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After many waves of out-migration from Africa, different human populations evolved within a great diversity of physical and community ecologies. These ambient ecologies should have at least partially determined the selective pressures that shaped the evolution and geographical distribution of human cognitive abilities across different parts of the world. Three different ecological hypotheses have been advanced to explain human global variation in intelligence: (1) cold winters theory (Lynn, 1991), (2) parasite stress theory (Eppig, Fincher, & Thornhill, 2010), and (3) life history theory (Rushton, 1999, 2000). To examine and summarize the relations among these and other ecological parameters, we divided a sample of 98 national polities for which we had sufficient information into zoogeographical regions (Wallace, 1876; Holt et al., 2013). We selected only those regions for this analysis that were still inhabited mostly by the aboriginal populations that were present there prior to the fifteenth century AD. We found that these zoogeographical regions explained 71.4% of the variance among national polities in our best measure of human cognitive ability, and also more concisely encapsulated the preponderance of the more specific information contained within the sampled set of continuous ecological parameters.

The article examines a number of ways in which the use of artificial intelligence technologies to predict the performance of individuals and to reach decisions concerning the entitlement of individuals to positive decisions impacts individuals and society. It analyses the effects using a social justice lens. Particular attention is paid to the experiences of individuals who have historically experienced disadvantage and discrimination. The article uses the university admissions process where the university utilises a fully automated decision-making process to evaluate the capability or suitability of the candidate as a case study. The article posits that the artificial intelligence decision-making process should be viewed as an institution that reconfigures the relationships between individuals, and between individuals and institutions. Artificial intelligence decision-making processes have institutional elements embedded within them that result in their operation disadvantaging groups who have historically experienced discrimination. Depending on the manner in which an artificial intelligence decision-making process is designed, it can produce solidarity or segregation between groups in society. There is a potential for the operation of artificial intelligence decision-making processes to fail to reflect the lived experiences of individuals and as a result to undermine the protection of human diversity. Some of these effects are linked to the creation of an ableist culture and to the resurrection of eugenics-type discourses. It is concluded that one of the contexts in which human beings should reach decisions is where the decision involves representing and evaluating the capabilities of an individual. The legislature should respond accordingly by identifying contexts in which it is mandatory to employ human decision-makers and by enacting the relevant legislation.

The paper reports an investigation conducted during the DHM2020 Symposium regarding current trends in research and application of DHM in academia, software development, and industry. The results show that virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR), and digital twin are major current trends. Furthermore, results show that human diversity is considered in DHM using established methods. Results also show a shift from the assessment of static postures to assessment of sequences of actions, combined with a focus mainly on human well-being and only partly on system performance. Motion capture and motion algorithms are alternative technologies introduced to facilitate and improve DHM simulations. Results from the DHM simulations are mainly presented through pictures or animations.

Epigenetic alterations are already being incorporated as robust biomarkers for prediction of cancer risk. Despite this success, validation in specific populations with different genetic backgrounds and variable lifestyle and environmental exposures is necessary. In this paper, we investigate the potential of blood DNA methylation as a non‐invasive test for detection of sporadic breast cancer biomarker in the Latin American population., Human diversity is one of the main pitfalls in the development of robust worldwide biomarkers in oncology. Epigenetic variability across human populations is associated with different genetic backgrounds, as well as variable lifestyles and environmental exposures, each of which should be investigated. To identify potential non‐invasive biomarkers of sporadic breast cancer in the Uruguayan population, we studied genome‐wide DNA methylation using Illumina methylation arrays in leukocytes of 22 women with sporadic breast cancer and 10 healthy women in a case–control study. We described a panel of 38 differentially methylated CpG positions that was able to cluster breast cancer patients (BCP) and controls, and that also recapitulated methylation differences in 12 primary breast tumors and their matched normal breast tissue. Moving forward, we simplified the detection method to improve its applicability in a clinical setting and used an independent well‐characterized cohort of 80 leukocyte DNA samples from BCP and 80 healthy controls to validate methylation results at specific cancer‐related genes. Our investigations identified methylation at CYFIP1 as a novel epigenetic biomarker candidate for sporadic breast cancer in the Uruguayan population. These results provide a proof‐of‐concept for the design of larger studies aimed at validating biomarker panels for the Latin American population.

