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Rationale: In addition to the overwhelming lung inflammation that prevails in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), hypercoagulation and thrombosis contribute to the lethality of subjects infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. Platelets are chiefly implicated in thrombosis. Moreover, they can interact with viruses and are an important source of inflammatory mediators. While a lower platelet count is associated with severity and mortality, little is known about platelet function during COVID-19. Objective: To evaluate the contribution of platelets to inflammation and thrombosis in patients with COVID-19. Methods and Results: Blood was collected from 115 consecutive patients with COVID-19 presenting nonsevere (n=71) and severe (n=44) respiratory symptoms. We document the presence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 RNA associated with platelets of patients with COVID-19. Exhaustive assessment of cytokines in plasma and in platelets revealed the modulation of platelet-associated cytokine levels in both patients with nonsevere and severe COVID-19, pointing to a direct contribution of platelets to the plasmatic cytokine load. Moreover, we demonstrate that platelets release their alpha- and dense-granule contents in both nonsevere and severe forms of COVID-19. In comparison to concentrations measured in healthy volunteers, phosphatidylserine-exposing platelet extracellular vesicles were increased in nonsevere, but not in severe cases of COVID-19. Levels of D-dimers, a marker of thrombosis, failed to correlate with any measured indicators of platelet activation. Functionally, platelets were hyperactivated in COVID-19 subjects presenting nonsevere and severe symptoms, with aggregation occurring at suboptimal thrombin concentrations. Furthermore, platelets adhered more efficiently onto collagen-coated surfaces under flow conditions. Conclusions: Taken together, the data suggest that platelets are at the frontline of COVID-19 pathogenesis, as they release various sets of molecules through the different stages of the disease. Platelets may thus have the potential to contribute to the overwhelming thrombo-inflammation in COVID-19, and the inhibition of pathways related to platelet activation may improve the outcomes during COVID-19.

RationaleIn addition to the overwhelming lung inflammation that prevails in COVID-19, hypercoagulation and thrombosis contribute to the lethality of subjects infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Platelets are chiefly implicated in thrombosis. Moreover, they can interact with viruses and are an important source of inflammatory mediators. While a lower platelet count is associated with severity and mortality, little is known about platelet function during COVID-19.ObjectiveTo evaluate the contribution of platelets to inflammation and thrombosis in COVID-19 patients.Methods and ResultsWe document the presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in platelets of COVID-19 patients. Exhaustive assessment of cytokines in plasma and in platelets revealed the modulation of platelet-associated cytokine levels in COVID-19, pointing to a direct contribution of platelets to the plasmatic cytokine load. Moreover, we demonstrate that platelets release their alpha- and dense-granule contents and phosphatidylserine-exposing extracellular vesicles. Functionally, platelets were hyperactivated in COVID-19 subjects, with aggregation occurring at suboptimal thrombin concentrations. Furthermore, platelets adhered more efficiently onto collagen-coated surfaces under flow conditions.ConclusionsThese data suggest that platelets could participate in the dissemination of SARS-CoV-2 and in the overwhelming thrombo-inflammation observed in COVID-19. Thus, blockade of platelet activation pathways may improve outcomes in this disease.KEY POINTSPlatelets are a source of inflammatory cytokines and degranulate in COVID-19 Platelets contain SARS-CoV-2 RNA molecules and are prone to activation in COVID-19Subject termsInfectious diseases/Emerging infectious diseases, SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19, Hematology, Platelets

Background The left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) is the key selection criterion for an implanted cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) in primary prevention of sudden cardiac death. LVEF is usually assessed by two-dimensional echocardiography, but cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging is increasingly used. The aim of our study was to evaluate whether LVEF assessment using CMR imaging (CMR-LVEF) or two-dimensional echocardiography (2D echo-LVEF) may predict differently the occurrence of clinical outcomes. Methods In this retrospective study, we reviewed patients referred for primary prevention ICD implantation to Caen University Hospital from 2005 to 2014. We included 173 patients with either ischemic (n = 120) or dilated cardiomyopathy (n = 53) and who had undergone pre-ICD CMR imaging. The primary composite end point was the time to death from any cause or first appropriate device therapy. Results The mean CMR-LVEF was significantly lower than the mean 2D echo-LVEF (24% ± 6 vs 28% ± 6, respectively; p p = 0.002) than 2D echo-LVEF with a cut-off value of 26% (HR = 1.61; 95% CI [0.99–2.61]; p = 0.056). Combination of the presence of scar with CMR-LVEFp p = 0.026), whereas 2D echo-LVEF was not associated with death. Conclusions CMR-LVEF is better associated with clinical outcomes than 2D echo-LVEF in primary prevention using an ICD. Scar identification further improved the outcome prediction. The combination of CMR imaging and echocardiography should be encouraged in addition to other risk markers to better select patients.

