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Purpose Advances in endoscopic technology have led to the reevaluation of self-expandable metallic stent (SEMS) placement as a bridge-to-surgery (BTS) in patients with obstructive colorectal cancer. In Japan, after inclusion of SEMS placement as a BTS in the medical insurance coverage in 2012, this procedure has been increasingly performed. However, a transanal decompression tube (TADT) placement has been used as a BTS. We aimed to retrospectively evaluate the optimal strategy for obstructive left-sided colorectal cancer (OLCRC) by comparing SEMS and TADT placement with emergency surgery. Methods We included 301 patients with stage II and III OLCRC from 27 institutions. The study patients were divided into Surgery group (emergency surgery, n = 103), SEMS group (BTS by SEMS, n = 113), and TADT group (BTS by TADT, n = 85). We compared the survival and perioperative outcomes of patients in the Surgery group as a standard treatment with those in the SEMS and TADT groups. Results The 3-year relapse-free survival rate in patients in the Surgery group was 74.8%, while that in patients in the SEMS group and TADT group were 69.0% (p = 0.39) and 55.3% (p = 0.006), respectively. The technical success rate was not statistically different, but the clinical success rate was significantly higher in the SEMS group than in the TADT group (p = 0.0040). With regard to postoperative complications after curative surgery, the SEMS group had significantly lower of complications (≥ grade 2) than the Surgery group (p = 0.022). Conclusion Patients who underwent SEMS placement for OLCRC had similar oncological outcomes to patients who underwent emergency surgery.

This study aimed to determine the outcomes and prognostic factors associated with octogenarians who underwent pulmonary resection for lung cancer. From 2009 to 2018, 76 octogenarians underwent pulmonary surgery for lung cancer at the Kanazawa Medical University, Japan. They were divided into two groups (early and late octogenarians), and their clinicopathological characteristics and outcomes were investigated. Overall survival rates and recurrence-free survival rates were determined using Kaplan–Meier curves. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify prognostic factors. Limited surgery was performed more often in the late octogenarian group; however, most perioperative factors were not significantly different between the two groups. The 3-year overall survival and recurrence-free survival rates were 61.2% and 52.8%, respectively. The median observation period was 37.5 (8.9–112.3) months postoperatively. Kaplan–Meier curves showed that age ≥ 85 years (late octogenarian), smoking history, and squamous cell carcinoma on histology were associated with worse survival rates. Multivariate analysis identified age ≥ 85 years (late octogenarian) (p = 0.011) and cigarette smoking (p = 0.025) as unfavorable prognostic factors for overall survival and recurrence-free survival, respectively. Most octogenarians with an indication for surgery can tolerate pulmonary surgery. However, owing to the limitations of this retrospective, single-center study, future studies involving multiple-institutions are required to confirm our findings.

This study was aimed to investigate etiology and clinical profiles of recurrent acute pancreatitis (RAP), particularly from the morphology of the pancreaticobiliary duct system.Pancreaticobiliary morphology was examined in 230 of 381 patients with acute pancreatitis (AP) using endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. We analyzed factors associated with RAP including the pancreaticobiliary duct system.RAP was diagnosed in 74 patients (19%). Major etiologies of RAP were alcoholic (38%), idiopathic (26%) and pancreaticobiliary malformation (22%). Patients with alcoholic RAP were significantly younger (47.2±11.6 years) than those with gallstone RAP (67.3±16.8; p0.05). RAP with pancreaticobiliary malformation (male-to-female ratio: 1:4.3; p0.01) and gallstone RAP (1:1.7; p0.05) occurred predominantly in females in comparison with alcoholic RAP (1:0.2). Recurrence rate was 80% for AP with pancreaticobiliary malformation, significantly higher than for the others (p0.01). Pancreas divisum was suspected as the etiology of mild RAP in 7 patients. Four RAP patients with pancreas divisum underwent endoscopic minor papilla sphincterotomy and improved. Pancreaticobiliary maljunction with biliary dilatation (choledochal cyst) was suspected as the etiology of mild RAP in 3 patients. The 3 RAP patients with choledochal cyst underwent prophylactic flow diversion surgery with complete resection of the dilated common bile duct, and achieved improvement. High confluence of pancreaticobiliary ducts was suspected as the etiology of mild RAP in 6 patients.Pancreaticobiliary malformation is one of the major causes of RAP. As some of them benefit from endoscopic or surgical treatment, morphology of the pancreaticobiliary duct system should be examined where possible in RAP patients.

Aerostatic guideways have been applied to precision machine elements. Recently, downsizing and the increased use of high-density technology in IT devices have generated demand for higher accuracy in aerostatic guideways. It has been pointed out that the micro-bounce occurs when the slider passes over the aerostatic guideway with small pores. This transient state micro-vibration decreases the accuracy of aerostatic guideways and, thus, it is now expected to be suppressed. The purpose of this study is to analyze the micro-bounce mechanism of aerostatic guideways caused by pores, and to propose new designs for the suppression of micro-bounce.

