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Objectives: To examine whether social determinants of health (SDH) factors are associated with time to diagnosis, treatment selection, and time to recurrent surgical intervention in idiopathic subglottic stenosis (iSGS) patients. Methods: Adult patients with diagnosed iSGS were recruited prospectively (2015-2017) via clinical providers as part of the North American Airway Collaborative (NoAAC) and via an online iSGS support community on Facebook. Patient-specific SDH factors included highest educational attainment (self-reported), median household income (matched from home zip code via U.S. Census data), and number of close friends (self-reported) as a measure of social support. Main outcomes of interest were time to disease diagnosis (years from symptom onset), treatment selection (endoscopic dilation [ED] vs cricotracheal resection [CTR] vs endoscopic resection with adjuvant medical therapy [ERMT]), and time to recurrent surgical intervention (number of days from initial surgical procedure) as a surrogate for disease recurrence. Results: The total 810 participants were 98.5% female, 97.2% Caucasian, and had a median age of 50 years (IQR, 43-58). The cohort had a median household income of $62 307 (IQR, $50 345-$79 773), a median of 7 close friends (IQR, 4-10), and 64.7% of patients completed college or graduate school. Education, income, and number of friends were not associated with time to diagnosis via multivariable linear regression modeling. Univariable multinominal logistic regression demonstrated an association between education and income for selecting ED versus ERMT, but no associations were noted for CTR. No associations were noted for time to recurrent surgical procedure via Kaplan Meier modeling and Cox proportional hazards regression. Conclusions: Patient education, income, and social support were not associated with time to diagnosis or time to disease recurrence. This suggests additional patient, procedure, or disease-specific factors contribute to the observed variations in iSGS surgical outcomes.

Objective Postoperative complication rates were compared between obstructive sleep apnea surgery (OSAS) and hypoglossal nerve upper airway stimulation (UAS). Study Design Cohort. Setting Multi-institutional international databases. Methods OSAS data were collected from the NSQIP database (2014; American College of Surgeons National Surgery Quality Improvement Program). UAS data were obtained from the ADHERE registry (Adherence and Outcome of Upper Airway Stimulation for OSA International Registry; 2016–December 2019). ADHERE comorbidities and complications were categorized to match NSQIP definitions. A chi-square test was used for proportion P values. Results There were 1623 UAS procedures in ADHERE and 310 in NSQIP. The UAS group was older than the OSAS group (mean ± SD, 60 ± 11 vs 42 ± 13 years) but similarly male (75% vs 77%) and overweight (body mass index, 29 ± 4 vs 29 ± 3 kg/m 2 ). There was a higher proportion of hypertension, diabetes, and heart disease in the UAS cohort. Palatopharyngoplasty was the most common surgical procedure (71%), followed by tonsillectomy (25%). UAS operative time was longer (132 ± 47 vs 54 ± 33 minutes). Postoperative length of stay was not normally distributed, as 71% of UAS stays were

Background Swallowing dysfunction after radiotherapy (RT) for head and neck cancer can be devastating. A randomized control trial compared swallow exercises versus exercise plus neuromuscular electrical stimulation therapy and found no overall difference in outcomes. Methods Quality of life (QOL), diet, and swallowing variables collected at discrete intervals on 117 patients were reanalyzed to test the hypothesis that shorter time between the completion of radiotherapy and beginning of the swallowing therapy program yielded improved outcomes. Results At baseline, subjects 2 years post RT in several measures. Over the therapy program, the early group showed significant improvement in diet and QOL. Swallowing physiologic variables showed no difference between groups. Conclusion Beginning a swallowing therapy program within 1 year of completion of radiotherapy demonstrates more consistent improvement in QOL and diet performance compared to later periods.

Dysphagia, or difficulty swallowing, is a serious health problem that reduces the quality of life of those affected. The standard method to diagnose dysphagia is the x-ray video fluoroscopic swallowing exam (VFSE). In this paper we investigate the use of deep learning networks to classify VFSE as normal or abnormal. The proposed network is based on a long term recurrent convolutional network (LRCN). This network was trained and validated using 1154 VFSE. Using 10-fold cross-validation, the accuracy of classification was 85% and the area under the ROC curve was 0.89. This work shows the promise of using deep learning networks as a screening tool to detect dysphagia in VFSE.

The DRS was established 25 years ago with the intention of bringing together a variety of disciplines involved with research into mechanisms, diagnosis, and management of swallowing disorders (dysphagia). With a rapidly growing membership and committee structure within the DRS, as well as in other similar societies throughout the world pursuing the same agenda (i.e. sharing research findings and putting it into practice), the global importance of this type of interdisciplinary development of research has become increasingly apparent. The DRS has reached out to other dysphagia societies across the globe, including the Japanese society, European society, and Latin American society. Research is now crossing the globe as well as crossing the age span from pediatrics to geriatrics. Interest in swallowing and swallowing disorders is reaching an all-time high. With this much attention and diversity, variability in the quality and direction of research can occur. Therefore, it is increasingly important to develop an all-inclusive research agenda for the DRS to serve as a guide for developing further work in this field that is well designed, functional, and impactful.