Introduction L’analyse des données épidémiocliniques de l’infection COVID-19 fait dévoiler que le surpoids constitue un facteur de risque majeur des formes sévères. Le mécanisme suggéré est l’activation immunitaire et l’amplification de la réaction inflammatoire liée aux cytokines. Le but de notre travail est de décrire le profil inflammatoire au cours de cette infection chez cette population à risque. Matériels et méthodes Étude rétrospective menée sur 40 patients colligés au sein de l’unité Covid destinée aux patients stables CHU-Mohammed-VI-Oujda-Maroc. Les données cliniques, biologiques, et radiologiques de l’ensemble des patients ont été analysées par le logiciel SPSS-version 21. Résultats L’analyse de notre série trouve 24 femmes et 16 hommes avec un âge moyen de 57,4 ± 10,5 ans. 40,9 % des patients étaient diabétiques et 64,7 % étaient hypertendus. 50 %des patients ayant un IMC entre 30-40 kg/m2, 35 % ayant un IMC supérieur à 40,15 % sont en surpoids. 65 % des patients avaient une saturation en 02 d’admission

The objective of this paper is to evaluate the impact of information demand and supply on stock market trading volume. Few studies have demonstrated the role of Google search data in analyzing trading volume activity. In this study, we employ a proxy for information demand which is derived from weekly internet search volume. The latest is from Google Trends database, for 25 of the largest stocks traded on CAC40 index, between April 2007 and March 2014. We use news headlines as a proxy for information supply. We use Garch model to analyze and predict trading volume. The empirical results present new evidences. First, information supply has an impact on trading volume but information demand's impact is much more important. Secondly, by applying MCA to results found, it could be concluded that the impact of public information on transaction volume is conditioned by two elements: the firm and market news disclosure and the second element relates to the characteristics of the market participants, more precisely their news interpretations and their risk aversion. Thirdly, we used Chow structural break test to verify the stability of our model. We found that for securities with structural changes, information demand is the responsible variable of the change in our model. Finally, we found that information variables have a predictive power on transaction volume. This paper contributes to existing literature by incorporating open source internet-based data into the analysis and prediction of transaction volume. Using internet information about the stock market, which has appeared recently as an interesting research for financial empiricists, computer scientists and practitioners, will have a very important utility because quantifying demand and supply of information becomes possible.

This research examines the presence of performance persistence and the impact of fund-specific characteristics on Islamic equity fund (IEF) performance. We conduct an empirical study based on an extensive Database of 301 IEFs and for the period 1999–2013. Our results reveal that fund age, family size and management fees have a significant positive impact on IEF performance. On the other hand, other characteristics such as flows, minimum investment size, higher liquidity, and load fees have negative effect on fund performance, whereas fund size has no significant impact on IEF performance. Our study reveals that Islamic equity funds exhibit negative performance persistence. The paper provides relevant practical implications for managers, analysts and investors. To our knowledge, this empirical study is the first to investigate the intrinsic determinants of Islamic equity fund performance, with sufficient statistical power that is based on an effective sample size with international diversity.

The development of mobile applications becomes increasingly popular in our daily life due to the intensive use of applications in mobile devices like smartphones and tablets. The diversity and variety of mobile operating systems (Android, iOS, Black Berry, Windows Phone, etc.) make software engineers in front of a big challenge to develop the same application for these different platforms. This paper presents a methodology based on the Model Driven Architecture (MDA) to develop mobile applications according to the principle “develops once, use everywhere”. Our approach exploits UML modeling and Acceleo to generate specific code in order to accelerate and facilitate the development of mobile applications.

