Search

Despite convention tourism is becoming an important segment of the tourism industry in many countries, the specific benefits that convention attendees see valuable when attending conventions are inconclusive. Based on the consumption values theory, this study considers the impacts of two types of value: perceived value and value of cocreation on convention attendees' attitude formation. Derived from a sample of 434 convention attendees and partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) analysis, results indicate that value of cocreation, together with another two dimensions of perceived value, emotional value, and functional value, have significant influences on convention attendees' attitude towards the convention attended. Particularly, it was found that perceived value by itself had limited effects in contributing the positive attitude towards conventions in the contemporary business world as consumers today increasingly prefer cocreation of value and collaboration with service providers. The study contributes to the convention tourism literature by being the first to incorporate both perceived value and value of cocreation within the same model and testing related hypotheses. The results may facilitate decision making and strategic development of tourism-related investments among convention organizers, destination marketing organizations, and government agencies, which can eventually strengthen a country's competitive edge in attracting convention attendees.

Language is used to convey thought, but it also influences thought and perception, in turn affecting health care delivery. In this review, we seek to highlight ways in which dermatologists can incorporate inclusive language into practice. By using patient-centered and patient-affirming language, avoiding labels, and naming medical conditions with terminology rooted in pathophysiology rather than outmoded, racist convention or eponyms, dermatologists can strengthen therapeutic relationships and improve patient care.

This study examines how quality is defined, re-defined and dynamically formulated amongst stakeholders under political and global market pressures while registering geographical indications (GIs) for non-edible non-timber forestry products (NTFPs)—namely, Iwate Charcoal and Joboji Urushi—in Japan. To that end, Convention Theory is used as a framework for the two NTFPs as traditionally applied to manufacturing or edible products. This study investigates the following related factors: 1) the transition of convention types between NTFPs and its impact on registrations and 2) the impact of the convention types and values on the sales and sustainable use of forest resources. The study applies Convention Theory, inter alia Worlds of Production (and associated categories) coined by Storper and Salais (1997), because of its central focus on the formation of product qualities and the resulting consumption and materialistic relations. Historically, both products have been under pressure because of lower-priced imports and the substitution of the traditional energy source charcoal and material source urushi with petroleum products including oil and chemical lacuquer, respectively. Thus, the two GI registrations of NTFPs in this study were an attempt, among other options, to counter the influx of imports that results from economies of scale and technological development in scientific standardization. We observed changes in the conventions and analyzed dynamism with relevant concepts of “orders of worth,” propounded by Boltanski and Thevenot (2006), behind the four categories of Possible Worlds of Production (Market, Industrial, Interpersonal, and Intellectual Resources) proposed by Storper and Salais (1997). Our question is as follows, “Did the GI process related to quality strengthen the existing convention or did it rather cause confrontation between conventions?” The two NTFPs provide us with unique and contrasting pathways. Through the GI process, there were negotiations, not necessarily verbal discussions, but ceremony-like events, involving nonverbal communications and technical testing, at sites to assure members and reach agreements on quality. Moreover, there are certain challenges for NTFP GIs when compared with agricultural products; obviously, there is no taste element (as both are non-edible) and the associations with consumers are possibly weaker than those with foods are. Even among NTFP products, the methods of setting standards (to compete, or to differentiate themselves, as “dedicated” products from imports of “generic” products in the Industrial World) differed. Iwate Charcoal developed as an industrial commodity and set a stricter scientific standard. Alternatively, in establishing its standard, Joboji Urushi appealed to its historical embeddedness emphasizing differences in quality resulting from variations by individual producer, local environment, and season. Participation in negotiations of quality, thus, makes producers sensitive to the needs of certain customers, such as personalized products or relationships with producers. As both are forestry products, conservation efforts (identifying individual urushi trees and replanting and coppicing after harvesting for charcoal) are practiced, which loosely resonates with consumers’ sustainability discourses. Yet, rather than green and environmental discourses, subtle associations between a nostalgic sense of “homeland,” pride in artisanship and tradition are strong factors in the promotion of domestic urushi products vis-a-vis imported competition. The comparisons are more technical in the case of charcoal with a degree of carbonization. Noteworthy registrations of non-edible NTFPs are rare in Japan (and absent in the European system). However, the producers were able to learn from, and surmount, the challenges of GI product quality agreed upon, while they achieved a new sense of solidarity.

The increasing threat posed by state and nonstate actors seeking to misuse scientific and technological developments means it is more important than ever to ensure the responsible conduct of life sciences research, biosecurity research, and dual-use research of concern (DURC). Pakistan has a rapidly growing research environment and, being a signatory to the Biological Toxins and Weapons Convention, is committed to raising DURC awareness among its researchers. To this end, a series of five workshops were conducted in Pakistan between July 2018 and January 2020 with the support of the United States organization Health Security Partners. The workshops targeted universities offering postgraduate programs in life and medical sciences. The purpose of the workshops was to enable participants to understand the concept of DURC, review their own research, determine if any of their experiments may be DURC, identify potential risks while conducting the research, and develop protocols to mitigate DURC threats. A pre-and post-workshop questionnaire evaluated the knowledge of the participants. Evaluations of both the course and facilitators were obtained at each workshop.

In this paper, we try to understand the impact of a traffic convention, rule of the road, on road fatality rate in Africa. Using the country level panel data on road fatality rates provided by World Health Organization, we try to find whether left side driving rule has any differential causal impact on road fatalities. To address issues related to endogeneity, we instrument ‘Left Side Driving Rule’ with the measure for ‘British Colonization’. Our estimates suggest that the left side driving rule results in lesser road fatalities when compared to the right side driving rule. The illegal usage of ‘Right Hand Drive’ vehicles in right side driving countries and functional superiority of left side driving rule are the potential channels causing this effect. With Africa bearing the highest ‘disease burden’ of traffic fatalities in the world, our research provides a preliminary empirical insight into the role that ‘rule of the road’ traffic convention can play in this regard.