A 5-year, 16-site, randomized controlled trial enrolled 170 HNC survivors into active (estim + swallow exercise) or control (sham estim + swallowing exercise) arms. Primary analyses showed that estim did not enhance swallowing exercises. This secondary analysis determined if/how patient compliance impacted outcomes. A home program, performed 2 times/day, 6 days/week, for 12 weeks included stretches and 60 swallows paired with real or sham estim. Regular clinic visits ensured proper exercise execution, and detailed therapy checklists tracked patient compliance which was defined by mean number of sessions performed per week (0-12 times) over the 12-week intervention period. "Compliant" was defined as performing 10-12 sessions/week. Outcomes were changes in PAS, HNCI, PSS, OPSE, and hyoid excursion. ANCOVA analyses determined if outcomes differed between real/sham and compliant/noncompliant groups after 12 weeks of therapy. Of the 170 patients enrolled, 153 patients had compliance data. The mean number of sessions performed was 8.57/week (median = 10.25). Fifty-four percent of patients (n = 83) were considered "compliant." After 12 weeks of therapy, compliant patients in the sham estim group realized significantly better PAS scores than compliant patients in the active estim group (p = 0.0074). When pooling all patients together, there were no significant differences in outcomes between compliant and non-compliant patients. The addition of estim to swallowing exercises resulted in worse swallowing outcomes than exercises alone, which was more pronounced in compliant patients. Since neither compliant nor non-compliant patients benefitted from swallowing exercises, the proper dose and/or efficacy of swallowing exercises must also be questioned in this patient population.

Objectives: Celecoxib is a cyclooxygenase-2-specific inhibitor indicated to treat acute pain and pain secondary to osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. Surgical models of acute pain have demonstrated superior pain relief to placebo. The objective of this study was to test the safety and efficacy of celecoxib for pain relief after tonsillectomy compared to placebo. Methods: Adult subjects were randomized to 200 mg celecoxib versus placebo with a loading dose the night before surgery then twice daily for 10 days. Subjects were instructed to supplement the study drug with hydrocodone/acetaminophen liquid or acetaminophen for pain as needed. Subjects completed a daily diary regarding their pain, nausea, vomiting, diet, and activity. Results: Seventeen subjects enrolled. Intraoperative blood loss was similar between groups, and no subject had postoperative bleeding. Three patients returned to the emergency department for treatment, and 2 patients could not complete the diaries, all in the placebo group. Subjects in the placebo group required statistically significant ( P < .05) higher doses of narcotic and acetaminophen to control pain. Pain and diet rating scores were slightly better in the celecoxib group compared to placebo. Conclusions: In this small cohort, celecoxib reduced postoperative narcotic and acetaminophen requirements compared to placebo without complications.

Importance Surgical treatment comparisons in rare diseases are difficult secondary to the geographic distribution of patients. Fortunately, emerging technologies offer promise to reduce these barriers for research. Objective To prospectively compare the outcomes of the 3 most common surgical approaches for idiopathic subglottic stenosis (iSGS), a rare airway disease. Design, Setting, and Participants In this international, prospective, 3-year multicenter cohort study, 810 patients with untreated, newly diagnosed, or previously treated iSGS were enrolled after undergoing a surgical procedure (endoscopic dilation [ED], endoscopic resection with adjuvant medical therapy [ERMT], or cricotracheal resection [CTR]). Patients were recruited from clinician practices in the North American Airway Collaborative and an online iSGS community on Facebook. Main Outcomes and Measures The primary end point was days from initial surgical procedure to recurrent surgical procedure. Secondary end points included quality of life using the Clinical COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) Questionnaire (CCQ), Voice Handicap Index-10 (VHI-10), Eating Assessment Test-10 (EAT-10), the 12-Item Short-Form Version 2 (SF-12v2), and postoperative complications. Results Of 810 patients in this cohort, 798 (98.5%) were female and 787 (97.2%) were white, with a median age of 50 years (interquartile range, 43-58 years). Index surgical procedures were ED (n = 603; 74.4%), ERMT (n = 121; 14.9%), and CTR (n = 86; 10.6%). Overall, 185 patients (22.8%) had a recurrent surgical procedure during the 3-year study, but recurrence differed by modality (CTR, 1 patient [1.2%]; ERMT, 15 [12.4%]; and ED, 169 [28.0%]). Weighted, propensity score–matched, Cox proportional hazards regression models showed ED was inferior to ERMT (hazard ratio [HR], 3.16; 95% CI, 1.8-5.5). Among successfully treated patients without recurrence, those treated with CTR had the best CCQ (0.75 points) and SF-12v2 (54 points) scores and worst VHI-10 score (13 points) 360 days after enrollment as well as the greatest perioperative risk. Conclusions and Relevance In this cohort study of 810 patients with iSGS, endoscopic dilation, the most popular surgical approach for iSGS, was associated with a higher recurrence rate compared with other procedures. Cricotracheal resection offered the most durable results but showed the greatest perioperative risk and the worst long-term voice outcomes. Endoscopic resection with medical therapy was associated with better disease control compared with ED and had minimal association with vocal function. These results may be used to inform individual patient treatment decision-making.