The purpose of this study was to examine the daily skeletal muscle hypertrophic and strength responses to one week of twice daily KAATSU training, and follow indicators of muscle damage and inflammation on a day-to-day basis, for one subject. KAATSU training resulted in a 3.1% increase in muscle-bone CSA after 7 days of training. Both MRI-measured maximum quadriceps muscle cross-sectional area (Q-CSA max) and muscle volume can be seen increasing after the first day of KAATSU training, and continuously increasing for the rest of the training period. Following 7 days KAATSU resistance training, the increases in Q-CSA max and muscle volume were 3.5% and 4.8%, respectively. Relative strength (isometric knee extension strength per unit Q-CSA max) was increased after training (before, 3.60 Nm/cm2; after, 4.09 Nm/cm2). There were very modest increases in CK and myoglobin after a single bout of KAATSU exercise in the first day of the training, but the values were return towards normal at 2 days after the training. IL-6 remained unchanged throughout the training period. In conclusion, our subject gained absolute strength and increased muscle size after only one week of low intensity KAATSU resistance training. Indicators of muscle damage and inflammation were not elevated by this training. KAATSU training appears to be a safe and effective method to rapidly induce skeletal muscle strength and hypertrophy.

This study investigated the effects of twice daily sessions of low-intensity resistance training (LIT, 20% of 1-RM) with restriction of muscular venous blood flow (namely “LIT-Kaatsu” training) for two weeks on skeletal muscle size and circulating insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1). Nine young men performed LIT-Kaatsu and seven men performed LIT alone. Training was conducted two times / day, six days / week for 2 weeks using 3 sets of two dynamic exercises (squat and leg curl). Muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) and volume were measured by magnetic resonance imaging at baseline and 3 days after the last training session (post-testing). Mid-thigh muscle-bone CSA was calculated from thigh girth and adipose tissue thickness, which were measured every morning prior to the training session. Serum IGF-1 concentration was measured at baseline, mid-point of the training and post-testing. Increases in squat (17%) and leg curl (23%) one-RM strength in the LIT-Kaatsu were higher (p 0.05). There was no difference (p>0.05) in relative strength (1-RM / muscle CSA) between baseline and post-testing in both groups. We concluded that skeletal muscle hypertrophy and strength gain occurred after two weeks of twice daily LIT-Kaatsu training.

A flat-plate concentrator (FPC) module has been proposed and developed for cost reduction of PV modules. The FPC has V-grooved rear reflectors on spaces between adjacent cells. To find appropriate design parameters, yearly optical performance is simulated by using meteorological data and introducing a performance index. As a result of the simulation, it is shown that the FPC module can reduce occupation area of solar cells to 75% compared with that of a conventional module, although its module area increases to 1.16 times. Several prototypes are fabricated and measured under a solar simulator. The measured results are somewhat lower than the simulated ones, but generally show the validity of the simulation.

A light-trapping type concentrator module with a new asymmetric V-groove structure at the rear surface is proposed to improve the performance of static concentrator module. Fundamental optical properties of various asymmetric V-grooves are calculated using a ray-tracing method. Based on these results, yearly integrated irradiance ratios of the concentrator module to a conventional flat-plate module are calculated using meteorological data. By the use of Ag as a reflection material, yearly integrated irradiance ratio of concentrator module with an asymmetric V-groove is 1.34, and the occupation area of Si cells in a module can be reduced to 74% compared with a conventional flat-plate module.

We have successfully generated a 10-GHz 11.5-ps pulse train at 1.1 mum by using a gain switching technique with a high-speed and single-mode vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL). The InGaAs-based VCSEL we used had a sidemode suppression ratio of more than 50 dB and a modulation bandwidth of 7.2 GHz. A nearly transform-limited Gaussian pulse was obtained after chirp compensation, and the repetition rate can be increased up to 16 GHz. We also demonstrated a 10-Gb/s return-to-zero data modulation for the generated 10-GHz pulse train.

Early dynamic and late 123 I-MIBG SPET studies were performed to investigate several parameters used to distinguish the characteristics of various cardiac disorders. Forty-six individuals (34 non-diabetic, 12 diabetic) with or without heart disease were included in the study. Early dynamic and late static SPET images were acquired using a triple-headed gamma camera. After selecting mid-sections from vertical (VLA) and horizontal (HLA) long-axis images, regions of interest were created over the apex, whole heart and anterior, inferior, septal and lateral walls of the heart. Various uptake ratios at 3, 11 and 19 min and 4 h after injection (HU3, HU11, HU19, DUP) and clearances (K se : between HU3 and HU11; K e : between HU11 and HU19; K d : between HU19 and DUP) were calculated. There were significant differences among various cardiac pathologies on the delayed images. Cardiomyopathy patients showed the lowest uptake on the delayed images. When all segments in normal patients and all involved segments in myocardial infarcted patients were compared, there was significantly lower uptake of MIBG in infarcted segments at all time points. K d showed the lowest value compared with K se and K e . In cardiomyopathy patients, K se , K e and K d were significantly different from each other. Both K se and K e were significantly higher in cardiomyopathy patients than in normal patients. In conclusion, the results of this study are in line with published data and precise measurement of uptake and clearance was possible when excluding background and blood pool activity.

