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1. On-Sky Performance of the SPT-3G Frequency-Domain Multiplexed Readout

Author

J. A. Sobrin, Thomas Cecil, E. V. Denison, S. S. Meyer, Kent D. Irwin, Peter A. R. Ade, W. L. Holzapfel, K. T. Story, K. Vanderlinde, A. E. Lowitz, V. Novosad, Donna Kubik, Aled Jones, John E. Carlstrom, G. I. Noble, Lincoln Bryant, Jason W. Henning, T. de Haan, Ki Won Yoon, Volodymyr Yefremenko, Nathan Whitehorn, Zeeshan Ahmed, T. Natoli, N. L. Harrington, Gene C. Hilton, Robert Gardner, Amy N. Bender, Carole Tucker, Jason Gallicchio, E. M. Leitch, C. L. Chang, A. E. Gambrel, W. B. Everett, A. Foster, Adrian T. Lee, D. Howe, D. Dutcher, Antony A. Stark, M. Jonas, Aritoki Suzuki, J. E. Ruhl, J. Stephen, Trupti Khaire, D. Riebel, Bradford Benson, J. F. Cliche, Joshua Montgomery, H. M. Cho, Ari Cukierman, Graeme Smecher, Z. Pan, Alexandra S. Rahlin, R. Basu Thakur, Matt Dobbs, K. R. Ferguson, Faustin Carter, Andrew Nadolski, Junjia Ding, Adam Anderson, M. R. Young, N. W. Halverson, Leila R. Vale, Oliver Jeong, Chao-Lin Kuo, Keith L. Thompson, John Groh, Karen Byrum, John E. Pearson, P. Paschos, N. Huang, A. Gilbert, J. Fu, A. M. Kofman, Jessica Avva, R. Guyser, Stephen Padin, C. M. Posada, Steve Kuhlmann, Joaquin Vieira, S. Guns, Daniel Michalik, Gensheng Wang, W. Quan, Erik Shirokoff, Peter S. Barry, A. H. Harke-Hosemann, H. T. Nguyen, M. Korman, and J. T. Sayre

Subjects
Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, Multiplexing, Noise (electronics), 010305 fluids & plasmas, law.invention, Optics, law, 0103 physical sciences, General Materials Science, 010306 general physics, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), Physics, business.industry, Bolometer, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), White noise, Condensed Matter Physics, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, South Pole Telescope, Frequency domain, Transition edge sensor, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, business, Voltage
Abstract

Frequency-domain multiplexing (fMux) is an established technique for the readout of large arrays of transition edge sensor (TES) bolometers. Each TES in a multiplexing module has a unique AC voltage bias that is selected by a resonant filter. This scheme enables the operation and readout of multiple bolometers on a single pair of wires, reducing thermal loading onto sub-Kelvin stages. The current receiver on the South Pole Telescope, SPT-3G, uses a 68x fMux system to operate its large-format camera of $\sim$16,000 TES bolometers. We present here the successful implementation and performance of the SPT-3G readout as measured on-sky. Characterization of the noise reveals a median pair-differenced 1/f knee frequency of 33 mHz, indicating that low-frequency noise in the readout will not limit SPT-3G's measurements of sky power on large angular scales. Measurements also show that the median readout white noise level in each of the SPT-3G observing bands is below the expectation for photon noise, demonstrating that SPT-3G is operating in the photon-noise-dominated regime., Comment: 9 pages, 5 figures submitted to the Journal of Low Temperature Physics: LTD18 Special Edition

Published
2019

2. Performance of Al–Mn Transition-Edge Sensor Bolometers in SPT-3G

Author

M. Korman, Kent D. Irwin, W. L. Holzapfel, J. E. Ruhl, H. M. Cho, Ari Cukierman, V. Novosad, Donna Kubik, C. L. Chang, A. E. Gambrel, Alexandra S. Rahlin, Matt Dobbs, K. Vanderlinde, Keith L. Thompson, D. Howe, M. R. Young, Karen Byrum, Thomas Cecil, R. Basu Thakur, Erik Shirokoff, P. Paschos, Aled Jones, Peter A. R. Ade, Zeeshan Ahmed, Amy N. Bender, Ki Won Yoon, A. H. Harke-Hosemann, K. T. Story, A. E. Lowitz, H. T. Nguyen, D. Dutcher, Antony A. Stark, J. A. Sobrin, J. Stephen, Jason Gallicchio, Lincoln Bryant, Jason W. Henning, J. T. Sayre, S. S. Meyer, Volodymyr Yefremenko, Nathan Whitehorn, John E. Pearson, Peter S. Barry, N. L. Harrington, T. Natoli, Andrew Nadolski, Jessica Avva, G. I. Noble, Carole Tucker, R. Guyser, Stephen Padin, Trupti Khaire, N. Huang, A. Foster, Joshua Montgomery, A. Gilbert, C. M. Posada, Bradford Benson, Robert Gardner, J. F. Cliche, Steve Kuhlmann, Gene C. Hilton, Joaquin Vieira, Chao-Lin Kuo, S. Guns, Graeme Smecher, W. B. Everett, N. W. Halverson, Daniel Michalik, Gensheng Wang, John Groh, J. Fu, E. V. Denison, W. Quan, A. M. Kofman, M. Jonas, Leila R. Vale, Adrian T. Lee, Aritoki Suzuki, Faustin Carter, Junjia Ding, John E. Carlstrom, T. de Haan, E. M. Leitch, D. Riebel, Oliver Jeong, Z. Pan, K. R. Ferguson, and Adam Anderson

Subjects
Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Materials science, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Cosmic microwave background, FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, Multiplexing, 010305 fluids & plasmas, law.invention, Optics, law, 0103 physical sciences, General Materials Science, Wafer, 010306 general physics, Anisotropy, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), business.industry, Detector, Bolometer, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), Condensed Matter Physics, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, South Pole Telescope, Transition edge sensor, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, business
Abstract

SPT-3G is a polarization-sensitive receiver, installed on the South Pole Telescope, that measures the anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) from degree to arcminute scales. The receiver consists of ten 150~mm-diameter detector wafers, containing a total of 16,000 transition-edge sensor (TES) bolometers observing at 95, 150, and 220 GHz. During the 2018-2019 austral summer, one of these detector wafers was replaced by a new wafer fabricated with Al-Mn TESs instead of the Ti/Au design originally deployed for SPT-3G. We present the results of in-lab characterization and on-sky performance of this Al-Mn wafer, including electrical and thermal properties, optical efficiency measurements, and noise-equivalent temperature. In addition, we discuss and account for several calibration-related systematic errors that affect measurements made using frequency-domain multiplexing readout electronics., Comment: 9 pages, 5 figures, submitted to the Journal of Low Temperature Physics: LTD18 Special Edition

Published
2019

3. Verification of the Optical System of the 9.7-m Prototype Schwarzschild-Couder Telescope

Author

C. Aramo, Thomas Brian Humensky, Giovanni Pareschi, L. Stiaccini, Carmela Bonavolontà, A. Rugliancich, M. Caprai, E. Fiandrini, David Kieda, Daniel Nieto, A. Furniss, M. Bitossi, G. Sironi, S. J. Fegan, Wystan Benbow, B. Stevenson, C. Adams, Markus Garczarczyk, Justin Vandenbroucke, Riccardo Paoletti, B. Kim, Elisabetta Bissaldi, L. Di Venere, A. Petrashyk, R. A. Cameron, M. Valentino, Vladimir Vassiliev, Gagik Tovmassian, A. Boiano, S. Loporchio, Corbin Covault, Nicola Giglietto, P. Wilcox, A. Iriarte, Francesco Giordano, Reshmi Mukherjee, F. Garfias, A. Brill, S. P. Wakely, T. Meures, P. Kaarat, R. Shang, Michele Limon, K. Powell, Marcos Santander, B. A. W. Mode, F. R. Pantaleo, D. A. Williams, Julien Rousselle, G. Hughes, O. Hervet, V. Masone, R. Halliday, R. Bose, Q. Feng, Jade Powell, J. H. Buckley, Salvo Scuderi, S. Schlenstedt, M. Ambrosio, Peter Y. Yu, M. Capasso, Akira Okumura, F. Licciulli, A. Gent, J. Ruíz-Díaz-Soto, L. P. Taylor, B. Bertucci, M. Ionica, N. Otte, D. Ribeiro, E. Roache, N. La Palombara, Giovanni Ambrosi, W. Jin, Karen Byrum, L. Tosti, Ruben Alfaro, Maria Magdalena González, V. Vagelli, Laboratoire Leprince-Ringuet (LLR), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3), ITA, USA, FRA, DEU, ESP, JPN, and MEX

Subjects
Cherenkov Telescope Array, 01 natural sciences, localization, law.invention, High Energy Physics - Experiment, High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex), law, Observatory, pixel, optical, [PHYS.HEXP]Physics [physics]/High Energy Physics - Experiment [hep-ex], mirror, media_common, Physics, cascade: atmosphere, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, imaging, Active optics, alignment, Schwarzschild, observatory, Aplanatic Optical System, duality, history, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, performance, Gamma Ray, Imaging Cherenkov Telescopes, Aperture, media_common.quotation_subject, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, FOS: Physical sciences, Cherenkov counter: atmosphere, 010309 optics, Telescope, Optics, 0103 physical sciences, Angular resolution, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-INS-DET]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Instrumentation and Detectors [physics.ins-det], Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), Cherenkov radiation, business.industry, beam: width, 010401 analytical chemistry, resolution, sensitivity, 0104 chemical sciences, messenger, angular resolution, Sky, gamma ray, business
Abstract

For the first time in the history of ground-based $\gamma$-ray astronomy, the on-axis performance of the dual mirror, aspheric, aplanatic Schwarzschild-Couder optical system has been demonstrated in a $9.7$-m aperture imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescope. The novel design of the prototype Schwarzschild-Couder Telescope (pSCT) is motivated by the need of the next-generation Cherenkov Telescope Array (CTA) observatory to have the ability to perform wide ($\geq 8^{\circ}$) field-of-view observations simultaneously with superior imaging of atmospheric cascades (resolution of $0.067^{\circ}$ per pixel or better). The pSCT design, if implemented in the CTA installation, has the potential to improve significantly both the $\gamma$-ray angular resolution and the off-axis sensitivity of the observatory, reaching nearly the theoretical limit of the technique and thereby making a major impact on the CTA observatory sky survey programs, follow-up observations of multi-messenger transients with poorly known initial localization, as well as on the spatially resolved spectroscopic studies of extended $\gamma$-ray sources. This contribution reports on the initial alignment procedures and point-spread-function results for the challenging segmented aspheric primary and secondary mirrors of the pSCT., Comment: 19 pages, 11 figures, proceedings for SPIE Optical Engineering + Applications, 2020, Online Only