For decades, following the views of the Argentine legal scholar Carlos Calvo, Latin American countries avoided adopting international investment treaties. The Calvo doctrine established that disputes between foreign investors and the state should only be settled by national courts, to the exclusion of international jurisdictions. This position eroded as numerous bilateral investment treaties (BITs) were signed during the 1980s and 1990s, exposing the countries of the region to investment lawsuits. Recently, a crisis of the investment treaty regime has been noticed in the region, with the denunciation of both BITs and the ICSID Convention, the non-recognition of arbitral awards, and the negotiation of a new model of investment treaties. The analysis of the historical process of rise and crisis of the investment regime in the region, through the review of documents and data on its effects, demonstrate that countries have taken measures to restrict the possibility of investor-State arbitration. In this sense, the region seems to be experiencing a return to Calvo's doctrine on the need to guarantee countries’ decision-making autonomy in strategic policies., Por décadas, os países da América Latina evitaram adotar tratados de investimento seguindo os pensamentos do jurista argentino Carlos Calvo. A doutrina Calvo estabelecia que as disputas entre investidores estrangeiros e o Estado deveriam ser resolvidas pelos tribunais nacionais, à exclusão de jurisdições internacionais. Essa posição se erodiu à medida que um número crescente de tratados bilaterais de investimento (BITs) foi assinado nas décadas de 1980 e 1990, expondo os países da região a ações arbitrais de investimento. Recentemente, percebe-se uma crise do regime de investimentos na região, com a denúncia de BITs e da Convenção ICSID, o não reconhecimento de sentenças arbitrais e a negociação de um novo modelo de tratados de investimentos. Da análise do processo histórico de ascensão e crise do regime de investimento, através da análise de documentos e dados sobre os efeitos dos acordos de investimento, pode-se dizer que os países da região têm tomado medidas para restringir a possibilidade de arbitragens Investidor-Estado. Nesse sentido, estaríamos experimentando um retorno à doutrina de Calvo sobre a necessidade de garantir autonomia decisória sobre políticas públicas estratégicas na região.

Sea lampreys (Petromyzon marinus) invaded the Great Lakes in the early twentieth century and caused considerable economic and ecological harm. People who fished the Great Lakes suffered crippling losses and successfully lobbied elected officials in Canada and the United States to create a sea lamprey control program which the Great Lakes Fishery Commission implements under the 1954 Convention on Great Lakes Fisheries. The control program relies on two primary methods: chemical lampricides and physical barriers. Sea lamprey control has been a tremendous success; although the urgency to act is apparent to certain publics and although control methods are deemed by professionals to be safe and effective, continued public advocacy for and acceptance of the control program is not ensured. Many people in the control program are concerned that the urgency to act is not commensurate with the risk sea lampreys continue to pose and that societal acceptance of the primary control methods could wane. This commentary reflects on issues of “shifting baselines” (changes in perceived risk) and the “social license to operate” (trust in authorities to make responsible decisions regarding current and planned control methods) and suggests a course to better understand these issues. Improved understanding of these issues will inform communication efforts for all involved in the control program. Moreover, the case examined here is potentially relevant and informative for other environmentally related actions where there may be erosion of the social license.

This article highlights the impact of international law on the global process of illegal migration, reveals a number of international problems related to international migration, in particular by sea, identifies the main factors influencing illegal migration in general, indicates the state of illegal migration in various European Union countries. attention is paid to such important international legal instruments as the Schengen Agreement of 1985 and 1990, the Dublin Convention of 1990, the Maastricht Treaty of 1992 and the Treaty of Amsterdam of 1997. The article also focuses on the European Union agency, which deals with the protection of external borders and their protection from illegal migrants, in particular, by sea.The analysis of theoretical and practical aspects of combating illegal migration by sea at the international level, as well as in the development of scientific and theoretical approaches to solving migration problems, characterizes the legal regulation of combating illegal migration by maritime transport and maritime participation established intergovernmental bodies. The main tools of the European Union to combat illegal migration by sea, which can be used to improve the legal regulation of migration authorities of other countries, as well as substantiate the organizational and legal framework of European countries in the field of legal support to combat illegal migration by sea.The actions of European states represented by the relevant state bodies in solving the problems of illegal migration with the help of merchant fleets of European countries are studied. The article pays attention to the influence of illegal migration on the formation and change of legal awareness of society, as the beginning of the formation of criminogenic factors among illegal migrants in the host country.

Since their first screen appearances in the 1930s, zombies have enjoyed immense cinematic popularity. Defined by Romero’s 1968 Night of the Living Dead as mindless, violent, decaying and infectious, they successfully function as ultimate fiends in horror films. Yet, even those morbid undead started evolving into more appealing, individualized and even sympathetic characters, especially when the comic potential of zombies is explored. To allow a zombie to become a romantic protagonist, however, one that can love and be loved by a human, another evolutionary step had to be taken, one fostered by a literary association. This paper analyzes Jonathan Levine’s Warm Bodies, a 2013 film adaptation of Isaac Marion’s zombie novel inspired by William Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet. It examines how Shakespeare’s Romeo helps transform the already evolved cinematic zombie into a romantic protagonist, and how Shakespearean love tragedy, with its rich visual cinematic legacy, can successfully locate a zombie narrative in the romantic comedy convention. Presenting the case of Shakespeare intersecting the zombie horror tradition, this paper illustrates the synergic exchanges of literary icons and the cinematic monstrous.

In 1956 there was a significant step in international road freight transport – conclusion of Convention on the contract of carriage in international road freight transport (CMR Convention), the basic purpose of which was to unify the rules in the international transport of goods and thus promote the development of international trade. From a practical point of view, this was very important for both carriers and transporters. The Convention describes the most important document in the carriage of goods – the CMR consignment note.Recently, the term «neutralization» has been used in connection with the CMR consignment note, which is considered as an interference with the system of functioning of transport documents, which aims to obscure the actual movement of the consignment during transport. At the same time, neutralization of the consignment note is not so much contrary to legal norms as it can lead to undesirable consequences for carriers. For this reason, the question of whether it is possible to neutralize the CMR consignment note in accordance with the current rules and whether the neutralization of the CMR consignment note does not violate the functionality of the existing system is relevant. Therefore, the objective of this work is to study the reasons and methods for neutralizing CMR consignment notes, as well as options for handling neutralized consignment notes.Considering that neutralization of the consignment note has become a relatively common practice and means the exchange of original consignment notes or transport documents with other consignment notes or transport documents, canceling the actions of the first consignment note, in the article the authors, based on their own research, identified the possibilities of using the neutralization of the CMR consignment note in practice for certain types of goods, routes of the most frequent use, as well as the risks of these procedures in road transport.