The lateral oxidation of AlAs layers grown on GaAs (100), (110) and (n11)A-oriented substrates (n=1, 2, 3, 4) was studied. The temperature dependence of the oxidation rate was measured between 390°C and 450°C. The oxidation rate is highly anisotropic and the anisotropy is related to the symmetry of the crystal structure. The oxidation process has an activation energy that depends on substrate orientation. The oxidation front line becomes irregular for temperatures higher than 450°C and the surface of the samples was degraded when the temperature exceeded 540°C. The time dependence of the oxidation rate was found to be similar to the Si oxidation process.

Methods: 50 healthy controls (mean age = 67.3± 4.5; 27 males) and 48 elderlywith stroke (mean age = 67.3± 7.14; 32 males)were recruited. Fatiguewas assessedbyFatigueSeverity Scale (FSS). Age, gender, and chronicity were recorded as demographic information. Assessments of stroke severity (Fugl-Meyer), cognition (MoCA), independence level (modified Rankin Scale and Barthel Index), depression (PHQ-9) and presence of pain were administered. Quality of life was assessed using WHOQoL-BREF. Chi squared was used for comparison between the groups. Spearman rank correlation coefficient was used to determine relationship between fatigue and other outcome measures. Results: Twenty-two patient with stroke reported fatigue (46%)while only 5 non-stroke elderly (10%) reported fatigue (p< .001). The stroke group had a greater FSS score compared to the healthy controls (p< .001). There was no difference between male stroke and female stroke on the FSS score (p= .28). Similarly, age, presence of pain, cognition, and stroke severitywere not significantly correlatedwith post-stroke fatigue. In contrast, depression was significantly positively correlated with post-stroke fatigue (r = .37, p< .001). Post-stroke fatigue was not correlated with the levels of independence (BI p= .16; mRS p= .62). However, physical domain of quality of life was significantly negatively correlated with fatigue among individuals with stroke (r=−.46, p< .001). Conclusion(s): Prevalence of fatigue among individuals post-stroke was higher than the healthy elderly. Post-stroke fatigue was not associated with gender, pain, stroke severity, functional capacity, cognition and levels of independence. In contrast, post-stroke fatigue positively associated with depression and negatively correlated with physical domain of quality of life. Implications: Investigation of post-stroke fatigue and its correlates will assist to improve the post-stroke care and rehabilitation outcome.

The aim of this study was to characterize lung lesions by means of the uptake, retention and washout of 201 Tl, and to quantify the sensitivity of 201 Tl SPET (single photon emission tomography) in detecting mediastinal and hilar lymph nodes. A total of 68 patients with lung lesions (tumours and inflammation) underwent both helical computed tomography (CT) and 201 Tl SPET examinations. Uptake, retention and washout parameters were calculated from early and delayed 201 Tl SPET by drawing regions of interest over the primary lesion and the background of the lung. The findings on 201 Tl SPET were compared with those on CT and surgical findings. A significant difference in the retention index (RI) was observed between primary malignant and benign lesions. In detecting lymph nodes, the sensitivity, specificity and negative predictive value were 83%, 60% and 90% respectively for early 201 Tl SPET, and 50%, 80% and 80% respectively for delayed 201 Tl SPET. 201 Tl SPET with semi-quantitative analysis, especially RI, helps to differentiate between malignant and benign lung lesions. Lymph nodes larger than 1 cm on CT but not showing 201 Tl uptake could be considered non-metastatic lesions.

完全直腸脱の4例にDelorme手術を行い,術前後の排便機能を評価した.症例は男性1例,女性3例,平均年齢は75歳であった,平均2年10カ月の術後経過で再発はなかった.術前後の臨床症状をみると,1例で便意が回復し,1例で失禁の程度が軽快した。直腸肛門内圧検査では,肛門管最大静止圧は術前後で有意の変動は認められなかったが,最大随意収縮圧は術後上昇する傾向が認められた。直腸感覚検査では便意発現最小量と最大耐容量はともに減少する傾向があり,このため術後に排便困難をきたした症例がないものと推察された.一方,術前肛門内圧が低圧の症例では,incontinenceは術後も改善しなかった。Delorme手術は術後合併症が少なく,未だ再発例がなく,手術術式の第一選択とすることが可能と思われる.

We have studied the buckling behavior of rectangular bellows under pressure loads. Our final objective is to establish the design guidelines for the rectangular bellows of an experimental fusion reactor, the ITER, the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor. Based on the numerical investigation by the FEM, we proposed a simplified method to evaluate the buckling pressure. The evaluation method of the buckling pressure for circular bellows can be found, for example, in the standards of the expansion joint manufacturers association in the U.S.A. (EJMA Standards). For rectangular bellows, however, investigation of the buckling behavior is limited, and EJMA does not provide a method for evaluating the buckling pressure. Therefore, we investigated the buckling behavior of rectangular bellows by the FEM and proposed a simplified evaluation method based on the half-pitch model.