Published
2020

4. An image-based array trigger for imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescope arrays

Author

Frank Krennrich, Gary Drake, Karen Byrum, J. D. Eisch, Amanda Weinstein, John S. Anderson, and Hugh Dickinson

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Discriminator, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, FOS: Physical sciences, Field of view, 01 natural sciences, law.invention, Telescope, Optics, law, 0103 physical sciences, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Instrumentation, Cherenkov radiation, High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE), Physics, Pixel, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, business.industry, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Gamma-ray astronomy, Cherenkov Telescope Array, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Parallax, business
Abstract

It is anticipated that forthcoming, next generation, atmospheric Cherenkov telescope arrays will include a number of medium-sized telescopes that are constructed using a dual-mirror Schwarzschild-Couder configuration. These telescopes will sample a wide ($8^{\circ}$) field of view using a densely pixelated camera comprising over $10^{4}$ individual readout channels. A readout frequency congruent with the expected single-telescope trigger rates would result in substantial data rates. To ameliorate these data rates, a novel, hardware-level Distributed Intelligent Array Trigger (DIAT) is envisioned. A copy of the DIAT operates autonomously at each telescope and uses reduced resolution imaging data from a limited subset of nearby telescopes to veto events prior to camera readout {and any subsequent network transmission of camera data that is required for centralized storage or aggregation}. We present the results of Monte-Carlo simulations that evaluate the efficacy of a "Parallax width" discriminator that can be used by the DIAT to efficiently distinguish between genuine gamma-ray initiated events and unwanted background events that are initiated by hadronic cosmic rays., 22 pages, 12 figures. Accepted for publication in NIMA

Published
2018

5. Design Improvement and Bias Voltage Optimization of Glass-Body Microchannel Plate Picosecond Photodetector

Author

Dean Walters, Lei Xia, Ranjan Dharmapalan, Edward May, Robert Wagner, Anil U. Mane, Jingbo Wang, Huyue Zhao, Marcel Demarteau, Junqi Xie, Karen Byrum, and Jeffrey W. Elam

Subjects
010302 applied physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Materials science, Fabrication, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, business.industry, Detector, Photodetector, Biasing, 01 natural sciences, Planar, Optics, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, Picosecond, 0103 physical sciences, Microchannel plate detector, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, business, Image resolution
Abstract

Microchannel plate photodetectors, capable of picosecond time resolution and sub-mm spatial resolution, are a perfect candidate for the next generation of photodetectors for precision timing measurements. Argonne National Laboratory is producing low-cost, all-glass body, planar photodetectors with an indium seal. The design and fabrication of 6-cm square photodetectors has been well demonstrated in an ultra-high vacuum system. Recently, a new design was developed to optimize the photodetector bias voltage. This design offers an improved configuration and allows external control of the bias voltage for each internal detector component. Design and measurements of the new independently biased devices are described in this paper. We performed a systematic study on the bias voltage and achieved a gain on the order of $10^{{\mathbf {7}}}$ , a time resolution better than 35 ps, and a spatial resolution better than 1 mm.

Published
2017

6. Development and testing of cost-effective, 6cm×6cm MCP-based photodetectors for fast timing applications

Author

Jeffrey W. Elam, Anil U. Mane, Huyue Zhao, Edward May, Dean Walters, Robert Wagner, Karen Byrum, Marcel Demarteau, Junqi Xie, Lei Xia, and Jingbo Wang

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Fabrication, business.industry, Position resolution, Detector, Photodetector, Time resolution, Atomic layer deposition, Picosecond, Optoelectronics, Microchannel plate detector, business, Instrumentation
Abstract

Micro-channel plate (MCP)-based photodetectors are capable of picosecond level time resolution and sub-mm level position resolution, which makes them a perfect candidate for the next generation large area photodetectors. The large-area picosecond photodetector (LAPPD) collaboration is developing new techniques for making large-area photodetectors based on new MCP fabrication and functionalization methods. A small single tube processing system (SmSTPS) was constructed at Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) for developing scalable, cost-effective, glass-body, 6 cm×6 cm, picosecond photodetectors based on MCPs functionalized by Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD). Recently, a number of fully processed and hermitically sealed prototypes made of MCPs with 20 μm pores have been fabricated. This is a significant milestone for the LAPPD project. These prototypes were characterized with a pulsed laser test facility. Without optimization, the prototypes have shown excellent results: the time resolution is ~57 ps for single photoelectron mode and ~15 ps for multi-photoelectron mode; the best position resolution is ≤0.8 mm for large pulses. In this paper, the tube processing system, the detector assembly, experimental setup, data analysis and the key performance will be presented.

Published
2015
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7. Design and fabrication of prototype 6×6 cm2 microchannel plate photodetector with bialkali photocathode for fast timing applications

Author

Joseph Gregar, Dean Walters, Karen Byrum, Huyue Zhao, Robert Wagner, Marcel Demarteau, Junqi Xie, Edward May, Jingbo Wang, Mathew Virgo, and Lei Xia

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Fabrication, business.industry, Photodetector, Photocathode, Optics, Planar, Quantum efficiency, Microchannel plate detector, Thin film, business, Instrumentation, Image resolution
Abstract

Planar microchannel plate-based photodetectors with a bialkali photocathode are able to achieve photon detection with very good time and position resolution. A 6×6 cm 2 photodetector production facility was designed and built at Argonne National Laboratory. Small form-factor MCP-based photodetectors completely constructed out of glass were designed and prototypes were successfully fabricated. Knudsen effusion cells were incorporated in the photocathode growth chamber to achieve uniform and high quantum efficiency photocathodes. The thin film uniformity was simulated and measured for an antimony film deposition, showing uniformity of better than 10%. Several prototype devices with bialkali photocathodes have been fabricated with the described system and their characteristics were evaluated in the large signal (multi-PE) limit. A typical prototype device exhibits time-of-flight resolution of ~27 psec and differential time resolution of ~9 psec, corresponding to spatial resolution of ~0.65 mm.

Published
2015

8. Development of a low-cost fast-timing microchannel plate photodetector

Author

Lei Xia, Dean Walters, Huyue Zhao, Robert Wagner, Karen Byrum, Edward May, Jingbo Wang, Marcel Demarteau, and Junqi Xie

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Fabrication, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, business.industry, Photodetector, Time resolution, 01 natural sciences, Photocathode, Glass material, 010309 optics, Optics, 0103 physical sciences, Optoelectronics, Microchannel plate detector, Quantum efficiency, business, Instrumentation, Image resolution
Abstract

We report on the design, fabrication and characterization of a prototype 6 × 6 cm 2 microchannel plate photodetector with precise fast-timing measurement capability. The whole assembly is made of low cost glass materials with a bialkali photocathode top window. All components are hermetically sealed in vacuum. The prototype photodetector exhibits time resolution of 65 ps and 16 ps at single-photoelectron and multi-photoelectron levels, respectively. The spatial resolution reaches 0.54 mm for multi-photoelectron measurements. The bialkali photocathode exhibits a maximum quantum efficiency exceeding 20% with a uniformity of ± 40 % .

Published
2016
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9. Optimization of transition edge sensor arrays for cosmic microwave background observations with the South Pole Telescope

Author

Faustin Carter, Junjia Ding, Gene C. Hilton, Jason W. Henning, H. M. Cho, C. S. Miller, Chihway Chang, V. G. Yefremenko, RB Thakur, K. L. Thompson, Z. Pan, E. M. Leitch, A. S. Rahlin, H. Nguyen, K. Vanderlinde, R. N. Gannon, Trupti Khaire, Liliana Stan, J. A. Sobrin, Joshua Montgomery, David A. Czaplewski, Andreas Bender, John E. Carlstrom, Johannes Hubmayr, W. L. K. Wu, Kam Arnold, D. Dutcher, T. Natoli, Erik Shirokoff, Jessica Avva, S. S. Meyer, R. Guyser, Kent D. Irwin, Valentine Novosad, Q. Y. Tang, Stephen Padin, A. J. Gilbert, Christian L. Reichardt, Adam Anderson, A. Cukierman, T. de Haan, Lindsey Bleem, Aritoki Suzuki, W. L. Holzapfel, I. Shirley, Gensheng Wang, Donna Kubik, W. B. Everett, Kaori Hattori, J. T. Sayre, Peter A. R. Ade, A. A. Stark, Carole Tucker, Ki Won Yoon, K. T. Story, N. W. Halverson, J. E. Ruhl, C. L. Kuo, C. M. Posada, Andrew Nadolski, M. A. Dobbs, Zeeshan Ahmed, J. F. Cliche, Joaquin Vieira, Nathan Whitehorn, Jason E. Austermann, John E. Pearson, Benjamin Saliwanchik, Oliver Jeong, Graeme Smecher, Ralu Divan, Karen Byrum, N. L. Harrington, Bradford Benson, N. Huang, Jamil A. Shariff, and Aaron Lee

Subjects
cosmic microwave background, General Physics, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Cosmic microwave background, 02 engineering and technology, Dielectric, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, law.invention, Optics, Thermal conductivity, superconducting detectors, law, 0103 physical sciences, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 010306 general physics, QB, Physics, Transition edge sensors, business.industry, Detector, Bolometer, South Pole telescope, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Materials Engineering, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Condensed Matter Physics, Polarization (waves), Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, South Pole Telescope, Transition edge sensor, 0210 nano-technology, business, bolometers
Abstract

© 2002-2011 IEEE. In this paper, we describe the optimization of transition-edge-sensor (TES) detector arrays for the third-generation camera for the South Pole Telescope. The camera, which contains ~ 16 000 detectors, will make high-angular-resolution maps of the temperature and polarization of the cosmic microwave background. Our key results are scatter in the transition temperature of Ti/Au TESs is reduced by fabricating the TESs on a thin Ti(5 nm)/Au(5 nm) buffer layer and the thermal conductivity of the legs that support our detector islands is dominated by the SiOx dielectric in the microstrip transmission lines that run along the legs.

