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2. In-Situ Electrical Biasing of Electrically Connected TEM Lamellae with Embedded Nanodevices

Author

Cécile Marcelot, F. Lorut, Christophe Gatel, Martin Hÿtch, Lucas Chapuis, Kilian Gruel, Maria Brodovoi, Aurélien Masseboeuf, Interférométrie, In situ et Instrumentation pour la Microscopie Electronique (CEMES-I3EM), Centre d'élaboration de matériaux et d'études structurales (CEMES), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Chimie de Toulouse (ICT), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), STMicroelectronics [Crolles] (ST-CROLLES), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT), French National Research Agency under the 'Investissement d'Avenir' program reference No. ANR-10-EQPX-38-01French national project IODA (ANR-17-CE24-0047), European Project: 823717,ESTEEM3, Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie de Toulouse (ICT-FR 2599), Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA), and Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées

Subjects
In situ, Materials science, business.industry, [PHYS.COND.CM-MS]Physics [physics]/Condensed Matter [cond-mat]/Materials Science [cond-mat.mtrl-sci], Optoelectronics, Biasing, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-INS-DET]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Instrumentation and Detectors [physics.ins-det], business
Abstract

International audience; In response to a continually rising demand for high performance and low-cost devices, and equally driven by competitivity, the microelectronics industry excels in meeting innovation challenges and further miniaturizing products. However, device shrinkage and the increasing complexity of device architecture require local quantitative studies. In this paper, we demonstrate with a case study on a nanocapacitor, the capability of transmission electron microscopy in electron holography mode to be a unique in-situ technique for mapping electric fields and charge distributions on a single device.

Published
2021

3. Phase detection limits in off-axis electron holography from pixelated detectors: gain variations, geometric distortion and failure of reference-hologram correction

Author

Martin Hÿtch, Christophe Gatel, Interférométrie, In situ et Instrumentation pour la Microscopie Electronique (CEMES-I3EM), Centre d'élaboration de matériaux et d'études structurales (CEMES), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie de Toulouse (ICT-FR 2599), Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Chimie de Toulouse (ICT), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université de Toulouse (UT)

Subjects
Phase (waves), Holography, Physics::Optics, 02 engineering and technology, 01 natural sciences, Noise (electronics), Phase detector, Electron holography, law.invention, Optics, Interference (communication), Structural Biology, law, 0103 physical sciences, Phase noise, Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and imaging, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-INS-DET]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Instrumentation and Detectors [physics.ins-det], Instrumentation, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 010302 applied physics, Physics, business.industry, Detector, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, [PHYS.COND.CM-MS]Physics [physics]/Condensed Matter [cond-mat]/Materials Science [cond-mat.mtrl-sci], 0210 nano-technology, business
Abstract

We investigate the effect that recording off-axis electron holograms on pixelated detectors, such as charge-coupled devices (CCD) and direct-detection devices (DDD), can have on measured amplitudes and phases. Theory will be developed for the case of perfectly uniform interference fringes illuminating an imperfect detector with gain variations and pixel displacements. We will show that both these types of defect produce a systematic noise in the phase images that depends on the position of the holographic fringes with respect to the detector. Subtracting a reference hologram from the object hologram will therefore not remove the phase noise if the initial phases of the two holograms do not coincide exactly. Another finding is that pi-shifted holograms are much less affected by gain variations but show no improvement concerning geometric distortions. The resulting phase errors will be estimated and simulations presented that confirm the theoretical developments.

Published
2021

4. Customized MFM probes based on magnetic nanorods

Author

Javier Pablo-Navarro, Agustina Asenjo, Etienne Snoeck, César Magén, Pablo Ares, Julio Gómez-Herrero, Aurélien Masseboeuf, Christophe Gatel, Eider Berganza, Miriam Jaafar, José María de Teresa, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (España), Comunidad de Madrid, Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (España), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Agencia Estatal de Investigación (España), Gobierno de Aragón, European Commission, Laboratorio de microscopias avanzadas (LMA), University of Zaragoza - Universidad de Zaragoza [Zaragoza], Interférométrie, In situ et Instrumentation pour la Microscopie Electronique (CEMES-I3EM), Centre d'élaboration de matériaux et d'études structurales (CEMES), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie de Toulouse (ICT-FR 2599), Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Chimie de Toulouse (ICT), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), and Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
010302 applied physics, Fabrication, Materials science, business.industry, Resolution (electron density), Demagnetizing field, 02 engineering and technology, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 01 natural sciences, Sputtering, [PHYS.COND.CM-GEN]Physics [physics]/Condensed Matter [cond-mat]/Other [cond-mat.other], 0103 physical sciences, Perpendicular, [CHIM.CRIS]Chemical Sciences/Cristallography, [PHYS.COND.CM-MS]Physics [physics]/Condensed Matter [cond-mat]/Materials Science [cond-mat.mtrl-sci], Optoelectronics, General Materials Science, Nanorod, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-INS-DET]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Instrumentation and Detectors [physics.ins-det], Electron beam-induced deposition, Magnetic force microscope, 0210 nano-technology, business, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract

Focused Electron Beam Induced Deposition (FEBID) for magnetic tip fabrication is presented in this work as an alternative to conventional sputtering-based Magnetic Force Microscopy (MFM) tips. FEBID enables the growth of a high-aspect-ratio magnetic nanorod with customized geometry and composition to overcome the key technical limitations of MFM probes currently on the market. The biggest advantage of these tips, in comparison with CoCr coated pyramidal probes, lies in the capability of creating sharp ends, nearly 10 nm in diameter, which provides remarkable (topographic and magnetic) lateral resolution in samples with magnetic features close to the resolution limits of the MFM technique itself. The shape of the nanorods produces a very confined magnetic stray field, whose interaction with the sample is extremely localized and perpendicular to the surface, with negligible in-plane components. This effect can lead to a better analytical and numerical modelling of the MFM probes and to an increase in the sensitivity without perturbing the magnetic configuration of soft samples. Besides, the high-aspect ratio achievable in FEBID nanorod tips makes them magnetically harder than the commercial ones, reaching coercive fields higher than 900 Oe. According to the results shown, tips based on magnetic nanorods grown by FEBID can be eventually used for quantitative analysis in MFM measurements. Moreover, the customized growth of Co- or Fe-based tips onto levers with different mechanical properties allows MFM studies that demand different measuring conditions. To showcase the versatility of this type of probe, as a last step, MFM is performed in a liquid environment, which still remains a challenge for the MFM community largely due to the lack of appropriate probes on the market. This opens up new possibilities in the investigation of magnetic biological samples., M. J., E. B. and A. A. acknowledge the support from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (MINECO) under project nos. MAT2015-73775-JIN and MAT2016-76824-C3-1-R. M. J. and J. G.-H acknowledge financial support from the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness through The “María de Maeztu” Programme for Units of Excellence in R&D (MDM-2014-0377). M. J. also acknowledges financial support from the Universidad Autónoma de Madrid and Comunidad Autónoma de Madrid through the project SI1/PJI/2019-00055. J. P.-N., C. M. and J. M. D. T. acknowledge financial support from the Spanish MINECO through the projects MAT2017-82970-C2-1-R, MAT2017-82970-C2-2-R and RED2018-102627-T, from the Aragon Regional Government (Construyendo Europa desde Aragón) through the project E13_20R with European Social Fund funding. This project has received funding from the European's Union Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under Grant No. 823717-ESTEEM3. J. P.-N. grant is funded by the Ayuda para Contratos Predoctorales para la Formación de Doctores (BES-2015-072950) of the Spanish MINECO with the participation of the European Social Fund.

Published
2020

5. Optimization of off-axis electron holography performed with femtosecond electron pulses

Author

Giuseppe Mario Caruso, Florent Houdellier, Martin Hÿtch, Christophe Gatel, Sébastien J. Weber, Arnaud Arbouet, Interférométrie, In situ et Instrumentation pour la Microscopie Electronique (CEMES-I3EM), Centre d'élaboration de matériaux et d'études structurales (CEMES), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Chimie de Toulouse (ICT), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie de Toulouse (ICT-FR 2599), Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), and Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)

Subjects
Materials science, electron holography, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-ACC-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Accelerator Physics [physics.acc-ph], Holography, Phase (waves), Physics::Optics, 02 engineering and technology, Electron, 01 natural sciences, Electron holography, law.invention, [SPI.MAT]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Materials, Optics, [PHYS.QPHY]Physics [physics]/Quantum Physics [quant-ph], law, femtosecond laser, 0103 physical sciences, cold field emission, [PHYS.HEXP]Physics [physics]/High Energy Physics - Experiment [hep-ex], Field emission gun, Instrumentation, 010302 applied physics, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-OPTICS]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Optics [physics.optics], business.industry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, [SPI.ELEC]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Electromagnetism, Transmission electron microscopy, Femtosecond, Ultrafast Transmission Electron Microscopy, [SPI.OPTI]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Optics / Photonic, 0210 nano-technology, business, Ultrashort pulse, [SPI.SIGNAL]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Signal and Image processing
Abstract

International audience; We report on electron holography experiments performed with femtosecond electron pulses in an ultrafast coherent Transmission Electron Microscope based on a laser-driven cold field emission gun. We first discuss the experimental requirements related to the long acquisition times imposed by the low emission/probe current available in these instruments. The experimental parameters are first optimized and electron holograms are then acquired in vacuum and on a nano-object showing that useful physical properties can nevertheless be extracted from the hologram phase in pulsed condition. Finally, we show that the acquisition of short exposure time holograms assembled in a stack, combined with a computer-assisted shift compensation of usual instabilities encountered in holography, such as beam and biprism wire instabilities, can yield electron holograms acquired with a much better contrast paving the way to ultrafast time-resolved electron holography.