Le cancer colorectal a connu au cours de ce siecle une augmentation constante d’incidence et est devenu, a l’echelon mondial, la plus frequente des lesions malignes. Le pronostic de l’affection est etroitement lie au stade de la tumeur au moment de sa detection. Pour cette raison, les strategies adoptees dans la prevention, le diagnostic et le traitement sont devenues largement dependantes de la detection des stades precurseurs. La video endoscopie a haute resolution, combinee a des techniques destinees a investiguer la surface muqueuse du colon (chromoscopie et examen au microscope a balayage en immersion), permettent d’observer des details de la surface epitheliale de la muqueuse du colon et du rectum. Grâce a ces methodes, il est possible d’observer facilement un nombre considerable de lesions correspondant a divers phenotypes histologiques.

The time dependency of the antitumour activity of (-)-(R)-2-aminomethylpyrrolidine(1,1-cyclobutanedicarboxylato++ +)platinum(II) monohydrate (DWA2114R) was examined in mice inoculated i.p. with 10(5) mouse L1210 leukaemia cells. The increase in life span was greater in mice treated with 72 mg kg-1 DWA2114R on the 6th day following tumour inoculation than in mice treated at earlier times. Such superior effects against advanced L1210 were also seen with cis-diammine (1,1-cyclobutanedicarboxylato)platinum(II) (CBDCA) but not seen with the parent compound, cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) (CDDP) or other antitumour agents devoid of platinum. After the injection of DWA2114R on day 6, most of the ascites tumour cells accumulated in the S and G2/M phases of the cell cycle and the total cell number markedly decreased from 10(8) to less than 10(6). On the other hand, only a temporary G1 arrest and a less than 50% reduction of the cell number were induced after a similar treatment on day 3. Interestingly, the superiority of DWA2114R for advanced L1210 was lost in athymic nude mice and mice depleted of T cells by anti-thymocyte antisera. In addition, mice cured of advanced L1210 specifically rejected re-inoculated L1210 cells. These results indicate that the superior antitumour activity against advanced L1210 is unique to DWA2114R among the agents tested (except for CBDCA) and is caused by both an increased drug susceptibility of tumour cells and a drug-induced antitumour effect mediated by T cells of the host mice.

Intravascular ultrasound imaging is a new technique for visualizing arterial structures. The purpose of this study was twofold; first, to assess the ability of this intravascular ultrasound catheter to generate cross-sectional images of human artery segments in vitro and second, to determine the reliability of intravascular ultrasound technique in the evaluation of human arteries in vivo. For the vitro study, ultrasound images of the arteries were presented as a two-dimensional, 360 degrees display of vessel cross-section perpendicular to the long-axis of the probe. The ultrasound scanning provided an accurate description with high resolution of lumen structure and lumen-intima interface in all vessel specimens. There was a good correlation between the planimetric luminal area on the ultrasound images and the area obtained from histologic images (r = 0.92). There was also a good correlation in the plaque thickness between ultrasound and histological examination (r = 0.88). In the in vivo study, the ultrasound catheter was easily introduced, readily manipulated, and images were successfully obtained in all patients. No untoward effects were noted during manipulation of the catheter. There was a good correlation in the arterial dimension between ultrasound and angiographic measurements (r = 0.93). Thus, intravascular ultrasound imaging appears to be useful for characterizing and quantitating arterial lesions.

患者:66歳,女性.身長152cm,体重53kg.主訴:2カ月来の下血.歯状線より口側の前壁に存在する大きさ5×3×3cmの肛門管扁平上皮癌に対し,1990/10/14(DAY 1)より5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) iv 500mg/24hr(DAY1-13), Mitomycin C (MMC) bolus iv 10mg (DAY 2), Cis-platinum (CDDP) iv 50mg/24hr (DAY 3)による化学療法を併用した放射線照射療法(60Co外照射,1.8Gy/fr, 5fr/wk, tota1 41.4Gy,DAY 2-33)を施行した.腫瘤は直径約2cmに縮小したが,癌細胞の残存を否定できずDAY46に局所切除を施行した.切除標本病理組織所見上,癌が存在したと考えられる部分は繊維組織に置換されており腫瘍細胞は認められなかった.腫瘍消失を伴う化学放射線療法著効例と考え追加手術は施行せず,5-FU po150mg/dayによる維持療法と4～6カ月ごとのCDDP(50mg,DAY3)+MMC(10mg,DAY2)+5-FU(500mg, DAY1-10)による補助化学療法により経過観察中である.1991/5/5現在再発は認めていない.

We have reviewed 116 cases of bacterial endocarditis treated surgically and 26 cases treated medically since 1973. There were 123 patients with native valve endocarditis and 19 patients with prosthetic valve endocarditis. Overall, the left-sided valves were infected most frequently. There were 10 cases with right-sided valves involved. Multiple valves were infected in 6 patients. There were 6 perioperative deaths in the surgical group. The most common cause of death was multi-organ failure associated with uncontrollable sepsis. The overall operative mortality for active endocarditis was 7.7% (4/55), and for healed endocarditis, 3.3% (2/61). For active native valve endocarditis, the mortality was 4.2% (2/48), for healed native valve endocarditis, 3.6% (2/55), for active prosthetic valve endocarditis, 28.6% (2/7), and for healed prosthetic valve endocarditis, 0%. There was no difference in the operative mortality between active native valve endocarditis and healed native valve endocarditis. The mortality of active prosthetic valve endocarditis was significantly higher than that of active native valve endocarditis (p less than 0.01). Of the 26 patients treated medically, 7 died during the initial hospitalization. The major factor related to mortality in the medically treated patients was persistent sepsis (four patients), and congestive heart failure (three patients). The overall mortality of the medical group for active valve endocarditis was 15% (3/20), and for active prosthetic valve endocarditis, 67% (4/6). We conclude that patients with infective endocarditis with significant valve lesions who are unresponsive to medical therapy should be considered for urgent surgery.