Published
2017

10. A Medium Sized Schwarzschild-Couder Cherenkov Telescope Design Proposed for the Cherenkov Telescope Array

Author

S. Schlenstedt, Wystan Benbow, R. Northrop, S. P. Wakely, E. Roache, Manel Errando, Julien Rousselle, Reshmi Mukherjee, D. Naumann, Daniel Nieto, David Kieda, H. Zhao, R. Sternberger, Karen Byrum, S. Criswell, V. J. Guarino, Vladimir Vassiliev, Brian Humensky, Akira Okumura, P. Kaaret, and R. A. Cameron

Subjects
Physics, business.industry, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astronomy, Cherenkov Telescope Array, law.invention, Telescope, Optics, Observatory, law, Mechanical design, Angular resolution, business, Schwarzschild radius, Cherenkov radiation
Abstract

The Cherenkov Telescope Array (CTA) is an international next-generation ground-based gamma-ray observatory. CTA will be implemented as southern and northern hemisphere arrays of tens of small, medium and large-sized imaging Cherenkov telescopes with the goal of improving the sensitivity over the current-generation experiments by an order of magnitude. CTA will provide energy coverage from ∼20 GeV to more than 300 TeV. The Schwarzschild-Couder (SC) medium size (9.5m) telescopes will feature a novel aplanatic two-mirror optical design capable of accommodating a wide field-of-view with significantly improved angular resolution as compared to the traditional Davies-Cotton optical design. A full-scale prototype SC medium size telescope structure has been designed and will be constructed at the Fred Lawrence Whipple Observatory in southern Arizona during the fall of 2015. This report will concentrate on the novel features of the design.

Published
2016

11. Integrated performance of a frequency domain multiplexing readout in the SPT-3G receiver

Author

J. T. Sayre, Zeeshan Ahmed, Matt Dobbs, C. L. Chang, W. B. Everett, Trupti Khaire, Joshua Montgomery, V. Novosad, T. M. Crawford, H. Nguyen, Karen Byrum, Jason W. Henning, Peter A. R. Ade, K. T. Story, H. M. Cho, A. J. Gilbert, Alexandra S. Rahlin, J. E. Ruhl, G. Smecher, T. de Haan, Adam Anderson, N. W. Halverson, R. Basu Thakur, Nathan Whitehorn, Kent D. Irwin, J. A. Sobrin, Oliver Jeong, W. L. Holzapfel, David A. Czaplewski, S. S. Meyer, John E. Carlstrom, N. Huang, Erik Shirokoff, Keith L. Thompson, Z. Pan, Volodymyr Yefremenko, Donna Kubik, I. Shirley, Ki Won Yoon, John E. Pearson, Chao-Lin Kuo, Christian L. Reichardt, Ari Cukierman, Faustin Carter, K. Vanderlinde, Kaori Hattori, Amy N. Bender, Andrew Nadolski, Junjia Ding, T. Natoli, M. Korman, Kam Arnold, Gene C. Hilton, John Groh, Antony A. Stark, Sergi Lendinez, J. A. Shariff, D. Dutcher, B. R. Saliwanchik, Lindsey Bleem, N. L. Harrington, Ralu Divan, A. H. Harke-Hosemann, Adrian T. Lee, Bradford Benson, C. S. Miller, E. M. Leitch, C. M. Posada, Joaquin Vieira, J. F. Cliche, Liliana Stan, Jessica Avva, R. Guyser, Stephen Padin, Gensheng Wang, Aritoki Suzuki, Q. Y. Tang, Carole Tucker, and Jason E. Austermann

Subjects
Physics, business.industry, Cosmic microwave background, Bolometer, Bandwidth (signal processing), Detector, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, Multiplexing, law.invention, Cardinal point, Optics, South Pole Telescope, Interference (communication), law, 0103 physical sciences, 010306 general physics, business, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics
Abstract

The third generation receiver for the South Pole Telescope, SPT-3G, will make extremely deep, arcminuteresolution maps of the temperature and polarization of the cosmic microwave background. The SPT-3G maps will enable studies of the B-mode polarization signature, constraining primordial gravitational waves as well as the effect of massive neutrinos on structure formation in the late universe. The SPT-3G receiver will achieve exceptional sensitivity through a focal plane of ~16,000 transition-edge sensor bolometers, an order of magnitude more than the current SPTpol receiver. SPT-3G uses a frequency domain multiplexing (fMux) scheme to read out the focal plane, combining the signals from 64 bolometers onto a single pair of wires. The fMux readout facilitates the large number of detectors in the SPT-3G focal plane by limiting the thermal load due to readout wiring on the 250 millikelvin cryogenic stage. A second advantage of the fMux system is that the operation of each bolometer can be optimized. In addition to these benefits, the fMux readout introduces new challenges into the design and operation of the receiver. The bolometers are operated at a range of frequencies up to 5 MHz, requiring control of stray reactances over a large bandwidth. Additionally, crosstalk between multiplexed detectors will inject large false signals into the data if not adequately mitigated. SPT-3G is scheduled to deploy to the South Pole Telescope in late 2016. Here, we present the pre-deployment performance of the fMux readout system with the SPT-3G focal plane.

Published
2016

12. Large arrays of dual-polarized multichroic TES detectors for CMB measurements with the SPT-3G receiver

Author

Kam Arnold, Ki Won Yoon, M. Korman, Amy N. Bender, Liliana Stan, Peter A. R. Ade, K. T. Story, N. L. Harrington, H. Nguyen, D. Dutcher, Q. Y. Tang, Aritoki Suzuki, Bradford Benson, Jessica Avva, K. Vanderlinde, Benjamin Saliwanchik, Matt Dobbs, David A. Czaplewski, Antony A. Stark, Andrew Nadolski, J. E. Ruhl, Nathan Whitehorn, Carole Tucker, Stephen Padin, C. L. Chang, Volodymyr Yefremenko, Ralu Divan, Sergi Lendinez Escudero, Lindsey Bleem, Oliver Jeong, J. T. Sayre, Erik Shirokoff, Jamil A. Shariff, Tijmen de Haan, John E. Pearson, Jason E. Austermann, Faustin Carter, John E. Carlstrom, Zeeshan Ahmed, Ritoban Basu Thakur, T. Natoli, Trupti Khaire, Junjia Ding, Gene C. Hilton, C. M. Posada, Joshua Montgomery, Chao-Lin Kuo, Erik M. Leitch, N. Huang, Keith L. Thompson, Adrian T. Lee, Valentyn Novosad, Christian L. Reichardt, Robert J. Guyser, Joaquin Vieira, Jason W. Henning, Z. Pan, Kaori Hattori, Ari Cukierman, J. A. Sobrin, N. W. Halverson, Gensheng Wang, Alexandra S. Rahlin, Karen Byrum, R. N. Gannon, S. S. Meyer, C. S. Miller, I. Shirley, Kent D. Irwin, Hsiao-Mei Cho, W. L. Holzapfel, Donna Kubik, Adam Anderson, and W. B. Everett

Subjects
010302 applied physics, Physics, business.industry, Bolometer, Cosmic microwave background, Detector, Spectral bands, 01 natural sciences, law.invention, Cardinal point, Optics, South Pole Telescope, law, 0103 physical sciences, Antenna (radio), 010306 general physics, Telecommunications, business, Microfabrication
Abstract

Detectors for cosmic microwave background (CMB) experiments are now essentially background limited, so a straightforward alternative to improve sensitivity is to increase the number of detectors. Large arrays of multichroic pixels constitute an economical approach to increasing the number of detectors within a given focal plane area. Here, we present the fabrication of large arrays of dual-polarized multichroic transition-edge-sensor (TES) bolometers for the South Pole Telescope third-generation CMB receiver (SPT-3G). The complete SPT-3G receiver will have 2690 pixels, each with six detectors, allowing for individual measurement of three spectral bands (centered at 95 GHz, 150 GHz and 220 GHz) in two orthogonal polarizations. In total, the SPT-3G focal plane will have 16140 detectors. Each pixel is comprised of a broad-band sinuous antenna coupled to a niobium microstrip transmission line. In-line filters are used to define the different band-passes before the millimeter-wavelength signal is fed to the respective Ti/Au TES sensors. Detectors are read out using a 64x frequency domain multiplexing (fMux) scheme. The microfabrication of the SPT-3G detector arrays involves a total of 18 processes, including 13 lithography steps. Together with the fabrication process, the effect of processing on the Ti/Au TES’s Tc is discussed. In addition, detectors fabricated with Ti/Au TES films with Tc between 400 mK 560 mK are presented and their thermal characteristics are evaluated. Optical characterization of the arrays is presented as well, indicating that the response of the detectors is in good agreement with the design values for all three spectral bands (95 GHz, 150 GHz, and 220 GHz). The measured optical efficiency of the detectors is between 0.3 and 0.8. Results discussed here are extracted from a batch of research of development wafers used to develop the baseline process for the fabrication of the arrays of detectors to be deployed with the SPT-3G receiver. Results from these research and development wafers have been incorporated into the fabrication process to get the baseline fabrication process presented here. SPT-3G is scheduled to deploy to the South Pole Telescope in late 2016.

Published
2016

13. MCP-based Photodetectors for Cryogenic Applications

Author

Ranjan Dharmapalan, Marcel Demarteau, Dean Walters, Jing Wang, Junqi Xie, Anil U. Mane, Edward May, Huyue Zhao, Lei Xia, Robert Wagner, Karen Byrum, and Jeffrey W. Elam

Subjects
010302 applied physics, Photomultiplier, Materials science, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, business.industry, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Detector, Photodetector, FOS: Physical sciences, Cryogenics, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), Wavelength shifter, 01 natural sciences, High Energy Physics - Experiment, Wavelength, High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex), Optics, 0103 physical sciences, Liquid argon, High Energy Physics::Experiment, business, Instrumentation, Image resolution, Mathematical Physics
Abstract

The Argonne MCP-based photo detector is an offshoot of the Large Area Pico-second Photo Detector (LAPPD) project, wherein 6 cm × 6 cm sized detectors are made at Argonne National Laboratory. We have successfully built and tested our first detectors for pico-second timing and few mm spatial resolution. We discuss our efforts to customize these detectors to operate in a cryogenic environment. Initial plans aim to operate in liquid argon. We are also exploring ways to mitigate wave length shifting requirements and also developing bare-MCP photodetectors to operate in a gaseous cryogenic environment.

