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Potential to identify and cultivate forms of post-capitalism in tourism development has yet to be explored in depth in current research. Tourism is one of the world’s largest industries, and hence a powerful global political and socio-economic force. Yet numerous problems associated with conventional tourism development have been documented over the years, problems now greatly exacerbated by impacts of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Calls for sustainable tourism development have long sought to address such issues and set the industry on a better course. Yet such calls tend to still promote continued growth as the basis of the tourism industry’s development, while mounting demands for “degrowth” suggest that growth is itself the fundamental problem that needs to be addressed in discussion of sustainability in tourism and elsewhere. This critique asserts that incessant growth is intrinsic to capitalist development, and hence to tourism’s role as one of the main forms of global capitalist expansion. Touristic degrowth would therefore necessitate postcapitalist practices aiming to socialise the tourism industry. While a substantial body of research has explored how tourism functions as an expression of a capitalist political economy, thus far no research has systematically explored what post-capitalist tourism might look like or how to achieve it. Applying Erik Olin Wright’s 2019 innovative typology for conceptualizing different forms of post-capitalism as components of an overarching strategy for “eroding capitalism” to a series of illustrative allows for exploration of their potential to contribute to an analogous strategy to similarly “erode tourism” as a quintessential capitalist industry.

How does regional economic integration affect the risk exposure of multinational enterprises (MNEs)? Investigating firm regionalization patterns, I uncover evidence of the regional risk paradox: as MNEs regionalize to exploit the lower risk environment offered by regional economic integration initiatives, they ultimately increase their regional risk exposure by deepening their commitment and embeddedness in regional business networks. Informed by the Theory of the Regional Multinationals and by theories of regional integration, I employ a social network lens to investigate the evolving structure of business relationships in regions governed by different regional integration frameworks. I then explore the implications of these evolving relationship network structures on the transformation of regional business risk. I find that moderately integrated regions lower transaction costs to moderately low levels, thus encouraging moderate MNE regionalization. This leads to moderate MNE embeddedness in loosely coupled regional business networks and a moderate increase in regional risk. By contrast, deeply integrated regions lower regional administrative distance to very low levels and encourage intense MNE regionalization. This leads to deep MNE embeddedness in tightly coupled regional business networks and a significant increase in regional risk.

This paper examines the effects of the quality of entrepreneurial ecosystems on new business formation and scale-up activity in China at the city-industry level. Accounting for only large and fast-growing firms, we focus on productive entrepreneurship which creates economic wealth. Based on a newly constructed panel dataset for 29 manufacturing industries and 286 prefecture-level cities of China during the period 1998–2009, we find that entrepreneurial ecosystem components, including access to finance, knowledge, marketization, local market demand, and entrepreneurial culture, are important determinants in explaining the differences in entrepreneurial activity across city-industry clusters and over time. Analysing a dynamic period in China’s industrialization with large regional variation in economic development, we show that the relative importance of the ecosystem components in shaping entrepreneurial activity changes over time when regions develop. In addition, we show that interaction between the ecosystem components – indicating system strength – has additional power in explaining new business formation and scale-up activity.

In recent years, China's rural areas have undergone intense restructuring motivated by various flows derived from e-commerce, which has triggered a new wave of rural rejuvenation. Attempting to reveal the process and mechanism of rural economic restructuring driven by e-commerce, this paper takes Xiaying village in central China to conduct an empirical study by introducing the theory of “space of flows” and applying the method of semi-structured interview. The results show that e-commerce has become a technical catalyst to the variation of industry structure, employment pattern and household economy. Xiaying village has performed a leap from traditional agriculture to commercial service and constructed a complete e-commerce oriented industry chain, which is distinguished from the traditional path of rural modernization adhering to the gradual evolution of the primary, secondary and tertiary industry in China. In response, the employment pattern is diversified and tends to be de-agriculturalization, thus providing an economic advancement opportunity for rural households. As a matter of fact, rural elites, technology innovation (e-commerce platform), resource endowments and government support all contributed greatly to this restructuring process. What distinguishes it from others is the strong mobility and exchange of urban and rural elements, which functions as the initial engine. Essentially, this transition can be considered as the impact of the network on the geographic space restructuring rural economy.