Emission levels of ultra wideband (UWB) devices are regulated, since they overlay incumbent wireless spectrum users while ensuring sufficient attenuation to limit in-band interference. Spectrum analyzers (SAs) are usually used to measure average and peak power spectra. Whereas the average power is measured in a 1-MHz resolution bandwidth (RBW), the UWB peak power is defined in a 50-MHz RBW, according to an FCC regulation and an ITU-R recommendation. Most of the SAs, however, are not equipped with the 50-MHz RBW. Hence the power spectrum measured in a narrower RBW must be converted into the peak power spectrum in the 50-MHz RBW, but the conversion formula has not been well established. The RBW is defined with an impulse bandwidth (IBW) for peak power measurement in CISPR Publication 16-1-1, but most SAs do not strictly follow the CISPR definition. In this paper, the IBWs of five different SAs were measured by using an impulse signal. Then the three different UWB signals were measured in a 1-MHz RBW with the five SAs, and the power spectra were converted into 50-MHz peak power spectra using conventional and new formulas. These UWB signals were also measured with a digital storage oscilloscope and then Fourier-transformed into 50-MHz-RBW spectra. The new formula using IBW instead of RBW yielded the consistent peak power spectra, which were found to be independent of SAs and to agree with the oscilloscope measurements.

原発性びまん浸潤型大腸癌の2治癒切除例を報告すると共に, 本邦報告例172例を文献的に考察し, 本症の年齢分布, 罹患部位, 術前検査所見, 手術所見, 肉眼所見, 病理組織所見などについて検討した.症例1 : 77歳, 男性.主訴は肛門痛.注腸造影, 内視鏡検査, 生検 (陽性), 他臓器検査 (腫瘍性病変なし) などにて原発性びまん浸潤型直腸癌と診断した.手術所見 (大腸癌取扱い規約1>による) はS0A2P0H0N1で, 直腸切断術 (治癒切除) を施行したが, 術後6カ月日に癌性腹膜炎, 後腹膜浸潤による腎不全にて死亡した.症例2 : 73歳, 女性.主訴は便秘.注腸造影, 内視鏡検査, 生検 (陽性) などにて原発性びまん浸潤型直腸癌と診断した.手術所見はS0Ai (腟後壁) P0H0N1で直腸切断術 (治癒切除) を施行した.術後48 Gy の骨盤腔内放射線照射を追加し, 術後12カ月再発徴候なく健在である.なお症例1, 2共に低分化腺癌であった.

LaOCuS is a semiconductor with a layered structure in which the LaOLa and SCuS layers are stacked on one other. In (La 1− x Ca x O)CuS, in which La is substituted by Ca, the electrical resistivity decreases drastically with x , but metallic electrical conductivity is not observed. In (La 1− x Ca x O)Cu 1− x Ni x S, in which Cu and La are simultaneously substituted by Ni and Ca, respectively, the conductivity increases remarkably with x , and a metal–insulator transition occurs at x =0.03. In the Cu 2p XPS spectra, very weak peaks corresponding to the satellite peaks of Cu 2+ are observed in LaOCuS in addition to the main peaks. The intensity of these satellite peaks increases with x for (La 1− x Ca x O)Cu 1− x Ni x S, while it hardly changes with x for (La 1− x Ca x O)CuS. In the S 2p XPS spectra, marked changes have not been observed for either system. This indicates that Cu 2+ is formed by Ni substitution. The d holes thus introduced becomes mobile and the metal–semiconductor transition occurs at an appropriate hole concentration. For (La 1− x Ca x O)CuS, the main site where the change of the electronic state is introduced by the substitution has not been clarified.

There is potential for the waste heat from electrical and electronic equipment to power cooling systems for the equipment itself, resulting in energy savings. We investigated the feasibility of a self-cooling mechanism, in which refrigerant in a sealed container is heated by waste heat, a turbine is rotated by the vapor generated, and the rotational force is extracted using a magnetic coupling, which in turn is used to rotate a cooling fan. In this study, a system was prototyped and performance tests carried out to characterize its performance. As a result of repeated improvement of the prototype apparatus, circulation of the refrigerant in the apparatus was confirmed. By increasing the pressure differential between the heat chamber and the refrigerant receiver using a nozzle with optimum bore size, a rotor with an inner ring inside the chamber providing a magnetic coupling to an outer magnetic ring outside the chamber was successfully rotated. The above verified the validity of the system's principle.