BACKGROUND: Helicobacter pylori (HP) infection has become one of the most common infections in adults and children. In children, the principal symptoms are the epigastralgia, with a repercussion on growth and epigastric sensibility on palpation. The presence of HP multiplies the risk of developing gastric cancer. The diagnosis of HP infection is made by high digestive endoscopy (which targets gastritis and/or peptic ulcer), allowing biopsies to be taken at the antropharmic level. Other non-invasive screening tests such as serology are used for epidemiological studies and not for the diagnosis of acute infection. PURPOSE: The objective of this work is to evaluate the cost of sequential treatment in children with epigastralgic symptoms and having a positive serology at HP, and to compare it with the cost of the usual procedure, which consists of digestive endoscopy plus anatomopathological examination. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A search for anti-HP antibodies was carried out in all children who visited the paediatric hospital and had digestive symptoms of HP in addition to endoscopic and anatomopathological examination. A questionnaire was completed by conducting a direct interview with the parents of the patients in order to get an idea of the socio-economic level of these children and explore the family antecedents. We then calculated the cost of a sequential treatment and the cost of the endoscopic and pathological examination. Statistical analysis were performed with SPSS 13.0. RESULTS: One hundred and six children were included in this study. Anti-HP antibodies were found in 72% of symptomatic children. The comparason between serological and anatomopathological examination was significant (88% of children with positive anatomopathological examination results have anti-HP antibodies, p

The paper aims to analyze the efficiency of Islamic equity funds (IEF) during crisis and growth periods and across six investment regions. To our best knowledge, our study uses for the first time the meta-frontier approach with data envelopment analysis (DEA) to compare the relative efficiency of Islamic equity funds. The paper uses a large scale set of data with a sample of 301 IEF for the period of 1993–2013 which enables us to reach conclusions across different investment regions and across different periods which cannot be made with a small size set of data. The paper provides empirical evidence about the improvement of the efficiency levels between 2002 and 2007. It shows that the average efficiency scores during recession periods are higher than the corresponding scores during growth periods. The paper also reveals that the Asia Pacific and Middle East/Africa investment regions exhibit the best technology for IEF. While North America, Europe, Emerging Markets and funds investing worldwide operate with almost the same scores and remain below the average showing a technology gap from “the best practice” for IEF. For funds investing worldwide and in North America, the meta-technology ratio is steadily increasing since 2009, indicating an improvement in their technologies. Our results suggest that although Islamic funds do not seem to be impacted by the financial crisis, they do need to improve their efficiency since the levels are far below the frontier.

Today, the exponential growth of mobile users and applications make the development of mobile applications as one of the most important areas in software industry. The intensive use of applications in mobile devices makes the development of mobile applications more important and increasingly popular in our environment. Due to the diversity of mobile operating systems, developing applications for different platforms, separately, is becoming increasingly difficult and need considerable resources. What makes software engineers facing a real challenge to investigate cross platform mobile development solutions. The main purpose of this paper focuses specifically on a methodology based on the Model Driven Architecture approach to generate mobile applications for multiple platforms according to the principle (Develop Once, Run everywhere). We developed all meta-classes needed to generate a mobile. Also we applied the approach by template and used the Acceleo as a transformation language. The algorithm of transformation manages all CRUD operations with the aim to facilitate and accelerate the development of mobiles applications. We have demonstrated the potential of the model driven approaches to increase development productivity and to improve application quality by describing a solution in high-level of abstractions and the use of models to generate the common aspects of applications.