Background Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) is a highly sought after but poorly studied treatment for dysphagia among patients with head and neck cancer with dysphagia. This study investigated the efficacy of NMES in this patient population. Methods In this double-blinded, randomized controlled trial, 170 patients with head and neck cancer experiencing posttreatment dysphagia were randomized into active NMES + swallow exercise versus sham NMES + swallow exercise groups. Outcomes after a 12-week program included changes in fluoroscopy measures, diet, and quality of life. Results After the 12-week program, the active NMES group had significantly worse Penetration Aspiration Scale scores than the sham group. Both groups reported significantly better diet and quality of life. No other measures were significant. Conclusion NMES did not add benefit to traditional swallow exercises. Unfortunately, swallow exercises were not effective by themselves either. For patients with head and neck cancer with moderate to severe dysphagia caused by radiation therapy, current behavioral therapies are of limited help in reversing long-term dysphagia. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Head Neck 38: E1221–E1231, 2016

The aim of this prospective, consecutive, cohort study was to investigate the biomechanical effects, if any, of the Blom low profile voice inner cannula and Passy-Muir one-way tracheotomy tube speaking valves on movement of the hyoid bone and larynx during swallowing. Ten adult patients (8 male, 2 female) with an age range of 61–89 years (mean 71 years) participated. Criteria for inclusion were ≥18 years of age, English speaking, and ability to tolerate both changing to a Blom tracheotomy tube and placement of a one-way tracheotomy tube speaking valve with a fully deflated tracheotomy tube cuff. Digitized videofluoroscopic swallow studies were performed at 30 frames/s and with each patient seated upright in the lateral plane. A total of 18 swallows (three each with 5 cc bolus volumes of single contrast barium and puree + barium × 3 conditions) were analyzed for each participant. Variables evaluated included larynx-to-hyoid bone excursion (mm), maximum hyoid bone displacement (mm), and aspiration status under three randomized conditions: 1. Tracheotomy tube open with no inner cannula; 2. Tracheotomy tube with Blom valve; and 3. Tracheotomy tube with Passy-Muir valve. Blinded reliability testing with a Pearson product moment correlation was performed on 20 % of the data. Intra- and inter-rater reliability for combined measurements of larynx-to-hyoid bone excursion and maximum hyoid bone displacement was r = 0.98. Intra- and inter-rater reliability for aspiration status was 100 %. No significant differences (p > 0.05) were found for larynx-to-hyoid bone excursion and maximum hyoid bone displacement during swallowing based upon an open tracheotomy tube, Blom valve, or Passy-Muir valve. Aspiration status was identical for all three randomized conditions. The presence of a one-way tracheotomy tube speaking valve did not significantly alter two important components of normal pharyngeal swallow biomechanics, i.e., hyoid bone and laryngeal movements. Aspiration status was similarly unaffected by valve use. Clinicians should be aware that the data do not support placement of a one-way tracheotomy tube speaking valve to reduce prandial aspiration.

Objective: We sought to compare postoperative pain and complications in patients undergoing free tissue transfer for reconstruction of head and neck defects with and without ketorolac. Methods: In this retrospective cohort study, we identified patients who underwent head and neck free tissue transfer procedures at the University of Iowa between July 2010 and December 2012. A subset of patients received ketorolac as an anti-platelet agent. Main outcome measures include postoperative analgesic use, pain scores, and bleeding complications. Results: We identified 138 free tissue transfers, with 42 procedures in the ketorolac cohort. In the first 7 postoperative days, patients in the ketorolac and non-ketorolac cohorts received equivalent narcotic doses (morphine equivalents, 48.9 mg/day vs 46.6 mg/day, P = .72). The ketorolac group reported higher mean pain scores (3.1 vs 2.4, P = .004). Ketorolac use was not associated with need for transfusion ( P = .86) or number of days with neck drains ( P = .79). Conclusion: Ketorolac did not demonstrate a significant analgesic effect in this group of patients in terms of pain scores and opioid requirements. However, there also was no evidence to suggest a higher likelihood of bleeding complications. Ketorolac may be safely used as an anti-platelet agent, with narcotic requirements unchanged.