In this paper, we first detect the uneven distribution of regional inequality in rural China with the per capita net income data at county level, and then diagnose the various factors that contribute to this as well as its driving mechanisms using the four-dimension transitional framework. The results suggest that rural inequalities are clustered at the province level, and those most unequal regions tend to be geographically gathered. Stemming from the framework, the study reveals that the spatio-temporal disparity in rural inequality is deeply embedded in the quadruple-transition process of marketization, globalization, decentralization and urbanization. Employing both the pooled OLS and spatial regime models, the study further unfolds that influences of the transition processes are diversified across regions and study periods. We finally argue that human investment rather than economic growth plays the key role in reducing the rural inequality in eastern provinces, and that the formulation of policies in line with regional characteristics would be helpful to address or alleviate rural inequality.

The purpose of this paper is to address the hypotheses of complete urbanization and the post urban world with an emphasis on the agricultural sector. The paper studies spatial and temporal changes in land-use and agricultural activities in one rapidly growing metropolitan region, the Stockholm region. We explore the number and size of agricultural firms, changes in their main activity and trends of diversification and land prices for various types of land and location, all in a disaggregated spatial dimension. The results contribute to a deeper understanding of agriculture's function in metropolitan regions and shed new light on the possibilities of the agricultural sector to transform in a world where the traditional urban-rural relations are ceasing to exist.

By introducing geographic social capital, this paper highlights the role of social and spatial proximity in facilitating the spatial agglomeration of the informal female labour market for glove manufacturing in Gaozhou. It examines the town-village nodes within the network, interacting with pre-existing rural conditions to display discursive uncertainty. Further, it focuses on the agency manifested by different actors within the multi-layered nodes, capturing the resources embedded in the network in the specific geographic context or milieu. The results suggest that spatial proximity promotes social proximity, but also generates spatial lock-in, which can be avoided by becoming a ‘focal actor’ or a ‘boundary spanner’. The boundary between the ‘core’ and the ‘periphery’ has become blurred. The social value of skilled workers located near the top of the network has changed. The node of village farmers at the end of the network has become increasingly important; they are perceived to be a ‘reservoir’ of labour resources. The survey results show a compound social network of establishments and workshops that mainly feature an informal network within the specific context of geographical localities. ‘Hybrid spaces’ discovered through ethnographical immersion investigation embody the spatial embeddedness of social relationships and cultural constructions in the glove manufacturing workplace, reemphasizing the importance of people as a resource in the sustainability of rural development.

This paper contributes to open innovation (OI) and boundary spanning literatures by providing a first understanding of industry-based boundary spanners in university-industry (U-I) collaboration through case studies of Chinese multinational corporations (MNCs) and their international OI platforms. Organisational roles created by these platforms within the MNCs and their activity of bridging between organisations are examined. The analysis of 25 in-depth interviews in two MNCs located in eight countries, along with internal documents, sheds light on U-I collaboration practices implemented by Chinese MNCs. Two new boundary spanning roles are identified: Dual Cultural Bridger – as these OI platforms bridge organisational and national cultural gaps to prevent and solve problems in the collaborative process; and International Network Enhancer – as these OI platforms act as trust building and local knowledge listening posts for the MNC’s global network. Managerial and policy implications are provided.