The paper discusses synergies and difference in several people centered design approaches, in order to clarify processes and methods focusing on human diversity. Thanks to a design methodologies review, common grounds and focus are identified by analyzing theoretical basis and applications to different design context, for improving and widening their comprehension and practice. The contribution of Human-Centered Design methods to their application is also discussed.

Recent higher education (HE) trends, including broader accessibility, privatization, increased demands for accountability, and technological implementation, have largely neglected consideration of human diversity, including the individual learner’s nature and learning style. Two distinctive scientific perspectives pertain to these individual differences.

Continuously decreasing cost, speed and efficiency of DNA and RNA sequencing, coupled with advances in real-world sensing, storage of electronic health records, publicly available databases, and new data processing techniques enable precision medicine at unprecedented scale. Machine learning and artificial intelligence emerge naturally as tools for analyzing and summarizing data, supporting clinical decisions with data-driven insights and further unlocking genetically driven mechanisms underlying individualized risk. While these computational tools allow modeling of complex relations in large datasets, they pose new challenges especially because a patient's health is at stake. Due to an often black-box nature and high reliance on the training data, these new tools are prone to biases and most commonly provide correlational rather than causal insights. Results of these analyses have been difficult to validate, interpret, and explain to practitioners, and most genetic studies have struggled to encompass the full spectrum of human diversity. In this work, we summarize recent research trends in addressing these issues with examples from submissions to the "Computational Challenges and Artificial Intelligence in Precision Medicine" session at Pacific Symposium on Biocomputing 2021. We observe growing research interest in identifying biases, deriving causal and interpretable relations, tuning parameters of models for production, and using artificial intelligence for quality control. We expect further upsurge in work on interpretability and low-risk applications of advanced computational tools.

O estudo em tela teve por objetivo investigar como estão estruturadas, nos Projetos Pedagógicos de Cursos (PPCs) presenciais de Licenciatura em Matemática da região Norte, as temáticas educação de estudantes com deficiência, diversidade humana, Educação Inclusiva e outras correlatas. Conforme dados do Censo da Educação Superior de 2017, na região Norte do Brasil são ofertados 57 cursos presenciais de Licenciatura em Matemática. Deste quantitativo, foi possível inventariar e analisar os PPCs de 43 cursos. Trata-se de um estudo desenvolvido na abordagem qualitativa, do tipo documental, em que se deteve em analisar, nos currículos dos cursos, como estão estruturadas as temáticas referentes a Educação Inclusiva supracitadas. Constatou-se que as temáticas de Educação Inclusiva estão presentes de forma tímida nos currículos dos cursos, e, dentre os grupos estigmatizados, o de pessoas com deficiência é o que apresentou maior recorrência nas ementas dos PPCs analisados.

Sexuality in adolescence is a major focus of interest and concern for parents and educators, thus family and school involvement is indispensable for adolescent sex education. This article analyzes educational scenarios, themes, and difficulties related to sex education, from the perspective of adolescent students, managers, and teachers from Brazilian public schools. This is a cross-sectional, exploratory, and descriptive survey, developed in 5 schools from the 2nd political-administrative region (PAR) of Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil. The sample consisted of 196 individuals (168 teenagers, 19 teachers, and 9 managers) and data was obtained through interviews, conducted in September and October 2017. The results indicate that the school infrastructure has deficiencies in relation to: living spaces, teaching scenarios, teacher education, dialogue with families, and integration with other teaching and health institutions. All this contributes to the persistence of sex education as a theme of biology-based classes. It is concluded that psychological, cultural, and relational aspects of healthy and safe sexuality persist as knowledge gaps according to the teenagers themselves, something which indicates the need to expand spaces for dialogue and embracement of human diversity within the school environment.

