBY nodes as relaying nodes between two nodes that are invisible. This paper then proposes a distributed CDS election algorithm in the presence of obstacles. This algorithm extends Wu and Li's algorithm and utilizes STANDBY nodes to connect the existing dominating-nodes belonging to dominating set. In addition, OHRA based on a CDS uses hybrid routing scheme (flooding-based approach and position-based approach) to forward around any obstacles. Eventually, an example is given to show that the proposed approach can form a CDS and successfully construct routes.

Using Mie theory, we studied influences of organic films for bubbles on optical scattering properties of ship wakes. Contributions of them to scattering properties relate to the thickness and refractive index of them.

Position based routing methods can construct effective routes; however, in some topologies with obstacles, such algorithms may end in failure. In order to avoid stationary obstacles, this paper presents a Voronoi-trajectory based hybrid routing (VTBR) algorithm that combines both proactive and reactive routing strategies to provide high routing performance. If the destination node is within the source node’s two-hop range, then the source will consult the routing table to determine the route. When the destination is beyond that range, the source establishes a trajectory which is the set of points of the shortest obstacle-avoiding path. The intermediate nodes take the forwarding decision based on the relationship to the trajectory. Eventually, an example and simulation experiments are conducted to validate and evaluate the performance of VTBR. Our simulation results show that the proposed algorithm makes it possible to successfully construct the routes.

Both the exogenous administration of fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) or the induction of moderate hypothermia have been shown to attenuate histopathology and improve functional outcome after traumatic brain injury (TBI). Since combined therapeutic strategies may be more beneficial than single therapies, we examined the potential synergistic effect of FGF-2 combined with moderate hypothermia treatment induced 10 min after TBI on functional and histological outcome following controlled cortical impact (CCI) injury. Fifty male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized to one sham and four CCI treatment groups: Sham+vehicle (VEH); FGF-2 (45 microg/kg/h for 3 h i.v.)+Normothermia (37+/-0.5 degrees C); FGF-2+Hypothermia (32+/-0.5 degrees C for 3 h); VEH+Norm; VEH+Hypo. Vestibulomotor performance on the beam balance and beam-walk (BW) tasks on post-operative days 1-5 and spatial memory acquisition in the Morris water maze (MWM) on days 14-18 were assessed. After 4 weeks survival, histological evaluations (CA(1) and CA(3) cell counts and lesion volume) were performed. MWM performance improved in all treatment groups, but combined treatment was not more efficacious than either alone. The FGF-2+Hypo group performed significantly better than the other injured treatment groups in the BW task. Lastly, no significant group differences in beam balance or histological outcome were observed. These data suggest a suboptimal and incomplete synergy of combined FGF-2 and hypothermia treatment. These data may indicate that either our dose of FGF-2 or combination therapy was not optimized in our model.

Objectives The circulating, adipocyte-secreted hormone adiponectin (APN) exerts protective effects on the heart under stress conditions. Recent study demonstrated that APN induces a marked Ca 2+ influx in skeletal muscle. However, whether APN modulates [Ca 2+ ] i activity, especially modulates [Ca 2+ ] i transients in cardiomyocytes is still unknown. This study was designed to determine whether and how APN modulates [Ca 2+ ] i transients in cardiomyocytes. Methods Adult male wild-type (WT) and APN knock-out (APN KO) mice were subjected to myocardial ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R, 30 min/30 min) injury.We observed CaMKII-PLB phosphorylation and SR Ca 2+ -ATPase (SERCA2) activity were downregulated in I/R heart of WT mice (all P 2+ transient peaks, and number of Ca 2+ sparks (all P >0.05), but decreased [Ca 2+ ] i transients (P 2+ decay rate (P 2+ ] i transients (P 2+ ] i transients in APN KO myocytes via S1PR1/3 (all P Results Treatment of myocytes after hypoxia/reoxygenation with S1P also increased cell viability and reduced caspase-3 activity and apoptosis (all P Conclusions These data demonstrate that S1P is a novel regulator of SERCA2 by activating CaMKII-PLB signalling and mediates APN-induced cardioprotection.