Initiated by regional governments, economic associations, etc., many regions are trying to promote competitive industries through cross-sectoral collaboration. The purpose of this study is to consider management approaches to build and operate a regional system for facilitating a self-organizing process of cross-sectoral collaborations. First, related literatures are reviewed. Then, the concept of constructing regional advantage is introduced. Then, a platform policy through building a Regional Innovation System based on the Triple-Helix model is examined. In the case study, the experiences of three states in Germany are examined by focusing on the medical technology industry. In these states, to promote regional industries, regional systems to facilitate cross-sectoral collaborations are structured. The main focus is how the systems were built and operated through the involvement of regional stakeholders. Last, the results of the case study are comparatively analyzed and the implications for the management are discussed.

This article argues for conceptualising the land-water nexus not primarily in spatial terms, but above all as a set of spatiotemporal rhythms of increasing and decreasing wetness and fluidity. By investigating human engagement with water and land as rhythms, the corresponding and conflicting dynamics of particular places becoming – for longer or shorter periods – land, water or a mixture of both can be traced as an evolving web of relationships between human imaginations and practices, and the materialities of water, mud, sediment, dams, floodgates, etc. The article illustrates this approach with two brief ethnographic examples from northern Europe: In the depopulated Estonian Soomaa wetlands, some of the few remaining inhabitants are in the process of redefining unruly fluctuating water as a tourism destination. In doing so, however, these tourism operators are finding themselves and their “products” caught up in volatile and complicated spatiotemporal dynamics, including the difficulty to predict flooding and to coordinate high water with their potential customers’ spare time, which is bound to working/school weeks and public holidays. On the Kemi River in Finnish Lapland, water flows are not only conditioned by precipitation and seasons, but also – through an intricate hydropower infrastructure – by the electricity market, triggering continued disputes about appropriate spatiotemporal rhythms in the land-water nexus. Seasonality and hydroelectricity generation point to the inherent rhythmicity of the land-water nexus, which is significant not only because it reflects the experience of people inhabiting and engaging with their in-between environments. A rhythms approach can also de-centre the (often illusive) quest for what the water-land nexus is, and instead focus on how this nexus continually comes into being and is negotiated by both its inhabitants and other people. This argument builds on anthropological thinking about temporality and materiality, and indicates how the two must be combined for better understanding how human life relates to the land-water nexus.

In practice, the distinctions between tourism and migration are blurred. Tourism often drives various forms of mobility, and an international workforce is central to maintaining functioning tourism economies. This piece sketches out some critical themes and issues concerning intersections of tourism and migration, considering their relationships with and impacts on social sustainability. It highlights the contradictory ways in which tourism and migration are approached as political, social and economic phenomena. Whereas tourism is often viewed more positively, migration is recurrently politicised, and seen to challenge social systems and cultural values, despite the reliance of tourism on migrant labour. The discussion outlines the relevance of social sustainability to studies of migration and tourism. These include the need to assess how tourism planning, development and governance of tourism impacts on the sustainability of communities, which consequently influences attitudes towards migrants and tourists. It also reflects on how migrant-local connections may evolve, creating opportunities for positive, symbiotic co-existence, alongside exploitative relationships. It concludes by inviting further studies examining new forms and interactions between migration and tourism, which considers how research can contribute to greater social sustainability.

This paper examines the effects of tax policies on international tourist arrivals to the Maldives using the fully modified ordinary least squares (FMOLS) panel data method. The Maldives is chosen as a case study because the nation is heavily dependent on tourism and earn up to 70% of total government revenue in tourism tax. As expected, the estimated tax elasticities show that tourism tax adversely influences inbound travel, but significant differences across source markets are observed. Specifically, a 10% increase in tourism tax reduces demand by 5.4%. The degree of responsiveness of tourism demand to changes in taxes is essential for tourism policy since a change in the cost of visiting a destination resulting from a change in tourism tax policies affects inbound tourism demand. Consequently, the effectiveness of current fiscal policies is a matter of concern for attracting international tourists to the Maldives.