People with disabilities find themselves at the margins of ideas on education in the rights-based and the agency-focused frameworks (the capability approach). This article socially situates the rights-based framework to extend agency as an educational opportunity to make it participatory in cross-cultural contexts, and individually locates the agency-focused framework to enhance agency as multi-dimensional educational experience-outcome journeys across cultural contexts. This extended scope of rights and enhanced capacity of agency is advanced as the capability-context framework of culture. The framework focuses on analytically distinct yet connected emerging agents with capabilities of both dialogical discourses (retrospective reflexivity – macro-mechanisms) and dialectic narratives (bounded participation – micro-structures), which can provide access to deep social structures, and their many ways of being (micro-mechanisms) and specific ways of doing (macro-structures) that enable, but also disable the social choices of people with disabilities, to open new possibilities for them, and for all across contexts.

Microaggressions refer to verbal or non-verbal communications that invalidate those with non-dominant group identities across all dimensions of human diversity. Within human service organizations (HSOs), microaggressions may lower therapeutic alliance, reduce retention, and result in negative outcomes. While understanding the type, frequency, and damaging impact of microaggressions are useful and well established in research, less is known about the organizational policies, practices, behaviors, and values needed to reduce or eradicate microaggressions within human service contexts. Utilizing three focus groups and four individual interviews with adults who received services from HSOs, this qualitative study explored: What would HSOs need to learn, practice, and believe in order to be free of microaggressions? Sixteen participants reported on the provider's knowledge and behaviors, organizational environment, and institutional characteristics needed to create an organization free of microaggressions. Limitations of existing approaches and implications to develop more equitable practices within HSOs are discussed.

Science is based on facts and their discourse. Willingly or unwillingly, facts are mixed with opinion, i.e., views or judgments formed, not necessarily based on fact or knowledge. This is often necessary, where we have controversial facts or no definitive evidence yet, because we need to take decisions or have to prioritize. Evidence-based approaches aim at identifying the facts and their quality objectively and transparently; they are now increasingly embraced in toxicology, especially by employing systematic reviews, meta-analyses, quality scoring, risk-of-bias tools, etc. These are core to Evidence-based Toxicology. Such approaches aim at minimizing opinion, the "eminence-based" part of science. Animal experiments are the basis of a lot of our textbook knowledge in the life sciences, have helped to develop desperately needed therapies, and have made this world a safer place. However, they represent only one of the many possible approaches to accomplish all these things. Like all approaches, they come with shortcomings, and their true contribution is often overrated. This article aims to summarize their limitations and challenges beside the ethical and economical concerns (i.e., costs and duration as well as costs following wrong decisions in product development): they include reproducibility, inadequate reporting, statistical under-powering, lack of inter-species predictivity, lack of reflection of human diversity and of real-life exposure. Each and every one of these increasingly discussed aspects of animal experiments can be amended, but this would require enormous additional resources. Together, they prompt a need to engineer a new paradigm to ensure the safety of patients and consumers, new products and therapies. published

Knowledge is a core source of energy for any organization and has been repeatedly highlighted as a critical element for organizational survival in our increasingly dynamic world. With the increased importance of knowledge comes the importance that it be managed effectively for organizational success and innovation. Desired organizational performance outcomes can be enhanced by including diverse knowledge and perspectives in knowledge sharing practices throughout the organization. In this chapter, we highlight the use of communities of practice as a tool to leverage human diversity and structural diversity to optimize knowledge management and improve organizational outcomes in a variety of organizational contexts.

Psychosocial factors have a direct impact on the academic achievement of university students, especially when they belong to diverse human groups. This article shows the results of a project developed in a Colombian university with the aim of finding out the identity traits, situations of discrimination, and risk factors faced by students belonging to diverse groups. The research is qualitative, exploratory, and descriptive, approached from a social and educational perspective. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 15 students. The high level of identification with the group is visible in stufuigureents with affective-sexual diversity, gender identity and ethnic-cultural diversity, considered to be the most discriminated-against populations. Risks in the labor, educational, social, and family spheres are the most frequent.