Published
2019

6. Unlimited acquisition time in electron holography by automated feedback control of transmission electron microscope

Author

Florent Houdellier, Martin Hÿtch, Julien Dupuy, Christophe Gatel, Interférométrie, In situ et Instrumentation pour la Microscopie Electronique (CEMES-I3EM), Centre d'élaboration de matériaux et d'études structurales (CEMES), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie de Toulouse (ICT-FR 2599), Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Chimie de Toulouse (ICT), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and ANR-17-CE24-0047,IODA,Microscopie électronique in operando pour l'analyse de composants(2017)

Subjects
Physics and Astronomy (miscellaneous), Computer science, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-ACC-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Accelerator Physics [physics.acc-ph], Holography, 02 engineering and technology, Electron, 01 natural sciences, Electron holography, law.invention, [SPI.MAT]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Materials, Optics, [PHYS.QPHY]Physics [physics]/Quantum Physics [quant-ph], law, Position (vector), 0103 physical sciences, [PHYS.HEXP]Physics [physics]/High Energy Physics - Experiment [hep-ex], ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, 010302 applied physics, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-OPTICS]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Optics [physics.optics], business.industry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Automation, [SPI.ELEC]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Electromagnetism, Transmission electron microscopy, Computer data storage, [SPI.OPTI]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Optics / Photonic, Tomography, 0210 nano-technology, business, [SPI.SIGNAL]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Signal and Image processing
Abstract

The signal-to-noise ratio of measurements by electron holography could be considerably improved if longer exposure times were possible: increasing the number of electrons contributing to the hologram improves the counting statistics. However, instrumental instabilities causing drift in the hologram fringes and specimen position make acquisition times of above a few seconds counterproductive. The current approach is to acquire image stacks of holograms, with short exposure times, followed by numerical realignment through sophisticated post-processing. The associated data storage and manipulation make in-situ and tomography experiments extremely cumbersome. Here, we implement dynamic automation of electron holography experiments to overcome these problems. The real-time drift measurement and feedback control of the instrument allow single holograms to be acquired with exposure times of 30 min or more. Indeed, there are no longer any limitations from instrumental instabilities and only those imposed by the specimen itself. Furthermore, automation allows the implementation of sophisticated phase reconstruction techniques based on precise control of the experimental conditions. Smart acquisition of electron holograms preludes future computer-controlled electron microscopy capabilities.The signal-to-noise ratio of measurements by electron holography could be considerably improved if longer exposure times were possible: increasing the number of electrons contributing to the hologram improves the counting statistics. However, instrumental instabilities causing drift in the hologram fringes and specimen position make acquisition times of above a few seconds counterproductive. The current approach is to acquire image stacks of holograms, with short exposure times, followed by numerical realignment through sophisticated post-processing. The associated data storage and manipulation make in-situ and tomography experiments extremely cumbersome. Here, we implement dynamic automation of electron holography experiments to overcome these problems. The real-time drift measurement and feedback control of the instrument allow single holograms to be acquired with exposure times of 30 min or more. Indeed, there are no longer any limitations from instrumental instabilities and only those imposed by the s...

Published
2018

7. Platinum tripods as nanometric frequency multiplexing devices

Author

Benjamin Lassagne, B. C. Camargo, Walter Escoffier, Lise-Marie Lacroix, Thomas Blon, Guillaume Viau, Christophe Gatel, Raul Arenal, Polish Academy of Sciences (PAN), Laboratoire national des champs magnétiques intenses - Toulouse (LNCMI-T), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), Laboratoire de physique et chimie des nano-objets (LPCNO), Institut de Recherche sur les Systèmes Atomiques et Moléculaires Complexes (IRSAMC), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut de Chimie de Toulouse (ICT-FR 2599), Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC), Laboratorio de Microscopias Avanzadas, University of Zaragoza - Universidad de Zaragoza [Zaragoza], Interférométrie, In situ et Instrumentation pour la Microscopie Electronique (CEMES-I3EM), Centre d'élaboration de matériaux et d'études structurales (CEMES), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie de Toulouse (ICT-FR 2599), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Chimie de Toulouse (ICT), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Recherche sur les Systèmes Atomiques et Moléculaires Complexes (IRSAMC), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratorio de microscopias avanzadas (LMA), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse)

Subjects
Materials science, chemistry.chemical_element, FOS: Physical sciences, Nanotechnology, 02 engineering and technology, Crystal structure, 010402 general chemistry, 01 natural sciences, Multiplexer, Frequency-division multiplexing, Metal, chemistry.chemical_compound, Oleylamine, Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics (cond-mat.mes-hall), Microelectronics, General Materials Science, [CHIM.COOR]Chemical Sciences/Coordination chemistry, [PHYS]Physics [physics], Condensed Matter - Materials Science, Condensed Matter - Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics, business.industry, Materials Science (cond-mat.mtrl-sci), 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 0104 chemical sciences, Characterization (materials science), chemistry, visual_art, visual_art.visual_art_medium, 0210 nano-technology, business, Platinum
Abstract

International audience; Electrical and structural characterization studies of nano-particles are very important steps to determine their potential applications in microelectronics. In this paper, we address the crystallographic and electric transport properties of soft-chemistry-grown nanometric Pt tribranches. We report that Pt nanostars grown from the reduction of H2PtCl6 salt in pure oleylamine present a remarkable crystalline structure and deeply metallic character despite being grown under mild conditions. We demonstrate that such devices are able to operate at current densities surpassing 200 MA cm−2, actuating as highly compact frequency multiplexers in the non-ohmic regime.

Published
2018

8. Chiral magnetic monopoles in artificial spin systems (Conference Presentation)

Author

Manijeh Razeghi, Van Dau Frederic Nguyen, Michel Hehn, Nicolas Rougemaille, Benito Santos Burgos, D. Lacour, Ioan A. Chioar, Andrea Locatelli, Benjamin Canals, H. Riahi, Aurélien Masseboeuf, Yann Perrin, Henri-Jean Drouhin, Tevfik Onur Menteş, Stefan McMurtry, François Montaigne, Henri Jaffrès, Jean-Christophe Toussaint, Christophe Gatel, and Jean-Eric Wegrowe

Subjects
Physics, Presentation, Condensed matter physics, business.industry, media_common.quotation_subject, Electrical engineering, Magnetic monopole, business, media_common, Spin-½
Published
2017

9. Optimising electron microscopy experiment through electron optics simulation

Author

Christophe Gatel, Y Kubo, Etienne Snoeck, Florent Houdellier, Quantronics Group (QUANTRONICS), Service de physique de l'état condensé (SPEC - UMR3680), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Rayonnement Matière de Saclay (IRAMIS), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay, Interférométrie, In situ et Instrumentation pour la Microscopie Electronique (CEMES-I3EM), Centre d'élaboration de matériaux et d'études structurales (CEMES), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Chimie de Toulouse (ICT), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie de Toulouse (ICT-FR 2599), Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), and Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)

Subjects
010302 applied physics, Physics, [PHYS]Physics [physics], Microscope, business.industry, 02 engineering and technology, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 01 natural sciences, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, law.invention, Lens (optics), Field electron emission, Optics, Transmission electron microscopy, law, Electron optics, 0103 physical sciences, Electron microscope, 0210 nano-technology, High-resolution transmission electron microscopy, Field emission gun, business, Instrumentation
Abstract

International audience; We developed a new type of electron trajectories simulation inside a complete model of a modern transmission electron microscope (TEM). Our model incorporates the precise and real design of each element constituting a TEM, i.e. the field emission (FE) cathode, the extraction optic and acceleration stages of a 300 kV cold field emission gun, the illumination lenses, the objective lens, the intermediate and projection lenses. Full trajectories can be computed using magnetically saturated or non-saturated round lenses, magnetic deflectors and even non-cylindrical symmetry elements like electrostatic biprism. This multi-scale model gathers nanometer size components (FE tip) with parts of meter length (illumination and projection systems). We demonstrate that non-trivial TEM experiments requiring specific and complex optical configurations can be simulated and optimized prior to any experiment using such model. We show that all the currents set in all optical elements of the simulated column can be implemented in the real column (I2TEM in CEMES) and used as starting alignment for the requested experiment. We argue that the combination of such complete electron trajectory simulations in the whole TEM column with automatic optimization of the microscope parameters for optimal experimental data (images, diffraction, spectra) allows drastically simplifying the implementation of complex experiments in TEM and will facilitate the development of advanced use of the electron microscope in the near future.

