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OBJECTIVE To establish consistent normal reference values for fetal anterior cerebral artery (ACA) and posterior cerebral artery (PCA) pulsatility index (PI) in prolonged pregnancy. METHODS This prospective cross-sectional observational study included singleton normal prolonged pregnancies into two study groups according to the gestational age: from 40 + 0 to 40 + 6 and from 41 + 0 to 41 + 6 weeks. The PI was assessed in both anatomical segments of ACA (ACA-S1 and ACA-S2) and of PCA (PCA-S1 and PCA-S2) with color Doppler imaging and pulsed Doppler examination, and reference centiles charts were generated. PI values from the two investigated segments of each vessel were also compared. RESULTS Data were obtained in 771 patients: n = 448 in the 40 + 0 and 40 + 6 weeks group, and n = 323 in the 41 + 0 and 41 + 6 weeks group. A moderate decrease in PI was observed as pregnancy progressed. No differences in PI values were found between the two anatomical segments of ACA and PCA. CONCLUSION This study provides Doppler reference values for the fetal ACA and PCA PI. It also shows that Doppler examination could be performed indifferently in one of the two anatomical segments of these arteries.

Vaginal birth after caesarean (VBAC) is an option to avoid major abdominal surgery and many consequences related to repeated caesarean delivery. In the last years, many efforts have been made to increase the number of patients attempting trial of labour after caesarean (TOLAC). The aim of our study was to identify the most important factors associated with the success of VBAC. A retrospective study was conducted in two Italian referral centres. Subjects included were singleton and morphologically normal pregnancy with previous C-section. Subjects with an inter-pregnancy interval shorter than 18 months, a large for gestational age baby, a pregnancy complicated with gestational diabetes and a previous unclassified uterine scar were excluded. The characteristics of the subjects were compared and a logistic regression was performed to evaluate variables associated with successful VBAC. Of the 300 patients included, 224 (74.7%) achieved VBAC while 76 (25.3%) underwent C-section after failed TOLAC. The number of previous C-sections was not significantly associated with the success of TOLAC. Factors positively associated with achievement of VBAC were previous vaginal delivery (OR of 6.88 for one and 9.68 for more than one) and oxytocin implementation (OR 3.32). No maternal and neonatal adverse events occurred. Our results show that attempting VBAC is a feasible option in referral centres after adequate evaluation of the potential factors affecting the probability of success. A careful record of obstetrical history and management of labour can provide clinicians useful information to counsel women before and during labour.

The timing of delivery for women affected by gestational diabetes (GDM) is still controversial. Good clinical practice often suggests offering induction of labor at term in order to reduce the complications associated with this condition, while recent evidence supports expectant management. Fetal Doppler parameters represent a validated tool for testing fetal well-being at term and can select pregnancies that need increased surveillance. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the role of fetal Doppler parameters at term for the prediction of pregnancy outcomes in patients affected by GDM. Prospective cohort study in a single center. Evaluation of umbilical artery (UA) PI, middle cerebral artery (MCA) PI, cerebroplacental ratio (CPR) and umbilical-to-cerebral ratio (UCR) at 37 weeks of gestation in singleton, morphologically normal pregnancies affected by GDM, was performed in order to estimate the association between ultrasound measurements at term and perinatal outcome. Regression linear analysis was used to estimate the association between fetal Doppler parameters and neonatal pH, neonatal Apgar score, neonatal weight and a composite adverse outcome. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to estimate the possible predictive value of the above association. Our results on 130 women showed MCA PI to be the best predictor of perinatal outcomes in terms of low Apgar score at the 1st minute (p = 0.00), pH (p = 0.02) and composite adverse outcome (p = 0.05). UCR showed a significant correlation with neonatal pH (p = 0.02). No significant correlations for UA PI and CPR MoMs have been demonstrated in our population. However, the small sample size is a limitation of the study. Evaluation of MCA Doppler and eventually UCR at term can be a useful tool to discriminate pregnancies affected by GDM that can benefit from IOL before 41 weeks in order to reduce complications related to this condition.ZIEL: Bei Frauen mit Gestationsdiabetes (GDM) ist die Terminierung der Entbindung nach wie vor umstritten. Gemäß der guten klinischen Praxis wird zur Verringerung der mit dieser Erkrankung einhergehenden Komplikationen empfohlen, die Wehen-Einleitung zum Geburtstermin anzubieten, während jüngste Beweise für „Beobachten und Abwarten“ sprechen. Fetale Doppler-Parameter sind eine validierte Methode, um das fetale Wohlergehen am Geburtstermin zu untersuchen und kann diejenigen Schwangerschaften identifizieren, bei denen eine engere Überwachung nötig ist. Das Ziel der vorliegenden Studie war die Bewertung der Rolle fetaler Doppler-Parameter am Geburtstermin für die Vorhersage des Schwangerschaftsausgangs bei Patienten mit GDM. Prospektive Kohortenstudie in einem einzigen Zentrum. Die Bewertung von PI der Nabelschnurarterie (UA), PI der A. cerebri media (MCA), der cerebroplacental ratio (CPR) und der umbilical-to-cerebral-ratio (UCR) wurde bei morphologisch normalen Einlings-Schwangerschaften 37 Schwangerschaftswochen mit GDM durchgeführt, um eine Assoziation zwischen Ultraschallmessungen am Geburtstermin und dem perinatalen Outcome abzuschätzen. Die lineare Regressionsanalyse wurde verwendet, um den Zusammenhang zwischen den fetalen Doppler-Parametern und dem pH-Wert, Apgar-Score, Gewicht und dem kombinierten schlechten Outcome des Neugeborenen zu untersuchen. Die Receiver-Operating-Characteristic (ROC) -Kurve wurde zur Abschätzung des möglichen Vorhersagewertes der obigen Assoziation verwendet. Unsere Ergebnisse bei 130 Frauen zeigten, dass MCA-PI der beste Prädiktor für das perinatale Outcome ist in Bezug auf einen niedrigen Apgar-Score in der 1. Minute (p = 0,00), pH-Wert (p = 0,02) und den kombinierten schlechten Outcome (p = 0,05). Die UCR zeigte eine signifikante Korrelation mit dem neonatalen pH-Wert (p = 0,02). In unserer Population wurden keine signifikanten Korrelationen für UA und CPR-MoMs nachgewiesen. Die geringe Stichprobengröße ist jedoch eine Einschränkung der Studie. Die Bewertung von MCA-Doppler und letztlich UCR am Geburtstermin können nützliche Methoden sein, um Schwangerschaften mit GDM zu unterscheiden, die von einer IOL vor der 41. Woche profitieren könnten, um die mit dieser Erkrankung einhergehenden Komplikationen zu reduzieren.

Microbiota composition is progressively being connected to different physiologic effects, such as glucose metabolism, and also to different pathologies, such as gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). GDM is a public health concern that affects an important percentage of pregnancies and is correlated with many adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes. An increasing number of studies are showing some connections between specific microbial composition of the gut microbiota and development of GDM and adverse outcomes in mothers and neonates. The aim of this review is to analyze the available data on microbial changes that characterize healthy pregnancies and pregnancies complicated by GDM and to understand the correlation of these changes with adverse maternal outcomes; this review will also discuss the consequences of these maternal gut microbiome alterations on neonatal microbiota composition and neonatal long-term outcomes.