Published
2016

14. The track imaging Cherenkov experiment

Author

Simon P. Swordy, Karen Byrum, S. Magill, D. Horan, E. Kovacs, S. P. Wakely, David Kieda, J. D. Cunningham, L. Nodulman, Gary Drake, Stephanie Wissel, Rick Wagner, and E. Hays

Subjects
High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE), Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Photomultiplier, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Cherenkov detector, business.industry, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Track Imaging Cherenkov Experiment, FOS: Physical sciences, Cosmic ray, Fresnel lens, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, law.invention, Telescope, Optics, Air shower, law, Astrophysics - Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, business, Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics (astro-ph.IM), Instrumentation, Cherenkov radiation
Abstract

We describe a dedicated cosmic-ray telescope that explores a new method for detecting Cerenkov radiation from high-energy primary cosmic rays and the large particle air shower they induce upon entering the atmosphere. Using a camera comprising 16 multi-anode photomultiplier tubes for a total of 256 pixels, the Track Imaging Cerenkov Experiment (TrICE) resolves substructures in particle air showers with 0.086 degree resolution. Cerenkov radiation is imaged using a novel two-part optical system in which a Fresnel lens provides a wide-field optical trigger and a mirror system collects delayed light with four times the magnification. TrICE records well-resolved cosmic-ray air showers at rates ranging between 0.01-0.1 Hz., Comment: 18 pages, 10 figures

Published
2011

15. Tests of timing properties of silicon photomultipliers

Author

E. J. Ramberg, S. Los, Edward May, M. Demarteau, A. Ronzhin, M. G. Albrow, J. Va’vra, Karen Byrum, and A. Zatserklyaniy

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Photomultiplier, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, business.industry, Photodetector, Biasing, Laser, law.invention, Time of flight, Optics, Silicon photomultiplier, law, Picosecond, business, Instrumentation, Cherenkov radiation
Abstract

Timing measurements of Silicon Photomultipliers (SiPM) [1] and [2] at the picosecond level were performed at Fermilab. The core timing resolution of the electronic measurement technique is approximately 2 ps. The single photoelectron time resolution (SPTR) was measured for the signals coming from the SiPM's. A SPTR of about one hundred picoseconds was obtained for SiPM's illuminated by laser pulses. The dependence of the SPTR on applied bias voltage and on the wavelength of the light was measured. A simple model is proposed to explain the difference in the SPTR for blue and red light. A time of flight system based on the SiPM's, with quartz Cherenkov radiators, was tested in a proton beam at Fermilab. The time resolution obtained is 35 ps per SiPM. Finally, requirements for the SiPM's temperature and bias voltage stability to maintain the time resolution are discussed.

Published
2010

16. Position Sensing Using Pico-Second Timing With Micro-Channel Plate Devices and Waveform Sampling

Author

T. Natoli, Fukun Tang, Karen Byrum, Henry J. Frisch, Edward May, Mary K. Heintz, Eugene Yurtsev, and Jean-Francois Genat

Subjects
Coupling, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Signal processing, Materials science, business.industry, Bandwidth (signal processing), Sampling (statistics), Electric power transmission, Optics, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, Nuclear electronics, Electronic engineering, Microchannel plate detector, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Photonics, business
Abstract

Micro-Channel Plate devices (MCP) provide fast signals with rise-times in the 100 ps range, allowing a measurement of the time-of-arrival of light pulses with a few pico-seconds accuracy using either constant fraction discrimination followed by time-to-digital conversion, or waveform sampling processed after digitization. The coupling of the MCP anode plane to 50 Ω transmission lines allows both a precise time measurement and additionally the potential for a position measurement with an accuracy of a few hundred microns for large-area devices. We present position measurement results obtained with MCPs from Photonis, 10-cm transmission lines, and a calibrated laser source followed by sampling and digitization, and waveform analysis. A detailed simulation of the transmission lines is presented. We compare the measured position resolution for two identical setups but with MCPs of different pore diameters: 25 and 10 microns. Simulation results are also presented for transmission lines up to 1-m in length.

Published
2010

17. Beam test of a Time-of-Flight detector prototype

Author

T. Natoli, D. W. G. S. Leith, Karen Byrum, J. Va’vra, E. J. Ramberg, A. Ronzhin, Camden Ertley, M. G. Albrow, B. N. Ratcliff, and Edward May

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Photomultiplier, Time of flight detector, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, business.industry, Detector, Particle accelerator, law.invention, Optics, law, Physics::Accelerator Physics, High Energy Physics::Experiment, Microchannel plate detector, Fermilab, business, Instrumentation, Cherenkov radiation, Beam (structure)
Abstract

We report on results of a Time-of-Flight, TOF, counter prototype in beam tests at SLAC and Fermilab. Using two identical 64-pixel Photonis Microchannel Plate Photomultipliers, MCP-PMTs, to provide start and stop signals, each having a 1 cm-long quartz Cherenkov radiator, we have achieved a timing resolution of {sigma}{sub Single{_}detector} {approx} 14 ps.

Published
2009

18. Development of Picosecond-Resolution Large-Area Time-of-Flight Systems

Author

H. Sanders, Henry J. Frisch, Camden Ertley, G. Drake, Fukun Tang, John S. Anderson, J.-F. Genat, and Karen Byrum

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Photomultiplier, business.industry, Detector, Ray, Signal, Time of flight, Optics, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, Picosecond, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, business, Cherenkov radiation, Computer Automated Measurement and Control
Abstract

The measurement of time-of-flight (TOF) of relativistic particles in high-energy colliders with picosecond resolution would qualitatively change the ability to identify underlying parton-level processes at future colliders or upgrades of existing detectors. We have measured the timing properties of three micro-channel plate photo-multiplier tubes (MCPPMTs) from Photonis; one with 1024 anodes and the other two with 64 anodes. The 1024-anode 10-micron pore tube uses a charge-collection scheme at the anode to provide equal arrival time of the signal independent of the hit position of incident light on the face of the tube. The two 64-anode 25-micron pore tubes have a commercially available collection scheme and were used to find a limit on the timing resolution. We have performed these measurements using a newly assembled test-stand based on a Hamamatsu PLP-10 picosecond laser and a commercial CAMAC readout electronics system. We present these results and compare timing properties to earlier versions of the charge collection scheme.

Published
2009

19. Toward the construction of a medium size prototype Schwarzschild-Couder telescope for CTA

Author

I. Mognet, Valerie Connaughton, Reshmi Mukherjee, P. A. Jenke, Julien Rousselle, David Kieda, Vladimir Vassiliev, Paul K. L. Yu, Manel Errando, Daniel Nieto, Karen Byrum, P. Kaaret, S. T. Griffiths, Akira Okumura, Michele Limon, R. A. Cameron, B. Stevenson, T. B. Humensky, Daniela Maria Ribeiro, V. J. Guarino, A. Petrashyk, and A. Peck

Subjects
Physics, business.industry, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astronomy, IACT, Gamma-ray astronomy, Cherenkov Telescope Array, law.invention, Telescope, Primary mirror, Optics, Observatory, law, Angular resolution, business, Cherenkov radiation
Abstract

The construction of a prototype Schwarzschild-Couder telescope (pSCT) started in early June 2015 at the Fred Lawrence Whipple Observatory in Southern Arizona, as a candidate medium-sized telescope for the Cherenkov Telescope Array (CTA). Compared to current Davies-Cotton telescopes, this novel instrument with an aplanatic two-mirror optical system will offer a wider field-of-view and improved angular resolution. In addition, the reduced plate scale of the camera allows the use of highly-integrated photon detectors such as silicon photo multipliers. As part of CTA, this design has the potential to greatly improve the performance of the next generation ground-based observatory for very high-energy (E>60 GeV) gamma-ray astronomy. In this contribution we present the design and performance of both optical and alignment systems of the pSCT.

Published
2015

20. Large Area Microchannel Plates for LAPPD™

Author

Michael E. Stochaj, Joseph M. Renaud, Aileen O'Mahony, A. Elagin, C. A. Craven, R. Northrop, Karen Byrum, Michael J. Minot, M. Wetstein, A. Mane, Oswald H. W. Siegmund, Robert Wagner, Jeffrey W. Elam, Justin L. Bond, Jason B. McPhate, Henry J. Frisch, and Daniel C. Bennis

Subjects
Resistive touchscreen, Materials science, Microchannel, business.industry, Photodetector, Nanotechnology, engineering.material, Isotropic etching, Atomic layer deposition, Coating, engineering, Optoelectronics, Wafer, business, Dark current
Abstract

Manufacturing plans for “next generation” microchannel plates (MCPs) and the technical advantages enabled by this evolving technology are presented. The Large Area Picosecond Photodetector (LAPPD) is an MCP based photodetector, capable of imaging, with high spatial and temporal resolution in a hermetic package with an active area of 400 square centimeters. A key component of LAPPD is a chevron pair of large area (20 x 20 cm) MCPs. The manufacture of these large-area high performance MCPs has been enabled by the convergence of two technological breakthroughs. The first is the ability to produce large blocks of hollow, micronsized glass capillary arrays (GCAs) developed by Incom Inc. The Incom process is based on the use of an etchless “hollow-core” approach in the glass drawing process, eliminating the need to remove core material by chemical etching. The arrays are fabricated as large blocks that can be sliced to form large area wafers, without regard to the conventional limits of L/d (capillary length / pore diameter). Moreover, the glass used in these GCAs is physically more robust, does not have a tendency to warp, and has low levels of radioactive isotopes resulting in low dark noise. The second breakthrough is the advent of atomic layer deposition (ALD) coating methods and materials to functionalize GCAs to impart the necessary resistive and secondary emission properties suitable for large area detector applications. Recent results demonstrating the high performance, uniformity, and long term stability of the current MCP product are presented.