Objectives/Hypothesis: Fine-needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy and imaging are commonly used in the preoperative assessment of salivary gland mass lesions. The goal of this retrospective study was to clarify the role of FNA and imaging in the workup of salivary gland masses. Study Design: Retrospective cohort study. Methods: A computer search identified patients with an FNA of a salivary gland lesion with subsequent excision during a 10-year study period. Chart review of study patients was performed, and information on site of lesion, age, gender, radiologic diagnosis, pain in the tumor area, and facial paralysis was recorded and analyzed. Results: There were 543 patients who had an FNA and subsequent histopathology. The majority of the tumors were in the parotid gland (n = 492, 90.9%), followed by submandibular gland (n = 45, 8.3%). The incidence of malignancy across all sites was 29.7%. The mean patient age was 54.1 years, and 54.1% were female. The sensitivity and specificity of FNA were 85.7% and 99.5%, respectively. Positive predictive value (PPV) was 98.6%, and negative predictive value (NPV) was 94.3%. A total of 464 patients had available radiologic studies. For the radiological diagnoses, sensitivity was 81.8% and specificity was 67.3%, whereas PPV and NPV were 52.7% and 89.3%, respectively. Conclusions: FNA is a reliable method of preoperatively assessing both benign and malignant salivary gland lesions. Preoperative imaging has a lower sensitivity and specificity than FNA in differentiating malignant from benign tumors. Older age, pain, and facial paralysis are clinical features independently associated with malignancy. Laryngoscope, 2013

The Laryngeal Movement Disorder Clinic (LMDC) was started in 1990 in the Department of Otolaryngology at the University of Iowa. This specialized subset of the general Voice Clinic ( http://www.healthcare.uiowa.edu/otolaryngology/protocols/Parts/Part1/Part1C/P1C1.htm ) is scheduled twice a month for patients with laryngeal movement disorders such as spasmodic dysphonia (SD), vocal tremor, muscle tension dysphonia (MTD), and vocal fold paralysis (VCP). Patients with other craniocervical dystonias also may be seen in this clinic. The purpose of the clinic is to provide specialized diagnostic assessments and treatments. Application of electromyography for diagnosis as well as for directed botulinum toxin injections dominates the practice of this clinic. Voice therapy also is directed through this clinic, with coordination through practitioners in the University of Iowa system or, more commonly, with practitioners who are located closer to the patients' homes. It is the purpose of this article to describe the clinical pathways for patients who are seen at the LMDC from a multidisciplinary perspective. This summary will include aspects of differential diagnosis and clinical history taking, assessment, and treatment for those with laryngeal movement disorders.

Objectives: We performed a case series to enhance our understanding of the coupling between neuromuscular events and glottic closure. Methods: We performed combined flexible video laryngoscopy and electromyography in 4 healthy human subjects. Hooked-wire electrodes were placed in the superior pharyngeal constrictor, longitudinal pharyngeal, cricopharyngeus, thyroarytenoid, genioglossus, suprahyoid, and posterior cricoarytenoid muscles. A flexible endoscope tip was positioned in the oropharyngeal-hypopharyngeal region. The subjects performed multiple trials each of 10-mL normal and super-supraglottic liquid swallows. Results: Arytenoid movement consistently preceded full glottic closure and was associated with cessation of activity of the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle. In 89% of normal swallows, the glottis was partially open in the video frame before bolus passage. The maximum amount of thyroarytenoid electromyographic activity occurred during endoscopic white-out. When subjects executed a super-supraglottic swallow, early thyroarytenoid activity coincided with arytenoid contact. Conclusions: The initial medialization of the arytenoids is due to a decrease in motor tone of the posterior cricoarytenoid muscle. Full glottic closure typically occurs late in the process of swallowing, with activation of the thyroarytenoid muscle. Shifting of arytenoid medialization and glottic closure earlier in the super-supraglottic swallow indicates that glottic closure is under significant voluntary control.

Objectives: We report development of a device and technique to manage laryngeal paralysis through minimal-access arytenoid adduction (for unilateral paralysis) and arytenoid abduction (for bilateral paralysis). Methods: A human cadaver study coupled with directed engineering was used to develop instrumentation designed to secure the muscular process of the arytenoid into favorable adducted or abducted positions. Digital video, photography, and 3-dimensional computed tomographic (CT) imaging of cadaveric larynges were done to evaluate the surgical technique. Results: Testing of prototypes identified the ideal implant to be a 0.36-mm wire with a distal spring-wound coil placed through a trocar via a small drill hole in the anterior thyroid cartilage. An endoscopic view of transilluminated light through the pyriform sinus mucosa identified the tip location of the trocar adjacent to the muscular process of the arytenoid cartilage. Placement of the device through the trocar permitted rotation to engage the muscular process and/or adjacent soft tissue with the distal coil. Implant fixation to the thyroid cartilage positioned the vocal cord into either adduction or abduction. Three-dimensional CT imaging coupled with review of the video documentation established the feasibility of this technique. Conclusions: We confirm the feasibility of minimal-access arytenoid adduction and abduction through development of a new technique and device.