Published
2017

10. Magnetic Configurations in Three-Dimensional Nanomagnets Explored by Electron Holographic Tomography

Author

Jonas Krehl, Etienne Snoeck, Christophe Gatel, Axel Lubk, Sebastian Sturm, and Daniel Wolf

Subjects
0301 basic medicine, Materials science, business.industry, Holography, 02 engineering and technology, Electron, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Nanomagnet, law.invention, 03 medical and health sciences, 030104 developmental biology, Optics, law, Tomography, 0210 nano-technology, business, Instrumentation
Published
2018

11. Contrast enhancement of data measured with area detectors: a way to generalize the use of neutron diffraction for thin-film studies

Author

A. M. Bataille, Arsen Gukasov, Vincent Auvray, and Christophe Gatel

Subjects
Materials science, Optics, Spectrometer, business.industry, Noise reduction, Detector, Neutron diffraction, Neutron, Neutron reflectometry, Neutron scattering, Blob detection, business, General Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology
Abstract

A denoising method is reported for the treatment of neutron scattering data obtained with position-sensitive detectors, which enhances the information obtained from weak and very weak Bragg peaks. The core element of the method is the application of a Laplacian of Gaussian filter calculated using the parameters of the resolution of the instrument. This adaptation of well established image-processing techniques offers a very efficient way to denoise the data, as shown through the application of the reported method to a study of the magnetic Bragg peaks of a 300 nm-thick epitaxial Cr film. The procedure enhances the contrast by a factor of more than 35 and thus allows precise determination of the position of the integration mask. The large contrast enhancement also lowers the detection threshold of standard elastic neutron diffractometers down to the level usually available solely on optimized triple-axis spectrometers.

Published
2013

12. Quantitative 3D electromagnetic field determination of 1D nanostructures from single projection

Author

L. de Knoop, Charudatta Phatak, Florent Houdellier, Martin Hÿtch, Aurélien Masseboeuf, Christophe Gatel, Argonne National Laboratory [Lemont] (ANL), Centre d'élaboration de matériaux et d'études structurales (CEMES), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Chimie de Toulouse (ICT), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie de Toulouse (ICT-FR 2599), Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), and Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)

Subjects
Electromagnetic field, [PHYS]Physics [physics], Materials science, Field (physics), business.industry, Nanowire, 02 engineering and technology, Carbon nanotube, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, Projection (linear algebra), Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Magnetic field, law.invention, Optics, Nanoelectronics, law, Electric field, 0103 physical sciences, 010306 general physics, 0210 nano-technology, business, Instrumentation
Abstract

International audience; One-dimensional (1D) nanostructures have been regarded as the most promising building blocks for nanoelectronics and nanocomposite material systems as well as for alternative energy applications. Although they result in confinement of a material, their properties and interactions with other nanostructures are still very much three-dimensional (3D) in nature. In this work, we present a novel method for quantitative determination of the 3D electromagnetic fields in and around 1D nanostructures using a single electron wave phase image, thereby eliminating the cumbersome acquisition of tomographic data. Using symmetry arguments, we have reconstructed the 3D magnetic field of a nickel nanowire as well as the 3D electric field around a carbon nanotube field emitter, from one single projection. The accuracy of quantitative values determined here is shown to be a better fit to the physics at play than the value obtained by conventional analysis. Moreover the 3D reconstructions can then directly be visualized and used in the design of functional 3D architectures built using 1D nanostructures.no abstract

Published
2016

13. Dynamical holographic Moirés in a TEM

Author

Christophe Gatel, Etienne Snoeck, Florent Houdellier, Interférométrie, In situ et Instrumentation pour la Microscopie Electronique (CEMES-I3EM), Centre d'élaboration de matériaux et d'études structurales (CEMES), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Chimie de Toulouse (ICT), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie de Toulouse (ICT-FR 2599), Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), and Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)

Subjects
010302 applied physics, [PHYS]Physics [physics], Materials science, Acoustics and Ultrasonics, business.industry, Resolution (electron density), Holography, 02 engineering and technology, Electron, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Condensed Matter Physics, 01 natural sciences, Surfaces, Coatings and Films, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, law.invention, Magnetic field, Interferometry, Optics, law, 0103 physical sciences, Microscopy, 0210 nano-technology, business, Carbon nanocone, Excitation
Abstract

International audience; A new electron interferometry method has been developed and implemented in a transmission electron microscope to quantitatively analyse magnetic and electric properties emanating from objects using holograms free of artifacts and with a frequential sensitivity. This method, called dynamical holographic Moirés (DHM), is based on the double-exposure technique consisting in the superimposition of two different holograms. We improved this technique by acquiring the superimposed holograms for two well-defined excitation states of the sample and with a control of the superimposition frequency. The variations of magnetic and electrostatic fields between both excitation states can then be extracted directly from the amplitude part of the so-called interferogram. We demonstrate the efficiency of this method by studying quantitatively the magnetic field generated by a hard disk drive writing head excited by a DC and an AC current. Double exposure measurements have also been performed to study in situ electrostatic properties of a biased carbon nanocone tip. Our method opens the route to dynamical studies using the unique combination of nanoscale resolution and electromagnetic sensitivity of electron interferometry.

Published
2016

14. Assessment of off-axis and in-line electron holography for measurement of potential variations in Cu(In,Ga)Se2 thin-film solar cells

Author

Christophe Gatel, Etienne Snoeck, Marta D. Rossell, Debora Keller, Rolf Erni, Fabian Pianezzi, Stephan Buecheler, Patrick Reinhard, Ayodhya N. Tiwari, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology [Dübendorf] (EMPA), Interférométrie, In situ et Instrumentation pour la Microscopie Electronique (CEMES-I3EM), Centre d'élaboration de matériaux et d'études structurales (CEMES), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Chimie de Toulouse (ICT), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie de Toulouse (ICT-FR 2599), Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), and Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)

Subjects
Microscope, Materials science, Mean inner potential (MIP), Holography, Chalcopyrite, In-line, 02 engineering and technology, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, Electron holography, law.invention, [SPI.MAT]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Materials, Cu(In,Ga)Se2, Optics, law, 0103 physical sciences, Solar cell, Chemical Engineering (miscellaneous), Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and imaging, Spectroscopy, 010302 applied physics, Transport of intensity equation (TIE), business.industry, Resolution (electron density), Cu(In, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Copper indium gallium selenide solar cells, Characterization (materials science), Off-axis, Grain boundary, 0210 nano-technology, business
Abstract

Electron holography is employed to study variations of the electrostatic crystal potential in Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) thin-film solar cells at different length scales: Long-range potential variations across the layer structure of the solar cell as well as inhomogeneities within the layers are analyzed by off-axis holography. In-line holography is applied to examine the local potential variation across a CIGS grain boundary. The phase reconstruction from a focal series is performed by a modified transport of intensity equation (TIE) which is optimized to reduce common artifacts. For comparison, three different microscopes of different optical configurations were used for in-line holography. Based on the results, the impact of the used microscope as well as further acquisition parameters on the in-line holography measurement is assessed. The measured potential variations are discussed considering the effect of different possible sources that may cause potential fluctuations. It is found that most of the variations are best explained by mean inner potential fluctuations rather than by inhomogeneities of the electronic properties. Finally, the present resolution limit of both methods is discussed regarding the feasibility of future electronic characterization of CIGS by holography.

Published
2016

15. Lorentz microscopy mapping for domain wall structure study in L10 FePd thin films

Author

Aurélien Masseboeuf, Jean-Christophe Toussaint, Alain Marty, Christophe Gatel, and Pascale Bayle-Guillemaud

Subjects
010302 applied physics, Materials science, Condensed matter physics, business.industry, 02 engineering and technology, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 01 natural sciences, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Electromagnetic induction, Characterization (materials science), Magnetization, Domain wall (magnetism), Optics, Transmission electron microscopy, Phase (matter), 0103 physical sciences, Thin film, 0210 nano-technology, Phase retrieval, business, Instrumentation
Abstract

Thin film alloys with perpendicular anisotropy were studied using Lorentz transmission electron microscopy (LTEM). This work focuses on the configuration of domain walls and demonstrates the suitability and accuracy of LTEM for the magnetic characterization of perpendicular magnetic anisotropy materials. Thin films of chemically ordered (L1(0)) FePd alloys were investigated by micro-magnetic modeling and LTEM phase retrieval approach. The different components of magnetization described by the modeling were studied on experimental images and confirmed by LTEM contrast simulation. Furthermore, quantitative measurements of magnetic induction inside the domain walls were made by using an original method to separate the electrical and magnetical contributions to the phase information. Irregularities were also observed along the domain walls which could play a major role during the magnetization processes.

Published
2009

16. Distortion corrections of ESI data cubes for magnetic studies

Author

Christophe Gatel, Peter Schattschneider, and Bénédicte Warot-Fonrose

Subjects
Noise (signal processing), business.industry, Chemistry, Measure (physics), Dichroism, Dichroic glass, Signal, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Data cube, Optics, Distortion, Nanometre, business, Instrumentation
Abstract

Measuring magnetic properties at a nanometre scale could be achieved in a transmission electron microscope by using dedicated techniques. Among these, the energy-loss magnetic chiral dichroism has already proven its efficiency and needs improvements to be widely used. The energy spectrum imaging technique can be used to measure dichroism but some image treatments are necessary due to distortions. This paper deals with the corrections that need to be applied on the data to remove all distortions, especially drift and non-isochromaticity, and extract reliable information. The measure and correction procedures are developed on an artificial data cube containing the dichroic signal and some noise to prove the efficiency of the routines.