The potential of social innovation to address intersecting social and spatial inequalities in regional territories is increasingly recognised. Against this background, the results in this article are based on a qualitative study of constellations of actors in peripheral rural regions engaged in socially innovative approaches to regional development. Empirically, the example of EPAM — a network of new young farmers across Portugal — is investigated using social topology methodology to demonstrate how social innovation spreads through rural regions. Data were collected and analysed across spatial scales to examine how images circulate ecologies of infrastructure –including EPAM – and traverse territorial boundaries. In this way, images as specific material-discursive configurations are shown to be agential in the performative spreading of social innovation. To conceptualise these observations, the article is based on the assumption that social innovation has dual spatial properties. The first, an empirically legible and bounded object moving in space (regional). The second, an trans-scalar relational process in which objects, subjects, and spaces are reciprocally reconfigured (process-relational). This assumption has implications on understanding diffusion dynamics in social innovation, specifically how does social innovation spread in a process-relational mode? Against this background, the primary aim of the article is to examine and elaborate the diffusion dynamics of social innovation in its process-relational mode in the case of EPAM. Applying social topology methodology with agential realist theoretical sensitivity is well suited to theoretically elaborate modes of spread in social innovation according to their spatial properties.

Epicentres are the focus of COVID‐19 research, whereas emerging regions with mainly imported cases due to population movement are often neglected. Classical compartmental models are useful, however, likely oversimplify the complexity when studying epidemics. This study aimed to develop a multi‐regional, hierarchical‐tier mathematical model for better understanding the complexity and heterogeneity of COVID‐19 spread and control. By incorporating the epidemiological and population flow data, we have successfully constructed a multi‐regional, hierarchical‐tier SLIHR model. With this model, we revealed insight into how COVID‐19 was spread from the epicentre Wuhan to other regions in Mainland China based on the large population flow network data. By comprehensive analysis of the effects of different control measures, we identified that Level 1 emergency response, community prevention and application of big data tools significantly correlate with the effectiveness of local epidemic containment across different provinces of China outside the epicentre. In conclusion, our multi‐regional, hierarchical‐tier SLIHR model revealed insight into how COVID‐19 spread from the epicentre Wuhan to other regions of China, and the subsequent control of local epidemics. These findings bear important implications for many other countries and regions to better understand and respond to their local epidemics associated with the ongoing COVID‐19 pandemic.

HSR studies have been one of the most important issues in economic geography, transport economics and policy. However, prior studies give rare attention to its role on the technological innovation collaboration, which become increasing important nowadays. Using co-patent data of the State Intellectual Property Office (SIPO) database from 2000 to 2016, this paper investigates the role of HSR services in cross-city technological innovation collaboration. Empirical results show: 1) the intensity of cross-city technological innovation collaboration activities remains at a low level before the debut of HSR services in China, and the difference on this indicator between cities with and without HSR services is statistically insignificant. With the emergence of HSR network, cross-city innovation collaboration is booming and cities with and without HSR services show distinct trends. 2) HSR services play a significant positive role in stimulating the intensity of cross-city technological innovation collaboration activities of HSR cities. 3) megacities benefit most from the HSR network, and secondary cities also benefit from being connected to megacities by HSR lines. 4) The travel time between city pairs is significantly correlated with the intensity of collaborative innovation activities. Our results suggesting interregional innovation bonds, which implicitly featuring the channel of knowledge flow, are established or strengthened by high-speed transport investments.

The support and influence of industrial business associations (IBAs) for the internationalisation process of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) is questioned. This qualitative case study on the textile industry in Portugal illustrates how SMEs are influenced by their IBA. Findings suggest that it has a preponderant role in supporting the international expansion of associated SMEs. Particularly, the promotion and organisation of trade fairs seem to foster first entries and continuous international expansion in the same way the IBA seems to influence their foreign market selection. However, SMEs feel that the IBA’s work could still be improved by their facilitating more matchmaking processes, promoting collaborations, improving their seizing of available internationalisation opportunities, and providing more information about agents and distributors in foreign markets. Thus, we can say that, despite the internet and global opportunities that firms can directly benefit from, the role of IBAs is still relevant for SME’s internationalisation, and there is still room for improvement.