Published
2015

22. The Shower Maximum Front-End Electronics for the CDF Upgrade

Author

C. Drennan, J.Y. Wu, A.A. Lindgren, G.W. Foster, W.N. Haberichter, J. Hoff, Lawrence Nodulman, S. Kuhlmann, J.L. Schlereth, J. Proudfoot, Karen Byrum, J. W. Dawson, Gary Drake, and A. Byon-Wagner

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, business.industry, Detector, Electrical engineering, Integrated circuit, law.invention, Data acquisition, Upgrade, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, Application-specific integrated circuit, law, Nuclear electronics, Fermilab, Electronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, business
Abstract

The CDF Shower Maximum Electronics is part of the upgraded data acquisition system for the CDF experiment at Fermilab. The system services five detector subsystems of the calorimeter, and accommodates the different properties and data processing requirements imposed by each of them. The electronics is built around a custom integrated circuit called the SMQIE, which produces floating-point data with no dead-time using a 7.6-MHz clock. The components of the system are described, along with the principles of operation for performing data acquisition, calibration, and diagnostics.

Published
2002

23. PSEC Fast Timing Test

Author

L. L. Ruckman, Camden Ertley, J.F. Genat, Fukun Tang, Scott Wilbur, Saclay, Dan Herbst, Christophe Royon, Henry Frsich, Erik Ramberg, G. S. Varner, Patrick Le Du, Anatoly Ronzhin, Michael Albrow, Irfu, Gary Drake, Karen Byrum, J. Va’vra, and J. T. Anderson

Subjects
business.industry, Computer science, business, Computer hardware, Test (assessment)
Published
2013