Published
2009

17. Crystalline structure of oxide-based epitaxial tunnel junctions

Author

Frédéric Petroff, Antoine Barbier, Stefan Stanescu, Cyrile Deranlot, Jean-Baptiste Moussy, Richard Mattana, M.-J. Guittet, Christophe Gatel, A. V. Ramos, and Cristian Mocuta

Subjects
Diffraction, Materials science, business.industry, Oxide, General Physics and Astronomy, Crystal structure, Epitaxy, law.invention, Condensed Matter::Materials Science, chemistry.chemical_compound, Tunnel effect, Optics, chemistry, Tunnel junction, law, Optoelectronics, General Materials Science, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Photolithography, business, Lithography
Abstract

Epitaxial metal/oxide based magnetic tunnel-junctions (MTJ) are valuable model systems to investigate the influence of the crystallinity of individual layers on the magnetic properties. We have non-destructively studied the effect of the optical lithography procedure on the crystalline structure of MTJ’s with lateral spatial resolution by performing local x-ray diffraction experiments using a microfocused x-ray spot. We demonstrate that the lithography process produces distortion effects on the crystalline structure of the layers near the edges of the lithographed junction. These distortions are present on all the constituent layers and are most probably driven by the elastic constants of the materials. They translate into tilts of the crystalline planes in the vicinity of the edges and propagate towards the center of the junction; the tilt’s amplitude (up to several degrees) and sign (concave or convex) depend on the junction’s shape, size and the type of materials (interfaces) used. We report results for junctions made with two types of metal-oxide interfaces (Co/CoFe2O4 and Co/Fe3O4), with sizes from 10 to 150 μm and various shapes (square-, rectangle- and disk-like).

Published
2009

18. c-axis inclined AlN film growth in planar system for shear wave devices

Author

Omar Elmazria, Boumediene Benyoucef, M.B. Assouar, Christophe Gatel, A. Fardeheb-Mammeri, and J.-J. Fundenberger

Subjects
Diffraction, Materials science, business.industry, Mechanical Engineering, Surface acoustic wave, General Chemistry, Acoustic wave, Sputter deposition, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Shear (sheet metal), Condensed Matter::Materials Science, Optics, Materials Chemistry, Shear velocity, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Phase velocity, Composite material, Thin film, business
Abstract

AlN thin films are of continued interest for exciting acoustic waves for surface and bulk acoustic wave devices. This work reports on the growth and the characterisation of AlN films with the c-axis inclined. These films are of significant interest for shear wave generation in view of realisation of surface acoustic wave devices operating as liquid sensors. AlN films were deposited on 3inch silicon wafers, covered by a SiO2 buffer layer. The deposition was carried out using an RF magnetron sputtering planar system under various deposition parameters, including pressure and temperature. The crystalline orientation and the inclination of the c-axis of the obtained AlN films were investigated using X-ray diffraction and by scanning electronic microscopy. These analyses showed that a c-axis inclination of up to 13° was obtained in our planar charging system under high pressure and at a temperature of 300°C. The shear mode acoustic wave device based on the deposited c-axis inclined AlN film was produced and showed that a phase velocity of 5832m/s was obtained. This value of shear velocity is discussed.

Published
2008

19. Formation of strained interfaces in AlSb/InAs multilayers grown by molecular beam epitaxy for quantum cascade lasers

Author

César Magén, Alexei N. Baranov, Julien Nicolai, Christophe Gatel, Bénédicte Warot-Fonrose, Roland Teissier, Anne Ponchet, Surfaces, Interfaces et Nano-Objets (CEMES-SINanO), Centre d'élaboration de matériaux et d'études structurales (CEMES), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie de Toulouse (ICT-FR 2599), Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA), Institut d’Electronique et des Systèmes (IES), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Composants à Nanostructure pour le moyen infrarouge (NANOMIR), Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Montpellier (UM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Zaragoza - Universidad de Zaragoza [Zaragoza], ANR-11-BS10-0017,NAIADE,Nanocaractérisation et modélisation d'Antimoniures d'éléments III : Interfaces et Analyse des Déformations d'Epitaxie(2011), European Project: 312483, Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Chimie de Toulouse (ICT), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut de Chimie de Toulouse (ICT-FR 2599), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), and Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
010302 applied physics, business.industry, Resolution (electron density), Analytical chemistry, General Physics and Astronomy, 02 engineering and technology, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Epitaxy, 01 natural sciences, law.invention, [SPI.TRON]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Electronics, PACS numbers: 68.60.Bs , 68.37.Lp , 68.35.Ct , 68.65.Fg, Annular dark-field imaging, Transmission electron microscopy, law, 0103 physical sciences, Microscopy, Optoelectronics, numbers: 6860Bs, Thermal stability, Electron microscope, 0210 nano-technology, business, PACS: 68.60.Bs , 68.37.Lp , 68.35.Ct , 68.65.Fg, Molecular beam epitaxy
Abstract

International audience; Structural and chemical properties of InAs/AlSb interfaces have been studied by transmission electron microscopy. InAs/AlSb multilayers were grown by molecular beam epitaxy with different growth sequences at interfaces. The out-of-plane strain, determined using high resolution microscopy and geometrical phase analysis, has been related to the chemical composition of the interfaces analyzed by High Angle Annular Dark Field imaging. Considering the local strain and chemistry, we estimated the interface composition and discussed the mechanisms of interface formation for the different growth sequences. In particular, we found that the formation of the tensile AlAs-type interface is spontaneously favored due to its high thermal stability compared to the InSb-type interface. We also showed that the interface composition could be tuned using an appropriate growth sequence.

Published
2015

20. Low-noise cold-field emission current obtained between two opposed carbon cone nanotips during in situ transmission electron microscope biasing

Author

Marc Monthioux, Florent Houdellier, Christophe Gatel, L. de Knoop, Martin Hÿtch, Etienne Snoeck, Aurélien Masseboeuf, Interférométrie, In situ et Instrumentation pour la Microscopie Electronique (CEMES-I3EM), Centre d'élaboration de matériaux et d'études structurales (CEMES), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Chimie de Toulouse (ICT), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Matériaux Multi-fonctionnels et Multi-échelles (CEMES-M3), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie de Toulouse (ICT-FR 2599), Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), and Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)

Subjects
010302 applied physics, Materials science, Physics and Astronomy (miscellaneous), business.industry, chemistry.chemical_element, Biasing, 02 engineering and technology, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 01 natural sciences, Anode, Field electron emission, chemistry, Transmission electron microscopy, 0103 physical sciences, Scanning transmission electron microscopy, [PHYS.COND.CM-MS]Physics [physics]/Condensed Matter [cond-mat]/Materials Science [cond-mat.mtrl-sci], Optoelectronics, Energy filtered transmission electron microscopy, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-INS-DET]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Instrumentation and Detectors [physics.ins-det], Atomic physics, 0210 nano-technology, business, Carbon, Noise (radio)
Abstract

International audience; A dedicated transmission electron microscope sample holder has been used to study in situ the cold-field emission process of carbon cone nanotips (CCnTs). We show that when using a CCnT instead of a Au plate-anode, the standard deviation of the emission current noise can be decreased from the 10 nA range to the 1 nA range under vacuum conditions of 10−5 Pa. This shows the strong influence of the anode on the cold-field emission current noise.

Published
2015

21. Development of TEM and SEM high brightness electron guns using cold-field emission from a carbon nanotip

Author

Yoshifumi Taniguchi, L. de Knoop, Aurélien Masseboeuf, Mathieu Delmas, Shuichi Mamishin, Marc Monthioux, Martin Hÿtch, Florent Houdellier, Etienne Snoeck, Christophe Gatel, Centre d'élaboration de matériaux et d'études structurales (CEMES), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie de Toulouse (ICT-FR 2599), Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA), Hitachi, Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Chimie de Toulouse (ICT), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), and Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
[PHYS]Physics [physics], Materials science, business.industry, High voltage, Electron, 7. Clean energy, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, Electron holography, Cathode, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, law.invention, Field electron emission, law, Electric field, Optoelectronics, Work function, Atomic physics, business, Instrumentation, Voltage
Abstract

International audience; A newly developed carbon cone nanotip (CCnT) has been used as field emission cathode both in low voltage SEM (30 kV) electron source and high voltage TEM (200 kV) electron source. The results clearly show, for both technologies, an unprecedented stability of the emission and the probe current with almost no decay during 1 h, as well as a very small noise (rms less than 0.5%) compared to standard sources which use tungsten tips as emitting cathode. In addition, quantitative electric field mapping around the FE tip have been performed using in situ electron holography experiments during the emission of the new tip. These results show the advantage of the very high aspect ratio of the new CCnT which induces a strong enhancement of the electric field at the apex of the tip, leading to very small extraction voltage (some hundred of volts) for which the field emission will start. The combination of these experiments with emission current measurements has also allowed to extract an exit work function value of 4.8 eV.