BACKGROUND AND AIM OF THE STUDY Scientific Societies do not recommend the use of cell-free DNA (cfDNA) testing as a first-tier screening for microdeletion and microduplication syndromes (MMs). The aim of this study was to review the current available literature on the performance of cell-free DNA as a screening for MMs. METHODS Medline, Embase and the Cochrane Library were searched electronically from 2000 to January 2020 and articles reporting the diagnostic performance of cfDNA screening for MMs in large (>5000 cases) series were included. Between-study heterogeneity and random effect model for screen positive rate (SPR), false positive rate (FPR) and positive predictive value (PPV) were calculated. RESULTS We identified 42 papers, seven included, for a total of 474,189 pregnancies and 210 cases of MMs. Diagnostic verification of positive cases was available overall in 486 (71.68 %) of 678 cases. The weighted pooled SPR, FPR and PPV were 0.19% (95% CI = 0.09-0.33), 0.07 (95% CI = 0.02-0.15) and 44.1 (95% CI = 31.49-63.07). In conclusion, the pooled PPV of cfDNA testing in screening for MMs was about 40%, ranging from 29% to 91%, for an overall FPR

Introduction/Background The maternal diagnosis of cancer complicates approximately 0,1% of all pregnancies. The most frequently diagnosed malignancies are breast cancer, cervical cancer, lymphoma, ovarian cancer and melanoma. Although chemotherapy can be administered during pregnancy, its effects on obstetric and neonatal outcomes are still largely unknown. The aim of this study is to assess the oncologic management as well as the obstetric and perinatal outcomes in a consecutive series of patients diagnosed with cancer during pregnancy. Methodology Retrospective cohort study including 47 pregnant women diagnosed with primary invasive cancer during pregnancy between 2010 and 2019 at IRCCS Policlinico di Milano and Istituto Europeo Di Oncologia (Milan, Italy). All the included patients have been treated with chemotherapy during pregnancy. Oncologic, obstetric and neonatal data have been collected and compared. Linear regression analysis was used to assess the correlation between the therapy and perinatal outcomes. All the analysis were performed with Stat Direct 2.7.9 (StatsDirect Ltd, Altrincham). Results The most common malignancies diagnosed in our cohort of 47 women were: breast cancer as the most common type (87,2%), followed by lymphomas (6,4%). All the maternal characteristics are listed in table 1. All the patients were treated with chemotherapy during pregnancy consisting of different number of cycles according to the gestational age at diagnosis (1 – 12). Maternal chemotherapy-related toxicity was generally lower than expected, maximum grade 1 according to National Cancer Institute – Common toxicity Criteria (NCI-CTC). All pregnancies ended with a livebirth fetus, at a mean gestational age of 36,7 weeks. The delivery was planned at least 3 weeks after the last administration of chemotherapy: 21 patients had a vaginal delivery, 23 an elective caesarean section and 2 an emergency caesarean section. Table 2 shows the results of the correlation between maternal chemotherapy and perinatal outcomes: neonatal birthweight percentile, Apgar score and blood count parameters. No correlation has been demonstrated neither for the number of cycles or the gestational age at diagnosis and any of the outcome considered. Conclusion Our results show that administration of chemotherapy during pregnancy is not associated with perinatal complications. Neonatal birth weight, Apgar score and neonatal hematologic indices are not affected by the number of chemotherapy cycles and the gestational age at the beginning of the treatment. Disclosures Nothing to disclose.

OBJECTIVE To report the outcome of fetuses with congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection and normal ultrasound at the time of diagnosis, and to evaluate the rate of an additional anomaly detected only on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). METHODS Medline, EMBASE, CINAHL and Cochrane databases were searched for studies reporting on the outcome of fetuses with congenital CMV infection. Inclusion criteria were fetuses with confirmed CMV infection and normal ultrasound assessment at the time of the initial evaluation. The outcomes observed were an anomaly detected on a follow-up ultrasound scan, an anomaly detected on prenatal MRI but missed on ultrasound, an anomaly detected on postnatal assessment but missed prenatally, perinatal mortality, symptomatic infection at birth, neurodevelopmental outcome and hearing and visual deficits. Neurodevelopmental outcome was assessed only in cases of isolated CMV infection confirmed at birth. Subgroup analysis was performed according to the trimester in which maternal infection occurred. Random-effects meta-analysis of proportions was used to analyze the data. RESULTS Twenty-six studies were included, comprising 2603 fetuses with congenital CMV infection, of which 1178 (45.3%) had normal ultrasound at the time of diagnosis and were included in the analysis. The overall rate of an associated central nervous system (CNS) anomaly detected on a follow-up ultrasound scan was 4.4% (95% CI, 1.4-8.8%) (32/523; 15 studies), while the rates of those detected exclusively on prenatal MRI or on postnatal imaging were 5.8% (95% CI, 1.9-11.5%) (19/357; 11 studies) and 3.2% (95% CI, 0.3-9.0%) (50/660; 17 studies), respectively. The rate of an associated extra-CNS anomaly detected on a follow-up ultrasound scan was 2.9% (95% CI, 0.8-6.3%) (19/523; 15 studies), while the rates of those detected exclusively on MRI or on postnatal imaging were 0% (95% CI, 0.0-1.7%) (0/357; 11 studies) and 0.9% (95% CI, 0.3-1.8%) (4/660; 17 studies), respectively. Intrauterine death and perinatal death each occurred in 0.7% (95% CI, 0.3-1.4%) (2/824; 23 studies) of cases. In cases without an associated anomaly detected pre- or postnatally, symptomatic infection was found in 1.5% (95% CI, 0.7-2.7%) (6/548; 19 studies) of infants, the overall rate of a neurodevelopmental anomaly was 3.1% (95% CI, 1.6-5.1%) (16/550; 19 studies), and hearing problems affected 6.5% (95% CI, 3.8-10.0%) (36/550; 19 studies) of children. Subanalyses according to the trimester in which maternal infection occurred were affected by the very small number of included cases and lack of comparison of the observed outcomes in the original studies. Compared with fetuses infected in the second or third trimester, those infected in the first trimester had a relatively higher risk of having an additional anomaly detected on follow-up ultrasound or MRI, abnormal neurodevelopmental outcome and hearing problems. CONCLUSIONS In fetuses with congenital CMV infection in which no anomalies are detected on prenatal ultrasound or MRI, the risk of adverse postnatal outcome is lower than that reported previously in the published literature when not considering the role of antenatal imaging assessment. The results from this review also highlight the potential role of MRI, even in fetuses with no anomalies detected on ultrasound, as an anomaly can be detected exclusively on MRI in about 6% of cases. The findings from this study could enhance prenatal counseling of pregnancies with congenital CMV infection with normal prenatal imaging. © 2020 International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology.