Human diversity plays a crucial role in the contemporary themes of social justice. A positive recognition of disability has become a part of the inescapable human diversity that enriches our experience. Every civilized society therefore, must provide for adequate physical and financial resources for the education and rehabilitation of the disabled so that they can enjoy a life of freedom, self respect and take active part in social life. The present study is an attempt to understand the current scenario of the available services for the disabled in the state of Jammu & Kashmir.

This essay traces connections between the mapping of Africa and the character of Oroonoko in Aphra Behn’s 1688 novella. Cartography never encompassed the physical environment without reference to the human body, a connection reinforced visually in the 17th century by portraits of local figures placed in the margins of maps. The essay argues that this juxtaposition of land and people affected not only the understanding of human diversity but also the creation of a literary character such as Oroonoko, whose fictional identity is owed to representational conventions developed in the mapmaking workshops of early modern Europe.

This paper aims to increase awareness of the relationship between sharing economy initiatives and human diversity. The issue is characterized by particular physiological or pathological situations, or in consideration of different disabilities. Contemporary society is increasingly permeated by initiatives, in many areas, that facilitate people’s daily activities, and specific services are emerging from sharing economy’s area. The text will illustrate three different service design approaches: an exclusive, an integrative, and an inclusive ones. Case studies presented are mostly related to the mobility and hospitality, in Italy and Europe.

Purpose – Introduces the emerging evidence from the neurosciences and provides an account of how it is causing a learning and development practitioner to re-evaluate understanding of human diversity and therefore diversity management within organizations. Design/methodology/approach – Defines neuroplasticity and identifies four of the key findings before moving on to consider what this suggests about human diversity. Findings – Shows an application of this new knowledge to diversity management as a way of exploring how the concept of collective intelligence could lead to a transformation of this new knowledge into organizational development practices that meet the needs of all people. Practical implications – Advances the view that if organizations can find a way to connect people, places and ideas in a way that generates a deeper appreciation of the value proposition inherent in human diversity, the business case will make itself. Social implications – Recognizes the need for a collective intelligence that has the “potential to liberate us from the social and political hierarchies that have stood in the way of mankind’s advancement”. Originality/value – Claims that this new science of learning has the potential to create a revelation of personal constructs in a way that leads to a safe revolution in the way we view and appreciate each other.

At the same time with the latest global demographic phenomena, have developed and quickly spread different design approaches related to the more general definition of “Design for inclusion”. Among them, the Design for All seems the most appropriate to spread social awareness oriented to the inclusion, in addition to being particularly effective for the training of young designers, because it forces them to consider the constraints and opportunities arising from the complex system of target project. The text describes some educational experiences conducted in recent years in Italy, in the University of Chieti-Pescara, referring to a number of application areas: bathing, shopping, sign systems, preparation and consumption of food and drink, gardening. The text highlights the importance of the training time to increase awareness of young designers on the issues of human diversity and social inclusion, and at the same time the way in which the DfA approach would encourage innovation, particularly through effective design concept.

The concept of diversity management focuses on different attributes among employees within the organization. The attributes include: sex, color, cultural and educational level, religion, language, nationality, beliefs and ideas, capabilities and expertise. Nowadays, many organizations tend to adopt the concept of human diversity management to achieve a competitive advantage and benefit their operations.The study aims to shed light on the actual practices in relation to human diversity management as well as the obstacles and the motives of applying diversity management policies and programs in Egyptian hotels.The researchers adopted two basic methods for data collection personal interview and questionnaire survey. Fifteen interviews were conducted with the executives of human resourcein five star hotels in Sharm El-Sheikh and Hurghada. Also, 600 questionnaire forms were distributedon the employees in front office, food and beverage departments. Among them 392 formswere suitable for the analysis of the research.The results of the study indicated that many hotels did not have clear description/procedures of human diversity management as well as specialized employees to follow-up the application of human diversity programs. There were also variations among hotels in relation to holding regular workshops to explain the concept of diversity management programs. Most workers believed that hotel management did not consider human diversity as a significant way to benefit the working environment and achieve competitive advantage of the hotel. The study concludes that there should be a specialized department in hotel organizations to implement human diversity management programs.