Drawing on family business, international business, and emerging economy literature we theorize in this study how family ownership and family management affect important dimensions of family firm multinationality (scale, scope, and location choice). Results of empirical analysis involving a sample of Indian firms demonstrate that family ownership is negatively associated with scale and scope of multinationality, but positively associated with choice of developed economies for locating subsidiaries. Results further suggest that family management is negatively related to scale and scope of multinationality, as well as choice of developed economies for locating subsidiaries. Finally, our results provide evidence that family management moderates the relationship between family ownership and three dimensions of multinationality. Specifically, it strengthens the negative effect of family ownership on scale and scope of multinationality, but changes the choice of subsidiary location from developed to developing economies.

Sea-level rise (SLR) threatens millions of people living in coastal areas through permanent inundation and other SLR-related hazards. Migration is one way for people to adapt to these coastal changes, but presents an enormous policy challenge given the number of people affected. Knowledge about the relationship between SLR-related hazards and migration is therefore important to allow for anticipatory policymaking. In recent years, an increasing number of empirical studies have investigated, using survey or census data, how SLR-related hazards including flooding, salinization, and erosion together with non-environmental factors influence migration behavior. In this article, we provide a systematic literature review of this empirical work. Our review findings indicate that flooding is not necessarily associated with increased migration. Severe flood events even tend to decrease long-term migration in developing countries, although more research is needed to better understand the underpinnings of this finding. Salinization and erosion do generally lead to migration, but the number of studies is sparse. Several non-environmental factors including wealth and place attachment influence migration alongside SLR-related hazards. Based on the review, we propose a research agenda by outlining knowledge gaps and promising avenues for future research on this topic. Promising research avenues include using behavioral experiments to investigate migration behavior under future SLR scenarios, studying migration among other adaptation strategies, and complementing empirical research with dynamic migration modeling. We conclude that more empirical research on the SLR-migration nexus is needed to properly understand and anticipate the complex dynamics of migration under SLR, and to design adequate policy responses. This article is categorized under:. Climate Economics < Aggregation Techniques for Impacts and Mitigation Costs Vulnerability and Adaptation to Climate Change < Learning from Cases and Analogies Assessing Impacts of Climate Change < Evaluating Future Impacts of Climate Change.

In this paper, we study how local border reforms affect economic activity. To do so, we make use of large-scale municipal merger reforms in Germany to assess the effect of local border changes on the distribution of activity in space, an issue that has not been addressed in existing literature. To allow for a comparison of economic activity within unique geographical units over time, we use geo-coded light data as well as local land-use data. Adopting a difference-in-differences approach, we find evidence that municipalities absorbing their merger partners and hosting the new administrative center experience a significant increase in local activity, while the municipalities that are being absorbed and are losing the administrative center experience a decrease in such activity. The difference between the gains in activity from absorbing municipalities and the losses from absorbed ones appears positive. These hitherto undocumented results point to the importance of distance to the administrative center as a determinant of the spatial distribution of economic activity.

The social lockdowns and strict control measures initiated to combat the COVID-19 pandemic have had an impact on human migration. In this study, big data was used to analyze spatial patterns of population migration in 369 Chinese cities during the COVID-19 outbreak and to identify determinants of population migration. We found that the overall migration intensity decreased by 39.87% compared to the same period in 2019 prior to the COVID-19 outbreak. COVID-19 severely affected human migration. The public holidays and weekends have impacted human migration from the perspective of time scale. The spatial pattern of China's population distribution presents a diamond structure that is dense in the east and sparse in the west, which is bounded by the hu line and the cities such as Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou and Chengdu as nodes to connect. There is a strong consistency between the population distribution center and the level of urban development. The urban human migration network is centered on provincial capitals or municipalities at the regional scale, showing a prominent "center-periphery" structure. COVID-19 dispersed the forces of human migration in time and changed the direction of human migration in space. But it did not change the pattern of national migration. The most critical factors influencing mass migration are income levels and traditional culture. This study reveals the impacts of major public health emergencies on conventional migration patterns and provides a scientific theoretical reference for COVID-19 prevention and control., Graphical Abstract This is special type of abstract that is so short and could be inserted after main abstract of article, as a blurb or inserted as annotations into a Table of contents. AUTHOR PHOTO Image, graphical abstract.