OBJECTIVES: To perform a systematic review of studies reporting the outcome of fetuses with a prenatal diagnosis of isolated duplex collecting system (DCS). METHODS: Inclusion criteria were studies reporting the outcome of fetuses with a prenatal diagnosis of isolated DCS, defined as DCS not associated with other major structural anomalies at the time of diagnosis. The outcomes observed were: imaging features of DCS on prenatal ultrasound, associated anomalies detected exclusively at prenatal follow-up ultrasound and at birth, abnormal karyotype, symptoms at birth [including vesicoureteral reflux (VUR), urinary tract infections (UTI)], need for and type of surgical approach, complications after surgery and accuracy of prenatal ultrasound in correctly identifying this anomaly. RESULTS: Eleven studies (284 fetuses with a prenatal diagnosis of DCS) were included. On ultrasound, DCS was associated with ureterocele in 70.7% and with megaureter in 36.6% of cases. Worsening of pelvic/ureteric dilatation was reported to occur in 41.3% of fetuses. At birth, 4.3% of fetuses affected by DCS showed associated renal anomalies. After birth, VUR and UTI presented in 51.3% and 21.7% of children respectively, while 33.6% required surgery. Prenatal diagnosis of DCS was confirmed in 90.9% of included cases. CONCLUSION: DCS diagnosed prenatally is associated with a generally good outcome. Prenatal ultrasound has a good diagnostic accuracy, while detailed post-natal assessment is required in order to identify associated renal anomalies. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Objectives To explore the outcome of monochorionic monoamniotic (MCMA) twin pregnancies affected by twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS). Methods MEDLINE and EMBASE databases were searched for studies reporting the outcome of MCMA twin pregnancies complicated by TTTS. The primary outcome was intrauterine death (IUD); secondary outcomes were miscarriage, single IUD, double IUD, neonatal death (NND), perinatal death (PND), survival of at least one twin, survival of both twins and preterm birth (PTB) before 32 weeks' gestation. Outcomes were assessed in MCMA twins affected by TTTS not undergoing intervention and in those treated with amniodrainage, laser therapy or cord occlusion. Subgroup analysis was performed including cases diagnosed before 24 weeks. Random-effects meta-analysis of proportions was used to analyze the data. Results Fifteen cohort studies, including 888 MCMA twin pregnancies, of which 44 were affected by TTTS, were included in the review. There was no randomized trial comparing the different management options in MCMA twin pregnancies complicated by TTTS. In cases not undergoing intervention, miscarriage occurred in 11.0% of fetuses, while the incidence of IUD, NND and PND was 25.2%, 12.2% and 31.2%, respectively. PTB complicated 50.5% of these pregnancies. In cases treated by laser surgery, the incidence of miscarriage, IUD, NND and PND was 19.6%, 27.4%, 7.4% and 35.9%, respectively, and the incidence of PTB before 32 weeks' gestation was 64.9%. In cases treated with amniodrainage, the incidence of IUD, NND and PND was 31.3%, 13.5% and 45.7% respectively, and PTB complicated 76.2% of these pregnancies. Analysis of cases undergoing cord occlusion was affected by the very small number of included cases. Miscarriage occurred in 19.2%, while there was no case of IUD or NND of the surviving twin. PTB before 32 weeks occurred in 50.0% of these cases. Conclusions MCMA twin pregnancies complicated by TTTS are at high risk of perinatal mortality and PTB. Further studies are needed in order to elucidate the optimal type of prenatal treatment in these pregnancies. Copyright © 2019 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Objective To elucidate the role of Doppler ultrasound in predicting perinatal outcome in appropriate for gestational age (AGA) fetuses at term. Material and Methods Prospective study carried out in a dedicated research ultrasound clinic. The inclusion criterion was AGA fetuses, defined as those with an estimated fetal weight between the 10th and 90th percentile, at 36 + 0-37 + 6 weeks of gestation. The primary outcome was a composite score of adverse perinatal outcome including either adverse intrapartum events or abnormal acid-base status at birth. Secondary outcomes were the individual components of the primary outcome. The Doppler parameters explored were umbilical artery (UA) PI, middle cerebral artery (MCA) PI, uterine arteries (UtA) PI and cerebroplacental ratio (CPR). Attending clinicians were blinded to Doppler findings. Logistic regression and ROC curve analyses were used to analyze the data. Results 553 AGA fetuses were included. There was no difference in mean UA PI (p = 0.486), MCA PI (p = 0.621), CPR (p = 0.832) and UtA PI (p = 0.611) between pregnancies complicated by composite perinatal morbidity compared to those not complicated by composite perinatal morbidity. In pregnancies complicated by adverse intrapartum outcome, the mean MCA PI (1.47 ± 0.4 vs 1.61 ± 0.4, p = 0.0039) was lower compared to the control group, while there was no difference in UA PI (p = 0.758), CPR (p = 0.108), and UtA PI (p = 0.177). Finally, there was no difference in any of the Doppler parameters explored between AGA fetuses with abnormal acid-base status at birth compared to those without abnormal acid-base status at birth. In the logistic regression analysis, UA PI, MCA PI, CPR, UtA PI, EFW and AC percentiles were not independently associated with composite adverse outcome, adverse intrapartum outcome or abnormal acid-base status at birth in non-SGA fetuses. The diagnostic performance of all of these Doppler parameters for predicting composite adverse outcome, adverse intrapartum outcome and abnormal acid-base status was poor. Conclusion Cerebroplacental and maternal Doppler is not associated with or predictive of adverse pregnancy outcome in AGA fetuses close to term. Ziel Aufklärung der Rolle des Dopplerultraschalls bei der Vorhersage des perinatalen Outcomes von reifgeborenen Föten (AGA = appropriate for gestational age). Material und Methoden Prospektive Studie in einer speziellen Ultraschall- Forschungsklinik. Das Einschlusskriterium waren AGA-Föten, definiert durch ein geschätztes fetales Gewicht zwischen der 10. bis 90. Perzentile und der 36 + 0 bis 37 + 6 Schwangerschaftswoche. Der primäre Endpunkt war ein zusammengesetzter Score für das negative perinatale Outcome einschließlich unerwünschter intrapartaler Komplikationen oder einem abnormalen Säure-Basen-Status bei der Geburt. Den sekundären Endpunkt bildeten die Einzelparameter des primären Endpunkts. Die untersuchten Dopplerparameter waren der PI der A. umbilicalis (UA), der A. cerebri media (MCA) und der A. uterinae (UtA) und die zerebroplazentare Ratio (CPR). Die anwesenden Ärzte waren für die Dopplerbefunde blind. Zur Datenanalyse wurden logistische Regressions- und ROC-Kurvenanalysen verwendet. Ergebnisse 553 AGA-Föten wurden eingeschlossen. Es gab keinen Unterschied zwischen den mittleren Werten für UA-PI (p = 0,486), MCA-PI (p = 0,621), CPR (p = 0,832) und UtA-PI (p = 0,611) bei Schwangerschaften mit und ohne kombinierter perinataler Morbidität. In Schwangerschaften mit unerwünschten intrapartalen Komplikationen war der mittlere MCA-PI niedriger als in der Kontrollgruppe (1,47 ± 0,4 vs. 1,61 ± 0,4; p = 0,0039), während es keinen Unterschied zwischen UA-PI (p = 0,758), CPR (p = 0,108) und UtA-PI (p = 0,177) gab. Schließlich zeigten sich in keinem der untersuchten Dopplerparameter Unterschiede zwischen AGA-Föten mit abnormalem Säure-Basen-Status bei Geburt und solche ohne. In der logistischen Regressionsanalyse waren UA-PI, MCA-PI, CPR, UtA-PI, EFW und AC-Perzentilen nicht unabhängig voneinander mit einem kombinierten negativen Outcome, intrapartalen Komplikationen oder einem abnormalen Säure-Basen-Status bei der Geburt assoziiert. Die diagnostische Leistung all dieser Dopplerparameter zur Vorhersage von kombinierten intrapartalen Komplikationen und eines abnormalen Säure-Basen-Status war schlecht. Schlussfolgerung Bei AGA-Föten kurz vor Entbindung stehen zerebroplazentare und maternale Doppler nicht in Zusammenhang mit einem schlechten Schwangerschaftsoutcome bzw. sagen dieses voraus.

Purpose of the article. To explore the strength of association between different maternal and pregnancy characteristics and the occurrence of abnormally invasive placenta (AIP). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Pubmed, Embase, CINAHL databases were searched. The risk factors for AIP explored were: obesity, age > 35 years, smoking before or during pregnancy, placenta previa, prior cesarean section (CS), placenta previa and prior CS, prior uterine surgery, abortion and uterine curettage, in vitro fertilization (IVF) pregnancy and interval between a previous CS and a subsequent pregnancy. Random-effect head-to-head meta-analyses were used to analyze the data. RESULTS: Forty-six were included in the systematic review. Maternal obesity (Odd ratio, OR: 1.4, 95% CI 1.0-1.8), advanced maternal age (OR: 3.1, 95% CI 1.4-7.0) and parity (OR: 2.5, 95% CI 1.7-3.6), but not smoking were associated with a higher risk of AIP. The presence of placenta previa in women with at least a prior CS was associated with a higher risk of AIP compared to controls, with an OR of 12.0, 95% CI 1.6-88.0. Furthermore, the risk of AIP increased with the number of prior CS (OR of 2.6, 95% CI 1.6-4.4 and 5.4, 95% CI 1.7-17.4 for two and three prior CS respectively). Finally, IVF pregnancies were associated with a high risk of AIP, with an OR of 2.8 (95% CI 1.2-6.8). CONCLUSION: A prior CS and placenta previa are among the strongest risk factors for the occurrence of AIP.