Lactation biology, microbial selection, and human diversity are central themes that could guide investment in scientific research, industrial innovation, and regulatory policy oversight to propel yogurt into the central role for health-promoting food products. The ability of yogurt to provide the nourishing properties of milk together with the live microorganisms from fermentation provides a unique combination of food assets. Academic research must now define the various targets on which these biological assets act to improve health and develop the metrics that can quantitatively document their benefits. The food industry must reconcile that yogurt and its microorganisms cannot be expected to provide measurable benefits for all consumers, at all doses, and at all times. A supportive regulatory oversight must demand safety and yet encourage innovations that support a value proposition for yogurt in health. Health valuation in the marketplace will be driven by parallel innovations, including accurate assessment technologies, validated microbial ingredients, and health-aware consumers.

The pedestrian communication in exterior design of the Institute for Orthopedic Surgery "Banjica" was analyzed in terms of its physical accessibility for people who have some difficulty in mobility. Checklists were used for analysis of different elements that influence users mobility, as well as photo analysis for a clearer display of the established barriers to movement. The results showed the presence of a number of obscales which hinder the movement of certain groups of users, therefore, the spaces of pedestrian communication were evaluated as partially accessible. It can be concluded that it is necessary to provide an accessible environment, arranged with respect to human diversity, to ensure to persons with disabilities, as well as for all other citizens, equal opportunities and participation in all social trends and activities, especially the ability to freely access to all health care institutions.

In recent years, a strong attention to the issues of human diversity, social inclusion and equality has developed in the field of yachting. This awareness has led to the creation of sailing boats much more closely-related to Design for Inclusion theories, Universal Design (UD) and Design for All (DfA) in particular. In this paper, we present a final result of a Ph.D. research. The purpose of this study was to define the design guidelines for small sailing boats, based on the principles of DfA. To obtain this result, a comprehensive study of the state of the art was conducted, through the analysis of fifty small sailing boats. This study was carried out in two distinct phases. During the first one, all small sailing boats were filed and the characteristics of all case studies were observed. During the second one, comparative analyses between different boats were conducted. Starting from this analysis, we have drawn up design guidelines based on the principles of DfA.

Most previous attempts at reconstructing the past history of human populations did not explicitly take geography into account or considered very simple scenarios of migration and ignored environmental information. However, it is likely that the last glacial maximum (LGM) affected the demography and the range of many species, including our own. Moreover, long-distance dispersal (LDD) may have been an important component of human migrations, allowing fast colonization of new territories and preserving high levels of genetic diversity. Here, we use a high-quality microsatellite data set genotyped in 22 populations to estimate the posterior probabilities of several scenarios for the settlement of the Old World by modern humans. We considered models ranging from a simple spatial expansion to others including LDD and a LGM-induced range contraction, as well as Neolithic demographic expansions. We find that scenarios with LDD are much better supported by data than models without LDD. Nevertheless, we show evidence that LDD events to empty habitats were strongly prevented during the settlement of Eurasia. This unexpected absence of LDD ahead of the colonization wave front could have been caused by an Allee effect, either due to intrinsic causes such as an inbreeding depression built during the expansion or due to extrinsic causes such as direct competition with archaic humans. Overall, our results suggest only a relatively limited effect of the LGM contraction on current patterns of human diversity. This is in clear contrast with the major role of LDD migrations, which have potentially contributed to the intermingled genetic structure of Eurasian populations. We thank two anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments that improved the quality of the manuscript. This work was supported by the Swiss National Science Foundation (1003A-143393 to L.E.), the EU/FP7 (226852 [SCALES] to L.E.), and the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (SFRH/BD/73150/2010 to I.A.). M.C. acknowledges support from Swiss National Science Foundation grant 31003A-156853 and Marie Curie ITN BEAN.