Published
2015

22. In situ electron holography of the dynamic magnetic field emanating from a hard-disk drive writer

Author

M. A. Bashir, Etienne Snoeck, Robin Cours, Christophe Gatel, Joshua F. Einsle, Aurélien Masseboeuf, Robert M. Bowman, Mark Anthony Gubbins, Centre for Nanostructured Media, International Research Centre for Experimental Physics, Queen's University [Belfast] (QUB), Centre d'élaboration de matériaux et d'études structurales (CEMES), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie de Toulouse (ICT-FR 2599), Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA), ANR-12-BS10-0013,EMMA,Microscopie Electronique pour le Magnétisme(2012), ANR-10-EQPX-0038,MIMETIS,Microscopie Interférométrique et Microscopie Electronique en Transmission In Situ(2010), European Project: 312483, Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Chimie de Toulouse (ICT), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), and Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Shields, Cloud computing, magnetic field, 02 engineering and technology, 01 natural sciences, Electron holography, Optics, 0103 physical sciences, General Materials Science, Point (geometry), Electrical and Electronic Engineering, 010306 general physics, Nanoscopic scale, magnetic recording, Physics, [PHYS]Physics [physics], hard disk write pole, business.industry, off-axis electron holography, in situ, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Condensed Matter Physics, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, Magnetic field, Recording media, 0210 nano-technology, business, Cloud storage, Electron transmission microscopy
Abstract

International audience; The proliferation of mobile devices in society accessing data via the “cloud” is imposing a dramatic increase in the amount of information to be stored on hard disk drives (HDD) used in servers. Forecasts are that areal densities will need to increase by as much as 35% compound per annum and by 2,020 cloud storage capacity will be around 7 zettabytes corresponding to areal densities of 2 Tb/in2. This requires increased performance from the magnetic pole of the electromagnetic writer in the read/write head in the HDD. Current state-of-art writing is undertaken by morphologically complex magnetic pole of sub 100 nm dimensions, in an environment of engineered magnetic shields and it needs to deliver strong directional magnetic field to areas on the recording media around 50 nm × 13 nm. This points to the need for a method to perform direct quantitative measurements of the magnetic field generated by the write pole at the nanometer scale. Here we report on the complete in situ quantitative mapping of the magnetic field generated by a functioning write pole in operation using electron holography. The results point the way towards a new nanoscale magnetic field source to further develop in situ transmission electron microscopy.

Published
2015

23. Three Dimensional Visualization of Electromagnetic Fields from One Dimensional Nanostructures

Author

Aurélien Masseboeuf, Christophe Gatel, Martin Hÿtch, Charudatta Phatak, Ludvig de Knoop, Centre d'élaboration de matériaux et d'études structurales (CEMES), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie de Toulouse (ICT-FR 2599), Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Chimie de Toulouse (ICT), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), and Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
010302 applied physics, Electromagnetic field, Physics, [PHYS]Physics [physics], Nanostructure, business.industry, 02 engineering and technology, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 01 natural sciences, Optics, Three dimensional visualization, 0103 physical sciences, 0210 nano-technology, business, Instrumentation, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract

International audience

Published
2015

24. Molecular beam epitaxy and properties of GaAsBi/GaAs quantum wells grown by molecular beam epitaxy: effect of thermal annealing

Author

Hélène Carrère, Alexandre Arnoult, Xavier Marie, Teresa Hungria, Guy Lacoste, Poonyasiri Boonpeng, Julien Nicolaï, Simone Mazzucato, Hajer Makhloufi, Chantal Fontaine, Anne Ponchet, Christophe Gatel, Équipe Photonique (LAAS-PHOTO), Laboratoire d'analyse et d'architecture des systèmes (LAAS), Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse 1 Capitole (UT1), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse 1 Capitole (UT1), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Laboratoire de physique et chimie des nano-objets (LPCNO), Institut de Recherche sur les Systèmes Atomiques et Moléculaires Complexes (IRSAMC), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut de Chimie de Toulouse (ICT-FR 2599), Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC), Centre d'élaboration de matériaux et d'études structurales (CEMES), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie de Toulouse (ICT-FR 2599), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA), Service Techniques et Équipements Appliqués à la Microélectronique (LAAS-TEAM), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA), Surfaces, Interfaces et Nano-Objets (CEMES-SINanO), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), ANR-11-BS10-0017,NAIADE,Nanocaractérisation et modélisation d'Antimoniures d'éléments III : Interfaces et Analyse des Déformations d'Epitaxie(2011), Université Toulouse Capitole (UT Capitole), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université Toulouse Capitole (UT Capitole), Université de Toulouse (UT), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Chimie de Toulouse (ICT), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Recherche sur les Systèmes Atomiques et Moléculaires Complexes (IRSAMC), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT), and Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse)

Subjects
Materials science, Photoluminescence, Annealing (metallurgy), chemistry.chemical_element, Nanochemistry, Nanotechnology, Bismuth, Condensed Matter::Materials Science, Materials Science(all), General Materials Science, Quantum well, [PHYS]Physics [physics], Nano Express, business.industry, Condensed Matter Physics, Heteroepitaxy, X-ray diffraction, Secondary ion mass spectrometry, chemistry, Transmission electron microscopy, Optoelectronics, business, Dilute bismides, Molecular beam epitaxy
Abstract

We have grown GaAsBi quantum wells by molecular beam epitaxy. We have studied the properties of a 7% Bi GaAsBi quantum well and their variation with thermal annealing. High-resolution X-ray diffraction, secondary ion mass spectrometry, and transmission electron microscopy have been employed to get some insight into its structural properties. Stationary and time-resolved photoluminescence shows that the quantum well emission, peaking at 1.23 μm at room temperature, can be improved by a rapid annealing at 650°C, while the use of a higher annealing temperature leads to emission degradation and blue-shifting due to the activation of non-radiative centers and bismuth diffusion from the quantum well.

Published
2014

25. Off-Axial Aberration Correction using a B-COR for Lorentz and HREM Modes

Author

Julien Nicolai, Etienne Snoeck, Florent Houdellier, Yoshifumi Taniguch, Christophe Gatel, Aurélien Masseboeuf, Martin Hÿtch, Centre d'élaboration de matériaux et d'études structurales (CEMES), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie de Toulouse (ICT-FR 2599), Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA), Hitachi, Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Chimie de Toulouse (ICT), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), and Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
010302 applied physics, Physics, [PHYS]Physics [physics], Microscope, Pole piece, business.industry, Holography, 02 engineering and technology, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 01 natural sciences, Electron holography, law.invention, Optical axis, Interferometry, Cardinal point, Optics, law, 0103 physical sciences, 0210 nano-technology, business, Instrumentation, Image resolution
Abstract

A dedicated Hitachi HF3300C microscope, “I2TEM” , has recently been installed in CEMES. This microscope has been specially designed to carry on electron interferometry and in - situ TEM experiments. I2TEM is a 300 kV cold FEG microscope fitted with a multibrism set - up, two stages capability, a GIF quantum ER, a 4k X 4k camera and a Cs - corrector “B - COR” from CEOS. The first sta ge location within the objective pole piece allows performing classical HREM experiments while the second location is in a field free region above the objective lens and below the third condenser lens and allows carrying TEM imaging or electron holography in Lorentz mode. Contrary to non - dedicated microscope, I2TEM allows, in Lorentz mode, using apertures in the focal plane of the objective lens (i.e. used as “ Lorentz lens ” ) to select diffracted beams. In addition, the B - COR can be adjusted to correct for t he objective lens aberrations when excited in HREM or in Lorentz modes at voltages of 60kV, 80kV, 200kV and 300kV. This unique multipolar optical system (also called “ Aplanator ” ) has been specially designed to correct not only for the Cs, the axial coma (B 2), the three - fold astigmatism (A2), but also to compensate for the radial and azimuthal off - axial coma [1]. These off - axis corrections are achieved thanks to two additional pair of short hexapoles located in between two image planes inside the corrector. These planes are located between three long hexapoles used to compensate the axial aberrations (Cs, B2, A2, . . . ) like in the standard C - COR (Fig. 1). As conventional Cs - correctors allow for correcting most of the important first and second order aberration s confined close to the optic axis in HREM images of few ten of nanometers wide, the Aplanator compensates for aberrations in much larger field of view images (the number of equally resolved point regarding the standard π/4 limit is indeed considerably hig her). It is therefore of huge interest for large field of view HREM images recorded with a 4k X 4k camera and for low magnification images or holograms obtained in Lorentz mode. We will present recent results showing the capacity of the B - COR to correct f or the axial and off - axial aberrations of the 11 mm pole piece gap of the I2TEM objective lens and achieve 80pm spatial resolution in HREM mode (Fig. 2a). Results will also be presented showing the capacity of the Aplanator to correct for the objective len s aberration when used in Lorentz mode where 0.5 nm spatial resolution has been achieved (Fig. 2b).