Legal issues of ICOs are significant in the contemporary financial world because this method of capital formation is becoming widespread. In spite of the significance of ICOs, there are no financial regulations in this field in the most important legal systems. Therefore, research concerning future legal provisions in the area of ICOs is needed. This paper concerns issues related to the scope and structure of future financial regulations applicable to ICOs. The author focuses on principles on which legal provisions in the field of ICOs should be based. National, European and international matters are discussed separately in this work. Matters regarding a future international organisation competent in issues of crypto-assets are elaborated. Furthermore, the author proposes to create a model convention on cryptocurrencies and bilateral agreements on the exchange of information in crypto-asset matters. Disclosure obligations, anti-manipulation provisions and anti-money laundering principles are also set out. Moreover, the author discusses issues regarding audit requirements, special methods of registration and innovative payment rules for crypto-asset purposes. Finally, recommendations concerning ICOs are made separately for national, European and international purposes. The author believes that the conclusions in this paper can be useful not only for legislators but also for international actors, European institutions and legal researchers.

Although international asset recovery is one of the key anti-corruption commitments under the United Nations Convention against Corruption and the African Union Convention on Preventing and Combating Corruption, a huge gap remains between commitments and implementation. The shortcomings of international asset freezes in the case of Libya, with billions of dollars unaccounted for, confirm this statement. In this article, I identify the major obstacles for recovering stolen assets in the case of Libya and I argue that the international community needs to enhance asset recovery and mutual legal assistance, as well as to explore bold ideas, such as the reversal of the burden of proof as to the illicit origin of the assets.

The issue of developing effective legal regulation of waste management and implementation of best practices in this area is relevant for many countries of the world. In the Republic of Kazakhstan, the development of a regulatory framework for waste management is still in its infancy. This situation poses a potential threat to the environment and public health. The question of this study is what are the obstacles to the effective implementation of international agreements in the field of waste management in Kazakhstan? What international legal instruments in the field of waste management are not fully used and what legislative initiatives need to be implemented in this regard? In order to assess the applicability of their regulations to the conditions of Kazakh law, the study examines such supranational legal instruments as, in particular, the Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of hazardous wastes and their disposal, the Espoo Convention, Directive (EU) 2018/852 of the European Parliament and of the Council. As this study suggests, an impending problem for Kazakhstan is the issue of utilization of WEEE and the implementation of the Basel Convention regarding the issue of transportation and disposal of WEEE. Despite the growing interest in the issues of proper waste management, mechanisms related to the implementation of the Espoo Convention and the Aarhus Convention are poorly implemented in Kazakhstan. This study uses the method of political and legal analysis, with the help of which it examines the problems of the effectiveness of the implementation of international agreements in the field of waste management in the Republic of Kazakhstan and ways to overcome them. To achieve these goals, international legislative acts in the field of environmental protection and the legislation of the European Union and EU member states were analyzed, which made it possible to determine the possibility of applying foreign practices on legal regulation of waste management and implementation of international legal acts mechanisms in Kazakhstan. The study attempts to give a qualitative assessment of the elaboration of the legislative regulation of the waste management sphere in Kazakhstan. The solution of problems in the field of waste management at the state level can be feasible only with a systemic rather than partial reform of the legal framework. Based on the EU practices in the implementation of international and supranational environmental agreements, the optimal combination of state and market instruments would improve the regulatory framework of Kazakhstan in the field of waste management. In order to create the most beneficial effect in countering the accumulation of waste without harming the economy, it would be useful to apply proactive and preventive approaches to increase the responsibility and participation of all stakeholder groups.

The author considers the specifics of the legal regulation of the use and eviction from official housing, the rights and responsibilities of persons who have legally right to use such housing. The article examines the case law and a thorough analysis of the legislation on the regulation of the use of special housing and the procedure for the use of official housing. The list of persons who could not prohibited without other housing was analyzed. As a result of studying of scientific civilian’s views and concept of “official housing” and the right of a person to receive such housing, was concluded that a person’s right to official housing cannot be equated with the right to housing in general. The right to official housing is directly related to the implementation of a person’s employment functions and the duration of employment. The terms during which a person has the opportunity to apply to the court with a negative claim are considered. It was note that the conclusion of a contract for the rental of official housing is a mandatory basis for moving into housing, so its conclusion is not a significant violation. The analysis of the practice of national courts of Ukraine and the practice of the European Court of Human Rights allows us to conclude that there is no violation of the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms on the need to take into account the balance between public interests. It was conclude that if the owner demands the release of official housing in the manner prescribed by law, it is impossible to speak of a violation of the person’s right to housing.

The aim of the article is to solve the scientific problem of outlining the issue of protection of patent law objects created using artificial intelligence technologies, and to establish whether it is possible to recognize artificial intelligence technologies as inventor at the present stage of development of legal systems. Philosophical, comparative-legal and system-structural methods were used in the research process. Based on the analysis of the European Patent Convention, the main generally accepted conditions of patentability of the invention are determined: novelty, inventive step, industrial applicability. It has been established that inventions created by artificial intelligence technologies will meet such criteria provided that certain requirements are met. In the context of the study, the case of the invention of artificial intelligence «DABUS» is analyzed and the results of its consideration in the European Patent Organization, the United Kingdom and the United States are summarized. In particular, it has been established that artificial intelligence technologies are currently not considered as inventors in either the Romano-Germanic or Anglo-Saxon legal systems.