Background Children with cardiac defects need many hospitalizations and repetitive antibiotic therapies, with an increasing risk of colonization with multidrug-resistant bacteria (MDRB) such as extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (ESBL-E) Post-operative infections with these bacteria in paediatric cardiac surgery are life threatening. This article aims to study the prevalence of ESBL colonization among paediatric cardiac surgery patients, and to compare occurrence of post-operative infections with and without ESBL colonization. We also aim to study the correlation between the onset of postoperative infection and other parameters such as age, length of stay and preoperative antibiotic therapy. Methods A retrospective cohort study included paediatric cardiac surgery patients in Cheikh Zaid hospital in Rabat, Morocco, between the 1st of January 2011 and 31 December 2014. A screening for ESBL colonization was requested for children who had a risk factor (previous hospitalization and/or taking antibiotics) at admission. Swabs were collected from three sites (throat, nose and anus). Two groups were compared – patients colonized and not colonized with ESBLs. Statistical analysis was performed using R software. Results ESBL colonization screening was performed in 111 patients. Positive colonization was detected in 17 cases (15%). Klebsiella pneumoniae (KP): 9 (53%) was the most frequently isolated species. Among the 17 patients, 23.5% (4/17) developed a postoperative infection due to ESBLs versus only one patient without colonization (1%). There was a statically significant difference in terms of occurrence of postoperative infection between the two groups (p = 0.001). Relative risk of developing a postoperative infection with positive colonization was 22 (95% CI, 8.37–58.5). Conclusions The analysis of colonization with multidrug-resistant bacteria and the prevention of nosocomial infections appear to be important challenges for paediatric cardiac surgery. Systematic screening of ESBL colonization for cardiac surgery could have a significant contribution, on one hand to guide prophylactic antibiotic therapy of patients, and on the other, to prevent spread of those infections.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to analyse the impact of industrial diversification on the profitability of contrarian and momentum strategies.Design/methodology/approachUsing monthly returns, the weighted relative strength strategy (WRSS) is applied to 249 American listed stocks from January 1994 to April 2004. To study the impact of the 2000 crash on the results, the WRSS strategy during the 01/1994‐03/2000 and 04/2000‐04/2004 sub‐periods was implemented. Then, firms are classified, according to the intensity of their industrial diversification by Ward's method of hierarchical cluster analysis, into two sub‐samples: the diversified and non‐diversified samples. The WRSS strategy was re‐implemented on these sub‐samples. Finally, the Bootstrap without replacement is used to explore the risk‐based explanation of the trading strategies' profitability.FindingsResults show that the momentum strategy seems to be no more profitable in the recent years. In fact, while momentum strategies earn large positive and significant returns before the 2000 crash, these returns are negative after the crash. Moreover, before the crash, the momentum effect was more pronounced for the non‐diversified sample. After the crash, a contrarian effect more important for this sample was identified. Finally, the Bootstrap without replacement results do not support the risk‐based explanation.Research limitations/implicationsFuture research may study the impact of diversification on investor psychology.Practical implicationsDiversified firms are efficiently valued. However, specialized firms are not correctly valued.Originality/valueThis is the first study that shows that contrarian or momentum portfolios formed by industrial diversification did not yield significant return.

Resume Objectifs Ce travail avait pour objectifs de faire le point sur la frequence de la resistance d’ Escherichia coli isolees des urines aux fluoroquinolones et aux cephalosporines de troisieme generation chez les patients consultants et hospitalises et estimer le taux des souches multiresistantes d’ E. coli . Patients et methodes Il s’agit d’une etude retrospective qui s’est deroulee sur une periode de trois annees (du 1 er janvier 2005 au 31 decembre 2007). Elle a porte sur 819 patients presentant une infection urinaire confirmee par le laboratoire de l’hopital universitaire Cheikh Zayd de Rabat. Resultats E. coli a ete impliquee dans 57 % de l’ensemble des cas d’infections urinaires recensees. La frequence de la resistance de ce germe aux fluoroquinolones a ete de 27 %. Nos resultats ont montre la presence de dix souches d’ E. coli qui etaient a la fois productrices de β-lactamases a spectre etendu, resistantes aux aminosides et aux fluoroquinolones. Conclusions La resistance d’ E. coli aux fluoroquinolones est devenue preoccupante tant en milieu hospitalier qu’en communautaire. Dix souches multiresistantes susceptibles d’etre porteuses de plasmides codants pour la resistance aux fluoroquinolones et aux cephalosporines de troisieme generation ont ete detectees. L’avenement de ce mecanisme de resistance implique une utilisation plus rationnelle des fluoroquinolones, en particulier comme traitement de premiere intention des infections urinaires.