An Internet cyber threat monitoring system detects cyber threats using network sensors deployed at particular points on the Internet, statistically analyzes the time of attack, source of attack, and type of attack, and then visualizes the result of this analysis. Existing systems, however, simply visualize country-by-country statistics of attacks or hourly changes of attacks. Using these systems, it is difficult to understand the source of attack, the diffusion of the attack, or the relation between the target and the source of the attack. This paper described a method for visualizing cyber threats by using 2-dimensional matrix representation of IP addresses. The advantages of this method are that: (1) the logical distance of IP addresses is represented intuitively; (2) Internet address space is visualized economically; (3) macroscopic information (Internet level) and microscopic information (local level) are visualized simultaneously. By using this visualization framework, propagation of the Welchia worm and the Sasser.D worm are visualized.

A newly developed design method for impact machines is proposed using a two-degree-of-freedom control technique and H-infinity control theory. 'ne proposed controller employs only position measurements with no use of velocity measurements, and has the properties of high-speed, high-accuracy and robustness with respect to plant perturbation, disturbances, sensor noise and working conditions. By computer simulation, it is demonstrated the proposed method is effective.

Fundamental mode At-cut 155.52 MHz crystal units are used in the VCXO (Voltage Controlled Crystal Oscillator) for the base station. To this oscillator, both high frequency stability and wide frequency trim range are required. One of the solutions is to use flat wafer, which are used in 10 MHz, 20 MHz and etc. crystal units. Because the thickness of AT-cut 155.52 MHz blank is about 10-micron meter, to realize make such thin blank is about 10-micron meter, to realize make such thin blank, it is necessary to review and use method of the wafer. Also it is necessary to study blank protection against external shock. This paper shows the results of these above and oscillator's frequency stability. At first, lapping method of this wafer is discussed. Next, as an applied examples, fundamental mode AT-CUT 155.52 MHz, drive level characteristics, temperature characteristics, equivalent characteristics are discussed. Also as further step applied example, crystal oscillator's temperature characteristics, and long term frequency stability are shown.

The first experiment on the Nb-Ti pulsed coils, DPC (demonstration poloidal coil)-U1 and -U2, was successfully performed. The coils have a cable-in-conduit conductor cooled by 4-K supercritical helium, and their windings have 1-m inner, and 2-m outer, diameters. Charging tests on the coils were performed in both DC and pulsed modes. In DC mode, the coils were charged individually to their design current of 30 kA, and attained a peak field of 5.2 T and a stored energy of 11 MJ. In pulsed mode, using the power supply of the JT-60, the designed pulsed field of 7 T/s were achieved by charging one of the two coils to its design current in 0.75 s. AC losses of the coil during the pulsed operation were confirmed to be quite small. Mechanical, thermal, and hydraulic properties were also analyzed on the basis of the experimental results. >

The preliminary design study of the superconducting magnet system for the Fusion Experimental Reactor (FER) is in progress. The technical specifications and the design concepts of the 12-T toroidal-field coil system, the 12-T central-solenoid coil system, and the 7-T equilibrium-field coil system (all of which satisfy the technical requirements of the superconducting magnet system of the FER) are described. The results of electrical and mechanical analyses of the coil system obtained in the preliminary stage are consistent with the design of the other components of the machine. However, in magnet design and analysis, there are many assumptions which have to be clarified through actual hardware experiments such as the Large Coil Task. >

For the Prototoroidal Coil project, a prototoroidal coil will be fabricated and tested electromagnetically and mechanically under conditions similar to the operating conditions of the toroidal coils of the Fusion Experimental Reactor (FER). Three types of 30-kA, 12-T, force-cooled conductors have been developed as the prototype conductors of the prototoroidal coil. Trial fabrication of these conductors and evaluation testing of their elements are under way. Design of the prototoroidal coil and its background field coil system, which consists of two LCT (Large Coil Task) coils and two LCT backup coils, is also in progress. >

The Fusion Experimental Reactor (FER) is a D-T-burning tokamak machine currently being designed. It is expected to provide physical information and technical experiences that will be sufficient to proceed towards the DEMO Fusion Reactor which will demonstrate electric power generation by fusion energy. An efficient ash exhaust, a hybrid current drive operation, the use of a 3% ripple field, the technological achievements in R&D of the magnets, and the negative-ion beam system are expected to allow the FER to achieve its cost-effectiveness. >

Two different types of hydraulic jacks, consisting of hydraulic piston and bellows were developed for an application to locking and lifting systems for divertor segments for the Fusion Experimental Reactor. For the lifting system where a minimum stroke of 170 mm was required, a telescopic-type hydraulic jack with a length of 300 mm was fabricated and tested under an operation pressure of 1 MPa. For the locking system, a hydraulic jack with a conical cotter was developed that worked at 6.5 MPa under a radial offset of 2 mm. These jacks satisfied their specifications without any leakage, failure, or abrasion. The performance of several hard facing materials for the cotter, including alumina and metal alloys, was also examined. The Colmonoy No. 5 or Stellite alloy No. 6 was found to be excellent as a hard facing material for the cotter. >

The movable cotter driven by hydraulic pressure has been proposed for the blanket locking system as a reference approach and it has been demonstrated that the flexible tube formed by superplasticity is sufficiently applicable to the driving mechanism for locking and unlocking the blanket modules. It was found that the superplastic material (Ti-Al alloy) is appropriate for this thin tube fabrication. A forming procedure has been established for the multilayered flexible tubes for providing high reliability, greater than that of the single-layered flexible tubes. The design optimization to minimize the tube space under certain operating conditions has been established based on stress analysis with large deformation. >