Mutated corona virus (COVID – 19) pandemic waves attack has significant impact in the maritime sector, and disrupted the smooth functioning of various teaching activities. Following precautionary extra – ordinary measures to limit the spread of infections, on – line implementation to the IMO- STCW 2010 convention was achieved to convey knowledge and proficiency regardless of lecturer’s, candidate’s, and instructor’s capabilities and experience in technological competencies as regard to readiness, accessibility, and platform. The present work is practically based, that is containing enough theories to present adequate understanding of the conceptual relations and cognitive processes. The curricula is complaint with the mandatory minimum requirement for certification for electrical, electronic, and control engineering at the operational and management levels for both principles and practical knowledge for targeted engineering cadets. Barriers in implementing the complete requirements of the IMO- STCW 2010 online encompass: evaluating and assessment lecturer’s and cadet’s satisfaction level, insufficient teaching hours allocated, evaluating teaching syllabus and lecturer’s confidence, reaction and participation, poor or even limited direct communication between lecturers and cadets, difficulty adjusting learning style, technical difficulties faced by lecturers in online teaching and assessments

This study aims to identify the factors that drive or hinder convention venues to implement sustainable practices. The response from 136 Asian convention venue senior managers shows that improving the corporation image of the venue is the primary driving factor for the management team to engage in sustainable practices, while lack of resources is the major hindering factor. The significant differences in the driving and hindering factors were identified among the management team from different sized convention venues in Asia. The importance and suitability of sustainable practices were revealed from the perspective of different sized convention venues. The insights from this study deepen the understanding of sustainability in convention management and provide valuable implications for industry practitioners.

A convention and exhibition center (CEC) offers spaces and services for various events. An effective website is important for a CEC because event site selection involves extensive long-distance information searching and communication. However, despite ample website evaluation studies conducted in the tourism and hospitality field, very few studies can adequately reflect the business environment of the CECs and the decision process of selecting a CEC. This study builds on the existing models for hotel website performance and identifies the important dimensions and attributes of a CEC website through a focus group discussion with multiple stakeholders on the selection of event venues. A framework with four dimensions and 41 attributes is developed. The results show that CECs websites should focus on Venue Facilities and Services (VFS), Contact Information (CI), Website Management (WM), and Destination Information (DI). Functions related to reservation and payment, which are very important for hotels, are found not value-added for CECs. The study expands the literature on website evaluations and e-marketing. Managerial insights are also provided to CEC operators and other related industry practitioners.

Money laundering is one of the biggest and the fastest growing problems in the contemporary world. It is seen that in legitimate economy most of the dirty money i.e. 38.6% comes from the investment fraudulent schemes, bankruptcy fraud and corporate frauds whereas, 27.5% comes from drug trafficking. This rising trend of money laundering and other financial frauds are due to several reasons, which include the activities in businesses that do not comply with professional ethics. The current research is a qualitative research that has used secondary data to derive the results. Because the study followed a deductive approach, the results of the study have been derived by utilising the existing theories and established data from published literature and different reports. The analysis of the obtained data has been conducted in the form of content analysis to attain the objectives of the current study. The findings of the study suggest that the international organisations have taken several steps to ensure the reduction of money laundering by imposing several unified acts based on the Vienna Convention and the Palermo Convention. It has also been found that ethically compliant professional activities also play an integral part against money laundering. Some of these activities have been reported as forming strong codes of conduct for monetary operations, informing the bad repercussions of participating in money laundering activities, and having proper control and management strategies in position that can have adequate monitoring on institutional improper conduct. The study recommends that every state should have regulated and monitored free trade zones as they are often used as the cornerstone of money laundering. Moreover, a centralised reporting system of the financial institutions have also been recommended, alongside the establishment of a regulatory body for the lawyers and accountants.

Keywords: civil procedural protection, court effective way of protection, civilprocess The article is devoted to the study of Civil Procedureaspects of the court's application of a proper and effective method of protecting aviolated right within the frame of its own judicial discretion. Attention is paid to thestudy of the legal nature of civil protection, existing doctrinal positions, as well as thelegal and regulatory environment. The features of the exercise of discretionary powersby the court regarding the use of an effective method of protecting violated privatelaw have been established. It is indicated that the court is empowered to choose an effectivemethod of legal protection exclusively within the limits of the statement ofclaim — claims are detailed. It is emphasized that when choosing an effective methodof protection, the principle of the rule of law must be observed, in accordance with theprovisions of Article 10 of the Civil Procedural Code of Ukraine (“CPCU”). This meansthat an effective method of legal protection must be correlated with the provisions ofthe Convention for the protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms and thecase law of the European Court of Human Rights. This universal provision applies toall cases of claim proceedings, namely the claim, which are decided by the rules ofcivil procedure. The peculiarity of the court's use of an effective method of protectionin civil cases is that it can choose an effective method of legal protection only in courtcases in which the claim is considered, as well as when the law or agreements do notdetermine the effective method of legal protection. On the basis of the conducted scientificresearch, the author has developed own gradation of legal criteria of choice bycourt of an effective way of legal protection at consideration of civil cases. Such a gradationis universal for all cases considered by the court under the rules of civil procedure.Exceptions to the above regarding the application of a specific method of protectionare cases related to compensation for damage caused to an individual as a resultof withdrawal of an insolvent bank from the market or liquidation of the bank.

Human life and survival on Earth depend on the exploitation of diverse resources, including water. Improper use of environmental resources will lead to pollution and destruction. As one of the most sensitive areas of the environment to which human life depends, water is exposed to a variety of environmental pollutants. The protection of the health of water resources has created the need for intervention and the use of legal and criminal solutions in organizing their use. Domestic penal policy in the field of legislation, inspired by the provisions of Sharia law, along with local and national considerations for the protection of water resources, has, directly and indirectly, affected the requirements of accession to international instruments and has enacted regulations on the protection of small water resources.

The apparently simple and benign process of registering space objects as provided for in Article VIII of the Outer Space Treaty and further refined in the Registration Convention, is really quite complex and controversial. Registration raises numerous questions. They range from meeting its original purpose to its accuracy and efficacy in actual use due to recent technological advances such as the plethora of small satellites being launched, new on-orbit activities such as debris removal and satellite servicing, etc. This paper argues that the current U.N. registration system is so faulty that it is not able to fulfill its original purposes and that many of its objectives are accomplished in other ways. However, there are specific benefits to having and continuing the present registration system, and it has been useful in unforeseen ways: 1) creating a tool for international partnerships such as the ISS to parse ownership and responsibility among the partners, and 2) creating a regime of good will, good faith, and best practices among nations. This paper will address these problems and suggest that the U.N. registration system be improved. It will also argue that associated national requirements such as those found in Art. VI and Art. XII of the Outer Space Treaty should be better coordinated with registration and with overall national transparency in space activities. These efforts will become more important to questions of responsibility, liability, and effective dispute resolution mechanisms as private spacecraft, private on-orbit operations, and other non- and quasi-governmental actors and activities expand in outer space.