Objective: To investigate the outcome of pregnancies with small baby, including both small for gestational age (SGA) and late fetal growth restriction (FGR) fetuses, undergoing induction of labor (IOL) with Dinoprostone, Misoprostol or mechanical methods. Study design: Medline, Embase and Cochrane databases were searched. Inclusion criteria were non-anomalous singleton pregnancies complicated by the presence of a small fetus, defined as a fetus with estimated fetal weight (EFW) or abdominal circumference (AC) 3rd centile with normal cerebroplacental Dopplers). Quality assessment of each included study was performed using the Risk of Bias in Non-randomized Studies-of Interventions tool (ROBINS-I), while the GRADE methodology was used to assess the quality of the body of retrieved evidence. Meta-analyses of proportions and individual data random-effect logistic regression were used to analyze the data. Results: 12 studies (1711 pregnancies) were included. In the overall population of small fetuses, composite adverse intra-partum outcome occurred in 21.2 % (95 % CI 10.0−34.9) of pregnancies induced with Dinoprostone, 18.0 % (95 % CI 6.9−32.5) of those with Misoprostol and 11.6 % (95 % CI 5.5−19.3) of those undergoing IOL with mechanical methods. Cesarean section (CS) for non-reassuring fetal status (NRFS) was required in 18.1 % (95 % CI 9.9−28.3) of pregnancies induced with Dinoprostone, 9.4 % (95 % CI 1.4−22.0) of those with Misoprostol and 8.1 % (95 % CI 5.0−11.6) of those undergoing mechanical induction. Likewise, uterine tachysystole, was recorded on CTG in 13.8 % (95 % CI 6.9−22.3) of cases induced with Dinoprostone, 7.5 % (95 % CI 2.1−15.4) of those with Misoprostol and 3.8 % (95 % CI 0–4.4) of those induced with mechanical methods. Composite adverse perinatal outcome following delivery complicated 2.9 % (95 % CI 0.5−6.7) newborns after IOL with Dinoprostone, 0.6 % (95 % CI 0–2.5) with Misoprostol and 0.7 % (95 % CI 0–7.1) with mechanical methods. In pregnancies complicated by late FGR, adverse intrapartum outcome occurred in 25.3 % (95 % CI 18.8−32.5) of women undergoing IOL with Dinoprostone, compared to 7.4 % (95 % CI 3.9−11.7) of those with mechanical methods, while CS for NRFS was performed in 23.8 % (95 % CI 17.3−30.9) and 6.2 % (95 % CI 2.8−10.5) of the cases, respectively. Finally, in SGA fetuses, composite adverse intrapartum outcome complicated 8.4 % (95 % CI 4.6−13.0) of pregnancies induced with Dinoprostone, 18.6 % (95 % CI 13.1−25.2) of those with Misoprostol and 8.7 (95 % CI 2.5−17.5) of those undergoing mechanical IOL, while CS for NRF was performed in 8.4 % (95 % CI 4.6−13.0) of women induced with Dinoprostone, 18.6 % (95 % CI 13.1−25.2) of those with Misoprostol and 8.7 % (95 % CI 2.5−17.5) of those undergoing mechanical induction. Overall, the quality of the included studies was low and was downgraded due to considerable clinical and statistical heterogeneity. Conclusions: There is limited evidence on the optimal type of IOL in pregnancies with small fetuses. Mechanical methods seem to be associated with a lower occurrence of adverse intrapartum outcomes, but a direct comparison between different techniques could not be performed.

Objectives: To assess the role of fetal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in detecting associated anomalies in fetuses presenting with mild or moderate isolated ventriculomegaly (VM) undergoing multiplanar ultrasound evaluation of the fetal brain. Methods: This was a multicenter, retrospective, cohort study involving 15 referral fetal medicine centers in Italy, the UK and Spain. Inclusion criteria were fetuses affected by isolated mild (ventricular atrial diameter, 10.0–11.9 mm) or moderate (ventricular atrial diameter, 12.0–14.9 mm) VM on ultrasound, defined as VM with normal karyotype and no other additional central nervous system (CNS) or extra-CNS anomalies on ultrasound, undergoing detailed assessment of the fetal brain using a multiplanar approach as suggested by the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology guidelines for the fetal neurosonogram, followed by fetal MRI. The primary outcome of the study was to report the incidence of additional CNS anomalies detected exclusively on prenatal MRI and missed on ultrasound, while the secondary aim was to estimate the incidence of additional anomalies detected exclusively after birth and missed on prenatal imaging (ultrasound and MRI). Subgroup analysis according to gestational age at MRI (< 24 vs ≥ 24 weeks), laterality of VM (unilateral vs bilateral) and severity of dilatation (mild vs moderate VM) were also performed. Results: Five hundred and fifty-six fetuses with a prenatal diagnosis of isolated mild or moderate VM on ultrasound were included in the analysis. Additional structural anomalies were detected on prenatal MRI and missed on ultrasound in 5.4% (95% CI, 3.8–7.6%) of cases. When considering the type of anomaly, supratentorial intracranial hemorrhage was detected on MRI in 26.7% of fetuses, while polymicrogyria and lissencephaly were detected in 20.0% and 13.3% of cases, respectively. Hypoplasia of the corpus callosum was detected on MRI in 6.7% of cases, while dysgenesis was detected in 3.3%. Fetuses with an associated anomaly detected only on MRI were more likely to have moderate than mild VM (60.0% vs 17.7%; P < 0.001), while there was no significant difference in the proportion of cases with bilateral VM between the two groups (P = 0.2). Logistic regression analysis showed that lower maternal body mass index (adjusted odds ratio (aOR), 0.85 (95% CI, 0.7–0.99); P = 0.030), the presence of moderate VM (aOR, 5.8 (95% CI, 2.6–13.4); P < 0.001) and gestational age at MRI ≥ 24 weeks (aOR, 4.1 (95% CI, 1.1–15.3); P = 0.038) were associated independently with the probability of detecting an associated anomaly on MRI. Associated anomalies were detected exclusively at birth and missed on prenatal imaging in 3.8% of cases. Conclusions: The incidence of an associated fetal anomaly missed on ultrasound and detected only on fetal MRI in fetuses with isolated mild or moderate VM undergoing neurosonography is lower than that reported previously. The large majority of these anomalies are difficult to detect on ultrasound. The findings from this study support the practice of MRI assessment in every fetus with a prenatal diagnosis of VM, although parents can be reassured of the low risk of an associated anomaly when VM is isolated on neurosonography. Copyright © 2020 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