Swallowing is a complex, multistage event with oral, pharyngeal, and esophageal phases. A thorough clinical examination for swallowing complaints begins to differentiate whether the problem is due to anatomic, mechanical, or neurologic etiologies. Based on the clinical suspicion, additional tests may be beneficial, including fluoroscopic and direct imaging methods, and electrophysiologic measurements. A multidisciplinary approach may also be advantageous, as in this case of dysphagia from diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis and eosinophilic esophagitis, which incorporated care from otolaryngology, speech pathology, orthopedic surgery, and gastroenterology.

Ameloblastoma is a rare odontogenic tumor with characteristics of epithelial tissue that produces enamel for the developing tooth. This lesion is generally considered benign, but has malignant forms that invade locally and metastasize. We present a 60-year-old man with maxillary ameloblastoma that after multiple recurrences developed intracranial extension with dural involvement of the middle cranial fossa and was treated by endoscopic transnasal resection followed by radiation therapy. Our technique and intraoperative findings are described with a review of the literature on intracranial ameloblastoma. This patient represents a unique account of endoscopic transnasal resection being utilized in the treatment of intracranial extension of ameloblastoma and demonstrates potential for application in similar cases.

Objective: 1) Describe the effect on postoperative pain and narcotic requirements in patients receiving ketorolac as an antiplatelet agent after head and neck free tissue transfer. 2) Assess for bleeding complications in patients receiving ketorolac.Method: We identified patients who underwent head and neck free tissue transfer procedures at the University of Iowa between July 2010 and December 2011. A subset of patients received ketorolac as an antiplatelet agent at the discretion of the attending surgeon. Postoperative analgesic use, pain scores, and bleeding complications were compared.Results: We identified 88 free tissue transfers, with 25 procedures in the ketorolac cohort. Patients in the nonketorolac group received a higher dose of aspirin (198.7 mg/d vs 26.2 mg/d, P < .0001). In the first 10 postoperative days, patients in the ketorolac and nonketorolac cohorts received equivalent narcotic doses (morphine equivalents, 49.4 mg/d vs 44.4 mg/d, P = .45). The ketorolac group reported higher pain scor...

Objectives: Zenker's diverticulum (ZD) is a common source of dysphagia with a well-established surgical treatment history. Variations may exist between practitioners in the preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative management of patients with ZD because of recent evolutions in surgical approach toward an endoscopic technique. Methods: An online survey instrument was prepared and forwarded to the membership of the American Broncho-Esophagological Association (ABEA) to ascertain the current practice patterns of its members regarding numerous care parameters for patients with ZD. Results: Data on preoperative evaluation, operative care, postoperative management, and recalled incidence of complications, including mediastinitis, were evaluated. Subgroup analysis demonstrated significant differences in multiple care parameters for those surgeons who predominantly perform endoscopic operations (more than 80% willingness to perform endoscopic operations) compared to those who occasionally perform endoscopic operations (less than 80%), including average case number, advancement of oral intake, hospital discharge, use of antibiotics, and views on the efficacy of endoscopic surgical techniques. These changes were noted despite similar times since graduation from training for the two groups. Conclusions: These data present a contemporary snapshot of clinical care patterns of the ABEA membership for patients with ZD and suggest differences in care patterns for surgeons with a higher enthusiasm for endoscopic techniques and larger case volumes.

The glottis is composed of muscular, cartilaginous, and other viscoelastic tissues which perform some of our most important, complex, coordinated, and life-sustaining functions. Dominated by the thyroarytenoid muscles and associated glottic closure muscles, the larynx is involved in respiration, swallowing, voicing, coughing, valsalva, vomiting, laughing, and crying. With respiration continuing in the background, all other “secondary” laryngeal events seamlessly occur. When the delicate balance of coordinating these events is disrupted by disease or disorder, many of these tasks are compromised. Due to the complex innervation of these volitional and reflexive tasks with brainstem central pattern generators, primary sensorimotor areas and importantly, limbic areas, failure can occur due to disease, anatomic compromise, and even emotional state. Understanding the level of sensori-motor control and interaction among systems that share these laryngeal neuromuscular substrates will improve the diagnostic and therapeutic skill of the clinician when treating compromise of laryngeal function.

