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Alzheimer’s disease is an irrevocable, progressive brain disorder that gradually destroys memory and cognitive skills. One of the extensively studied methods of preventing Alzheimer’s disease (AD) progression is by providing a nutritional diet. Several reports have shown that intake of nutritional elements as huperzine A, ursolic acid, vitamins etc., can directly influence pathogenesis of AD. Surprisingly, the occurrence of metabolic disorders due to an unhealthy diet has been known to be a major environmental cause of AD. It has been noted that AD severity can be controlled by supplementing dietary supplements containing huge amounts of health-promoting ingredients. These elements promote cell health, regeneration, and the anti-aging process that specifically interrupt the pathogenic pathways in AD development. Fortunately, incorporating changes in the nutritional content is inexpensive, easy, acceptable, safe, effective, and in most cases, free from major adverse events. Many nutritional phytoconstituents such as flavonoids, alkaloids, and terpenoids are still being evaluated in the hope of identifying a successful therapy for AD. This review discusses the therapeutical potential of several key nutrients that have been researched for treating AD treatment and the method of their neuroprotective intervention.

A amyloid-β (Aβ) plaque formation in the brain is known to be the root cause of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), which affects the behavior, memory, and cognitive ability in humans. The brain starts undergoing changes several years before the actual appearance of the symptoms. Nanotechnology could prove to be an alternative strategy for treating the disease effectively. It encompasses the diagnosis as well as the therapeutic aspect using validated biomarkers and nano-based drug delivery systems, respectively. A nano-based therapy may provide an alternate strategy, wherein one targets the protofibrillar amyloid-β (Aβ) structures, and this is followed by their disaggregation as random coils. Conventional/routine drug therapies are inefficient in crossing the blood-brain barrier; however, this hurdle can be overcome with the aid of nanoparticles. The present review highlights the various challenges in the diagnosis and treatment of AD. Meticulous and collaborative research using nanotherapeutic systems could provide remarkable breakthroughs in the early-stage diagnosis and therapy of AD.

For improvisation of diabetic’s quality of life, nanotechnology is facilitating the development of advanced glucose sensors as well as efficient insulin delivery systems. Our prime focus of the review is to highlight the advancement in diabetic research with special reference to nanotechnology at its interface. Recent studies are more focused on enhancing sensitivity, accuracy, and response by employing metal as well as nanoparticles based glucose sensors. Moreover, the review focuses on nanoscale based approaches i.e. closed-loop insulin delivery systems, which detect any fluctuation in blood glucose levels and allow controlled release of a drug, thus are also called self-regulating insulin release system. Additionally, this review summarizes the role of nanotechnology in the diagnosis and treatment of diabetic complications through little advancement in the existing techniques. To improve health, as well as the quality of life in diabetic’s new sensing systems for blood glucose level evaluation and controlled administration of drugs through efficient drug delivery systems should be explored.

Several types of cancers share cellular and molecular behaviors. Although many chemotherapy drugs have been designed to weaken the defenses of cancer cells, these drugs may also have cytotoxic effects on healthy tissues. Fucoidan, a sulfated fucose-based polysaccharide from brown algae, has gained much attention as an antitumor drug owing to its anticancer effects against multiple cancer types. Among the anticancer mechanisms of fucoidan are cell cycle arrest, apoptosis evocation, and stimulation of cytotoxic natural killer cells and macrophages. Fucoidan also protects against toxicity associated with chemotherapeutic drugs and radiation-induced damage. The synergistic effect of fucoidan with existing anticancer drugs has prompted researchers to explore its therapeutic potential. This review compiles the mechanisms through which fucoidan slows tumor growth, kills cancer cells, and interacts with cancer chemotherapy drugs. The obstacles involved in developing fucoidan as an anticancer agent are also discussed in this review.

Sleep disorders have been shown to increase the risk of dementia. This particular aspect may affect the cognition of the patient, leading to behavioral disorders and depression. In early symptomatic Alzheimer’s Disease (AD), Default Mode Network (DMN) disruption occurs and progresses along with the course of the disease. This review mainly focuses on the leading causes of AD along with management of conditions like insomnia, obstructive sleep apnea, night-time sleep duration, Circadian Rhythm Disorder (CRD), neuroendocrine alternation, and impaired sleep to prevent the use of drugs that can cause complications, especially falls or additional cognitive deficits. Moreover, this study highlights the identification of molecular mechanisms like the effect of impaired sleep on amyloid β (Aβ) and tau dynamics, impaired proteostasis, along with appropriate measures to treat few contributing factors that lead to insomnia in AD or Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI).

Gene therapy is one of the frontier fields of medical breakthroughs that poses as an effective solution to previously incurable diseases. The delivery of the corrective genetic material or a therapeutic gene into the cell restores the missing gene function and cures a plethora of diseases, incurable by the conventional medical approaches. This discovery holds the potential to treat many neurodegenerative disorders such as muscular atrophy, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson’s disease (PD) and Alzheimer’s disease (AD), among others. Gene therapy proves as a humane, cost-effective alternative to the exhaustive often arduous and timely impossible process of finding matched donors and extensive surgery. It also overcomes the shortcoming of conventional methods to cross the blood-brain barrier. However, the use of gene therapy is only possible after procuring the in-depth knowledge of the immuno-pathogenesis and molecular mechanism of the disease. The process of gene therapy can be broadly categorized into three main steps: elucidating the target gene, culling the appropriate vector, and determining the best mode of transfer; each step mandating pervasive research. This review aims to dissertate and summarize the role, various vectors and methods of delivery employed in gene therapy with special emphasis on therapy directed at the central nervous system (CNS) associated with neurodegenerative diseases.

Nanotechnology is an active area of research these days. Nanotechnology deals with the use of low energy and resources, small amount of nanomaterials are more effective as compared to large material in bulk amount. Nanotechnology is a combination of several fields like physics, chemistry, mathematics, material science, computer science, bio-instrumentation, environmental science, pharmacy, etc. These properties of nanoparticles make them more suitable to use in various biomedical and clinical applications such as drug delivery, tissue engineering, probing of DNA structure and antimicrobial agents.

New agricultural breeding techniques offer advancement for the development of quality crop trait which is used commercially in both private and public sector. The success of techniques is still challenging at scientific level, interrupted under political influences as well as affected at social level. There are few institutional and social barriers in the implication of new plant breeding technologies, reported from data obtained during survey by an international panel of experts. Major issues for the succession of breeding techniques are associated with regulatory as well environmental concerns. But there is an increasing demand of appetite with diversity in nutritional status, more productivity. Newer breeding techniques involving marker-assisted selection, gene editing and enhanced productivity are an advanced science which uses innovation at genetic and biotechnological level. The technique may also provide advances in gathering information regarding unique quality of particular plant. Developing methods to store, share, and quickly analyze these data will produce significant advances in plant breeding.