The main aim of this systematic review was to evaluate the prevalence and type of associated anomalies in fetuses with heterotaxy diagnosed prenatally on ultrasound; the perinatal outcome of these fetuses was also studied.An electronic search of MEDLINE, EMBASE and CINAHL databases was performed. Only studies reporting the prenatal diagnosis of isomerism were included. Outcomes observed included associated cardiac and extracardiac anomalies, fetal arrhythmia, abnormal karyotype, type of surgical repair and perinatal mortality. The analysis was stratified according to the type of heterotaxy syndrome (left (LAI) or right (RAI) atrial isomerism). Meta-analyses of proportions were used to combine data. Quality assessment of the included studies was performed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale for cohort studies.Sixteen studies (647 fetuses) were included in the analysis. Atrioventricular septal defect was the most common associated major cardiac anomaly found both in fetuses with LAI (pooled proportion (PP), 59.3% (95% CI, 44.0-73.7%)), with obstructive lesions of the right outflow tract occurring in 35.5% of these cases, and in fetuses with RAI (PP, 72.9% (95% CI, 60.4-83.7%)). Fetal arrhythmias occurred in 36.7% (95% CI, 26.9-47.2%) of cases with LAI and were mainly represented by complete atrioventricular block, while this finding was uncommon in cases with RAI (PP, 1.3% (95% CI, 0.2-3.2%)). Abnormal stomach and liver position were found, respectively, in 59.4% (95% CI, 38.1-79.0%) and 32.5% (95% CI, 11.9-57.6%) of cases with LAI, and in 54.5% (95% CI, 38.5-70.1%) and 45.9% (95% CI, 11.3-83.0%) of cases with RAI, while intestinal malrotation was detected in 14.2% (95% CI, 2.5-33.1%) of LAI and 27.1% (95% CI, 7.9-52.0%) of RAI cases. Hydrops developed in 11.8% (95% CI, 2.9-25.6%) of fetuses diagnosed prenatally with LAI. Biventricular repair was accomplished in 78.2% (95% CI, 64.3-89.4%) of cases with LAI, while univentricular repair or palliation was needed in 17.0% (95% CI, 9.7-25.9%); death during or after surgery occurred in 26.8% (95% CI, 4.6-58.7%) of LAI cases. Most children with RAI had univentricular repair and 27.8% (95% CI, 15.5-42.1%) died during or after surgery.Fetal heterotaxy is associated with a high prevalence of cardiac and extracardiac anomalies. Approximately one quarter of fetuses with heterotaxy died during or after surgery. Abnormal heart rhythm, especially heart block, is common in fetuses with LAI, while this finding is uncommon in RAI. Biventricular repair was common in LAI while univentricular repair was required in the majority of children affected by RAI. Copyright © 2017 ISUOG. Published by John WileySons Ltd.

OBJECTIVE Ultrasound assessment of the relationship between the ectopic gestational sac and the endometrial line (cross-over sign; COS) in Cesarean scar pregnancy (CSP) has been shown to be useful in predicting the evolution of CSP towards different types of abnormally invasive placenta (AIP). The aim of this study was to ascertain whether the COS can be used to predict surgical outcome in women with AIP. METHODS A retrospective analysis was performed of early first-trimester (6-8 weeks' gestation) ultrasound images of women with AIP managed in the third trimester of pregnancy. We hypothesized that assessment of COS may identify cases of AIP at higher risk of intra- or postsurgical morbidity. Outcomes explored were estimated blood loss during surgery, need for and amount of packed red blood cells and fresh frozen plasma units required either during or after surgery, operative time, intrasurgical complications, gestational age at birth, delivery

Objectives Atrioventricular septal defect is associated with a high risk of a chromosomal abnormality, particularly trisomy 21. The aim of this study is to assess the rate of trisomy 21 in fetuses diagnosed with an atrioventricular septal defect and to examine the influence of prior screening on the rate of trisomy 21. Methods Electronic ultrasound database was searched to identify fetuses diagnoses with an atrioventricular septal defect from 2002 to 2014. Rate of trisomy 21 and other aneuploidies was calculated among fetuses with normal situs. The prevalence of trisomy 21 and other aneuploidies was assessed in women with low and high first trimester risk for trisomy 21, using a cut-off value of 1:150 and 1:250. Results total 110 fetuses with a diagnosis of atrioventricular septal defect were identified. Among the 98 fetuses with normal situs, the prevalence of trisomy 21 was 46% (95% CI: 36–56%). Using a 1:150 threshold, the rate of trisomy 21 within the low-risk group was 41% (95% CI: 27–57%) while in the high-risk group it was 70% (95% CI: 52–83%), significantly higher than in the low risk group (p = 0.028). Similar results were obtained when the 1:250 threshold was applied (66% versus 41%, p = 0.055). Conclusions The rate of trisomy 21 among fetuses identified with an atrioventricular septal defect in the second trimester is high even in those that undergo first trimester combined screening. Some fetuses with a high-risk screening result show a normal karyotype. Therefore, an offer of an invasive procedure to check fetal karyotyping is indicated. Knowledge of these rates may be helpful for parents in the decision making process.

Background Induction of labor (IOL) is one of the most common procedures performed in obstetrics, accounting for about the 20% of deliveries in the developed countries and it still represents a challenge to obstetricians. The aim of this study is the comparison between two techniques for IOL: oral misoprostol and Propess®. Methods A retrospective study has been carried out in a single tertiary referral center. Clinical maternal, fetal and neonatal information was recorded. Results A total of 863 women were included. the vaginal delivery (VD) rate was significantly higher in the misoprostol group. The cesarean section rate was comparable between groups. Adverse events and neonatal outcomes were comparable between groups. Conclusions Misoprostol shows a higher VD rate with fewer patients needing a second type of induction and a shorter time to the onset of active labor and to VD.

OBJECTIVE To ascertain whether the prevalence of ultrasonography signs of abnormally invasive placenta (AIP) changes during pregnancy. METHODS The present retrospective analysis included women with a prenatal diagnosis of AIP that was confirmed at delivery between January 1, 2007, and April 30, 2017, at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Arnas Civico Hospital, Palermo, Italy. Ultrasonography signs of AIP were recorded at four different intervals during pregnancy: early first (6-9 weeks), first (11-14 weeks), second (15-24 weeks), and third trimester (25-36 weeks). RESULTS There were 105 pregnancies included. Low implantation of the gestational sac was present on all ultrasonography images from the early first trimester compared with on 23 of 83 (27.7%) images from 11-14 weeks of pregnancy. The identification of loss of the clear space, placental lacunae, bladder wall interruption, and uterovesical hypervascularity all increased (all P

Introduction The aim of this study was to assess the diagnostic accuracy of ultrasound in detecting the depth of abnormally invasive placenta in women at risk. Material and methods Prospective longitudinal study including women with placenta previa and at least one prior cesarean delivery or uterine surgery. Depth of abnormally invasive placenta was defined as the degree of trophoblastic invasion through the myometrium and was assessed with histopathological analysis. The ultrasound signs explored were: loss of clear zone, placental lacunae, bladder wall interruption, uterovesical hypervascularity, and increased vascularity in the parametrial region. Results In all, 210 women were included in the analysis. When using at least one sign, ultrasound had an overall sensitivity of 100% (95% CI 96.5-100) and overall specificity of 61.9 (95% CI 51.9-71.2) for all types of abnormally invasive placenta. Using two ultrasound signs increased the diagnostic accuracy in terms of specificity (100%, 95% CI 96.5-100) but did not affect sensitivity. When stratifying the analysis according to the depth of placental invasion, using at least one sign had a sensitivity of 100% (95% CI 93.7-100) and 100% (95% CI 92.6-100) for placenta accreta/increta and percreta, respectively. Using three ultrasound signs improved the detection rate for placenta percreta with a sensitivity of 100% (95% CI 92.6-100) and a specificity of 77.2% (95% CI 69.9-83.4). Conclusion Ultrasound has a high diagnostic accuracy in detecting the depth of placental invasion when applied to a population with specific risk factors for anomalies such as placenta previa and prior cesarean delivery or uterine surgery.