Dysphagia is a common and potentially life-threatening occurrence in patients with head and neck cancer, often associated with anatomic and physiologic changes in the oral and pharyngeal cavities due to surgical, radiation, and/or chemoradiation treatments.1–4 The incidence of posttreatment dysphagia in these patients has previously been reported as falling between approximately 50% and 60%.5–9 It has been suggested, though, that dysphagia and rates of aspiration are often underreported because physicians, the common source of referral for swallowing function assessment services, may underestimate or misidentify severity and refer only overtly symptomatic patients.7,9–11 It has also been estimated that 30% to 50% of patients with head and neck cancer demonstrate some degree of malnutrition.12 The combination of dysphagia with poor nutrition, significant weight loss, and impaired immune function often results in cachexia (full-body wasting and muscle atrophy), fatigue, high susceptibility to infection, poor wound healing, or death.12,13 Regardless of the shift toward organ-sparing, non-surgical treatment to preserve function in patients with head and neck cancer, all current modalities can result in swallowing problems, along with aspiration and aspiration pneumonia.14 Surgical resection can damage the muscles most critical to swallowing, including the intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the tongue and larynx, which can lead to dysphagia.4,15 Radiation and chemotherapy often cause mucositis, neuromuscular fibrosis, and lymphedema changes in the mucosa and muscle tissues and can alter the coordination and flexibility of the swallowing process.1,4,16 These swallowing difficulties can be further exacerbated by the secondary consequences of prolonged NPO ([L.] nil per os or “nothing by mouth”) status, which is a common sequela among patients with head and neck cancer. Prolonged NPO status is directly correlated with worse swallowing outcomes and increased risk for dysphagia.7,17 Atrophy of pharyngeal and tongue-base musculature and increased pharyngeal fibrosis with overall deconditioning can result both from general nonuse of swallowing musculature and from a marked decrease in patient swallows (volitional or spontaneous).3,7 The biopsychosocial ramifications of dysphagia are widespread. Dysphagia can directly result in decreased eating, malnutrition, and weight loss, and the necessity for prolonged enteral feeding, all of which are associated with decreased survival.18–20 Swallowing problems can also result in decreased social participation and increased anxiety, social isolation, and depression, which in turn can lead to decreased quality of life.9 One goal of head and neck cancer research is to identify factors predictive of survival, which can lead to more effective treatment decisions and more accurate prognosis. Although tumor stage and site are well-known predictors of survival in patients with head and neck cancer,18,21 nutritionally related variables also appear to have potent prognostic implications. Weight loss has been shown to be one of the strongest independent predictors of survival, more powerful than stage or site.18 Patients with continued oral intake, in the presence of a gastrostomy tube, were more likely to maintain their weight and have higher survival rates compared with patients who had no continued oral intake.19 Domains specifically related to health-related quality of life, including eating, were also positively associated with survival.20 The extent of the correlation between dysphagia and survival, however, remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to determine the risk factors for developing dysphagia in patients with head and neck cancer and to examine whether the severity of dysphagia was associated with survival. A retrospective design was used to merge existing cancer registry and billing data with ratings provided by speech-language pathologists that quantified the severity of swallowing problems in patients with documented dysphagia.

Objective: To assess toxicities, functional outcomes, and health-related quality of life associated with concurrent chemoradiation therapy (CRT) in patients with head and neck cancer. Design: Prospective and retrospective outcomes study. Setting: Tertiary care institution. Patients: Participants in the longitudinal Outcomes Assessment Project whose head and neck cancer was treated with CRT between February 1, 2000, and March 1, 2007 (n = 104). Interventions: Patients prospectively provided functional and health-related quality of life information, including data from the 1-year and most current follow-up visits. Medical records were reviewed to determine toxicity and survival rates. Main outcome measures: Well-defined acute and late toxicities; functional outcomes (diet, dentition, tracheostomies); head and neck cancer-specific, general health, and depression outcomes; and survival rates. Results: Most patients had oropharyngeal or laryngeal tumors (87.5%) and advanced-stage disease (75.0%). Approximately one-half had hematologic toxicities and toxicity-related treatment delays. Approximately one-quarter had neurotoxicities and/or ototoxicites, moist desquamation, pneumonia, nausea and vomiting requiring hospitalization or intravenous fluids, dehydration or malnutrition requiring hospitalization, and mild or moderate fever. Although patients receiving the current intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) protocol using the Pinnacle(3) planning system had more toxicity-related treatment delays, they had fewer toxicities and better functional and health-related quality of life outcomes compared with those receiving conventional lateral opposing-field radiation or the initial IMRT protocol using the Best nomos PEACOCK planning system. Conclusions: Patients receiving CRT experience a substantial number of treatment-related adverse events, primarily affecting oropharyngeal and laryngeal function, with improvement noted for the current IMRT protocol. Improving dental prosthetic rehabilitation and including evaluations with speech and swallowing pathologists before and during treatment may enhance patient outcomes.