Published
2014

26. Dynamic scattering theory for dark-field electron holography of 3D strain fields

Author

Shay Reboh, Elsa Javon, Axel Lubk, Christophe Gatel, Nikolay Cherkashin, Martin Hÿtch, Technische Universität Dresden = Dresden University of Technology (TU Dresden), Centre d'élaboration de matériaux et d'études structurales (CEMES), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Chimie de Toulouse (ICT), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), University of Antwerp (UA), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives - Laboratoire d'Electronique et de Technologie de l'Information (CEA-LETI), Direction de Recherche Technologique (CEA) (DRT (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie de Toulouse (ICT-FR 2599), Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), and Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)

Subjects
Physics, [PHYS]Physics [physics], 3d strain, business.industry, Crystal structure, Dark field microscopy, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, Electron holography, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Computational physics, Chemistry, Strain engineering, Optics, Lattice (order), Scattering theory, business, Instrumentation, Excitation
Abstract

Dark-held electron holography maps strain in crystal lattices into reconstructed phases over large fields of view. Here we investigate the details of the lattice strain-reconstructed phase relationship by applying dynamic scattering theory both analytically and numerically. We develop efficient analytic linear projection rules for 3D strain fields, facilitating a straight-forward calculation of reconstructed phases from 3D strained materials. They are used in the following to quantify the influence of various experimental parameters like strain magnitude, specimen thickness, excitation error and surface relaxation. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Published
2014

28. Counting Elementary Charges on Nanoparticles by Electron Holography

Author

Etienne Snoeck, Axel Lubk, Martin Hÿtch, Christophe Gatel, and Giulio Pozzi

Subjects
Length scale, Physics, Optics, Nanostructure, business.industry, Resolution (electron density), General Physics and Astronomy, Image processing, Charge (physics), business, Nanoscopic scale, Signal, Electron holography
Abstract

The distribution and movement of charge is fundamental to many physical phenomena, particularly for applications involving nanoparticles, nanostructures, and electronic devices. However, there are very few ways of quantifying charge at the necessary length scale. Here, we show that aberration-corrected electron holography is capable of counting the charge on individual nanoparticles to a precision of one elementary unit of charge. We present a method that measures charges within predefined contours by directly applying Gauss's law at the nanoscale. We perform a statistical analysis to reveal the relationship between the size of the contours and the precision of the charge measurement and present strategies to optimize the spatial and signal resolution for the presented method.

Published
2013

29. Dark-Field Electron Holography for Strain Mapping

Author

Elsa Javon, Shay Reboh, Martin Hÿtch, Patrizio Benzo, Nikolay Cherkashin, Alain Claverie, Florent Houdellier, Etienne Snoeck, Christophe Gatel, Centre d'élaboration de matériaux et d'études structurales (CEMES), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Chimie de Toulouse (ICT), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Matériaux et dispositifs pour l'Electronique et le Magnétisme (CEMES-MEM), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives - Laboratoire d'Electronique et de Technologie de l'Information (CEA-LETI), Direction de Recherche Technologique (CEA) (DRT (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), University of Antwerp (UA), Interférométrie, In situ et Instrumentation pour la Microscopie Electronique (CEMES-I3EM), Alain Claverie, Mireille Mouis, Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie de Toulouse (ICT-FR 2599), Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA), and Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3)

Subjects
010302 applied physics, [PHYS]Physics [physics], Materials science, Silicon, business.industry, Holography, chemistry.chemical_element, Strained silicon, 02 engineering and technology, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 01 natural sciences, Dark field microscopy, Electron holography, law.invention, Micrometre, chemistry, law, Quantum dot, 0103 physical sciences, MOSFET, Optoelectronics, 0210 nano-technology, business
Abstract

International audience; This chapter describes the dark‐field electron holography (DFEH) technique, which is used to measure strain to high precision, with nanometer spatial resolution and for micrometer fields of view. The technique has been applied successfully to a number of systems, from the MOSFET and FinFET devices and similar strained silicon devices, to strained layers, misfit dislocations therein and quantum dots. The technique can be powerfully combined with conventional holography to provide a complete study of strain and dopants in devices. The chapter addresses an important issue inherent to any TEM investigation of strain: the thin‐film effect. the study of hydrogen‐implanted silicon is also illustrated in the chapter.

Published
2013

30. Quantitative in situ magnetization reversal studies in Lorentz microscopy and electron holography

Author

J. M. De Teresa, M. R. Ibarra, Christophe Gatel, Luis Morellón, César Magén, Etienne Snoeck, Luis A. Rodríguez, Miguel A. Muñoz, Lorena Marín, Luis Serrano-Ramón, Pedro A. Algarabel, José L. Prieto, European Commission, Gobierno de Aragón, and Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (España)

Subjects
Microscope, Holography, Electrons, 02 engineering and technology, 01 natural sciences, In situ magnetic field, Electron holography, law.invention, Magnetization, Optics, law, 0103 physical sciences, Magnetic materials, Instrumentation, Lenses, 010302 applied physics, Physics, business.industry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, 3. Good health, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Magnetic field, Lorentz microscopy, Lens (optics), Hysteresis, Microscopy, Electron, Magnetic Fields, Transmission electron microscopy, 0210 nano-technology, business, Excitation
Abstract

A generalized procedure for the in situ application of magnetic fields by means of the excitation of the objective lens for magnetic imaging experiments in Lorentz microscopy and electron holography is quantitatively described. A protocol for applying magnetic fields with arbitrary in-plane magnitude and orientation is presented, and a freeware script for Digital Micrograph¿ is provided to assist the operation of the microscope. Moreover, a method to accurately reconstruct hysteresis loops is detailed. We show that the out-of-plane component of the magnetic field cannot be always neglected when performing quantitative measurements of the local magnetization. Several examples are shown to demonstrate the accuracy and functionality of the methods., This work was supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Innovation (MINECO) through Projects MAT2009-08771, MAT2011-28532-C03-02, MAT2011-28532-C03-03 and MAT2011-27553-C02 including FEDER funding, by the Aragón Regional Government through Projects E26 and CTPP4/11, and the European Union under the Seventh Framework Programme under a contract for an Integrated Infrastructure Initiative, Reference 312483-ESTEEM2.

Published
2013

31. Investigation of high quality magnetite thin films grown on SrTiO3(001) substrates by pulsed laser deposition

Author

Bruno Berini, Christophe Gatel, A. Hamie, Yves Dumont, Arnaud Fouchet, E. Chikoidze, Nicolas Keller, E. Popova, J. Scola, Bénédicte Warot-Fonrose, Groupe d'Etude de la Matière Condensée (GEMAC), Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Interférométrie, In situ et Instrumentation pour la Microscopie Electronique (CEMES-I3EM), Centre d'élaboration de matériaux et d'études structurales (CEMES), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie de Toulouse (ICT-FR 2599), Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Chimie de Toulouse (ICT), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), and Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Materials science, Nanotechnology, 02 engineering and technology, Epitaxy, 01 natural sciences, Pulsed laser deposition, Magnetization, chemistry.chemical_compound, 0103 physical sciences, Materials Chemistry, Deposition (phase transition), Thin film, [PHYS.COND]Physics [physics]/Condensed Matter [cond-mat], ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, Magnetite, 010302 applied physics, Spintronics, business.industry, Metals and Alloys, Heterojunction, Surfaces and Interfaces, [CHIM.MATE]Chemical Sciences/Material chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Surfaces, Coatings and Films, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, chemistry, Optoelectronics, 0210 nano-technology, business
Abstract

A systematic study of Fe 3 O 4 epitaxial films grown on single-crystalline SrTiO 3 (100) substrates using pulsed laser deposition has been conducted in order to elaborate magnetite films with properties suitable for their integration into spintronics heterostructures. Structural, morphologic, magnetic and transport properties of the films as a function of the deposition conditions were extensively explored in situ and ex situ. The conditions for the growth of high quality magnetite thin films were determined. The critical temperatures and magnetization close to the bulk values, low roughness and high conductivity make these samples perfectly suitable for future use in the spintronics heterostructures.

Published
2012

32. Stabilizing Vortices in Interacting Nano-Objects: A Chemical Approach

Author

Christophe Gatel, Lise-Marie Lacroix, Reasmey P. Tan, Sébastien Lachaize, Thomas Blon, Bruno Chaudret, Julian Carrey, Florian Hue, Bénédicte Warot-Fonrose, Laboratoire de physique et chimie des nano-objets (LPCNO), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Chimie de Toulouse (ICT), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Recherche sur les Systèmes Atomiques et Moléculaires Complexes (IRSAMC), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre d'élaboration de matériaux et d'études structurales (CEMES), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche sur les Systèmes Atomiques et Moléculaires Complexes (IRSAMC), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut de Chimie de Toulouse (ICT-FR 2599), Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie de Toulouse (ICT-FR 2599), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), and Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)

Subjects
Materials science, Iron, Holography, Bioengineering, Nanotechnology, 02 engineering and technology, 010402 general chemistry, 01 natural sciences, Electron holography, law.invention, law, Nano, Materials Testing, Microelectronics, [CHIM]Chemical Sciences, General Materials Science, Magnetite Nanoparticles, [PHYS]Physics [physics], business.industry, Mechanical Engineering, General Chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Condensed Matter Physics, 0104 chemical sciences, Vortex, Magnetic field, Magnetic Fields, Electron tomography, Magnetic nanoparticles, 0210 nano-technology, business, Crystallization, Porosity
Abstract

We report a chemical method to prepare metallic Fe porous nanocubes. The presence of pores embedded inside the cubes was attested by electron tomography. Thanks to electronic holography and micromagnetic simulations, we show that the presence of these defects stabilizes the vortices in assembly of interacting cubes. These results open new perspectives toward magnetic vortex stabilization at relatively low cost for various applications (microelectronics, magnetic recording, or biological applications).