Introduction Accurate prenatal diagnosis of abnormally invasive placenta (AIP) is fundamental because it significantly reduces maternal morbidities. Material and methods Medline, Embase, CINAHL and the Cochrane databases were searched. The primary aim of the present review was to elucidate the diagnostic accuracy of prenatal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in recognizing the severity of AIP, defined as the depth and topography of invasion. The secondary aim was to ascertain the strength of association between each MRI sign and the depth of placental invasion and to test their individual predictive accuracy in detecting such invasion. Inclusion criteria were studies on women who had prenatal MRI for ultrasound suspicion or the presence of clinical risk factors for AIP. Estimates of sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative likelihood ratios and diagnostic odds ratio were calculated using the hierarchical summary receiver characteristics curve model, and individual data random-effect logistic regression was used to calculate OR. Results Twenty studies (1080 pregnancies undergoing MRI mainly for the ultrasound suspicion of AIP) were included. MRI showed a sensitivity of 94.4% [95% confidence interval (CI) 15.8–99.9], 100% (95% CI 75.3–100) and 86.5% (95% CI 74.2–94.4) for detection of placenta accreta, increta and percreta, respectively; the corresponding values for specificity were 98.8% (95% CI 70.7–100), 97.3% (95% CI 93.3–99.3), 96.8% (95% CI 93.5–98.7). MRI identified 100% of cases with S1 and 100% of those with S2 invasion confirmed at surgery. Among the different MRI signs, intra-placental dark bands showed the best sensitivity for the detection of placenta accreta, increta and percreta; as well as abnormal intra-placental vascularity, uterine bulging was associated with a higher risk of increta and percreta, exophitic mass and bladder tenting with placenta percreta. Conclusion Prenatal MRI has an excellent diagnostic accuracy in identifying the depth and the topography of placental invasion. However, these findings come mainly from studies in which MRI was performed as a secondary imaging tool in women already screened for AIP on ultrasound and might not reflect its actual diagnostic performance in detecting the severity of these disorders.

OBJECTIVE To explore the outcome of fetuses affected by congenital parvovirus B19 (PB19) infection, with or without signs of hydrops on ultrasound. METHODS PubMed, EMBASE and CINAHL databases were searched for studies reporting on prenatal diagnosis and outcome of fetal PB19 infection. The outcomes explored were miscarriage, perinatal death (PND), intrauterine death, neonatal death, spontaneous resolution of hydrops or fetal anemia, need for intrauterine transfusion (IUT), resolution of hydrops or anemia after transfusion, fetal loss following transfusion, abnormal brain scan after birth and abnormal neurodevelopmental outcome. Outcomes were reported according to the presence or absence of signs of hydrops on ultrasound. A subgroup analysis was performed including hydropic and non-hydropic fetuses diagnosed at

Objective To ascertain the impact of prenatal diagnosis on surgical outcome of women affected by abnormally invasive placenta (AIP). Methods MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL and Cochrane databases were searched. Observed outcomes included: gestational age at birth (weeks), amount of blood loss (L), units of red blood cells (RBC), platelets (PLT) and fresh frozen plasma (FFP) transfused, length of stay in hospital and the intensive care unit (ICU) (days), urinary tract injury and infection. Only studies reporting the occurrence of any of the explored outcomes in women with a prenatal compared with an intrapartum diagnosis of AIP were considered eligible for inclusion. Random-effect head-to-head meta-analyses were used to analyze the data. Results Thirteen studies were included. Women with a prenatal diagnosis of AIP had less blood loss during surgery (mean difference (MD), -0.87; 95% CI, -1.5 to -0.23), had fewer units of RBC (MD, -1.45; 95% CI, -2.9 to -0.04) and FFP (MD, -1.73; 95% CI, -3.3 to -0.2) transfused, and delivered earlier (MD, 1.33 weeks; 95% CI, -2.23 to -0.43) compared with those with an intrapartum diagnosis. The risk of admission to an ICU and length of in-hospital and in-ICU stay were not different between the groups. Prenatal diagnosis of AIP was associated with a higher risk of urinary-tract injury (odds ratio, 2.5; 95% CI, 1.3-4.6), mainly due to the higher prevalence of placenta percreta in the group with AIP diagnosed prenatally. Conclusion Prenatal diagnosis of AIP is associated with reduced hemorrhagic morbidity compared with cases in which such anomalies are detected at delivery. Copyright © 2018 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

Introduction Our objective was to elucidate the overall diagnostic accuracy of ultrasound in detecting the severity of abnormally invasive placentation (AIP). Material and methods Medline, Embase, CINAHL and The Cochrane databases were searched. The ultrasound signs explored were: loss of hypoechoic (clear) zone in the placental–uterine interface, placental lacunae, bladder wall interruption, myometrial thinning, focal exophitic mass, placental lacunar flow, subplacental vascularity, and uterovesical hypervascularity. Results Twenty studies (3209 pregnancies) were included. Ultrasound had an overall good diagnostic accuracy in identifying the depth of placental invasion with sensitivities of 90.6%, 93.0%, 89.5%, and 81.2% for placenta accreta, increta, accreta/increta, and percreta, respectively; the corresponding specificities were 97.1%, 98.4%, 94.7%, and 98.9%. Placental lacunae had sensitivities of 74.8%, 88.6%, and 76.3% for the detection of placenta accreta, increta, and percreta, respectively. Sensitivity and specificity of loss of the clear zone in identifying placenta accreta were 74.9% and 92.0%, whereas the corresponding figures for placenta increta and percreta were 91.6% and 76.9%, and 88.1% and 71.1%. Lacunar flow had sensitivities of 81.2%, 84.3%, and 45.2% for the detection of placenta accreta, increta, and percreta respectively; the corresponding figures for specificity were 84.0%, 79.7%, and 75.3%. Sensitivity of uterovesical hypervascularity was low for the detection of placenta accreta (12.3%) but high for placenta increta (94.4%) and percreta (86.2%); the corresponding figures for specificity were 90.8%, 88.0% and 88.2%, respectively. Conclusions Ultrasound has an overall good diagnostic accuracy in recognizing the depth and the topography of placental invasion.

We thank Ceylan for his interest in our work and the interesting points he raised. We agree that the size of the ascending aorta did not signal coarctation (CoA) because of problems associated with diameter measurements (which are frequently measured on long-axis images) and the small number of cases included. We acknowledge this major weakness of our systematic review.1 Although not statistically significant, a trend toward smaller ascending aorta …

Objective To explore the outcome in women managed expectantly following the diagnosis of Cesarean scar pregnancy (CSP). Methods An electronic search of MEDLINE, EMBASE and ClinicalTrials.gov databases was performed utilizing combinations of relevant medical subject headings for 'Cesarean scar pregnancy' and 'outcome'. Reference lists of relevant articles and reviews were hand-searched for additional reports. Observed outcomes included: severe first-trimester vaginal bleeding; clinical symptoms (abdominal pain, vaginal bleeding) requiring treatment; uncomplicated miscarriage; complicated miscarriage requiring intervention; first- or second-trimester uterine rupture or hysterectomy; third-trimester bleeding, uterine rupture or hysterectomy; maternal death; incidence of abnormally invasive placenta (AIP); prevalence of placenta percreta; ultrasound signs suggestive of AIP; and live birth. Meta-analyses of proportions using a random-effects model were used to combine data. Cases were stratified based on the presence or absence of embryonic/fetal heart activity at the time of diagnosis. Results A total of 17 studies (69 cases of CSP managed expectantly, 52 with and 17 without embryonic/fetal heart beat) were included. In women with CSP and embryonic/fetal heart activity, 13.0% (95% CI, 3.8-26.7%) experienced an uncomplicated miscarriage, while 20.0% (95% CI, 7.1-37.4%) required medical intervention. Uterine rupture during the first or second trimester of pregnancy occurred in 9.9% (95% CI, 2.9-20.4%) of cases, while hysterectomy was required in 15.2% (95% CI, 3.6-32.8%) of all cases. Forty (76.9% (95% CI, 65.4-86.5%)) women progressed to the third trimester of pregnancy, of whom 39.2% (95% CI, 15.4-66.2%) experienced severe bleeding. Finally, 74.8% (95% CI, 52.0-92.1%) had a surgical or pathological diagnosis of AIP at delivery and around two-thirds (69.7% (95% CI, 42.8-90.1%)) of them had placenta percreta. In women with CSP but no embryonic/fetal cardiac activity, an uncomplicated miscarriage occurred in 69.1% (95% CI, 47.4-87.1%) of cases, while surgical or medical intervention during or immediately after miscarriage was required in 30.9% (95% CI, 12.9-52.6%). Uterine rupture during the first trimester of pregnancy occurred in 13.4% (95% CI, 2.7-30.3%) of cases, but hysterectomy was not required in any case. Conclusions CSP with positive embryonic/fetal heart activity managed expectantly is associated with a high burden of maternal morbidity including severe hemorrhage, early uterine rupture, hysterectomy and severe AIP. Despite this, a significant proportion of pregnancies complicated by CSP may progress to, or close to, term, thus questioning whether termination of pregnancy should be the only therapeutic option offered to these women. Expectant management of CSP with no cardiac activity may be a reasonable option in view of the low likelihood of maternal complications requiring intervention, although close surveillance is advisable to avoid adverse maternal outcome. Copyright © 2017 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.