Background The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of continued oral intake and duration of gastrostomy tube placement on posttreatment nutritional outcomes in patients being irradiated for head and neck cancer. Methods Factors associated with continued oral intake and its association with posttreatment outcomes were analyzed. Results Patients with no oral intake (39.6% of 91) were more likely to have laryngeal tumors, advanced disease, and pretreatment gastrostomy tube placement. Of the 55 patients whose gastrostomy tubes had been removed, those with continued oral intake and shorter gastrostomy tube placement were more likely to maintain their weight and report eating scores in the higher-functioning category, but have more restricted diets. Observed survival was significantly better for the continued-oral-intake group (p = .001). Conclusion The beneficial effects of continued oral intake and shorter gastrostomy tube placement on posttreatment outcomes shown in this study suggest that clinicians involved in these patients' care should emphasize oral intake during treatment. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2011

Objectives: Ultrasound-guided needle localization techniques have been used to direct the resection of targeted axillary lymph nodes in the management of breast cancer. To date, there has been only one other description of this technique as a localization method to direct cancer resection in the neck. We offer further support for the broader application of this technique by reporting its use in the successful identification and resection of recurrent papillary thyroid cancer after a paratracheal node dissection failed to localize the cancer. Methods: We report a case and discuss the relevant literature regarding ultrasound-guided localization and resection of recurrent well-differentiated thyroid cancer. Results: We were able to achieve successful identification and resection of recurrent papillary thyroid cancer using this technique. Conclusions: This technique may be useful in the treatment of selected cases of recurrent thyroid cancer to increase the efficacy and safety of surgical resection.

Videofluoroscopic examination of swallowing remains the standard for evaluation of patients with swallowing complaints. Although attempts have been made to objectify aspects of the study, findings from the study are largely subjective and reliant on clinician training and judgment leading to considerable inter-rater variability. We describe a computerized image analysis program designed to objectify one component of the swallow study, the movement of the hyoid bone. Hyoid motion has been shown to be different in dysphagic versus non-dysphagic patients. Reduced hyoid elevation is also considered a risk factor for aspiration; however, there has not been much work done on actually quantifying hyoid motion and associating it with other aspects of the swallow study. The clinician is prompted to define the hyoid bone in a calibration frame, and the system then tracks that region of interest throughout the rest of the study. This system shows strong correlations with manual analysis and can account for head position changes during the study. While the hyoid bone was reported on in this study, other regions of interest within the image field could also be tracked using this technique. A more quantitative analysis such as this has the opportunity to improve the inter-rater reliability of the test and therefore lead to more consistent findings from swallow studies.

Objectives: Removal of head and neck neoplasms, especially those of the parotid gland and those of the internal auditory canal and cerebellopontine angle, often requires microdissection of the facial nerve. Displacement or splaying of the nerve can make it difficult to identify facial nerve fibers and/or distinguish them from surrounding tissues. Here we tested a method of labeling the facial nerve with fluorescent lipophilic dyes as a method of providing intraoperative visual confirmation of nerve fibers. Methods: The facial nerves of adult rats were retrogradely labeled with 1,1′-dioctadecyl-3,3,3′,3′-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate (DiI), 3,3′-dioctadecyloxacarbocyanine perchlorate (DiO), or 3,3′-dilinoleyloxacarbocyanine perchlorate (Fast DiO) either by direct application to the nerve sheath or by microinjection into the facial muscles. The nerves were examined 30 days after dye application by means of a dissecting stereomicroscope equipped with epifluorescence filters. Results: Of the dyes tested, Fast DiO proved to be the most effective, providing labeling of the nerve sufficient to be seen with combined fluorescent and bright field stereomicroscopy. Nerve conduction studies indicated that fluorescent labeling did not adversely affect nerve function. Conclusions: These results raise the possibility of using fluorescent lipophilic dyes to label nerves as a method of enhancing identification and distinguishing nerve fibers during surgery.

Purpose The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the relationship between tongue-to-palate pressure and the electromyography (EMG) measured from the mylohyoid, anterior belly of the digastric, geniohyoid, medial pterygoid, velum, genioglossus, and intrinsic tongue muscles. Methods Seven healthy adults performed tongue-to-palate pressure tasks at known percentages of their maximum pressure while intramuscular EMG was recorded from the muscles stated above. Multiple regression analysis was performed. Results Predictors of pressure included the posterior fibers of the genioglossus, mylohyoid, anterior belly of digastric, medial pterygoid, and intrinsic tongue. Conclusions Increasing tongue-to-palate pressure coincides with increased muscle activity. Activation of the floor-of-mouth, tongue, and jaw closing muscles increased tongue-to-palate pressure. These findings support the use of a tongue-press exercise to strengthen floor-of-mouth muscles, tongue, and jaw-closing muscles.