For the nonlinearity of Fabry—Perot interferometer (FPI) transmission spectrum, the measurement uncertainty of incoherent Mie Doppler wind lidar based on it increases evidently with the increase of backscattering signal Doppler shift. A method of repeating the use of the approximate linear part of FPI transmission spectra for reducing the high uncertainty of a big Doppler shift is proposed. One of the ways of realizing this method is discussed in detail, in which the characteristics of FPI transmission spectrum changing with thickness and incident angle are utilized simultaneously. Under different atmosphere conditions, it has been proved theoretically that the range of measurement uncertainty drops to one-sixth while its minimum has no serious change. This method can be used not only to guide the new system design, but also as a new working way for the fabricated system.

A different method of laser Doppler shift measurement is proposed. By using the sinusoidal phase-modulation, the plus and minus one-order sidebands beside the original frequency component in signal light are generated. And a beat frequency signal with fixed-frequency is present when the amplitude and phase of the modulated light are turned with Fabry-Perot interferometer. The characteristic of the amplitude of this beat frequency signal changing with the frequency is used to measure the Doppler shift. By theoretically analyzing, it can be concluded that this method can possess the advantages of both the normal coherent and non-coherent methods and also has the merits of high measuring accuracy and easy fabrication. The validity and feasibility of this method are verified experimentally, and its measurement accuracy is found experimentally to be one order of magnitude higher than that of the normal non-coherent method.

The delay theoretical analysis result of single-longitudinal-mode pulse injected in active Fabry-Perot cavity has been obtained. The gain in Fabry-Perot cavity has been calculated and the numerical simulation result of output pulse has been obtained. The results show that when the energy of the pulse decreases at a certain value, the gain produced by increased pump particle population can compensate the loss in the cavity and the delay pulse can achieve steady state. In experiment, the active Fabry-Perot cavity is a Nd: YAG laser sided pumped by laser diode. For the pulse inputed externally, we achieve 140 pulses within 2 ups. Finally, the reference light is delayed using the active Fabry-Perot cavity. And we show the heterodyne experiment of signal light whose frequency shift generated by an acousto-optic modulation (AOM), and the experiment results accord with the frequency shift of the AOM and the error is less than 4%.

The linear and nonlinear optical properties,as well as phase-matching of mixed Cd0.35Hg0.65Ga2S4 nonlinear crystal are investigated. Da mage threshold is determined in comparison with the widely used middle IR crystal under identical experimental conditions. CO2 laser second harmonic generatio n (SHG) is realized in this crystal at a phase-matching angle in well coi ncidence with estimation.

We present a simple analytical method to study birefringence and polarization mode dispersion (PMD) of graded-core stress-applied polarization-maintaining fibers. It is based on the equivalent step-index-fiber method. It is shown that the agreement between present results and the results obtained using the finite-element method is very good. Polarization characteristics of stress-applied polarization-maintaining fibers having a dip in the refractive index at the center of the core are also investigated.

In this chapter, two empirical pilot studies on the role of politeness in dialogue summarization are described. In these studies, a collection of four dialogues was used. Each dialogue was automatically generated by the NECA system and the politeness of the dialogue participants was\ud systematically manipulated. Subjects were divided into groups who had to summarize the dialogues from a particular dialogue participant’s point of view or the point of view of an impartial observer. In the first study, there were no other constraints. In the second study, the summarizers were restricted to summaries whose length did not exceed 10% of the number of words in the dialogue that was being summarized. Amongst other things, it was found that the politeness of the interaction is\ud included more often in summaries of dialogues that deviate from what would be considered normal or unmarked. A comparison of the results of the two studies suggests that the extent to which politeness is reported is not affected by how long a summary is allowed to be. It was also found that the point of view of the summarizer influences which information is included in the summary and how it is presented. This finding did not seem to be affected by the constraint in our second study on the summary length.