On the basis of a high bootstrap current fraction observation with JT-60, the concept of a Steady-State Tokamak Reactor, the SSTR, was conceived and was developed with the design activity of the SSTR at JAERI (Japan Atomic Energy Research Institue). Results of ITER/FER (International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor/Fusion Experimental Reactor) design activities have enhanced the SSTR design. Moreover, the progress of R&D for fusion reactor engineering, especially in the development of superconducting coils and negative-ion-based NBI at JAERI, has promoted the SSTR conceptual design as a realistic power reactor. Although present fusion power reactor designs are currently considered to be too large and costly, results of the SSTR conceptual design suggest that an efficient and promising tokamak reactor will be feasible. The conceptual design of the SSTR provides a realistic reference for a demo tokamak reactor. Notably, a reduction of the circulating power of the power station facility, owing to spontaneous bootstrap current, may ensure the high Q around 50 necessary for a commercial power reactor. >

Two types of 1/5 scale models have been fabricated and tested to confirm the feasibility of the concepts of the rail-mounted vehicle in-vessel maintenance system and the blanket handling system for ITER/FER (International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor/Fusion Experimental Reactor). As for the rail-mounted vehicle system, the deployment and storage of the rail, the replacement of the divertor plate and the accessibility to the first wall by the armor tile handling manipulator were demonstrated. As for the blanket handling system, the replacement of the blanket modules was also demonstrated. As the result of the demonstrations, the concepts of maintenance systems for the in-vessel components of divertor plates, armor tiles, and blanket modules were confirmed to be feasible. Therefore, the designs of these maintenance systems can be developed in detail on the basis of the database of the scale models in the engineering design phase of ITER/FER. >

An electromagnetic (EM) analysis of the ITER blanket system at the plasma disruption has been performed to investigate eddy current and EM force distributions on the blanket modules, especially with the emphasis on the effect of the toroidal slits on the module side surfaces on the EM force reduction at the centered plasma disruption. As the results, the installation of the toroidal slits on the module side surfaces was found to be effective to the EM force reduction on the module, by about 7% for a slit, 16% for 2 slits and 25% for 3 slits, respectively, compared with that on the module structure without the slits. Maximum stress induced at the module attachment edges under the EM forces also decreased by 5% for a slit, 14% for 2 slits and 22% for 3 slits, respectively.

A newly developed discrete-time control design method for impact machines is proposed. It is composed of the identification and control of a plant using genetic algorithms, where the optimal parameter setting of PID controller with saturation and no use of velocity measurement is done. By computer simulation, it is demonstrated that the proposed method is effective: the plant is identified very well, the larger the generation grows, the higher the fitness becomes, the dynamic behavior is greatly improved as the generation becomes large, the proposed control is very superior to PID control tuned with Ziegler-Nichols parameters.

A vector controlled motor drive system consisting of a boost rectifier, inverter and induction motor is considered with emphasis placed on the rectifier side. Boost rectifiers can supply DC power while maintaining a sinusoidal AC current with an arbitrary value of fundamental power factor. They are required to simultaneously control both the DC voltage and the reactive current. A DSP-based discrete-time integral-type optimal regulator is considered for the control because it can provide a robust control system and can accommodate for the computational delay in the output. To obtain higher control performance, a DC load current feedforward signal from the inverter side is added. >

Trial fabrication of double-walled section models has been performed at Japan Atomic Energy Research Institute (JAERI) for the construction of ITER vacuum vessel. By employing TIG (Tungsten-arc Inert Gas) welding and EB (Electron Beam) welding, for each model, two full-scaled section models of 7.5/spl deg/ toroidal sector in the curved section at the bottom of vacuum vessel have been successfully fabricated with the final dimensional error of within /spl plusmn/5 mm to the nominal values. The sufficient technical database on the candidate fabrication procedures, welding distortion and dimensional stability of full-scaled models have been obtained through the fabrications.

A new fabrication method of a vacuum vessel for the fusion experimental reactor (ITER) has been developed. This method is to obtain more desirable fabrication accuracy and easier nondestructive inspections. H type steel beams of 310 mm height and 20 mm thickness have been used as material of a vacuum vessel because of its structural advantages to form a double wall. To make sure of the method and characteristics on fabrication, a full scale half model of a sector was manufactured, and nondestructive examinations and dimension measurements were performed. This paper describes a discussion on the fundamental way to form a double wall vacuum vessel, the procedure of the H type steel vacuum vessel by electron beam welding and the results of experimental model fabrication.

A new type of small hopping and moving robot, called Okiagari-Koboshi, is developed and a method for hopping and moving control of the robot is proposed. The body of the robot is a somewhat thin elliptic cylinder so it moves only on one or the other side. The robot stands straight with no help and recovers itself quickly to the original stable position by righting moment even under an arbitrary impulsive force. In this sense the proposed robot is self-stable, or statically stable. The stability is accomplished by the center of gravity existing in a suitable place of the bottom. A small electromagnetic cylinder is used as an actuator for hopping and moving, which generates a thrust. A stepping motor is adopted as an actuator to control the attitude. The stability analysis is presented and the equation of motion is derived. It is demonstrated by experiments that the proposed method is effective.