International technology spillovers have important impacts on innovation quality. In this paper, we integrate three main sources of international technology spillovers – imports, inward foreign direct investment (FDI), and outward FDI – into the framework of China’s innovation quality. Accordingly, we empirically investigate the characteristics and channels of international technology spillovers that affect innovation quality. We find that, first, overall, the main sources of international technology spillovers that can significantly affect China’s innovation quality focus on imports and outward FDI, especially imports, which plays a more dominant role; second, the characteristics of technology spillovers vary across different regions, that is, imports promote innovation quality more significantly in eastern and western China than in the central region, where only outward FDI affects innovation quality significantly; third, the channels of these three kinds of international technology spillovers that affect innovation quality cannot be separated from R&D capital investment and R&D personnel input. Our study not only enriches the extant literature about international technology spillovers affecting innovation quality but also sheds light on how to achieve high-quality economic development in China.

The global oil industry has entered into a period of debilitating uncertainty. Two forces – renewable energy and price volatility – call into question the profitability of investing in the massive, decades-long conventional projects which form the backbone of global production. Facing a volatile, unknown future, energy financiers are retracting from long-term projects. United States (US) hydraulic fracturing has offered a partial solution. The unique material properties of hydraulic fracturing give it—relative to conventional production—a small investment scope with a short cycle of production. This flexible production process has helped sections of the industry avoid the commodity’s uncertain outlook by narrowly focusing on the near term. However, hydraulic fracturing, while offering a different temporal and financial scale of investment, is often more expensive per barrel. Confronted by COVID-19 disruptions, massive debt, and public contestation, some predict the end of fracking, as the least profitable, most indebted players go under. This paper hypothesizes that intensifying uncertainty over the future of oil – above all from the renewable energy transition – will, however, ironically further stimulate this destructive form of extraction.

Research on intensive agricultural features contributes to the social relations of farming, including the means by which farmers mobilize labor and the possible destination of surplus. Lidar provid...

This study aims to measure the causal relationship between three railway projects in different regions of Nagoya city and the residential distribution of different households. Rather than assuming that a railway project has an identical impact on all the neighborhoods in the treated group, this study proposes a heterogeneous difference-in-differences estimator to account for the heterogeneity in the treatment group, which is caused by different land cover characteristics. Specifically, the possible local spatial spillover effects are emphasized. The empirical application results indicate that (1) the northern neighborhoods near the Meijo and Aonami lines are attractive to households with higher income, (2) the southern neighborhoods near the Meijo line are appealing to middle-income households, (3) the low-income and old-single households prefer the southern neighborhoods along the Aonami line, and (4) the couple-with-children and old-couple households with lower income prefer to live around the Sakura-dori line. To conclude, railway-oriented communities, with different land use characteristics, attract different household types. This study’s findings have implications for policymakers, city planners, and scholars.

In 2013, the Edo State Government banned motorcycle taxi riders from operating in Benin metropolis. The ban privileges tricycle taxi riders but limits their operations within the collector streets system and the residential neighbourhoods, forbidding them from operating in the radial arterial and concentric roads system. This paper explores the mobility practices of the tricycle taxi riders, focusing on their organisational structure which significantly delineates the city into a decentralized and fragmented system of territorial monopoly in light of these regulations. Utilizing the six facets of mobility and the concept of monopoly rent, the study analyzes the organisational structure of tricycle taxi services and rent-seeking activities of riders in order to gain insight into how the facets of mobility is connected to the practices of urban mobility. By so doing the paper highlights riders’ daily operational experiences of territorialised mobility and how access to neighbourhoods are being socially produced and spatialised.