The in situ promotion and preservation of underwater cultural heritage sites is one of the main ideas of the UNESCO Convention on the Protection of Underwater Cultural Heritage. Currently, most shipwrecks are found in water shallower than the 50 m contour. The continued technological advances and increases in technical diving and deep‐water exploration point towards a shift in this statistic, which is set to increase exponentially in the not‐too‐distant future. Thus, it is imperative to look at ways in which such directives can be implemented. This paper will highlight the synergy between existing remote sensing technologies and the management of underwater cultural heritage with examples of on‐going research projects, such as Malta’s approach to surveying and implementing a scoring system for historic wreck sites based on local and global considerations of historic and natural conditions of site elements. Such an approach allows for the scaling of sites based on a number of parameters and provides instructive information for the creation of management strategies. The intention here is to demonstrate how large‐scale remote sensing surveys can make major contributions to site management, which, in turn, facilitates the decision‐making process in terms of how and what information is transmitted to divers and members of the public., peer-reviewed

Mining and the permitting process for mineral projects in Sweden has been criticised as inadequately safeguarding the rights of Indigenous reindeer herding Sámi, who hold usufruct rights to more than half the country’s territory. There have been calls for Sweden to ratify the Indigenous and Tribal Peoples Convention (ILO 169) and to change its Mineral Law. This paper evaluates the extent of protection of Sámi rights — and not only those engaged in reindeer herding — in Sweden’s minerals permitting process. It also considers the implications if changes were made to align this process with the Indigenous-rights framework. The paper demonstrates that reindeer herding Sámi are, broadly, treated similar to landowners in the mineral projects permitting process. However, there is discrimination when it comes to being able to have a share in the benefits of a project: impacted reindeer herders have no such option whereas landowners do. Also, the permitting processes do not consider social and cultural impacts, nor are there obligations for the state to be sufficiently involved in consultation processes. Addressing the identified shortcomings would require only small changes to the Mineral Law and/or to its application and would be possible with only limited impacts on mining because the sector is not a significant user of land whilst it creates large economic values. However, extending those changes (to give parity between landowners and Sámi rights holders) in other important economic sectors which use more extensive land areas, would entail a considerable transfer of resources and associated power. Furthermore, changing the Mineral Law specifically would mean little in terms of safeguarding the rights of the majority of Sami who do not engage in reindeer herding. This suggests that calls for changes to mineral-related legislation to resolve indigenous land right issues are mis-directed or at least insufficient, and that other type of legislative change is required, fundamentally including resolving how extensive and strong the Sámi’s rights to land should be.

Introduction. In recent years, due to the stricter requirements for compliance with the provisions of the Rotterdam Convention, the volume of export notifications on the permission to import dangerous chemicals into the Russian Federation has increased significantly. Therefore, the purpose of our research was to analyze the nomenclature, volume, toxicity and danger of industrial chemicals and pesticides entering the Russian market, despite prohibitions or restrictions on their use at the international and national levels. Materials and methods. The materials used are applications for the import of chemical products (export notifications) of the National Designated authorities of the European Union, China, Great Britain, Serbia to the Russian Register of Potentially Dangerous Chemical and Biological Substances-a branch of the Federal State Scientific Research Center named after F.F. Erisman - in the period from 2018 to 2020. The year 2019 was considered in the most detail. Results and discussion. The analysis of applications showed an ever-increasing number of chemical supplies; for example, 130 notifications were received in 2018, 539 in 2019, and 565 in 2020. In 2019, the number of tin compounds prevailed in the nomenclature of imported products to the territory of the Russian Federation. As for the substances from Annex III of the Rotterdam Convention, most of the imported chemicals by tonnage were substances included in this document - 1,2-dibromoethane (EDB), carbofuran, ethylene oxide, ethylene dichloride (1,2-dichloroethane), which are imported for industrial use, and not for use as pesticides, as they are declared in the convention. Chemicals and pesticides imported into the country under the PIC procedure, with the exception of numerous derivatives of dibutyl - and dioctyltin, creosote, have an established hygienic standard in at least one human habitat. In most cases, they are assigned to hazard classes 1 and 2 according to the maximum permissible concentration. Conclusion. Chemical products that are highly dangerous for human health and the environment, which are banned or severely restricted in many states, caused specific and long-term effects on the body, and having high toxicity to natural biota are used in the Russian Federation economy. In this regard, there is a need to develop regulatory decisions at the national level and within the framework of the Eurasian Economic Commission on the prohibition or restriction of the circulation of substances and pesticides characterized by an unacceptable risk of exposure.

(1) Background: Globally, persons with disabilities (PWDs) face numerous challenges including access to healthcare. This scoping review sought to assess the level of inclusiveness in Ghanaian health policies and reports for PWDs; (2) Methods: An extensive search and scoping review of health policies/reports in Ghanaian government websites and Google was conducted. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines for scoping reviews were followed in selecting and reporting the policies/reports. The program evaluation and policy design framework was employed for content analysis; (3) Results: Fifteen policies and reports with political recognition, objectives, and specific resources needed to execute stipulated plans were included. Although these policies and reports had collaborative partnerships with various institutions and organisations in development and implementation plans, the level of inclusiveness of disability issues was very low. Only eight out of the fifteen policies/reports (53%) reviewed considered PWDs, indicating a low level of inclusion. The definition of disability was also limited.; (4) Conclusions: To achieve the sustainable development goal of ‘leaving no one behind’ in line with the provisions of the United Nations Convention on the Right of Persons with Disabilities and the Disability Act 715 of Ghana, it is recommended that subsequent health policies should have an in-depth engagement with PWDs from the conceptual design stage right through to implementation and evaluation.

The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Especially as Waterfowl Habitat was developed in 1971, and has established the world’s largest network of protected areas. However, monitoring and reporting have been inadequate to fully achieve the goals of the Convention. We argue that current reporting mechanisms, including the Management Effectiveness Tracking Tool (METT), Rapid Assessment and Prioritization of Protected Area Management (RAPPAM), and the R-METT reporting framework adopted at the 12th Conference of the Parties, are not well adapted to wetland systems and the objectives of the Ramsar Convention. This paper outlines one possible structure for a new reporting mechanism, explicitly focused on the Convention’s objectives of maintaining ecological character and promoting wise use within the context of sustainable development. Through these lenses, we developed a 15-question framework that would have site managers compile the most pertinent information relating to these two points quickly, including providing operational definitions, identifying allowable uses, quantifying economic benefits, reporting fundamental monitoring data, and assessing stakeholder engagement opportunities. We argue that, if we are to provide an informed outlook for the next half-century of wetland conservation under the Ramsar Convention, we must begin by refining its information-gathering protocols for its system of wetlands of international importance.