The National Geographic Society's Genographic Project to reconstruct the geography of early human migration through analysis of the genetic material of indigenous people features a geographical imagination of human interconnection and diversity and differentiated human mobilities. It combines its central focus on human genetic difference with a simultaneous insistence on the progressive value of its explicitly antiracist message about shared human origins and interconnections. An apparently progressive language of multiculturalism, diversity, global human harmony, and indigenous rights frames reductive versions of relatedness, unreflexive assumptions of scientific authority, and primitivizing accounts of exotic and isolated indigeneity. Through its focus on bio-political geographies of difference, this article provides a productive contribution to critical geographies of race and a scholarly engagement with new genetic geographies of human diversity in academic geography. It is also a starting point for a...

This study reviewed school-based crisis planning resources and guidelines provided by 40 state departments of education and offices of safe and drug-free schools. Content was examined for indications of cultural competency. The most frequently reported topics included: (a) assisting students with mental and physical disabilities, (b) tapping into community resources representative of diverse cultural groups, and (c) strengthening communication by addressing cross-cultural language and communication issues. Although 33 of the 40 states mentioned topics related to human diversity and cultural sensitivity, the focus was peripheral. Tying research to practical application, suggestions are made to strengthen cultural competence in school-based crisis planning, ultimately improving supportive services for all students and families.

Design studios are the essential part of the architectural education. Therefore, it is important to introduce big ideas and focus on complex concepts, such as universal design, within the challenge of design studios. This study is designed to provide a basis for further investigation on the possible adaptation of universal design philosophy in the Department of Interior Architecture and Environmental Design at Bilkent University beginning from the early stages of its design education to its graduate level. It is based on the data of an empirical research through semi-structured interviews with 79 interior architecture students and 23 fulltime instructors. The results of the interviews revealed several influences on both students' and instructors' approach to universal design. From instructors' point of view, providing the linkage between the content of the courses in terms of universal design issues can be a good way to foster the development of innovative teaching strategies. According to students, it is important to emphasize on universal design issues as a fundamental aspect of design studios and lectures. Therefore, the in-depth treatment of universal design within the curriculum content is essential so that universal design becomes an inseparable part of the design process and a fundamental aspect of design education. © 2011 Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Psychologists have increased attention to religious-exemption legislation as societal tensions among religious freedom and multiculturalism have entered domains of training and practice. Claims that standards of competence should be altered to accommodate students’ or practitioners’ religious beliefs highlight the need for psychologists to advance the quality of our engagement with human diversity. To accomplish this, awareness of and effective engagement with the political context is necessary.

Modern psychiatry emphasizes chemical, genetic, psychosocial, and similar theoretical biological sciences. While these sciences can explain mental disorders they fail to generate a full understanding of the patient as a person. I argue that psychiatry, to not stereotype persons, must integrate both the important advances in molecular and social sciences needed to diagnose and treat mental illnesses and provide an encounter with the person who is the patient. Standardized forms of diagnostic interviewing now dominate in the psychiatrist–patient relationship. Individualizing forms of inquiry, by contrast, elicit a personal understanding of the patient and her problems and the information necessary to diagnose and treat the patient's mental disorders. This understanding attitude towards individuals is essential so that psychiatrists avoid falling into over-simplified stereotyping explanations of the persons who are their patients. If psychiatry allows its diagnoses of disordered processes that occur within p...

Biotechnological enhancement of human capabilities reveals a characteristically modern stance toward nature: Human nature, as given, is an impediment to be overcome on the way to full human freedom. As a form of metaphysical partisanship, the biotech enterprise seems to further the political intention of Thomas Hobbes to nullify human diversity. Commerce in biotech enhancements, and the individual liberty such commerce instantiates, is likely to have the ironic effect of psychic homogenization.

Design is a creative activity. However, when designers fail to properly understand the full array of human diversity, their work can include barriers that make it difficult or impossible for individuals with disabilities to access, engage, and benefit. This issue has huge implications on the context of the design of educational materials for 21st century learners. This chapter provides an introduction to the issues associated with accessible instructional design and provides an overview of the chapters selected for inclusion in this volume.