The article reviews the trends in the media industry landscape formation based on content as a source of economic processes taking place in the industry. A wide range of expert opinions, reflecting the current changes was collected and analyzed. The life cycle of content is examined and the key trends in its production, packaging, distribution and consumption are highlighted. The attention is focused on the economic and technological factors that determine each of the trends, for instance, a change in the model of media consumption, the development and distribution of OTT platforms as a new way of delivering content, as well as a rapid transition to a new technological level. The latest statistical data from Russian and foreign sources support the reviewed trends. There is a separate description of the coronavirus pandemic impact consequences on the global media and the Russian industry in particular, and the key aspects of the development of the industry are identified in the current period on its basis.

Purpose This paper aims to investigate the European and Latin America urban cultural policies that could enhance cultural and creative sustainable tourism products development. Design/methodology/approach The methodological framework is based on a comparative case study regarding the importance, dynamics and policies associated to cultural and creative tourism in four Ibero-American cities, namely, Brasilia, Buenos Aires, Lisbon and Madrid. Findings This exploratory analysis underlines the growing importance of cultural and creative tourism in the four capital cities. On one hand, cities reveal different tourism impacts and, on the other hand, they are associated to different cultural and creative sector structures. Cities cultural and creative performance put in evidence that sustainable cities index, global talent competitiveness index and cultural and creative cities monitor, tend to position Madrid in the first place followed by, Lisbon, Buenos Aires and Brasilia. Research limitations/implications In general, and despite the importance of space in the creative process, there is little research on the geography of the creative industries and there is a lack of cross-country comparative studies so that it is difficult to assess the particularities of each model of creativity. Practical implications Cities could enhance more efforts in investing, not only in the traditional cultural infrastructures but also on the new forms of culture, new technologies, new makers, new audiences based on their attributes, activities and labels, in a framework of urban sustainable policies based on “innovation,” “inclusiveness” and “interconnectivity.” Originality/value The originality of the paper lies in the comparative analysis of four cities based on cultural and creative sector and tourism interconnections. Simultaneously, it lies in an exploratory model application.

Synergistic development of the culture, sports, and tourism industries is an emerging trend in China, providing new formats for industrial evolution and fresh momentum for industrial upgrading. Therefore, building a robust framework to evaluate the synergistic development is relevant to China’s economic and social development. This study used a coupling coordination model to calculate the coupling coordination degree of the three industries, for 31 provinces in China from 2013 to 2017. Subsequently, it employed spatial autocorrelation techniques and GeoDetector to identify factors affecting the synergistic development from global and local perspectives before discussing the driving mechanisms. The results showed that (1) the synergistic development of the three industries was generally stable with a slight imbalance. (2) The development level varied across regions. The general spatial pattern was low in northeastern and western China, stable and average in the central region, and high in the eastern region. (3) The synergistic development has a prominent “proximity dependence” effect reflected by a notable spatial agglomeration feature and positive spatial autocorrelation trend and (4) twenty-one indicators of six driving factors (industrial pulling force, population supporting force, consumer purchasing power, transportation pushing force, resource attraction force, and economic driving force) affected the synergistic development.

Purpose This study aims to identify the main research development on board diversity and offers a quantitative synopsis of key themes and contributors, knowledge gaps and provides directions for further work. Design/methodology/approach Using a bibliometric analysis, the authors assess the patterns in global board diversity research based on co-occurrences of researchers’ keywords and publication outputs of 991 articles from the Scopus database. Also, the co-citation network analysis was performed to assess the intellectual structure of board diversity research. Findings According to the keyword analysis, the authors found that researchers focus on the gender diversity of the boardroom while ignoring the cognitive diversity and other aspects of demographic diversity such as educational, ethnic, age, nationality, experience, background and tenure, pointing to the need for further work to consider other diversity attributes and the interaction between them. Additionally, board diversity research related to (but not limited to) payout policy, cash holding, initial public offerings, small–medium enterprises and financial institutions is limited. Originality/value This study provides a comprehensive evaluation of the development of board diversity research (using a large archival database) and identifies the common construct as well as the potential opportunities for future research directions.