24. Introducing the CTA concept

Author

A. Mathieu, R. G. Wagner, K. Panagiotidis, S Rosier Lees, Julien Rousselle, M. Gómez Berisso, Michela Uslenghi, Stephen Maxfield, R. C. Shellard, Ivica Puljak, T. Le Flour, Thomas Schanz, Tobias C. Walther, Juanan Aguilar, Pierre Colin, M. Chikawa, N. Fouque, Mosè Mariotti, G. Fontaine, Merja Tornikoski, V. Diez-Blanco, Enrico Giro, A. Krepps, G. Koss, J. M. Martin, Sergio Billotta, E. de Oña Wilhelmi, Keitaro Takahashi, S. Buson, P. Brook, S. Steiner, M. Dyrda, Joseph Silk, Sera Markoff, P. Lubinski, U. Schwanke, Sauvik Bhattacharyya, J. Ripken, T. Haubold, C. Zurbach, H. Wetteskind, R. Hermel, J. Darling, J. Nicolau-Kukliński, Konstancja Satalecka, M. Videla, Stefan Funk, P. Conconi, S. Bajtlik, Lukasz Stawarz, J. M. Paredes, K. Reitberger, Stefan Wagner, Teresa Mineo, David Kieda, G. Pareschi, Shigeto Kabuki, Makoto Sawada, Antonio Stamerra, Rodolfo Canestrari, N. Baby, G. Crimi, P. Kostka, J. Grube, R. Zanin, I. K. Kominis, L. Mc Comb, R. Sternberger, M. Fesquet, M. Tokarz, David Fink, Daniela Dorner, N. Hamer Heras, A. Moralejo Olaizola, M. de Naurois, Diego F. Torres, Claes Fransson, K. Nishijima, Yutaka Fujita, L. Fresnillo, B. García, R. Kossakowski, A. Masserot, H. von Gunten, Alkiviadis F. Bais, Ciro Bigongiari, A. Saggion, G. Papyan, I. Mrusek, K. Farakos, J. Michałowski, A. Franckowiak, Fernando Martinez, M. Doert, R. Wawrzaszek, Michele Doro, L. Sapozhnikov, Claudia Lavalley, D. Thuermann, A.A. Zdziarski, Cristina Knapic, Karen Byrum, N. Neyroud, Petr Schovanek, W. Domainko, D. Kastana, E. Birsin, Adrian Biland, F. Sánchez, Alexandre Marcowith, M. Errando, R. L. C. Starling, J. Schultze, A. Weinstein, B. B. Singh, Yassir Moudden, Jelena Aleksić, C. L. Naumann, V. Waegebaert, M. Shayduk, U. F. Katz, Gianpiero Tagliaferri, M. Schroedter, A. Vollhardt, O. Reimann, Hideyuki Ohoka, Vincenzo Testa, C. Jablonski, Tsuguya Naito, J. Schäfer, Stavros Maltezos, A. Wierzcholska, P. Wawer, L. Nellen, F. Mirabel, Tatsuo Yoshida, P. H. Carton, Nina Nowak, L. Platos, Riccardo Rando, P. P. Krueger, R. Wischnewski, W. Romaszkan, E. Fede, Martino Marisaldi, Markus Gaug, Richard Willingale, J. H. Buckley, U. De AlmeidaBarres, J. Knapp, Saverio Lombardi, D. della Volpe, A. Herrero, A. Bottani, E. Delagnes, Martin J. Hardcastle, C. Morello, Anna Lipniacka, T. Greenshaw, M. Renaud, Giancarlo Cusumano, Jonathan Biteau, M. Sowiński, J. R. T. de Mello Neto, T. B. Humensky, Michael G. Richer, G. Parks, G. Grasseau, H. Baba, Gino Tosti, Damir Lelas, H. Krawzcynski, David Paneque, M. Barcelo, R. Dickherber, P. Ferrando, Shinji Hara, D. Florin, Hideaki Katagiri, T. Shibata, Fuyuki Tokanai, N. A. McCubbin, J. Gomez-Ortega, D. Nakajima, A. Liolios, P. Laporte, Orjan Dale, A. Sillanpää, Dainis Dravins, Timothée Grégoire, Nu. Komin, A. Mihailidis, L. Sidoli, Shiu-Hang Lee, A. W. Chen, J. M. Illa, A. Kuznetsov, P. Munar-Adrover, D. Dominis Prester, Marcos Daniel Actis, Abraham D. Falcone, L. Journet, D. Hadasch, N. Galante, A. Murphy, C. J. Todero Peixoto, S. Wiesand, A. Aravantinos, A. C. Rovero, J. L. Dournaux, P. Romano, M. Hrabovsky, R. de los Reyes Lopez, M. Ostrowski, J. Pallota, Geza Gyuk, Petar Temnikov, R. Dubois, Jan Ebr, R. Koul, David J. Smith, S. Schwarzburg, P. Manigot, Chad Finley, Tarek M. Hassan, Giuseppe Sottile, Evgeni Ovcharov, P. J. Rajda, F. Krennrich, Peter L. Moore, W. B. Focke, W. Bednarek, Elena Amato, Kazunori Kohri, J. Gamez-Garcia, I. Oya, A. Shibuya, German Hermann, William H. Lee, Dorota Sobczyńska, X. Zhou, C. Balkowski, G. Vallejo, M. Hayashida, M. Bitossi, Loukas Vlahos, H. Lockart, N. Geffroy, L. Tibaldo, Marek Jamrozy, Luke O'c. Drury, Pratik Majumdar, P. Sutcliffe, S. Schlenstedt, M. Palatka, Christophe Champion, H. Ueno, M. Rupiński, P. Giommi, J. Schwarz, G. Pühlhofer, Takashi Saito, W. van Driel, C. van Eldik, Q. Xiong, Yasuo Fukui, A. Donat, A. Ibarra, R. S. Warwick, Michiko Ohishi, A. W. Smith, J.-P. Lenain, Aion Viana, Terry Ashton, Guillaume Dubus, Jacek Niemiec, K. Kodani, Luis Ángel Tejedor, A. Wörnlein, Takanori Yoshikoshi, Masahiro Teshima, W. Gäbele, Ll. Font, Olaf Reimer, J. F. Valdés-Galicia, Lucy Fortson, J. P. Osborne, Mattia Fornasa, Keith Bechtol, Masayuki Tanaka, Shigehiro Nagataki, M. Rataj, M. Ribordy, Emmanuel Moulin, I. de la Calle, K. Winiarski, C. Jeanney, I. Mognet, I. Vegas, C. Juffroy, Yutaka Ohira, A. Jacholkowska, Matthew Wood, A. E. Suárez, J. Bähr, K. M. Schure, J. Maya, M. Dafonseca, J. Tasan, R. Sugawara, M. Bourgeat, A. Mancilla, D. Pelat, Olga Botner, D. Nedbal, G. Depaola, Robert Wagner, T. Okuda, H. Arnaldi, Josep Martí, P. Corona, T. Bonev, D. Yelos, J. Sieiro, V. Scalzotto, Jacco Vink, D. Languignon, Marco Ajello, J. Vandenbrouke, Philipp Mertsch, M. Mordalska, P. Wegner, P. Ziółkowski, P. T. O'Brien, A. Nozato, Robert D. Preece, B. Huber, Matteo Balbo, J.R. Bogart, R. Kankanyan, K. Mori, T. Jogler, Seth Digel, Claudio Vuerli, Hiromitsu Takahashi, Thomas Lohse, K. Saito, A. W. Borgland, Elisa Prandini, Helene Sol, Ryan Heller, M. Bogdan, D. Dumas, M. Stodulski, Y. Awane, Piercarlo Bonifacio, Pedro L. Luque-Escamilla, Judith H. Croston, Fabio Pizzolato, P. M. Chadwick, M. K. Daniel, Riccardo Paoletti, Reiko Orito, Katsuaki Asano, R. Frei, G. Disset, Valerie Connaughton, Juhani Huovelin, Hiroyasu Tajima, S. Vercellone, F. Feinstein, G. Decerprit, Riccardo Smareglia, S. Spyrou, Gustavo E. Romero, J. Shi, J. Carr, N. Girard, Dirk L. Hoffmann, Andreas Zech, Markus Boettcher, Osvaldo Catalano, Akira Okumura, M. Dohmke, C. Föhr, Sabrina Casanova, R. A. Cameron, Jan Conrad, K. Umehara, K. K. Yadav, A. Paizis, John L. Quinn, L. Pogosyan, C. Farnier, William J. Potter, Domenico Impiombato, Tadashi Kifune, Jonathan Granot, Gernot Maier, M. Cieślar, S. Palanque, G.W. Fraser, J. Prast, R. Bose, Heidi Sandaker, G. Lamanna, Dusan Mandat, J.F. Glicenstein, J. Harris, D. Naumann, J. Ziolkowski, Michał Szanecki, C. Delgado, J. Kocot, W. Lustermann, Sabine Elles, J. Schmoll, L. Gérard, M. López, Norita Kawanaka, V. Gika, B. Lieunard, A. Pichel, Martin Pohl, Mariusz Sterzel, S. Vincent, Paolo De Coppi, J. Lande, O. Blanch Bigas, Gianluca Giavitto, Yusuke Konno, Julian Sitarek, M. Panter, P.-O. Petrucci, F. Henault, M. Prouza, Philip Kaaret, Josep Colomé, Luciano Nicastro, German Martinez, L. Gebremedhin, J. M. Yebras, Apostolos Mastichiadis, A. S. Madhavan, Thomas J. Maccarone, K. Berger, R. Buehler, P. Jean, N. Sartore, F. Toussenel, Aris Karastergiou, W. Kluźniak, A. Djannati-Ataï, S. J. Fegan, Louis Antonelli, A. González Muñoz, J. Berdugo, S. S. Upadhya, M. Sidz, F. Mottez, Patrick Vogler, F. Di Pierro, Wystan Benbow, B. Sacco, L. Chiappetti, J. Dumm, R. Firpo Curcoll, David Gascon, V. Boccone, J. Krause, J. P. Avernet, B. Peyaud, B. De Lotto, Ana Babić, T. O. B. Schmidt, I. M. McHardy, T. Schweizer, S. P. Wakely, Daniel Gall, Frank M. Rieger, E. Sant'Ambrogio, M. Kagaya, P. Vincent, R. C. Rannot, Sandro Mereghetti, A. De Angelis, M. Scarcioffolo, R. White, G. H. Sembroski, Takeshi Nakamori, C. Medina, M. A. De Oliveira Leigui, Subir Sarkar, A. Marszałek, Reshmi Mukherjee, K. Nakayama, A. Fiasson, S. Giarrusso, T. Bernardino, J. P. Finley, D. Neise, L. O. Takalo, F. Grañena, Nikola Godinovic, H. Sasaki, P. Zychowski, Francesco Dazzi, B. Courty, A. Basili, Vitaly Neustroev, B. Khélifi, T. Glanzman, M. Trifoglio, Regis Terrier, R. A. Ong, E. M. Santos, M. Minuti, Thomas Bretz, R. Moderski, J. Kushida, S. Royer, Emilio Molinari, Etienne Lyard, J. Houles, Juan Abel Barrio, T. Lerch, S. Rivoire, T. Kishimoto, M. Cailles, M. Casiraghi, Nikolaos Stergioulas, J. Gaweda, S. Koyama, Ingomar Allekotte, E. Ismailova, Elina Giannakaki, S. Schwemmer, Ryo Yamazaki, G. Fasola, Christoph Deil, Jose Luis Contreras, T. Bird, Miguel A. Sánchez-Conde, J. Dick, E. Edy, D. Parsons, R. Pyzioł, R. Mirzoyan, Manjuli R. Sharma, J. Borkowski, Jonathan S. Lapington, Cameron B Rulten, Rino Bandiera, Volker Beckmann, Jun Kakuwa, Dimitris Balis, Kenji Toma, Anna Barnacka, Andrea Santangelo, L. Padilla, Peter Eger, G. Decock, Karol Seweryn, N. Sakaki, Darko Veberič, Andrea Bulgarelli, B. Rudak, M. Pérez, H. Koppel, Felix Spanier, M. I. Martínez, D. Horville, Marco Molinaro, R. Walter, P. Ramon, S. Brau-Nogue, J. Camprecios, K. Kärcher, John H. Seiradakis, S. Criswell, D. J. Leopold, V. J. Guarino, R. Gredig, S. Vorobiov, Viktor Gruev, Gareth Hughes, Daniele Spiga, Quirin Weitzel, N. Håkansson, Susumu Inoue, U. Straumann, Juan Cortina, B. Behera, Jürgen Knödlseder, Daniel Nieto, Tomasz Szepieniec, H. Prokoph, Jerzy Grygorczuk, G. De La Vega, Jim Hinton, E. Chabanne, M. Mahabir, R. Krobot, M. Capalbi, Miroslav Pech, C. Díaz, J. Ludwin, F. Gianotti, Garret Cotter, Claudio Melioli, Hiroaki Yamamoto, C. Veyssiere, Kunihito Ioka, S. Sun, J. M. Parraud, L. Rob, Felix Aharonian, G. Maneva, D. Melkumyan, T. Schwab, J. Kasperek, J. M. Huet, E. 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M., Santo, A., Sanuy, L., Sapozhnikov, S., Sarkar, N., Sartore, H., Sasaki, K., Satalecka, M., Sawada, V., Scalzotto, V., Scapin, M., Scarcioffolo, J., Schafer, T., Schanz, S., Schlenstedt, R., Schlickeiser, T., Schmidt, J., Schmoll, P., Schovanek, M., Schroedter, C., Schultz, J., Schultze, A., Schulz, K., Schure, T., Schwab, U., Schwanke, J., Schwarz, S., Schwarzburg, T., Schweizer, S., Schwemmer, A., Segreto, G. H., Sembroski, K., Seweryn, M., Sharma, M., Shayduk, R. C., Shellard, J., Shi, T., Shibata, A., Shibuya, E., Shum, L., Sidoli, M., Sidz, J., Sieiro, M., Sikora, J., Silk, A., Sillanpaa, B. B., Singh, J., Sitarek, C., Skole, R., Smareglia, A., Smith, D., Smith, J., Smith, N., Smith, D., Sobczynska, H., Sol, G., Sottile, M., Sowinski, F., Spanier, D., Spiga, S., Spyrou, V., Stamatescu, A., Stamerra, R., Starling, L., Stawarz, R., Steenkamp, C., Stegmann, S., Steiner, N., Stergioula, R., Sternberger, M., Sterzel, F., Stinzing, M., Stodulski, U., Straumann, E., Strazzeri, L., Stringhetti, A., Suarez, M., Suchenek, R., Sugawara, K. . ., H., S., Sun, A. D., Supanitsky, T., Suric, P., Sutcliffe, J., Syke, M., Szanecki, T., Szepieniec, A., Szostek, G., Tagliaferri, H., Tajima, H., Takahashi, K., Takahashi, L., Takalo, H., Takami, C., Talbot, J., Tammi, M., Tanaka, S., Tanaka, J., Tasan, M., Tavani, L. A., Tejedor, I., Telezhinsky, P., Temnikov, C., Tenzer, Y., Terada, R., Terrier, M., Teshima, V., Testa, D., Tezier, D., Thuermann, L., Tibaldo, O., Tibolla, A., Tiengo, M., Tluczykont, C. J., Todero, F., Tokanai, M., Tokarz, K., Toma, K., Torii, M., Tornikoski, D. F., Torre, M., Torre, G., Tosti, T., Totani, C., Toussenel, G., Tovmassian, P., Travnicek, M., Trifoglio, I., Troyano, K., Tsingano, H., Ueno, K., Umehara, S. S., Upadhya, T., Usher, M., Uslenghi, J. F., Valdes Galicia, P., Vallania, G., Vallejo, W. v., Driel, C. v., Eldik, J., Vandenbrouke, J., Vanderwalt, H., Vankov, G., Vasileiadi, V., Vassiliev, D., Veberic, I., Vega, S., Vercellone, S., Vergani, C., Veyssiere, J. P., Vialle, A., Viana, M., Videla, P., Vincent, S., Vincent, J., Vink, N., Vlahaki, L., Vlaho, P., Vogler, A., Vollhardt, H. . ., P., S., Vorobiov, C., Vuerli, V., Waegebaert, R., Wagner, R. G., Wagner, S., Wagner, S. P., Wakely, R., Walter, T., Walther, K., Warda, R., Warwick, P., Wawer, R., Wawrzaszek, N., Webb, P., Wegner, A., Weinstein, Q., Weitzel, R., Welsing, M., Werner, H., Wetteskind, R., White, A., Wierzcholska, S., Wiesand, M., Wilkinson, D. A., William, R., Willingale, K., Winiarski, R., Wischnewski, L., Wisniewski, M., Wood, A., Woernlein, Q., Xiong, K. K., Yadav, H., Yamamoto, T., Yamamoto, R., Yamazaki, S., Yanagita, J. M., Yebra, D., Yelo, A., Yoshida, T., Yoshida, T., Yoshikoshi, V., Zabalza, M., Zacharia, A., Zajczyk, R., Zanin, A., Zdziarski, A., Zech, A., Zhao, X., Zhou, K., Zietara, J., Ziolkowski, P., Ziolkowski, V., Zitelli, C., Zurbach, P., Zychowski, Laboratoire d'Annecy de Physique des Particules (LAPP/Laboratoire d'Annecy-le-Vieux de Physique des Particules), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), AstroParticule et Cosmologie (APC (UMR_7164)), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7), APC - Astrophysique des Hautes Energies (APC - AHE), PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Observatoire de Paris, PSL Research University (PSL)-PSL Research University (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Dipartimento di Astronomia, Universita degli Studi di Bologna, Università di Bologna [Bologna] (UNIBO)-Università di Bologna [Bologna] (UNIBO), Centre de Physique des Particules de Marseille (CPPM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU), Institut de Recherches sur les lois Fondamentales de l'Univers (IRFU), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay, CTA, Laboratoire Univers et Théories (LUTH (UMR_8102)), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Galaxies, Etoiles, Physique, Instrumentation (GEPI), Laboratoire d'Annecy de Physique des Particules (LAPP), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna [Bologna] (UNIBO), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7), Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Observatoire de Paris, Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Dipartimento di Astronomia, Universita degli Studi di Bologna, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna [Bologna] (UNIBO)-Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna [Bologna] (UNIBO), and High Energy Astrophys. & Astropart. Phys (API, FNWI)