Published
2012

33. Strain analysis in transmission electron microscopy: how far can we go?

Author

Anne Ponchet, Christophe Gatel, Marie-José Casanove, Christian Roucau, Surfaces, Interfaces et Nano-Objets (CEMES-SINanO), Centre d'élaboration de matériaux et d'études structurales (CEMES), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Chimie de Toulouse (ICT), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Interférométrie, In situ et Instrumentation pour la Microscopie Electronique (CEMES-I3EM), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie de Toulouse (ICT-FR 2599), Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), and Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)

Subjects
010302 applied physics, Conventional transmission electron microscope, Materials science, business.industry, RESOLFT, Scanning confocal electron microscopy, 02 engineering and technology, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 01 natural sciences, Dark field microscopy, [SPI.MAT]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Materials, Crystallography, Electron tomography, 0103 physical sciences, Scanning transmission electron microscopy, [PHYS.COND.CM-MS]Physics [physics]/Condensed Matter [cond-mat]/Materials Science [cond-mat.mtrl-sci], Energy filtered transmission electron microscopy, Optoelectronics, 0210 nano-technology, High-resolution transmission electron microscopy, business, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract

International audience

Published
2011

34. A new linear transfer theory and characterization method for image detectors. Part II: experiment

Author

Falk Röder, Sébastien Joulie, Christophe Gatel, Martin Hÿtch, Tore Niermann, Florent Houdellier, César Magén, Axel Lubk, Technische Universität Dresden = Dresden University of Technology (TU Dresden), Centre d'élaboration de matériaux et d'études structurales (CEMES), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie de Toulouse (ICT-FR 2599), Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA), Interférométrie, In situ et Instrumentation pour la Microscopie Electronique (CEMES-I3EM), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Fundación ARAID, Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Chimie de Toulouse (ICT), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), and Fundación Agencia Aragonesa para la Investigación y el Desarrollo (ARAID)

Subjects
Point spread function, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-ACC-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Accelerator Physics [physics.acc-ph], Second moment of area, 02 engineering and technology, 01 natural sciences, [SPI.MAT]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Materials, Optics, [PHYS.QPHY]Physics [physics]/Quantum Physics [quant-ph], Aliasing, Optical transfer function, 0103 physical sciences, [PHYS.HEXP]Physics [physics]/High Energy Physics - Experiment [hep-ex], Oversampling, Instrumentation, 010302 applied physics, Physics, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-OPTICS]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Optics [physics.optics], business.industry, Covariance, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, Moment (mathematics), Noise, [SPI.ELEC]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Electromagnetism, [SPI.OPTI]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Optics / Photonic, 0210 nano-technology, business, Algorithm, [SPI.SIGNAL]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Signal and Image processing
Abstract

International audience; A novel generalized linear transfer theory describing the signal and noise transfer in image detectors has been developed in Part I (Niermann, this issue, [1]) of this paper. Similar to the existing notion of a point spread function (PSF) describing the transfer of the first statistical moment (the average), a noise spread function (NSF) was introduced to characterize the spatially resolved transfer of noise (central second moment, covariance). Following the theoretic results developed in Part I (Niermann, this issue, [1]), a new experimental method based on single spot illumination has been developed and applied to measure 2D point and 4D noise spread functions of CCD cameras used in TEM. A dedicated oversampling method has been used to suppress aliasing in the measured quantities. We analyze the 4D noise spread with respect to electronic and photonic noise contributions.

Published
2011

35. Magnetic configurations of 30 nm iron nanocubes studied by electron holography

Author

Marc Respaud, Thomas Blon, Christophe Gatel, Etienne Snoeck, Bruno Chaudret, Lise-Marie Lacroix, Sébastien Lachaize, Julian Carrey, Centre d'élaboration de matériaux et d'études structurales (CEMES), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie de Toulouse (ICT-FR 2599), Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA), Laboratoire de physique et chimie des nano-objets (LPCNO), Institut de Recherche sur les Systèmes Atomiques et Moléculaires Complexes (IRSAMC), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut de Chimie de Toulouse (ICT-FR 2599), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Chimie de Toulouse (ICT), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Recherche sur les Systèmes Atomiques et Moléculaires Complexes (IRSAMC), and Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Materials science, Bioengineering, 02 engineering and technology, 010402 general chemistry, 01 natural sciences, Atomic units, Electron holography, Optics, General Materials Science, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, [PHYS]Physics [physics], Condensed matter physics, business.industry, Mechanical Engineering, General Chemistry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Condensed Matter Physics, Magnetic flux, Vortex state, 0104 chemical sciences, Electromagnetic induction, Ferromagnetism, Magnetic force microscope, 0210 nano-technology, business, Magnetic dipole–dipole interaction
Abstract

Ferromagnetic nanomaterials exhibit unique magnetic properties common to materials with dimensions approaching the atomic scale and have potential applications in magnetic data storage. Technological applications, however, require that the detailed magnetic behaviors and configurations of individual and interacting magnetic nano-objects be clarified. We determined the magnetic remnant configurations in single crystalline 30 nm Fe nanocubes and groups of nanocubes using off-axis electron holography in a transmission electron microscope. Our measurements on an isolated cube reveal a vortex state whose core size has been determined. Two neighboring nanocubes with adjacent {100} surfaces exhibit a ferromagnetic dipolar coupling, while similar magnetic interactions between four cubes in a square arrangement induce a bending of the magnetic induction, i.e., a magnetic flux closure state. The various configurations were successfully simulated by micromagnetic calculations.

Published
2009

36. Magnetic configurations of isolated and assemblies of iron 30 nm nanocubes studied by electron holography

Author

Julian Carrey, Lise-Marie Lacroix, Etienne Snoeck, Marc Respaud, Thomas Blon, Christophe Gatel, Sébastien Lachaize, and Bruno Chaudret

Subjects
Physics, business.industry, Holography, Vortex state, Magnetic flux, Electron holography, law.invention, Magnetic field, Vortex, Lens (optics), Magnetization, Optics, law, business
Abstract

The magnetic remanent configurations of single and assemblies of crystalline 30 nm Fe nanocubes were studied using off axis electron holography (EH). Experiments were performed on the SACTEM-Toulouse (Tecnai-F20 microscope (FEI)) fitted with an aberration corrector (CEOS) in which we use the first transfer lens of the Cs corrector as a pseudo Lorentz lens to perform EH [1]. The magnetic contribution to the phase shift was obtained by recording two holograms between which the Fe cubes were magnetized in two opposite directions. This is achieved by tilting the sample by +45° and switching the microscope objective lens to apply a large field of about 2 Tesla to the sample. The objective lens was then switched off and the sample is tilt back to zero to record a first hologram. This procedure is done a second time but tilting the sample by −45°. This procedure relies on the ability to saturate the magnetization in the sample in two opposite directions before decreasing the magnetic field to zero. EH experiments performed on an isolated cube (Figure 1) evidence a vortex state which fulfilled the largest cylinder, fitting perfectly the central part of the cube. The magnetization continuously curls around the [001] axis with components in the (001) plane and turns progressively in the [001] axis with components in the (001) plane and turns progressively in the [001] direction when approaching its core. Additional features are visible along the [001] edges of the nanocube. In the four corners close to the border of the cube the magnetic flux cannot circulate around the vortex. The resulting magnetostatic energy is however reduced creating a flux closure around the [001] edges of the cube (see zoom in Figure 1d). This magnetic configuration was simulated by micromagnetic calculations carried on using the three-dimensional version of the micromagnetic code OOMMF [2].

Published
2009

37. Optimal aperture sizes and positions for EMCD experiments

Author

Jo Verbeeck, Cécile Hébert, Florent Houdellier, Pavel Novák, Jan Rusz, Christophe Gatel, Stefano Rubino, Peter Schattschneider, Electron Microscopy for Material Research (EMAT), University of Antwerp (UA), Institut des Nanosciences de Paris (INSP), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre d'élaboration de matériaux et d'études structurales (CEMES), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie de Toulouse (ICT-FR 2599), Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA), Laboratoire de mécanique des sols, structures et matériaux (MSSMat), CentraleSupélec-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Chimie de Toulouse (ICT), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Weirich, T., Luysberg, M., and Tillmann, T.

Subjects
Circular dichroism, Aperture, Electron energy loss spectrometry, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-ACC-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Accelerator Physics [physics.acc-ph], 02 engineering and technology, Electron, 01 natural sciences, [SPI.MAT]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Materials, Optics, [PHYS.QPHY]Physics [physics]/Quantum Physics [quant-ph], 0103 physical sciences, [PHYS.HEXP]Physics [physics]/High Energy Physics - Experiment [hep-ex], 010306 general physics, Instrumentation, Physics, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-OPTICS]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Optics [physics.optics], business.industry, Magnetic circular dichroism, Detector, Dichroism, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, [SPI.ELEC]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Electromagnetism, [SPI.OPTI]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Optics / Photonic, 0210 nano-technology, business, Coherence, [SPI.SIGNAL]Engineering Sciences [physics]/Signal and Image processing, Transmission electron microscopy, Bloch wave, Coherence (physics)
Abstract

International audience; The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in energy-loss magnetic chiral dichroism (EMCD)—the equivalent of X-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD) in the electron microscope—is optimized with respect to the detector shape, size and position. We show that an important increase in SNR over previous experiments can be obtained when taking much larger detector sizes. We determine the ideal shape of the detector but also show that round apertures are a good compromise if placed in their optimal position. We develop the theory for a simple analytical description of the EMCD experiment and then apply it to dynamical multibeam Bloch wave calculations and to an experimental data set. In all cases it is shown that a significant and welcome improvement of the SNR is possible.