China has signed the United Nations Convention on International Settlement Agreements Resulting from Mediation, namely the Singapore Convention on Mediation, on August 7, 2019, making it possible for China’s domestic courts to resolve international commercial disputes by implementing settlement agreements resulting from international commercial mediation. Relying on the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), numerous commercial mediation organizations have successively established and integrated mediation into the international commercial dispute resolution mechanism in making effort for the internationalization of China’s commercial mediation system under the background of improving diversified dispute resolution mechanisms. Based on the status quo of commercial mediation in China, this article focuses on the connection and convergence between China’s practice and the principle of the Convention, as well as discusses the rationality for its ratification.

BackgroundTobacco companies have maintained a profitable business in Singapore, despite its strong anti-tobacco climate and commitment to protect public health policymaking from tobacco industry interference in line with Framework Convention on Tobacco Control Article 5.3. This study describes how tobacco companies influence policymaking in a highly regulated environment such as Singapore’s, where there is a strong government commitment to Article 5.3.MethodsAnalysis of internal tobacco industry documents detailing the industry’s lobbying activities in Singapore, retrieved via snowball searches in the Truth Tobacco Industry Documents Library. Subsequently, we conducted one-on-one interviews with key informants from sectors mentioned in the documents (academia, arts, government, public health, media, trade, education) to fill gaps in information and provide context to events described in the documents.ResultsIn the 1980s and 1990s, tobacco companies observed that, to influence policy within Singapore’s ‘hostile’ environment, they needed to use ‘behind the scenes’ tactics, targeting influential individuals at social functions or industry-sponsored events. Tobacco companies used arts and education sponsorships primarily for political purposes, to gain visibility with policymakers. Tobacco companies cultivated relationships with academic researchers and the media to avoid smoke-free legislation in the 1990s and, in the 2010s, appear to have used similar tactics to challenge Singapore’s e-cigarette ban.ConclusionsCountries with a strong commitment to Article 5.3 should consider the tobacco industry’s potential interference in policymaking beyond relationships in the government sector, particularly in academia, arts, education and the media, and the more subtle or indirect manners in which these relationships are built.

Relevance: the need to develop and implement in practice the organizational and pedagogical conditions for future marine engineers to acquire basic professional competency in the process of studying the educational component “Marine Engineering Practice” is determined by the provisions of International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and Watchkeeping for Seafarers, 1978, as amended (STCW) and basic IMO STCW Model Courses (Course 7.02 “Chief engineer officer and second engineer officer”, Course 7.03, Course 7.04 “Officer in charge of an engineering watch”. Aim: of the article was to substantiate the organizational and pedagogical conditions for the acquisition of primary professional competency by future marine engineers in the study of the educational component "Marine Engineering Practice" and their impact on further professional activities in the crew of a ship. Methods: theoretical (logical analysis of research in the field of professional pedagogy and methods of professional training in higher education; logical-structural analysis to determine the nature and structure of the concept of "professional competence" and "professional training of future marine engineers for practical actions on board", substantiating organizational and pedagogical conditions of the specified training); empirical (study and analysis of pedagogical experience of practical training of future marine engineers); experimental (self-assessment – to comprehend the results of professional training for interaction of the ship's crew in dangerous and emergency situations). Results: organizational and pedagogical conditions for the formation of professional competence in future marine engineers are developed and implemented in the educational process, which contributes to the construction of an effective individual educational trajectory in a higher maritime educational institution and ensures continuity of professional development of future specialists. Conclusions: it is proved that the introduction of organizational and pedagogical conditions for the acquisition of professional competencies by future ship mechanics in the process of studying the educational component "Marine Engineering Practice", gave students the opportunity to move to higher professional disciplines, as evidenced by independent testing. The effectiveness of the developed organizational and pedagogical conditions is also confirmed by the results of students' tests at the interdepartmental seminar.

The proposed article defines that the objective laws of development of the productive forces of the modern era, the acceleration of scientific and technological progress in all spheres of material production urgently require further strengthening of international economic cooperation, expansion of trade relations between countries. The study of the charter of a vessel is necessary in terms of rule-making activities aimed at further improving the rules of Soviet maritime law and the creation of international agreements, which in order to unify the law of the sea would regulate certain relations arising on the basis of charter. It is emphasized that without studying the conditions of chartering (charter) it is impossible to develop and approve standard forms or proformas of charters, each of which is a systematic presentation of the general conditions of transportation of this type or several types in a certain direction / directions. During the comparative analysis of two types of contracts of sea transportation and chartering (charter) the conclusion on different legal nature of these contracts was made. The contract of charter of the vessel belongs to group of contracts of property lease. In terms of providing crew services for chartering, of course, the charter agreement is beyond the scope of “net” lease. However, taking into account the main purpose of the contract (use and possession of property) and not taking into account the secondary purpose (services of ship's crew members), it should be noted: the contract of chartering is similar to the lease of vehicles. The article defines that the legal nature of the contract of carriage in general and the charter as one of its varieties remains within the contract of carriage. The subject of these agreements is the provision of services of a special kind - services for the movement of goods, luggage, mail, passengers in space. Relations in the field of chartering of seagoing vessels are governed by the agreement of the parties and the dispositive norms of national laws that have emerged under the influence of extensive maritime practice. In the absence of a single unified convention on maritime transport, the regulation of these relations will take place spontaneously with the use of standard proforma, which to some extent will suit the parties to the contract.