PurposeThere is considerable variation in the extent of globalization across industries. The authors attempt to identify the structural conditions of the industry that lead to these variations.Design/methodology/approachBased on a sample of 33 manufacturing industries over the nine-year period from 2007 to 2016, the authors test for antecedents of industry globalization.FindingsThe authors find that industry globalization is positively affected by medium levels of barriers to entry, industry competition, industry assistance, low and mediums levels of capital intensity, industry concentration and industry regulation and negatively affected by low levels of technological change and industry assistance. In addition, the life cycle stage of the industry has an impact on the level of globalization with the growth stage having the highest level of globalization.Research limitations/implicationsFirst, the major limitation of the paper is that the authors rely entirely on trade data to measure the level of industry globalization. The authors did not have a choice because foreign direct investment (FDI) data are available only at the country level. Second, given that globalization can occur at the country, industry and firm levels, the focus on industry-level structural characteristics alone may be seen as a limitation.Practical implicationsThe results of the study can provide guidance to practicing managers to apply industry analysis for predicting the potential for and direction of globalization of their industries. This will enable them to formulate appropriate strategies to cope with global competition.Social implicationsThe study has important public policy implications. National governments have many levers at their command that can be used to influence the structural characteristics of industries, such as industry regulation, industry assistance and industry concentration. They can selectively use these levers to either facilitate or impede globalization.Originality/valueMuch of the empirical focus of prior research on globalization has been on countries, rather than industries, as the unit of analysis. There is clearly variation in the extent of globalization across industries with some industries highly integrated while others remain primarily local or regional. Based on a novel approach to measure the extent of globalization at the industry level, the authors identify its antecedents. The value of the paper lies in the fact that the analysis of 33 manufacturing industries over a ten-year period shows that the structural characteristics of the industries drive their extent of globalization.

Entrepreneurship is the key determinant for economic growth because it maximizes wealth of the nation by creating new businesses based on innovation and disruptive ideas. The success of entrepreneurial venture relies on proper understanding of its ecosystem, i.e., various elements or factors associated with entrepreneurship. This paper has tried to uncover various elements of the entrepreneurial ecosystem based on the model developed by Isenberg in 2010 and how they impact on entrepreneurship. This is a literature based reflective article where various literatures are referred to link the connection between entrepreneurship and its mainly six domains: Policy, Finance, Culture, Support, Human Capital, and Markets. Literatures have shown the strong relation and impact of these domains on entrepreneurial activities but to clear the level of impact, further studies are necessary. Similarly, there is also an avenue to explore the connectivity between these domains itself.

Political economists assume that global externalities, such as pandemics and climate change, require global or multi-national solutions. Yet, many aspects of these externalities can be addressed at the micro-level. As Elinor Ostrom pointed out, what scholars perceive as global externalities are in fact nested externalities that are organized in multiple, overlapping scales. By drawing on Ostrom's oeuvre, we explore the notions of nested externalities, polycentricity, and co-production in the context of pandemic governance. We highlight two crucial features of pandemics: first, preventative measures such as social distancing are co-production processes that cannot be provided by governments alone. Second, pandemics, much like climate change, pose nested externalities problems at different levels. Thus, pandemic externalities are better viewed as collective action problems arranged at multiple, nested, and/or overlapping scales. Finally, we propose an alternative institutional take that considers the nestedness of pandemic externalities and the diversity in institutional conditions across jurisdictions.