Published
2008

38. Lorentz microscopy mapping during magnetization process of L10 FePd thin films

Author

Alain Marty, Jean-Christophe Toussaint, Christophe Gatel, Aurélien Masseboeuf, Pascale Bayle-Guillemaud, Service de Physique des Matériaux et Microstructures (SP2M - UMR 9002), Institut Nanosciences et Cryogénie (INAC), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), Centre d'élaboration de matériaux et d'études structurales (CEMES), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Chimie de Toulouse (ICT), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Nanostructures et Magnétisme (NM), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Institut Nanosciences et Cryogénie (INAC), Micro et NanoMagnétisme (NEEL - MNM), Institut Néel (NEEL), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie de Toulouse (ICT-FR 2599), Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA), Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut Nanosciences et Cryogénie (INAC), Micro et NanoMagnétisme (MNM), Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF), and Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)

Subjects
Perpendicular anisotropy, History, Lorentz transformation, 02 engineering and technology, 01 natural sciences, Education, FePd, Magnetization, symbols.namesake, Optics, in-situ TEM, 0103 physical sciences, Perpendicular, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-INS-DET]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Instrumentation and Detectors [physics.ins-det], Thin film, 010306 general physics, Lorentz Microscopy, Physics, Thin layers, Condensed matter physics, business.industry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Computer Science Applications, Electromagnetic induction, Transmission electron microscopy, symbols, 0210 nano-technology, business, Beam (structure)
Abstract

International audience; Lorentz Transmission Electron Microscopy (LTEM) allows the observation of magnetization evolution in thin magnetic layers. Electron Microscopy which enables observation at a nanometric scale is sensitive to magnetic induction perpendicular to the beam. Here we show that this technique allows the magnetization process in thin layers having perpendicular magnetic anisotropy to be studied. LTEM has been carried out on a JEOL 3010 and a FEI Titan 300kV (equipped with a Lorentz Lens). We determine how the magnetization is distributed along the domain walls (where the magnetization is in plane). Hence we could observe the evolution of a domain configuration during the magnetization process versus the orientation of its boundaries. This study is based on phase reconstruction methods and is completed by Lorentz image simulations.

Published
2008

39. TEM Analysis Of Advanced Devices For Electronics Or Spintronics: From Structure To Properties

Author

Christophe Gatel, Marie-José Casanove, Anne Ponchet, and Christian Roucau

Subjects
Structure (mathematical logic), Materials science, Semiconductor, Spintronics, business.industry, Magnetism, Nanotechnology, Electronics, business, Ferroelectricity, Tem analysis, Complex materials
Abstract

During the last decades, transmission electron microscopy has become an essential tool for solving problems involving microstructural questions in materials science. Its unique ability to provide direct imaging of particular regions of the material together with structural information made it highly valuable in the study of complex materials including domains as ferroelastic or ferroelectric materials. Moreover, TEM is the dedicated technique for studying defects (dislocations, boundaries, precipitates, interfaces) which can either affect or enhance the desired properties (mechanical, optical or magnetic properties, transport). After a brief review of typical answers given by TEM on materials questions, we discuss the interest of the technique to investigate new devices for energy, communication or security applications. We show in particular that new developments in TEM now allow us to determine various fields in the specimens, in particular strain or magnetic fields, which bring direct information on the physical properties.

Published
2008

40. Electron Microscopy Investigation of Magnetization Process in Thin Foils and Nanostructures

Author

Pascale Bayle-Guillemaud, Aurelien Masseboeuf, Fabien Cheynis, Jean-Christophe Toussaint, Olivier Fruchart, Christophe Gatel, Alain Marty, Laboratoire d'Etude des Matériaux par Microscopie Avancée (LEMMA ), Modélisation et Exploration des Matériaux (MEM), Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire de Grenoble (IRIG), Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Direction de Recherche Fondamentale (CEA) (DRF (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire de Grenoble (IRIG), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Micro et NanoMagnétisme (NEEL - MNM), Institut Néel (NEEL), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre d'élaboration de matériaux et d'études structurales (CEMES), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Chimie de Toulouse (ICT), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Nanostructures et Magnétisme (NM), Service de Physique des Matériaux et Microstructures (SP2M - UMR 9002), Institut Nanosciences et Cryogénie (INAC), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Institut Nanosciences et Cryogénie (INAC), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire de Grenoble (IRIG), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019]), Micro et NanoMagnétisme (MNM), Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie de Toulouse (ICT-FR 2599), Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA), Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut Nanosciences et Cryogénie (INAC), and Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Grenoble Alpes [2016-2019] (UGA [2016-2019])-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)

Subjects
Materials science, Micromagnetism, 02 engineering and technology, 01 natural sciences, Electron holography, law.invention, Magnetization, Optics, law, 0103 physical sciences, Energy filtered transmission electron microscopy, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-INS-DET]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Instrumentation and Detectors [physics.ins-det], High-resolution transmission electron microscopy, Lorentz Microscopy, Micromagnetics, 010302 applied physics, Condensed matter physics, business.industry, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Nanostructures, Electromagnetic induction, Perpendicular Anisotropy, Transmission electron microscopy, [PHYS.COND.CM-MS]Physics [physics]/Condensed Matter [cond-mat]/Materials Science [cond-mat.mtrl-sci], Electron microscope, 0210 nano-technology, business
Abstract

This paper presents investigations of magnetization configuration evolution during in-situ magnetic processes in materials exhibiting planar and perpendicular magnetic anisotropy. Transmission electron microscopy has been used to perform magnetic imaging. Fresnel contrasts in Lorentz Transmission Electron Microscopy (LTEM) and phase retrieval methods such as Transport of Intensity Equation (TIE) solving or electron holography have been implemented. These techniques are sensitive to magnetic induction perpendicular to the electron beam and can give access to a spatially resolved (resolution better than 10 nm) mapping of magnetic induction distribution and could be extended to dynamical studies during in-situ observation. Thin foils of FePd alloys with a strong perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA) and self-assembled Fe dots are presented. Both are studied during magnetization processes exhibiting the capacities of in-situ magnetic imaging in a TEM.

Published
2007

41. Sb surfactant mediated growth of InAs/AlAs0.56Sb0.44 strained quantum well for intersubband absorption at 1.55 μm

Author

Hervé Folliot, Yu Zhao, Mathieu Perrin, Bénédicte Warot-Fonrose, Nicolas Bertru, Christophe Gatel, Anne Ponchet, Julien Nicolai, Fonctions Optiques pour les Technologies de l'informatiON (FOTON), Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Université européenne de Bretagne - European University of Brittany (UEB)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-École Nationale Supérieure des Sciences Appliquées et de Technologie (ENSSAT)-Télécom Bretagne-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre d'élaboration de matériaux et d'études structurales (CEMES), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Chimie de Toulouse (ICT-FR 2599), Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA), Surfaces, Interfaces et Nano-Objets (CEMES-SINanO), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), ANR, ANR-11-BS10-0017,NAIADE,Nanocaractérisation et modélisation d'Antimoniures d'éléments III : Interfaces et Analyse des Déformations d'Epitaxie(2011), Université de Rennes (UR)-Université européenne de Bretagne - European University of Brittany (UEB)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Rennes (INSA Rennes), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-École Nationale Supérieure des Sciences Appliquées et de Technologie (ENSSAT)-Télécom Bretagne-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Chimie de Toulouse (ICT), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut de Chimie du CNRS (INC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National Polytechnique (Toulouse) (Toulouse INP), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université de Toulouse (UT)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National des Sciences Appliquées - Toulouse (INSA Toulouse)

Subjects
010302 applied physics, Photoluminescence, Materials science, Physics and Astronomy (miscellaneous), Condensed matter physics, business.industry, 02 engineering and technology, Substrate (electronics), 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, 01 natural sciences, Lattice constant, Transmission electron microscopy, 0103 physical sciences, X-ray crystallography, Optoelectronics, [PHYS.COND]Physics [physics]/Condensed Matter [cond-mat], 0210 nano-technology, business, High-resolution transmission electron microscopy, Layer (electronics), Quantum well
Abstract

International audience; Surfactant mediated growth of strained InAs/AlAs0.56 Sb 0.44 quantum wells on InP (001) substrate is investigated. X ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy analysis reveal that the supply of antimony on InAs surface delays the 2D to 3D growth transition and allows the growth of thick InAs/AlAsSb quantum wells. Quantum well as thick as 7 ML, without defect was achieved by Sb surfactant mediated growth. Further high resolution transmission electron microscopy measurement and geometric phase analysis show that InAs/AlAsSb interfaces are not abrupt. At InAs on AlAsSb interface, the formation of a layer presenting lattice parameter lower than InP leads to a tensile stress. From energetic consideration, the formation of As rich AlAsSb layer at interface is deduced. At AlAsSb on InAs interface, a compressive layer is formed. The impact on optical properties and the chemical composition of this layer are discussed from microscopic analysis and photoluminescence experiments.

Published
2015

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