Difficulty swallowing, or dysphagia, has become a growing problem. Swallowing complications can lead to malnutrition, dehydration, respiratory infection, and even death. The current gold standard for analyzing and diagnosing dysphagia is the videofluoroscopic barium swallow study. In these studies, a fluoroscope is used to image the patient ingesting barium solutions of different volumes and viscosities. The hyoid bone anchors many key muscles involved in swallowing and plays a key role in the process. Abnormal hyoid bone motion during a swallow can indicate swallowing dysfunction. Currently in clinical settings, hyoid bone motion is assessed qualitatively, which can be subject to intra-rater and inter-rater bias. This paper presents a semi-automatic method for tracking the hyoid bone that makes quantitative analysis feasible. The user defines a template of the hyoid on one frame, and this template is tracked across subsequent frames. The matching phase is optimized by predicting the position of the template based on kinematics. An expert speech pathologist marked the position of the hyoid on each frame of ten studies to serve as the gold standard. Results from performing Bland-Altman analysis at a 95% confidence interval showed a bias of 0.0±0.08 pixels in x and -0.08±0.09 pixels in y between the manually-defined gold standard and the proposed method. The average Pearson's correlation between the gold standard and the proposed method was 0.987 in x and 0.980 in y. This paper also presents a method for automatically establishing a patient-centric coordinate system for the interpretation of hyoid motion. This coordinate system corrects for upper body patient motion during the study and identifies superior-inferior and anterior-posterior motion components. These tools make the use of quantitative hyoid motion analysis feasible in clinical and research settings.

Vocal outcomes after medialization laryngoplasty are variable and may change over time. A revision procedure via open approach or an injection laryngoplasty may be necessary to improve vocal outcomes.A retrospective chart review was performed.Twenty-nine subjects were identified and stratified into group 1A (n = 9) if the allograft was repositioned/replaced, group 1B (n = 4) if the allograft was removed, and group 2 (n = 16) if an injection laryngoplasty was performed. Statistically significant differences were found between all data prerevision to postrevision (Por = 0.05) for group 1A and group 2 when multiple paired-sample t tests were calculated for patient-reported voice severity ratings and voice impact ratings as well as clinician-reported voice ratings of grade, roughness, and breathiness. Results of group 2 were often temporary, with 10 of 16 (62.5%) subjects receiving multiple injections.Both open revision laryngoplasty and injection laryngoplasty are successful at providing improved vocal outcomes. Results are often temporary after injection laryngoplasty and often require multiple procedures.

The endoscopic stapler has achieved widespread use in the management of Zenker's diverticulum owing to its ease of use and safety. However, complications associated with its use can and do occur. This study details the treatment course of 2 patients who underwent an endoscopic stapler approach to their Zenker's diverticulum complicated by the stapler's not sealing the mucosal edges. Although the patients' hospital stays were extended as a result, they suffered no long-term morbidity as a result of the complication.

Cowden syndrome is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by benign and malignant hamartomatous lesions that can develop from all three germ cell derivatives. This disorder predisposes patients to develop malignant tumors of the breast, endometrium, and thyroid. We present a patient with clinically relevant manifestations of Cowden syndrome, with genetic verification, impacting by way of airway compromise due to hamartomas, urinary tract abnormalities, and insular thyroid cancer. This case illustrates the value of recognizing Cowden syndrome at an earlier stage when the patient could have received appropriate management to decrease the morbidity of untreated hamartomatous growths, and an elective thyroidectomy would have been a viable option to manage his malignancy. Through this case report, we provide further insight into management of this disorder.

Objective To introduce the concept of neck muscle pain and spasm after radiotherapy and its treatment with botulinum toxin A. Design Case series. Setting Ambulatory patients at a tertiary care medical center. Patients Individuals who had undergone primary or adjuvant radiotherapy for treatment of carcinoma of the head and neck were asked about painful spasms of the neck musculature. A volunteer sample was used. If they desired treatment with botulinum toxin A, they were included in the study. Intervention Patients received botulinum toxin A injections to the affected sternocleidomastoid muscle(s) in 1 or 2 locations. Outcome Measure Subjective pain relief. Results Four of 6 patients with painful tightness of the neck who received botulinum toxin A injections to the sternocleidomastoid muscle achieved pain relief. Conclusions A subset of patients with irradiation-induced cervical muscle spasm benefit from treatment with botulinum toxin A injections. Further study is needed to more clearly define the entity and treatment.