Purpose: The article shows the needs of vessel decommissioning market. Collected data used in the paper consist period of 2014-2019, before the COVID- 19 epidemy starts. To improve health, safety and life of workers as well as environmental protection related to the decommissioning process, which mainly take place in the South Asian shipyards, the concept of Design for Recycling DfR and Hong Kong Convention are brought up into the daylight. Implementing the DfR is to make the whole decommissioning process as simple and cost-effective as possible. The vessel design stage, with selection of building materials and new technologies used, is the area where constant changes and updates are taking place. Making the Honk Kong Convention alive, will put the duty on the ship owners to dismantle their vessels in shipyards, which are authorized by the adequate Administration of State. Methodology/Approach: Data used for analysis were implemented from UNCTAD. Final deductions has been shown in tables and figures. Findings: Ratification of HK Convention is essential to improve protection of the workers involved in decommissioning process and to protect environment. Practical Implications: Analysis presented in the article underline the need of changes in vessel dismantling market. Originality/Value: Collected data are the basement into the future analyses of the whole decommissioning market area., peer-reviewed

This paper attempts to bring forward the idea of organizing a green event. A case study was conducted at AOS Convention and Events Sdn. Bhd. which is one of event’s company in Kuala Lumpur. Based on active participative observation and semi-structure interview it found that AOS Convention and Events Sdn. Bhd. is very committed to practice green during an event. It also found that the event’s attendees who attended the event were very satisfied with the organizing of event by the event’s organizer. Future researcher is suggested to explore more on the value of organizing a green event. Keywords: Green event; Salue; Sustainable event eISSN: 2398-4287© 2021. The Authors. Published for AMER ABRA cE-Bs by e-International Publishing House, Ltd., UK. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Peer–review under responsibility of AMER (Association of Malaysian Environment-Behaviour Researchers), ABRA (Association of Behavioural Researchers on Asians/Africans/Arabians) and cE-Bs (Centre for Environment-Behaviour Studies), Faculty of Architecture, Planning & Surveying, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia. DOI: https://doi.org/10.21834/ebpj.v6iSI4.2920

Objectives: This paper studies the legal system of tobacco control based on environmental protection law under the background of the Framework Convention on tobacco control. Methods: Using the research methods of comparative analysis and literature analysis, and taking the tobacco control law as the starting point, this paper expounds the development of global tobacco control civilization and the historical process of tobacco control at home and abroad. By analyzing the problems existing in the production, sales and consumption of tobacco products in China, we can trace the source in the specific links of the life cycle of tobacco products. At the same time, this paper systematically analyzes the defects of China's tobacco control system in taxation and private rights, and summarizes the shortcomings of China's tobacco control system. Results: Many cities have begun to try to enact non-smoking regulations to control smoking in public places. China's deficiencies in this regard are mainly due to the low level of relevant laws and regulations, which are basically local laws and administrative rules. The second is the problem of implementation, resulting in the inadequate or virtual implementation of many laws. Conclusion: From the development trend of various countries, the view of respecting others' health rights and gradually banning smoking has gradually become everyone's consensus. The consolidation of this understanding needs the support of laws to form a set of nonsmoking system with national laws as the core and administrative rules and local regulations as the supplement. Rights and responsibilities are clear, and rewards and punishments are based on evidence. Only in this way can we ensure to reduce the smoking rate, protect everyone's health, and finally form a good atmosphere of no smoking and no respect for smoking in the whole society.

Cloud computing is one of the developments of the internet of things. It can say that it is a new industry in era revolution 4.0. particular to store data, including customer data privacy. The research aims to determine some regulations and protection of cloud computing at either international or national levels. The research methods are normative legal research which applies some regulations both international and national legal instruments. The research results show that some international instruments can be seen in general and specific international instruments. The general instruments are such as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948 (UDHR) and International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 1996; the specific instruments are such as OECD Guidelines Governing the Protection of Privacy and Transborder Flows of Personal Data, 1980, Council of Europe Convention for the Protection of Individuals concerning the Processing of Personal Data, 1981, and United Nation General Assembly Resolution on the Right of Privacy in the Digital Age, 2014. In the Indonesian context, the regulation of it can be seen such as The Law No. 39 of 1999 Concerning Human Rights, The Law No. 14 of 2008 Concerning Public Information Disclosure, The Law No. 36 of 2009 Concerning Health, the Law No. 19 of 2016 concerning amendment of the Law No. 11 of 2008 concerning Information and Electronic Transaction and other sectoral regulation. Therefore, it can conclude that the need for regulation of cloud computing and its protection is needed to guarantee that those data are protected.

Consistent with their treatment of individual participants, educational researchers regularly use pseudonyms to reference their study sites. The rationales, strategies, and implications of masking ...

PurposeThe impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic have transformed the global outlook for international higher education. Given the rapid shift to online learning, the Tokyo Convention in the Asia-Pacific entrusted to UNESCO has become an important policy framework to facilitate regional collaboration, authoritative information sharing and recognition of qualifications across diverse modes of learning. This paper examines the role of the Tokyo Convention to establish an inclusive platform for monitoring and collaborative governance of mobility and internationalization based on fair and transparent recognition policies and practices in the Asia-Pacific.Design/methodology/approachIn August 2019, a standardized survey instrument was sent by the Secretariat of the Tokyo Convention Committee at UNESCO Bangkok to competent recognition authorities in 46 countries in the Asia-Pacific, including the eight State Parties to the Tokyo Convention that ratified the Convention as of the reporting period. In total, qualitative data from n = 27 countries/states was received and analyzed to assess implementation of the Tokyo Convention throughout the region. The research design illustrates how normative instruments such as the Tokyo Convention are monitored and assessed over time.FindingsA multi-stakeholder approach based on collaborative governance is needed to effectively monitor implementation and implications of the Tokyo Convention for diverse higher education stakeholders in the Asia-Pacific region.Research limitations/implicationsImplications include establishing baseline data and methods for monitoring implementation of the Tokyo Convention. Based on collaborative governance theory, the paper explores potential for a multi-stakeholder approach to promote mutual accountability in the Asia-Pacific and to develop mechanisms for inclusive participation in the governance of the forthcoming Global Convention on recognition.Originality/valueAs the first systematic review of its kind, this paper includes a unique dataset and insights into UNESCO's methodology to monitor implementation of standard-setting instruments for qualifications recognition in the Asia-Pacific.