INTRODUCTION: To explore the association between small fetal thymus on ultrasound and adverse obstetrical outcome. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Medline, Embase, Cochrane and Web of Science databases were searched. Primary outcome was the risk of preterm birth before 37 and 34 weeks in fetuses with compared to those without a small thymus on ultrasound. SECONDARY OUTCOMES: occurrence of chorioamnionitis, intra-uterine growth restriction, neonatal sepsis, gestational age at birth, birthweight, neonatal morbidity and pre-eclampsia. RESULTS: Twelve studies including 1744 fetuses who had ultrasound assessment of thymus during pregnancy were included. Women with preterm premature rupture of the membranes (PPROM) or with preterm labour with a small fetal thymus were at higher risk of preterm birth

Background: Assessment of tricuspid flow has been reported to improve the performance of screening for aneuploidies and congenital heart defects (CHD). However, the performance of tricuspid regurgitation (TR) as a screening marker for CHD in euploid fetuses is yet to be established. The main aim of this meta-analysis was to establish the predictive accuracy of TR for CHD. Methods: MEDLINE, Embase, and the Cochrane Library were searched electronically utilizing combinations of the relevant medical subject heading for “fetus,” “tricuspid regurgitation,” and “first trimester.” The outcomes explored were prevalence of TR in an euploid population, strength of association between TR and CHD, and predictive accuracy of TR for CHD in euploid fetuses. Summary estimates of sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative likelihood ratios, and diagnostic odds ratio for the overall predictive accuracy of TR for the detection of CHD were computed using the hierarchical summary receiver-operating characteristics model. Results: A total of 452 articles were identified; 60 were assessed with respect to their eligibility for inclusion and a total of 4 studies were included in the study. TR was associated with an increased risk of CHD (RR: 9.6, 95% CI 2.8-33.5; I2: 92.7%). The strength of association between TR and CHD persisted when considering fetuses at risk for CHD, such as those with increased nuchal translucency (RR: 7.2, 95% CI 5.2-9.8; I2: 0%), while TR did not show any association with CHD when detected in a population at low risk for cardiac defects (RR: 9.3, 95% CI 0.8-111.8; I2: 93%). The overall diagnostic performance of TR in detecting CHD was poor in detecting CHD (sROC: 0.684, SE: 0.61) with a sensitivity of 35.2% (95% CI 26.9-44.1) and a specificity of 98.6% (95% CI 98.5-98.7). Detection of TR at the 11-14 weeks' scan showed a positive likelihood ratio of 7.2 (95% CI 5.3-9.8) in detecting CHD when applied to a population at risk for CHD such as fetuses with an increased nuchal translucency. Conclusion: The detection of TR in the first trimester increases the risk of CHD. However, isolated TR in the first trimester does not seem to be a strong predictor for CHD.

Background: Prenatal diagnosis of coarctation of the aorta (CoA) is still challenging and affected by high rates of false-positive diagnoses. The aim of this study was to ascertain the strength of association and to quantify the diagnostic accuracy of different ultrasound signs in predicting CoA prenatally. Methods: Medline, Embase, CINAHL, and Cochrane databases were searched. Random-effects and hierarchical summary receiver operating characteristic model meta-analyses were used to analyze the data. Results: Seven hundred ninety-four articles were identified, and 12 (922 fetuses at risk for CoA) articles were included. Mean mitral valve diameter z score was lower ( P z score was higher in fetuses with CoA than in those without CoA ( P =0.01). Mean aortic valve diameter z score was lower in fetuses with CoA than in healthy fetuses ( P ≤0.001), but the ascending aorta diameter, expressed as z score or millimeters, was similar between groups ( P =0.07 and 0.47, respectively). Mean aortic isthmus diameter z scores measured either in sagittal ( P =0.02) or in 3-vessel trachea view ( P z score, the right/left ventricular and pulmonary artery/ascending aorta diameter ratios were higher ( P P =0.02, and P =0.02, respectively) in fetuses with CoA in comparison with controls, although aortic isthmus/arterial duct diameter ratio was lower in fetuses with CoA than in those without CoA ( P P P =0.005), whereas persistent left superior vena cava ( P =0.85), ventricular septal defect ( P =0.12), and bicuspid aortic valve ( P =0.14) did not carry an increased risk for this anomaly. Multiparametric diagnostic models integrating different ultrasound signs for the detection of CoA were associated with an increased detection rate. Conclusions: The detection rate of CoA may improve when a multiple-criteria prediction model is adopted. Further large multicenter studies sharing the same imaging protocols are needed to develop objective models for risk assessment in these fetuses.

CONTEXT: Antenatal counseling in cases of agenesis of the corpus callosum (ACC) is challenging. OBJECTIVES: To ascertain the outcome in fetuses with isolated complete ACC and partial ACC. DATA SOURCES: Medline, Embase, CINAHL, and Cochrane databases. STUDY SELECTION: Studies reporting a prenatal diagnosis of ACC. The outcomes observed were: chromosomal abnormalities at standard karyotype and chromosomal microarray (CMA) analysis, additional anomalies detected only at prenatal MRI and at postnatal imaging or clinical evaluation, concordance between prenatal and postnatal diagnosis and neurodevelopmental outcome. DATA EXTRACTION: Meta-analyses of proportions were used to combine data. RESULTS: Twenty-seven studies were included. In cACC, chromosomal anomalies occurred in 4.81% (95% confidence interval [CI], 2.2–8.4) of the cases. Gross and fine motor control were abnormal in 4.40% (95% CI, 0.6–11.3) and 10.98% (95% CI, 4.1–20.6) of the cases, respectively, whereas 6.80% (95% CI, 1.7–14.9) presented with epilepsy. Abnormal cognitive status occurred in 15.16% (95% CI, 6.9–25.9) of cases. In partial ACC, the rate of chromosomal anomalies was 7.45% (95% CI, 2.0–15.9). Fine motor control was affected in 11.74% (95% CI, 0.9–32.1) of the cases, and 16.11% (95% CI, 2.5–38.2) presented with epilepsy. Cognitive status was affected in 17.25% (95% CI, 3.0–39.7) of cases. LIMITATIONS: Different neurodevelopmental tools and time of follow-up of the included studies. CONCLUSIONS: Children wih a prenatal diagnosis of isolated ACC show several degrees of impairment in motor control, coordination, language, and cognitive status. However, in view of the large heterogeneity in outcomes measures, time at follow-up, and neurodevelopmental tools used, large prospective studies are needed to ascertain the actual occurrence of neuropsychological morbidity of children with isolated ACC.