Resume Objectifs Le but de cette etude est d’evaluer l’activite in vitro de plusieurs antibiotiques contre les souches de Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). Methodes Cette etude prospective a dure deux annees, de mars 2006 a mars 2008 et a ete realisee dans deux hopitaux universitaires a Rabat au Maroc. Quatre cent soixante et un souches de S. aureus, non repetitives, ont ete isolees de divers prelevements provenant de differents services des dits hopitaux. La sensibilite des souches a ete determinee en utilisant la methode de diffusion en milieu gelose. Resultats Le taux de resistance de S. aureus a la methicilline etait de 19,3 % ; alors que 53,93 % des memes souches etaient resistantes a la gentamicine et toutes etaient sensibles aux glycopeptides. Conclusions Le taux des S. aureus a la methicilline (SARM) etait eleve. La resistance a la meticilline etait souvent associee a d’autres resistances telle que la gentamicine et les fluoroquinolones. La vancomycine et la teicoplanine sont encore des antibiotiques efficaces sur les S. aureus dans les deux hopitaux universitaires.

Resume But de l’etude Cette etude consistait a evaluer la prevalence de l’infection par le virus de l’hepatite C (VHC) dans la population generale au Maroc et d’evaluer les differents tests serologiques de depistage par rapport a la presence de l’ARN viral afin de proposer les tests les plus performants permettant de detecter les patients viremiques. Methodes Du 1er decembre 2005 au 30 avril 2007, on a determine la prevalence des anticorps anti-VHC chez 8326 personnes. La moyenne d’âge a ete de 42,3 ± 11,23 ans (18 a 87 ans) avec un sex-ratio homme/femme de 1,6. Pour la totalite des personnes incluses dans l’etude, la determination des anticorps anti-VHC a ete realisee par l’enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (Elisa) de troisieme generation. Parmi les cas detectes anti-VHC negatifs, 100 ont ete evalues par deux autres methodes : AxSYM HCV et un test rapide (Acon® VHC) utilisant l’immunochromatographie sur membrane comme principe. Parmi les cas Elisa positifs, 158 ont ete evalues par les deux techniques precedentes et ont ete soumis a la recherche d’ARN viral par RT-PCR. Le seuil de detection a ete fixe a 50 Ul/mL. Resultats La prevalence des anti-HCV determinee par Elisa a ete de 1,93 %. La moyenne d’âge des cas positifs a ete de 50,4 ans. La prevalence de la viremie chez les anti-VHC positif par Elisa a ete de 39 %. L’evaluation des methodes AxSYM HCV, Acon® et PCR comparees a Elisa a montre que les 100 cas anti-VHC negatifs ont ete egalement negatifs pour les deux autres tests. Pour les 158 cas anti-VHC positifs par Elisa, 100 ont ete aussi positifs par AxSYM HCV, 78 par Acon® HCV et 61ont ete ARN positifs. La comparaison des resultats positifs en anti-VHC obtenus par methode AxSYM HCV et Acon® HCV comparee a la presence d’ARN viral, a montre que la methode AxSYM HCV a une sensibilite de 100 %, une specificite de 60 %, une valeur predictive positive a 61 % et une valeur predictive negative a 100%. Alors que pour l’Acon® HCV, la sensibilite a ete de 99 %, la specificite de 87 %, la valeur predictive positive a 82 % et la valeur predictive negative a 100 %. Conclusion La prevalence des anti-VHC obtenue par Elisa a ete surestimee. Il est necessaire d’utiliser des tests plus specifiques pour reduire le risque d’annoncer un faux resultat positif pour le patient et pour reduire les frais lies a la realisation de PCR en cas de faux positifs.

Resume Objectif Nous rapportons dans cette etude une estimation de la prevalence des angines a Streptococcus pyogenes au Maroc, chez l’enfant et chez l’adulte. On fera etat de la sensibilite des memes germes aux aminopenicillines et a l’erythromycine. Patients et methodes Il s’agit d’une etude prospective realisee dans quatre centres de sante a Rabat et Sale sur une periode d’un an (mars 2006 a fevrier 2007). Au cours de cette periode, 697 personnes (494 enfants et 203 adultes) ont fait l’objet de prelevements par ecouvillonnage de la gorge, pour la recherche de Streptococcus groupe A. Les patients retenus etaient ceux proposes par leurs medecins pour le traitement d’une angine. L’etude de sensibilite aux antibiotiques a ete realisee par deux methodes : la diffusion en milieu gelose et la determination de CMI par E-test. Les antibiotiques testes etaient la penicilline G, l’amoxicilline et l’erythromycine. Resultats Le S. pyogenes a ete identifie dans 65 cas (9,3 %) repartis comme suit : 45 souches chez l’enfant (9,1 %) et 20 chez l’adulte (9,9 %). Deux pics d’angines a S. pyogenes ont ete enregistres chez les enfants de 12 a 15 ans et chez les adultes entre 36 et 39 ans. Toutes les souches de S. pyogenes isolees ont ete sensibles a la penicilline G et a l’amoxicilline. Pour l’erythromycine, une seule souche s’est revelee resistante avec une CMI superieure a 256 μg/mL.