A theoretical understanding is offered to help explore how students attempt to reconcile divergent narratives around the purposes of Higher Education in relation to their own writing. Drawing from the twin notions of centripetal and centrifugal forces, the paper discusses the ways that students both follow and resist convention in their own writing, and their reasons for doing so. In revealing the intricate oscillation between restrictive and expansive writing approaches, the research suggests that students ‘tilt’ their writing according to a diverse and broad understanding of higher education learning. Derived from semi-structured interviews with undergraduate students at a pre-1992 university, the research challenges the over-emphasis placed on consumeristic agendas of students and provides insights beneficial for practitioners involved in the supporting and assessing of student writing in Higher Education.

It is not uncommon to see prices that end with a 9 or 99, be it in a restaurant, grocery store, or clothes store. Yet, this convention in pricing is typically found in the US, and evidence of it in...

The justice system is increasingly reliant on new technologies such as artificial intelligence (AI). In the field of criminal law this also extends to the methods utilized by police for preventing crime. Though policing is not explicitly covered by Article 6 of the European Convention of Human Rights, this article will demonstrate that there can be adverse effects of policing on fair trial rights and make the analogy to criminal investigations as a recognized pre-trial process. Specifically, it will argue that policing that relies on AI to predict crime has direct effects on fair trial processes such as the equality of arms, the presumption of innocence, and the right to confront the evidence produced against a defendant. It will conclude by challenging the notion that AI is always an appropriate tool for legal processes.

The purpose of this article is to identify the features of restriction of ownership on the subjects of technology transfer regarding production of medicines and the right to run business on the import of medicines in conditions of conflict and temporary occupation. The methodological basis of the conducted research is the general methods of scientific cognitivism as well as concerning those used in legal science: methods of analysis and synthesis, formal logic, comparative law etc. When determining the legitimate purpose of restriction, it is necessary to apply the principle of proportionality, which is the concordance of measures applied to the above entities in order to limit the exercise of their rights with those public values that are protected by such restriction. On the procedural level, the State having realized the right for withdrawal has to comprehensively inform the General Secretary of the Council of Europe as for the measures taken and the reasons for them, as well as the time when those measures have ceased to apply and the provisions of the Convention are profoundly applied again. As the case law of the European Court of Human Rights shows, the derogation from the obligations under the Convention must have territorial and temporal specifications. The following features of the constitutional and legal regulation of restriction of property rights for subjects of technology transfer to the production of medicines are revealed: 1) restrictions on the implementation of these rights should be provided by the law, which must meet the following requirements: clarity, accuracy, accessibility; 2) the measure is a temporal one; 3) the range of entities in respect of which it is applied to are the subjects of technology transfer being residents of the aggressor country; 4)legitimate purpose of implementation is protection of public values (national security, life and health of persons staying on the territory of Ukraine, territorial integrity, etc.); 5) necessary in democratic society. The following features of the constitutional and legal regulation of restrictions on the right for running business activities regarding import of medicines during conflict and temporary occupation of the part of the territory of Ukraine by the Russian Federation are revealed: 1) restrictions on the exercise of these rights are provided by the Law of Ukraine “On Foreign Economic Activity” from 04.07.2017 №18.1-07/18369, which meets the following requirements: clarity, accuracy, accessibility; 2)the measure is temporal one; 3) the range of entities in respect of which it is applied to is addressed to the applicants of medicinal products, alternative and/or potential manufacturers, applicants-holders of registration certificates of which are the subjects of the Russian Federation; 4) legitimate purpose of implementation is protection of life and health of persons staying on the territory of Ukraine in connection with the impossibility of providing Ukraine with proper control over the quality of production of medicines within the Russian Federation; 5) necessary in democratic society. &nbsp, Мета цієї статті полягає в виявленні особливостей обмеження права власності суб’єктів трансферу технологій у виробництво лікарських засобів та права на здійснення підприємництва з імпорту лікарських засобів в умовах конфлікту та тимчасової окупації. Методологічною основою цього дослідження є загальні та спеціальні методи наукового пізнання: формально-логічний метод, порівняльно-правовий, структурно-логічний, інші. Зазначається, що при визначенні легітимної мети обмеження необхідно застосовувати принцип пропорційності, що полягає у співрозмірності заходів, які застосовуються до вище зазначених суб’єктів з метою обмежити реалізацію їх прав, з тими суспільними цінностями, які захищаються шляхом здійснення такого обмеження. На процедурному рівні, держава, використавши це право на відступ, у повному обсязі повинна інформувати Генерального секретаря Ради Європи про вжиті нею заходи і причини їх вжиття, а також повідомити про час, коли такі заходи перестали застосовуватися, а положення Конвенції знову застосовуються повною мірою. Крім того, як свідчить практика Європейського суду з прав людини, відступ від зобов’язань за Конвенцією повинен мати територіальний і тимчасовий характер. Виявлено такі особливості конституційно-правового регулювання обмеження права власності суб’єктів трансферу технологій у виробництво лікарських засобів: 1) обмеження щодо реалізації цих прав має бути передбачено законом, який має відповідати таким вимогам: ясність, чіткість, доступність; 2) захід є заходом тимчасового характеру; 3) коло суб’єктів, щодо яких засосовується – суб’єкти трансферу технологій - резиденти країни-агресора; 4) легітимна мета здійснення - захист суспільних цінностей (національної безпеки, життя і здоров’я осіб, які перебувають на території України, територіальної цілісності тощо); 5) є необхідним у демократичному суспільстві. Виявлено такі особливості конституційно-правового регулювання обмеження права на здійснення підприємницької діяльності з імпорту лікарських засобів в умовах конфлікту та тимчасової окупації Російською Федерацією частини території України: 1) обмеження щодо реалізації цих прав передбачається Законом України «Про зовнішньоекономічну діяльність», листом Міністерства охорони здоров’я України від 04.07.2017 року №18.1-07/18369, який відповідає таким вимогам: ясність, чіткість, доступність; 2) захід є заходом тимчасового характеру; 3) коло суб’єктів, щодо яких засосовується – адресований заявникам лікарських засобів, альтернативним та/або потенційним виробникам, заявникам-власникам реєстраційних посвідчень яких є суб'єкти Російської Федерації; 4) легітимна мета здійснення – захист життя і здоров’я осіб, які перебувають на території України у зв’язку з неможливістю забезпечення Україною належного контролю за якістю виробництва лікарських засобів в РФ ; 5) є необхідним у демократичному суспільстві. \