The authors carried out an experiment in April 1999 by using a 2 m-square surface buoy and the RV Tansei-maru, Ocean Research Institute, University of Tokyo. Three GPS antennae were fixed on the top of the buoy and an acoustic transducer on the bottom. GPS reference station for kinematic GPS positioning from the study area was set at Aburatsubo, about 35 km away. Both the reference station and the GPS receivers installed on the buoy were recorded at 1 Hz sampling. An acoustic ranging system was developed under the Ocean Hemisphere Project, but the resolution of the acoustic ranging was 10 cm. Three acoustic transponders were deployed on the seafloor at about 1400 m water depth. The authors carried out acoustic positioning every 20 s for 30-60 minutes. The effect of motion of the buoy was only removed using the data of the GPS receivers; the problem was that timing of acoustic measurements was not so precise. The repeatability of the buoy's positioning is estimated to be 20-30 cm. The objective was to establish sea-floor reference points for the measurement of tectonic plate movements and crustal deformations.

Aims: To assess the results of temporal incision phacoemulsification and aspiration performed with dominant and non-dominant hand of ophthalmology trainees. Methods: Retrospective analysis were made of 203 surgeries with dominant hand and 207 with non-dominant by five trainees at two institutions. Trainees sat at the patient’s head, manipulating instruments with the dominant right hand for the right eye, and the non-dominant left hand for the left eye. Results: Vitreous loss occurred in 12 (5.9%) of 203 dominant operated eyes and seven (3.4%) of 207 non-dominant operated eyes. The rate of endothelial cell loss was 6.1% (9.8%) in dominant and 7.4% (12.4%) in non-dominant. Mean ultrasound time were 1.81 (0.70) minutes in dominant and 1.78 (0.78) minutes in non-dominant. One trainee showed statistically significant excesses in incidence of vitreous loss in dominant operated eyes (8.7%, p=0.0270), and one showed statistically significant prolongation of the operation in nondominant operated eyes (26.3 minutes, p=0.0315). In all other trainees, all parameters had no difference in both sides. Conclusions: Ophthalmology trainees could successfully learn the technique with both hands. The authors consider that the skill of the non-dominant hand may be knowledge based and that surgeons avoid mistakes by mental efforts.

Background It is known that lumbar disc degeneration (DD) might be associated with low back pain (LBP). Moreover, the DD rate is higher in swimmers than in other sports athletes.We have experienced several Japanese Olympic swimmers who could not show their best performance due to LBP. Objective To investigate if the intervention by a LBP prevention program is effective for Japanese elite swimmer9s performance. Design Prospective longitudinal study. Setting Japanese swimmers for the Beijing and London Olympics and elite national swimmers from 2009 to 2011. Participants 57 swimmers (29 males and 28 females). Risk factor assessment T2-weighted sagittal MR images of lumber spine were taken once a year. The degree of DD was categorized into 5 grades using the Pfirrmann9s classification. Change in the grade by MR images was evaluated. The prevention program consists of 2 components. One is control of axial load training for the lumbar spine depending on their grade. The other is the implement of stability training for the lumbar spine by physical trainers to all swimmers at competitions and training camps. Main outcome measurements Severe LBP affected the swimmer9s performance in the competition during follow-up periods. Results The DD rate of the all swimmers was 54.4%. The DD rates of Beijing and London Olympians were 51.6% and 59.3%, respectively. Severe LBP was found in 3 of 5 swimmers with aggravation of the DD grades. However, there was no swimmer who did not withdraw from the London Olympics due to LBP after the implementation of 4 years prevention program. Conclusions Our results suggest that the swimmer9s aggravation of DD grade was associated with LBP. However, although the DD rate of London Olympians was higher than that of Beijing Olympians, there was no London Olympian who could not perform due to LBP. Our study shows that the LBP prevention program may be effective in elite swimmers in terms of performance.

BACKGROUND AND AIMSLaser induced fluorescence (LIF) from colonic mucosa was measured in vivo with and without δ aminolevulinic acid (ALA) in an attempt to differentiate between neoplasia and non-neoplasia in real time during colonoscopy.METHODSSpectra from 32 adenomas, 68 normal sites, and 14 hyperplastic polyps in 41 patients were obtained with a point monitoring system. Twenty one of the patients had been given a low dose of ALA as a photosensitiser before the examination. Light of 337, 405, or 436 nm wavelength was used as excitation. Stepwise multivariate linear regression analysis was performed.RESULTSWith 337 nm excitation, 100% sensitivity and 96% specificity was obtained between normal mucosa and adenomas. Seventy seven per cent of the hyperplastic polyps were classified as non-neoplastic. When exciting with 405 and 436 nm, the possibility of distinguishing different types of tissue was considerably better in the ALA patients than in the non-ALA patients.CONCLUSIONSThe in vivo point measurements imply that a good discrimination between normal tissue and adenomatous polyps can be obtained using the LIF technique. Excitation at 337 nm and at 405 nm or 436 nm using ALA gives good results. LIF also shows potential for distinguishing adenomatous from hyperplastic polyps. The number of detection wavelengths could be reduced if chosen properly.