Subjects
Next generation Cherenkov telescopes, Ciencias Físicas, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, TeV GAMMA-RAY ASTRONOMY, Observatory, Air showers, HESS, Cherenkov Telescopes, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, MISSION, SUPERNOVA REMNANT W44, TELESCOPE, ASTRONOMY, EMISSION, Physics, ta213, [SDU.ASTR.HE]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena [astro-ph.HE], Settore FIS/01 - Fisica Sperimentale, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, TeV gamma-ray astronomy, ddc:540, CIENCIAS NATURALES Y EXACTAS, [PHYS.ASTR.HE]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena [astro-ph.HE], [PHYS.ASTR.IM]Physics [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysic [astro-ph.IM], Air shower, AIR SHOWERS, Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, 0103 physical sciences, Preparatory phase, ta115, TeV gamma-ray astronomy Air showers Cherenkov Telescopes, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, business.industry, CHERENKOV TELESCOPES, Física, Astronomy, Institut für Physik und Astronomie, Astronomy and Astrophysics, ASTROFÍSICA, Cherenkov Telescope Array, [SDU.ASTR.IM]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysic [astro-ph.IM], Astronomía, Design study, Telecommunications, business
Abstract

The Cherenkov Telescope Array (CTA) is a new observatory for very high-energy (VHE) gamma rays. CTA has ambitions science goals, for which it is necessary to achieve full-sky coverage, to improve the sensitivity by about an order of magnitude, to span about four decades of energy, from a few tens of GeV to above 100 TeV with enhanced angular and energy resolutions over existing VHE gamma-ray observatories. An international collaboration has formed with more than 1000 members from 27 countries in Europe, Asia, Africa and North and South America. In 2010 the CTA Consortium completed a Design Study and started a three-year Preparatory Phase which leads to production readiness of CTA in 2014. In this paper we introduce the science goals and the concept of CTA, and provide an overview of the project., La lista completa de autores puede consultarse en el documento o en la página web de la revista., Facultad de Ingeniería

Published
2013

25. Development of large area fast microchannel plate photo-detectors

Author

Karen Byrum

Subjects
Physics, business.industry, Detector, Photodetector, Particle accelerator, law.invention, Anode, Atomic layer deposition, Optics, law, Microchannel plate detector, Quantum efficiency, Electronics, business
Abstract

We report on a cross-disciplined, multi-institutional effort to develop large-scale 'frugal' photo-detectors capable of mm-scale space resolution and pico-second time resolution. This new R&D effort is being led by the High Energy Physics branch within DOE. The large-area fast photodetectors (LAPPD) being developed would have applications in many fields, including particle physics, astrophysics, nuclear sciences, and medical imaging. The basic approach uses novel inexpensive micro channel pores which have been functionalized using a technique called atomic layer deposition. A custom anode and fast electronics are used to readout the photodetector. High quantum efficiency photocathodes are also being explored. The R&D program includes detailed testing and end to end simulations.

Published
2011

26. The Development of Anodic Aluminum Oxide Based Micro-channel Plate for Large-area Photo-detector

Author

Hau Wang, Karen Byrum, Henry J. Frisch, Jeffrey W. Elam, Anil U. Mane, Seon Woo Lee, and Qing Peng

Subjects
Materials science, business.industry, Anodizing, Scanning electron microscope, Oxide, Analytical chemistry, Photodetector, Microbiology, Aspect ratio (image), chemistry.chemical_compound, chemistry, Etching (microfabrication), Optoelectronics, Microchannel plate detector, business, Lithography
Abstract

Anodized Aluminum Oxide (AAO) based micro-channel plates (MCP) are fabricated in order to develop economical large-area photodetectors. Commercially available glass capillary array has a limitation to reach channel diameter below ~10 microns. However, smaller channel diameter is desired for better spatial and fast timing resolution. AAO based MCP is a good candidate to produce channel diameter less than 10 um by taking advantage of the nano-scale intrinsic pores during etching process. In this study, various channel diameters are fabricated with use of lithographic patterning techniques and wet etching; and characterized with optical, atomic force, and scanning electron microscopies. The channel diameter, channel length and related aspect ratio, as well as the open area are varied in order to maximize the MCP photon amplification.

Published
2011

27. Field tests of a new high-speed pattern recognition trigger for ground-based gamma-ray telescope arrays

Author

A. W. Smith, A. Kreps, Karen Byrum, M. Schroedter, J. T. Anderson, Gary Drake, and F. Krennrich

Subjects
Physics, Discriminator, Pixel, Sampling (signal processing), business.industry, Nuclear electronics, Pattern recognition (psychology), Pattern recognition, IACT, Artificial intelligence, Dead time, business, Cherenkov radiation
Abstract

We have developed a three-stage, high-speed trigger for use in an array of imaging atmospheric Cherenkov telescopes (IACTs), which are used for the study of cosmic high-energy gamma-ray sources. This trigger has the ability to recognize patterns of Cherenkov light generated by gamma-ray initiated air showers in the atmosphere and correlate these patterns across multiple telescopes in the IACT array to form a stereoscopic realtime pattern recognition trigger. New hardware and firmware sampling at 400MHz with programmable coincidence recognition timing and programmable delay compensation over 500 pixel channels in an IACT camera has been produced which generates triggers from the coincidence of any three adjacent pixels within the camera. Reduction of the required coincidence time to 5 ns and the concomitant reduction in dead time from the faster logic allow operation at lower discriminator thresholds relative to existing systems, enabling studies of lower energy gamma-ray events. A successful field test of the first two stages of this pattern recognition hardware has been performed on one of the IACTs of the VERITAS array located in Southern Arizona. We present the results of these tests and compare them to the performance of the existing VERITAS trigger system. A subsequent field test where hardware is connected to multiple VERITAS telescopes to exercise the stereoscopic features is in the planning stages.

Published
2009

28. The next generation of photo-detector for particle astrophysics

Author

N. Otte, Alexandre Vaniachine, Erik Ramberg, Karen Byrum, Oswald H. W. Siegmund, R. G. Wagner, Fnal, J. Hall, M. C. Sanchez, and J. H. Buckley

Subjects
Astroparticle physics, Physics, Photomultiplier, Particle physics, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, business.industry, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Photodetector, Photocathode, Optics, Silicon photomultiplier, Microchannel plate detector, Neutrino, Neutrino astronomy, business
Abstract

We advocate support of research aimed at developing alternatives to the photomultiplier tube for photon detection in large astroparticle experiments such as gamma-ray and neutrino astronomy, and direct dark matter detectors. Specifically, we discuss the development of large area photocathode microchannel plate photomultipliers and silicon photomultipliers. Both technologies have the potential to exhibit improved photon detection efficiency compared to existing glass vacuum photomultiplier tubes.

Published
2009

29. A design for large-area fast photo-detectors with transmission-line readout and waveform sampling

Author

M. Wetstein, Alexander Paramonov, Oswald H. W. Siegmund, Mary K. Heintz, T. Zhao, G. Sellberg, Henry J. Frisch, Michael J. Pellin, T. Natoli, Kurtis Nishimura, A. Zinoviev, M. C. Sanchez, R. Northrop, J-F. C. Genat, J. Efflam, Zeke Insepov, Hsien-Hau Wang, H. Weerts, Mircea Bogdan, G. S. Varner, V. Ivanov, Fukun Tang, R. Stanek, Bernhard W. Adams, D. Routkevitch, Anton S. Tremsin, J. Va’vra, Karen Byrum, J. T. Anderson, L. L. Ruckman, E. Ramberg, A. Ronzhin, Klaus Attenkofer, Gary Drake, and Edward May

Subjects
Physics, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, business.industry, Detector, Photodetector, STRIPS, law.invention, Optics, Transmission line, law, Waveform, Millimeter, Photonics, business, Cherenkov radiation
Abstract

We present a preliminary design and the results of simulation for a photo-detector module to be used in applications requiring the coverage of areas of many square meters with time resolutions less than 10 picoseconds and position resolutions of less than a millimeter for charged particles. The source of light is Cherenkov light in a radiator/window; the amplification is provided by panels of micro-pores functionalized to act as microchannel plates (MCPs). The good time and position resolution stems from the use of an array of parallel 50 Ω transmission lines (strips) as the collecting anodes. The anode strips feed multi-GS/sec sampling chips which digitize the pulse waveform at each end of the strip, allowing a measurement of the time from the average of the two ends, and a 2-dimensional position measurement from the difference of times on a strip, and, in the orthogonal direction, the strip number, or a centroid of the charges deposited on adjacent strips. The module design is constructed so that large areas can be ‘tiled’ by an array of modules

Published
2009

30. New developments in fast-sampling readout of Micro-Channel Plate based large area pico-second time-of-flight detectors

Author

Gary Drake, Henry J. Frisch, Camden Ertley, Jean-Francois Genat, Karen Byrum, David Salek, Edward May, Fukun Tang, and J. T. Anderson

Subjects
Time of flight, Electric power transmission, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, business.industry, Computer science, Picosecond, Bandwidth (signal processing), Detector, Electrical engineering, Millimeter, Microchannel plate detector, business, Image resolution
Abstract

Detectors based on Micro-Channel Plate structures coupled to transmission lines could be used to cover large areas while keeping their outstanding timing properties. This development is a key step towards very large area photo-detectors with excellent space and time resolutions, possible “game changers” in high energy physics, medical imaging, and security. A readout device consisting of transmission lines with 3.5 GHz analog bandwidth coupled to the anodes of a 2″x 2″ device is presented. Simulations predict that waveform sampling using ASICs in the 10 Giga-sample/second range allows measuring both space with millimeter precision and fast timing at a few pico-seconds resolution.

Published
2008

31. A new high-speed pattern recognition trigger for ground-based telescope arrays used in gamma ray astronomy

Author

Bill Haberichter, John S. Anderson, D. Horan, Martin Schroedter, A. W. Smith, Frank Krennrich, A. Kreps, Karen Byrum, J. W. Dawson, Gary Drake, and A. Madhavan

Subjects
Physics, Pixel, business.industry, Night sky, Pattern recognition, IACT, Gamma-ray astronomy, law.invention, Telescope, Background noise, Optics, Data acquisition, law, Artificial intelligence, business, Noise (radio)
Abstract

Modern imaging atmospheric Cerenkov telescopes (IACTs) are often configured as an array of individual telescopes, each having 500 pixels or more, where stereoscopic views of gamma ray air showers using two or more telescopes operating in unison improve the measurement of the location of the source in the night sky. The gamma-ray showers of interest have significant backgrounds, including cosmic-ray showers from protons and heavier elements, muons, and fluctuations in the night sky background that generate noise events in the photo-detectors. It is desirable to lower the thresholds on individual pixels, as this reduces the energy threshold of the instrument and facilitates observation of more distant cosmological objects. However, lowering the threshold also increases the noise and background rates. System aspects ultimately determine how low the threshold can be, including the depth of memory in the front end electronics, the speed of the data acquisition, and the sophistication of the trigger. Gamma-ray showers have a distinct but not unique signature compared to the background signals. We have developed a three-stage, high-speed trigger that can recognize patterns from gamma-ray showers and correlate them across all telescopes in the array to form a stereoscopic real-time pattern recognition trigger. Our goal is to process the ∼10 MHz individual pixel rate on 500+ channels of each telescope (Level 1), and produce a camera trigger rate of 10 MHz (Level 2), and an array trigger rate of less than1 KHz (Level 3). This is a significant increase in performance over current IACTs that operate typically at a 1 KHz Level–2 and at 300∼Hz event acceptance rate. We describe the architecture of this new sophisticated trigger, present first measurements of the prototype system, and describe plans to test this system in an existing IACT as a proof of principle for a future IACT array that might consist of hundreds of telescopes.