The diversity of mobile operating systems is pushing companies to offer more services to users of smartphones and tablets. This makes developers face a challenge to develop cross-platform mobile applications, knowing that this involves an operating system (OS), a programming language, development tools and a download store. For example, Android uses the Android SDK tools, JAVA and XML, and Google Play blind. That is why code generation based on UML Models becomes very important. This paper presents a technique based on MDA approach (Model Driven Architecture) to generate from UML models codes for Android models while using the standard MOF 2.0 QVT (Meta-Object Facility 2.0 Query-View-Transformation) as a language for transforming. This technique allows converging different software development process environment depending on the end use into a single driven process model sharing resources and reducing the workload.

The development of mobile applications is increasingly growing up in our environment due to the intensive use of applications in mobile devices with touch screens. However, the diversity of mobile operating systems (iOS, Windows Phone, Android, etc.), requires additional cares like code efficiency, interaction with device resources, as well as short time to market. What makes developers facing a big challenge of developing the same application for different platforms. Considering this development complexity, we directed our work to platforms using Model Driven Architecture (MDA) combined with UML, as previously used in software engineering, can offer abstraction and automation for mobile applications developers. This paper presents a MDA approach for mobile applications development including UML based modeling and code generation according to the principal (Develop Once, Use Everywhere) in order to facilitate and accelerate the development of mobile applications.

Today, the development of mobile applications becomes more important and increasingly popular in our environment due to the intensive use of applications in mobile devices. The diversity of mobile operating systems (iOS, Android, Windows Phone, etc.) makes software engineers facing a real challenge to develop the same applications for these different platforms. Given this development complexity, we directed our work to platforms using Model Driven Architecture (MDA) approach. This paper presents a methodology based on the MDA approach to develop mobile applications according to the principal ‘Develop Once, Use Everywhere’. Our approach exploits UML modeling and Acceleo to generate specific code in order to facilitate and accelerate the development of mobile applications. That is why we have developed two meta-models handling UML class diagrams and Android applications, then we have to set up transformation rules. The transformation rules defined in this paper can generate, from the class diagram, a classes Java files containing the necessary code of a mobile application.

International audience; Tako-Tsubo cardiomyopathy (TTC) is a reversible cardiomyopathy mimicking acute myocardial infarction characterized by a transient left ventricular (LV) apical ballooning without epicardial coronary artery disease [1]. Most remarkable is the complete reversibility of this cardiomyopathy resolving spontaneously within several weeks [1]. Conduction pathway disorders were rarely associated with TTC. We described two cases of TTC with conduction disorders persisting after improvement of left ventricular wall motion that finally motivated the implantation of pacemakers.

Objective. To study the sensitivity level of extended spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae to Carbapenems (Imipenem, Ertapenem) marketed in Morocco and discusses the place of Ertapenem in the treatment of extended spectrum-beta-lactamase-producing. Materials and Methods. A retrospective study of 110 extended spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae. Isolates obtained from blood cultures, superficial and deep pus, and catheters were conducted. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of Imipenem and Ertapenem were done by the E-test. The modified Hodge test was conducted for resistant or intermediate strains. Results. 99.1% of isolates were susceptible to Imipenem. For Ertapenem, 4 were resistant and 4 intermediate. The modified Hodge test was positive for all 08 isolates. A minimum inhibitory concentration comparison of K. pneumoniae, E. cloacae, and E. coli for Imipenem has noted a significant difference between E. cloacae on one hand and E. coli, K. pneumoniae on the other hand ( 𝑃 < 0 . 0 1 ). No significant difference was noted for minimum inhibitory concentration of Ertapenem. Conclusion. Our results confirm in vitro effectiveness of Ertapenem against extended spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae as reported elsewhere. However, the emergence of resistance to Carbapenems revealed by production of carbapenemases in this study confirmed a necessary bacteriological documented infection before using Ertapenem.