An annual wellness month programme/intervention during which employees self-report across a number of activities including dedicated exercise, healthy eating, and stress reduction at a nonprofit organization provides multiple lessons and insights. This chapter will focus on lessons learned and recommendations for both addressing various dimensions of human diversity in wellness interventions and managing conflicts that might arise during implementation.

Factors outside the classroom can contribute to academic success as well as the achievement of important outcomes such as the appreciation of human diversity. Striving towards equality of residence life satisfaction is thus important for academic outcomes and for the development of well-functioning citizens. This study is based on the 2011 Quality of Residence Life (QoRL) Survey, conducted at a South African university, comprising roughly 2,000 respondents. The study investigates the association between satisfaction with QoRL and (i) residence milieu and characteristics, (ii) direct and indirect discrimination, (iii) perceptions of drug and alcohol issues in residence, (iv) safety, and (v) individual student characteristics. One main finding is that there are no significant differences in satisfaction with QoRL across racial and gender groups; suggesting significant progress in university transformation and equity goals. The general atmosphere and characteristics of residences are also important predictors of QoRL satisfaction.

Many people object to preimplantation or prenatal screening for disability on the grounds that it is discriminatory, has pernicious effects on the lives of existing disabled people, expresses a hurtful view of disabled people, and reduces human diversity. I argue that if these objections are held to be strong enough to show that screening is wrong, they must also imply the permissibility of causing oneself to have a disabled rather than a non-disabled child. Indeed, those who object to screening on these grounds and also claim that it is not worse to be disabled than not to be, seem to be committed to accepting the permissibility of deliberately causing disabling prenatal injury, even for frivolous reasons. If we cannot accept these implications, we cannot accept that the objections to screening show that it is wrong.

Better ways of understanding and working with human diversity are needed in the healthcare and human service disciplines. Nursing, as the discipline that cares for whole persons throughout their lives and meets people where they are, is ideally suited to provide leadership to this effort. In this column, the author explores human diversity by explicating human existence as coexistence, with implications for nursing. The author locates his worldview within the human becoming school of thought. Human diversity and human existence as coexistence are explored within this context, with implications for nursing as a discipline identified. Ideas that are crucial in the explication of human existence as coexistence are difference, imagination, creativity, and wholeness.

In this paper, we examine organisational responses to two primary dimensions of human diversity in twenty-first century organisations: women and mature-age employees. To understand and evaluate how...

© 2014 IOP Publishing Ltd. The cell is a complex system involving numerous components, which may often interact in a non-linear dynamic manner. Diseases at the cellular level are thus likely to involve multiple cellular constituents and pathways. As some drugs, or drug combinations, may act synergistically on these multiple pathways, they might be more effective than the respective single target agents. Optimizing a drug mixture for a given disease in a particular patient is particularly challenging due to both the difficulty in the selection of the drug mixture components to start out with, and the all-important doses of these drugs to be applied. For n concentrations of m drugs, in principle, nmcombinations will have to be tested. As this may lead to a costly and time-consuming investigation for each individual patient, we have developed a Feedback System Control (FSC) technique which can rapidly select the optimal drug-dose combination from the often millions of possible combinations. By testing this FSC technique in a number of experimental systems representing different disease states, we found that the response of cells to multiple drugs is well described by a low order, rather smooth, drug-mixture-input/drug-effect-output multidimensional surface. The main consequences of this are that optimal drug combinations can be found in a surprisingly small number of tests, and that translation from in vitro to in vivo is simplified. This points to the possibility of personalized optimal drug mixtures in the near future. This unexpectedly simple input-output relationship may also lead to a simple solution for handling the issue of human diversity in cancer therapeutics.

This paper reports the results of a questionnaire study of graduate social work students= responses to a human diversity course and how these results were incorporated into the human diversity syllabus. The findings indicate that there were statistically significant increases in student comfort levels, awareness of diversity, and understanding of diversity terms between the start of the Human Diversity course and the completion of the course. Students reported feeling the least comfortable associating with individuals who had more money, who had a mental disability, who were gay or lesbian, and who had different political and religious views than they had. The findings supported our plan to have a designated course in order to best address the Council of Social Work Education (CSWE) diversity curriculum content requirements.