Objective To explore the outcome of monochorionic twin pregnancies affected by selective intrauterine growth restriction (sIUGR) according to the umbilical artery Doppler pattern of the smaller twin. Methods An electronic search of MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL and ClinicalTrials.gov databases (2000–2016) was performed. sIUGR was defined as the presence of one twin with an estimated fetal weight and/or abdominal circumference

Introduction: To evaluate the relative value of mid trimester fetal growth, uterine artery Doppler indices and maternal demographics in prediction of stillbirth. Material and methods: Retrospective cohort study; 23894 singleton pregnancies routinely scanned between 19 and 24weeks’ gestation. Maternal characteristics included age, body mass index, ethnicity and medical history. Fetal biometry indices, birthweight and uterine artery pulsatility index values were converted to percentiles and multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed. The predictive accuracy was assessed using receiver operating characteristic curves analysis. The main outcome was prediction of preterm and term stillbirths. Results: Non-Caucasian ethnicity, femur length centile and uterine artery pulsatility index were significantly associated with the risk of stillbirth (all p&nbsp

Introduction The first aim of this study was to ascertain the diagnostic performance of first-trimester ultrasound in detecting congenital anomalies in twins. The secondary aim was to explore the strength of association between different pregnancy characteristics and early detection of structural anomalies in a large unselected population of twin pregnancies. A systematic review of the published literature was also carried out. Material and methods Retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data from consecutive twin pregnancies booked for antenatal care between 1996 and 2014. Predictive accuracy of those covariates independently associated with the occurrence of fetal anomalies was assessed with logistic regression analysis and receiver operating characteristics curves. Results In all, 1064 twin pregnancies (820 dichorionic and 264 monochorionic) were included in the analysis. Forty-two pregnancies had one or more fetuses with structural abnormalities. Detection of structural abnormalities using ultrasound was possible in the first trimester in 27.3% (95% confidence interval 15.0–42.8) of twin pregnancies. Monochorionicity (odds ratio 2.3, 95% confidence interval 1.1–4.7) and discordance in crown–rump length and nuchal translucency were associated with an increased risk of fetal anomalies. However, their predictive accuracy was only moderate (areas under the curve 0.67, 95% confidence interval 0.6–0.8 and 0.68, 95% confidence interval 0.6–0.8, for crown–rump length and nuchal translucency discrepancy, respectively). Conclusions First-trimester detection of structural abnormalities in twin pregnancies is possible in 27.3% (95% confidence interval 15.0–42.8) of cases. The likelihood for first-trimester detection of structural anomalies in twins was maximum for cranial vault, midline brain and abdominal wall defects. Monochorionicity and increasing discrepancy in crown–rump length and nuchal translucency were associated with fetal structural abnormalities, although their predictive performance was only moderately good.

Introduction The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of mid-trimester fetal biometry, uterine artery Doppler indices and maternal demographics in prediction of small-for-gestational-age (SGA) birth. Materials and methods We conducted a retrospective cohort study in a single referral center. The study included 23 894 singleton pregnancies scanned between 19 and 24 weeks of gestation. Maternal demographics included age, body mass index and ethnicity. Fetal biometry, birthweight and uterine artery pulsatility index values were converted into centiles. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed and the predictive accuracy was assessed using receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. The main outcome measure was prediction of delivery of preterm and term SGA neonates defined as a birthweight in the lowest centile groups (37

Objective The aims of this study were evaluation of the association of reduced fetal movements (RFM) and small-for-gestational-age (SGA) birth at term and to explore if fetal and maternal outcomes are different with single vs repeated episodes of RFM and normal fetal assessment test results. Study Design This was a retrospective cohort study of all singleton pregnancies referred for RFMs at a tertiary fetal medicine unit from January 2008 through September 2014. Ultrasound and Doppler indices were obtained from a computerized ultrasound database and pregnancy outcome was collected from hospital records. Results Of the 21,944 women with a singleton pregnancy booked for maternity care during the study period, 1234 women (5.62%) reported RFMs >36+0 weeks. Of these, 1029 women (83.4%) reported a single episode of RFM and 205 (16.6%) had ≥2 presentations for RFM. Women with repeated RFMs had a significantly higher mean uterine artery pulsatility index in the second trimester. The prevalence of SGA baby at birth in women presenting with a single episode as compared to repeated episodes of RFM was 9.8% and 44.2%, respectively (odds ratio, 7.3; 95% confidence interval, 5.1–10.4; P Conclusion Repeated episodes of RFMs at term are more likely to occur in women with high second-trimester uterine artery Doppler resistance indices and are strongly associated with the birth of SGA infants. Women presenting with repeated episodes of RFM should be treated as being at high risk of placental dysfunction irrespective of the results of prenatal ultrasound and Doppler assessment.

To evaluate the long-term effects of drospirenone (DRSP)/ethinylestradiol (EE) alone, metformin alone, and DRSP/EE-metformin on CD4(+)CD28(null) T lymphocytes frequency, a cardiovascular risk marker, in patients with hyperinsulinemic polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).Randomized clinical trial.Ninety three patients with hyperinsulinemic PCOS were age matched and body mass index matched and randomized to receive a 6 months daily treatment with DRSP (3 mg)/EE (0.03 mg), or metformin (1500 mg), or DRSP/EE combined with metformin.CD4(+)CD28(null) T-cell frequencies.The DRSP/EE and metformin groups did not show any significant change in the CD4(+)CD28(null) frequency compared to the baseline. Interestingly, a statistically significant decrease in CD4(+)CD28(null) frequency occurred after 6 months of DRSP/EE-metformin (median 3-1.5; P.01). Of note, this statistically significant association was confirmed after adjusting for baseline values in DRSP/EE-metformin group by analysis of covariance (P.05).In women with hyperinsulinemic PCOS, combined therapy with DRSP/EE and metformin may reduce cardiovascular risk.

Objective Impaired fetal growth might be better evaluated in twin pregnancies by assessing the intertwin discordance rather than the individual fetal size. The aim of this study was to investigate the prediction of perinatal loss in twin pregnancy using discordance in fetal biometry and Doppler. Study Design This was a retrospective cohort study in a tertiary referral center. The estimated fetal weight (EFW), umbilical artery (UA) pulsatility index (PI), middle cerebral artery (MCA) PI, cerebroplacental ratio (CPR), and their discordance recorded at the last ultrasound assessment before delivery or demise of one or both fetuses were converted into centiles or multiples of the median (MoM). The discordance was calculated as the larger value–smaller value/larger value. A logistic regression analysis was performed to identify, and adjust for, potential confounders. The predictive accuracy was assessed using receiver-operating characteristic curve analysis. Results The analysis included 620 (464 dichorionic diamniotic and 156 monochorionic diamniotic) twin pregnancies (1240 fetuses). Perinatal loss of one or both fetuses complicated 16 pregnancies (2.6%). The combination of EFW discordance and CPR discordance had the best predictive performance (area under the curve, 0.96; 95% confidence interval, 0.92–1.00) for perinatal mortality. The detection rate, false-positive rate, positive likelihood ratio, and negative likelihood ratio were 87.5%, 6.7%, 13.08, and 0.13, respectively. The EFW centile, EFW below the 10th centile (small for gestational age), UA PI discordance, MCA PI discordance, and MCA PI MoM were significantly associated with the risk of perinatal loss on univariate analysis, but these associations became nonsignificant after adjusting for other confounders ( P = .097, P = .090, P = .687, P = .360, and P = .074, respectively). The UA PI MoM, CPR MoM, EFW discordance, and CPR discordance were all independent predictors of the risk of perinatal loss, even after adjusting for potential confounders ( P = .022, P = .002, P P = .010, respectively). Conclusion EFW discordance and CPR discordance are independent predictors of the risk of perinatal loss in twin pregnancies. Their combination could identify the majority of twin pregnancies at risk of perinatal loss. These findings highlight the importance of discordance in Doppler indices of fetal hypoxia, as well as fetal size, in assessing the risk of perinatal mortality.