Published
2008

32. Testing a silicon photomultiplier time-of-flight (TOF) system in Fermilab Test Beam Facility

Author

Camden Ertley, Henry J. Frisch, Fukun Tang, Karen Byrum, M. G. Albrow, E. J. Ramberg, T. Natoli, John S. Anderson, J.-F. Genat, Edward May, S. Wilbur, Hyun-Chul Kim, A. Ronzhin, Gary Drake, A. Kobach, and J. Va’vra

Subjects
Physics, Photomultiplier, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, business.industry, Electrical engineering, System testing, Particle detector, Time of flight, Optics, Silicon photomultiplier, Physics::Accelerator Physics, Fermilab, business, Beam (structure), Cherenkov radiation
Abstract

The first results from a time-of-flight beam test of silicon photomultipliers (SiPm) with quartz Cherenkov radiators obtained in the Fermilab Test Beam Facility are discussed. The timing measurement was performed with commercial electronics that were commissioned in the Fermilab SiPm timing facility. The plan for a new time-of-flight system for the test beam facility, with the goal of obtaining a few tens picosecond time resolution is presented.

Published
2008

33. ULTRA-FAST TIMING AND THE APPLICATION OF HIGH ENERGY PHYSICS TECHNOLOGIES TO BIOMEDICAL IMAGING

Author

Camden Heartly, Chien-Min Kao, J. Va’vra, H. Sanders, Christophe Royon, Mary Heinz, Quigguo Xie, Fukung Tang, Patrick Le Du, Chin-Tu Chen, Karen Byrum, J. T. Anderson, Gary Drake, Henry J. Frisch, and Jean François Genat

Subjects
Physics, Particle physics, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, business.industry, Detector, Time of flight technique, Silicon photomultiplier, Application-specific integrated circuit, Medical imaging, Electronic engineering, Ultra fast, Electronics, business, Digital signal processing
Abstract

We propose to apply the ultra fast Time Of Flight technique (TOR developed for High Energy Physics (HEP) particle detectors to biomedical imaging. The similarity of the problem in the two fields as well as the remarkable opportunities in biomedical imaging to use technologies developed in HEP have the potential to make major advances in the medical world, in particular for Positron Emission Tomography (PET). We will describe and present some preliminary results of the development of a new complete read-out chain able to manage signals from various types of modem photo detectors (MCP, APD, SiPM). This innovative architecture is made of a fast front-end electronics ASIC with novel Digital Signal Processing (DSP) concepts able to reach the Pico-second timing resolution, a time-to-digital converter, a pipelined digital readout and an integrated

Published
2008

34. Timing measurements of a micro-channel plate photomultiplier incorporating a novel equal-time anode structure

Author

John S. Anderson, H. Sanders, J. Va’vra, Fukun Tang, Henry J. Frisch, Karen Byrum, C. Ertley, and Gary Drake

Subjects
Physics, Photomultiplier, Optics, business.industry, Nuclear electronics, Electrical engineering, Microchannel plate detector, Tube (fluid conveyance), business, Signal, Ray, Computer Automated Measurement and Control, Anode
Abstract

We have measured the timing properties on two new 2-inch micro-channel plate photomultiplier tubes from Photonis; one tube with 25 micron pores and the other tube having 10 micron pores. The 10 micron pore tube uses a novel charge- collection scheme at the anode to provide equal arrival time of the signal independent of the hit position of incident light on the face of the tube. We have performed these measurements using a Hamamatsu PLP-10 picosecond laser and a commercial Camac readout electronics system. We present these results, and compare timing properties to a standard Burle/Photonis 85011 micro-channel plate photomultiplier tube having 25 micron pores. We set an upper limit on the resolution of 9.1psec with Npe approximately 50.

Published
2007

35. Fabrication of large dual-polarized multichroic TES bolometer arrays for CMB measurements with the SPT-3G camera

Author

V. G. Yefremenko, S. T. Ciocys, Kam Arnold, Benjamin Saliwanchik, Kent D. Irwin, W. L. Holzapfel, Ralu Divan, T. Natoli, Donna Kubik, N. W. Halverson, K. L. Thompson, M. J. Myers, Andrew Nadolski, W. B. Everett, Aritoki Suzuki, Antony A. Stark, Z. Pan, Ki Won Yoon, Carole Tucker, J. E. Ruhl, H. M. Cho, N. L. Harrington, Oliver Jeong, C. L. Kuo, Amy N. Bender, John E. Pearson, A. J. Gilbert, Valentine Novosad, John E. Carlstrom, Jason E. Austermann, Zeeshan Ahmed, Junjia Ding, Gene C. Hilton, J. F. Cliche, D. Dutcher, T. de Haan, Ryan Keisler, Kaori Hattori, Bradford Benson, Adrian T. Lee, E. M. Leitch, J. A. Sobrin, Graeme Smecher, Matt Dobbs, David A. Czaplewski, S. S. Meyer, K. E. Ziegler, C. L. Chang, Karen Byrum, A. Cukierman, T. M. Crawford, Lindsey Bleem, Erik Shirokoff, J. T. Sayre, Johannes Hubmayr, Joshua Montgomery, C. S. Miller, Peter A. R. Ade, K. T. Story, Nathan Whitehorn, H. Nguyen, K. Vanderlinde, Sergi Lendinez, Jason W. Henning, C. M. Posada, Joaquin Vieira, Liliana Stan, Stephen Padin, and Gensheng Wang

Subjects
Physics, business.industry, Bolometer, Detector, Metals and Alloys, Condensed Matter Physics, Isotropic etching, Microstrip, law.invention, Optics, South Pole Telescope, Etching (microfabrication), law, Materials Chemistry, Ceramics and Composites, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Reactive-ion etching, business, Microfabrication
Abstract

This work presents the procedures used at Argonne National Laboratory to fabricate large arrays of multichroic transition-edge sensor (TES) bolometers for cosmic microwave background (CMB) measurements. These detectors will be assembled into the focal plane for the SPT-3G camera, the third generation CMB camera to be installed in the South Pole Telescope. The complete SPT-3G camera will have approximately 2690 pixels, for a total of 16 140 TES bolometric detectors. Each pixel is comprised of a broad-band sinuous antenna coupled to a Nb microstrip line. In-line filters are used to define the different bands before the millimeter-wavelength signal is fed to the respective Ti/Au TES bolometers. There are six TES bolometer detectors per pixel, which allow for measurements of three band-passes (95, 150 and 220 GHz) and two polarizations. The steps involved in the monolithic fabrication of these detector arrays are presented here in detail. Patterns are defined using a combination of stepper and contact lithography. The misalignment between layers is kept below 200 nm. The overall fabrication involves a total of 16 processes, including reactive and magnetron sputtering, reactive ion etching, inductively coupled plasma etching and chemical etching.

Published
2015

36. Characterization of Silicon Photomultipliers for PET Imaging

Author

Chin-Tu Chen, Alexandre Vaniachine, Chien-Min Kao, Qingguo Xie, V. Rykalin, Karen Byrum, Robert Wagner, and Gary Drake

Subjects
Physics, Photomultiplier, Silicon, medicine.diagnostic_test, business.industry, Photodetector, chemistry.chemical_element, Scintillator, Silicon photomultiplier, chemistry, Positron emission tomography, medicine, Optoelectronics, Oscilloscope, business, Nuclear medicine, Low voltage
Abstract

The Silicon Photomultiplier (SiPM) is a novel photodetector being developed for high energy physics applications. SiPM is attractive for PET imaging because it is compact; provides high gain at low voltage; is insensitive to magnetic fields; has a fast timing response; and is potentially inexpensive and CMOS-technology compatible. Researchers have characterized SiPM performance mostly in areas relevant to high-energy physics and astrophysics applications, with some findings demonstrating the potential usefulness of SiPM in positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. Using our photodetector characterization test-stand equipped with a 20 GSps sample rate and 6 GHz bandwidth oscilloscope, we have measured the gains in the range of 1-3 times 105 room temperature for SiPM samples obtained from different producers. We have measured the rising times and their standard deviations. Based on the measured dark-count rates at room temperature, we have also estimated the achievable energy resolution of SiPM in PET imaging when used with LSO and BGO scintillators.

Published
2006

37. Digital Electronics for the Inclusion of Shower Max and Preshower Wire Data in the CDF Second-Level Trigger

Author

W. Haberichter, L. Nodulman, D. W. Gerdes, Karen Byrum, J. W. Dawson, A. B. Wicklund, and K. J. Turner

Subjects
Digital electronics, Momentum (technical analysis), Engineering, business.industry, FIFO (computing and electronics), Track (disk drive), Monte Carlo method, Electrical engineering, Particle accelerator, law.invention, Upgrade, law, Electronics, business, Computer hardware
Abstract

As part of the upgrade program at CDF, electronics has been built to bring the shower max (CES) and preshower (CPR) data into the trigger at level 2. After each crossing, 384 bits from shower max and 192 from the preshower wires are latched. Data from tracks are bussed to this module to provide the wire address and momentum which are then successively compared to the wire data in large look-up tables. Approximately 50 nanoseconds is required to determine a match, write the results in FIFO, and make the results available to track memory. Monte Carlo analysis has indicated that an increase in efficiency of a factor of three in triggering on b decays will be achieved with this hardware.

Published
1994

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