This paper raises questions concerning politization of social science and specifically psychology. In what is arguably a concerted attack on traditional knowledge, social scientists are increasingly encouraged to ignore the impact of neurological disorders on a person's academic and professional success. Basic data-based psychological tenets, such as the viability of general intelligence and applicability of standardized test, are assaulted as vehicles of social oppression. The author avers that misguided reform movements are creating, and will continue to create, major problems not only for mental health professionals, but, more importantly, for their clients.

The research and practice of consultation, by nature and definition, affect people from across the range of human diversity. The emergent literature of cross-cultural consultation, including the co...

This article reviews the body of empirical research on work-related consequences of human diversity and presents an agenda for future investigations. Ideally, a synthesis of research findings to inform managing-for-diversity efforts should enable managers to interpret events in their own administrative contexts. Our assessment of the diversity literature suggests that managers are using largely untested assumptions as a basis for diversity policies, strategies, and actions. We call for greater contribution from public administration scholars to the body of research focusing on how human diversity can best be managed to produce positive results for individuals and their work organizations.

SUMMARY Increasingly, social work educators have become aware of the impact of information technology. Electronic mail, for instance, is utilized widely in schools of social work by students, faculty, and staff. In addition, students are increasingly accessing electronic resources such as the Internet or online library resources for use in their class assignments. There are many applications of such technology in the field of social work, Including practice, advocacy, networking, communication, participation in policy formation, and teaching. This paper will describe how the integration of information technology can be used in a course on human diversity.

A Dialogic Model of constructing a unified reply message is suggested in which differences between perspectives are valued, rather than minimized. In this model, a diversity of views is seen as a virtue. Consensus in the broad sense of agreeing to include multiple perspectives is encouraged, while consensus in the narrow sense of everyone agreeing about all parts of the message is seen as overly restrictive, if not impossible. In the Dialogic Model, even perspectives that are irreconcilable with one another might be included in a single reply. Drawing upon multiple perspectives allows us to expand beyond our own preconceptions, gives extraterrestrials several ways to understand our views of the world, and portrays the breadth of human concerns. Seven benefits of beginning work on a reply message immediately are identified: (1) concretely understanding the challenge of creating an adequate reply; (2) helping decode messages from extraterrestrials; (3) creating interstellar compositions as a new form of art; (4) having a reply ready in case we receive a message; (5) providing a sense of concrete accomplishment; (6) preparing for an active search strategy; and (7) gaining public support for SETI.

This essay reads Philip K. Dick's novel Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? as a critique of the American eugenics movement. Replete with historical allusions and satiric wordplay, Dick's novel condemns the eugenics movement as eliminating disability, diminishing human diversity, discouraging empathy, and ushering in harmful posthuman ideas before their time. Keywords: Eugenics; Philip K. Dick; America; Science fiction; Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep

In a previous article this author identified a leadership role for top management. In this article he sets his sights on identifying the unique leadership role of today's middle manager. This author links the role of middle management with that of today's organizational leaders in response to the simultaneous calls for unity and diversity.Is there a legitimate need for middle managers in today's flattened organizations? What role might be left for the middle manager in light of trends toward team-based operations? Can middle managers supplement the work of teams? How can middle management complement the role of organizational leaders? How should middle managers respond to today's simultaneous calls for unity and diversity?After briefly reviewing the role of organizational leaders in response to simultaneous calls for unity and diversity, the author explores the leadership role of middle management today. In preparation for identifying the tasks of the middle manager in today's organizational environment, he covers some of the costs associated with the loss of middle managers. The author concludes that middle managers in today's flattened and team-based organization bring leadership as: integrators creating organizational unity; facilitators releasing human diversity into group processes; and implementers of necessary supporting systems for recognizing and rewarding actions that foster unity and unlock diversity.