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1. W-Net: A Deep Network for Simultaneous Identification of Gulf Stream and Rings From Concurrent Satellite Images of Sea Surface Temperature and Height

Author: Jenifer Clark, Avijit Gangopadhyay, Raghav Sharma, Devyani Lambhate, and Deepak N. Subramani
Subjects: Ground truth, business.industry, Deep learning, Sea-surface height, Convolutional neural network, Gulf Stream, Sea surface temperature, Eddy, General Earth and Planetary Sciences, Satellite, Artificial intelligence, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, business, Geology, Remote sensing
Abstract: Accurate digitization of synoptic ocean features is crucial for climate studies and the operational forecasting of ocean and coupled ocean-atmosphere systems. Today, for some North Atlantic operational regional models, skilled human experts visualize and extract the gulf stream and rings (warm and cold eddies) through an extensive and knowledge-based manual process. To automate this task, we develop a dynamics-inspired deep learning system that extracts the Gulf Stream and rings from concurrent satellite images of sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height (SSH). We pose the above problem as a multilabel semantic image segmentation problem. A novel deep convolutional neural network architecture named W-Net, with two parallel encoder-decoder branches, is developed to perform the segmentation. The W-Net's one branch is the SST branch (accepts SST image as input) and another is the SSH branch (accepts SSH as input), and the final output is a segmentation of gulf stream, warm rings, and cold rings. A dataset consisting of SST, SSH, and manual feature annotation (ground truth) from 2014 to 2018 is used for training. For gulf stream, we obtain 82.7% raw test accuracy and a low error of 4.39% in the detected path length. For the Rings, we obtain more than 71% raw eddy detection accuracy. A detailed ablation study and an examination of both SST and SSH parts of the network are presented to understand how the deep neural network learns to segment the gulf stream's meandering path and Rings accurately.
Published: 2022
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2. Utility of P-SEP, sTREM-1 and suPAR as Novel Sepsis Biomarkers in SARS-CoV-2 Infection

Author: C D S Katoch, Ragini D. Singh, Madhuri Radadiya, Deepak N. Parchwani, and Sagar Dholariya
Subjects: Oncology, medicine.medical_specialty, Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), Clinical Biochemistry, Review Article, Disease, Virus, suPAR, Sepsis, Internal medicine, Medicine, Coronaviridae, Stage (cooking), biology, SARS-CoV-2, business.industry, Surrogate endpoint, medicine.disease, biology.organism_classification, sTREM-1, body regions, P-SEP, SuPAR, business, Biomarkers
Abstract: The coronavirus disease 2019 is a highly contagious viral infection caused by SARS-CoV-2 virus, member of coronaviridae family. It causes life threatening complications due to complexity and rapid onset course of the disease. Early identification of high-risk patients who require close monitoring and aggressive treatment remains challengeable till date. Novel biomarkers which help to identify high risk patients at the early stage is high priority. Objective of this review to find utility of P-SEP, sTREM-1 and suPAR for diagnosis, risk stratification and prognosis of SARS-CoV-2 infected cases. Soluble receptors like, P-SEP, sTREM-1 and suPAR have been involved in immune regulation in SARS-CoV-2 infection and elevate more in severe cases. A comprehensive research of databases like PubMed, EMBASE, CNKI and Web of Science was performed for relevant studies. A total of nine out of fifteen research literature in initial screening were included for this review. Interestingly all studies have reported high levels of P-SEP, sTREM-1 and suPAR in SARS-CoV-2 infected cases and the biomarkers positively correlated with severity of infection. This implies that P-SEP, sTREM-1 and suPAR can be implemented as surrogate marker in blood profile for early diagnosis, risk stratification and prognosis in SARS-CoV-2 for better management in Indian population at the current situation.
Published: 2021
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3. Arthroscopic Biological Augmentation for Massive Rotator Cuff Tears: The Biceps-Cuff-Bursa Composite Repair

Author: Deepak N. Bhatia
Subjects: Surgical repair, medicine.medical_specialty, animal structures, business.industry, musculoskeletal system, Biceps, Surgery, Tendon, Vascularity, medicine.anatomical_structure, Cuff, Technical Note, medicine, Tears, Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, Rotator cuff, medicine.symptom, business, Subacromial bursa
Abstract: Surgical repair of massive and chronic rotator cuff tears is difficult due to tendon retraction and severe atrophy, and the resultant retear rate in the structurally weak tendons is high. Commercially available patches and bioinductive scaffolds have been used to provide strength and superior healing environment in partial and complete rotator cuff tears. Biological biceps autograft has been used for superior capsular reconstruction, and the subacromial bursa has been shown to have significant pluripotent stem cell potency for tendon healing. We describe our technique for combined use of the long biceps tendon (LBT) and vasculature-preserved subacromial bursa as autografts in rotator cuff repair augmentation. The technique involves obtaining a LBT graft of sufficient length using a “traction and tenodesis” technique. The subacromial bursa is mobilized as a continuous layer (vascular bursal duvet) by maintaining its medial and lateral vascularity. All-suture anchors are used to minimize the insertion apertures (3 mm) in tuberosity. The bursa is advanced laterally, and the mobilized cuff is repaired together as a biceps-cuff-bursa composite unit. Combined use of the biceps and bursa as biological autografts has the advantage of structural and regenerative augmentation, and the autografts are easily accessible without added cost., Technique Video Video 1 The surgical technique is demonstrated in a right shoulder in the beach-chair position. Sutures from subscapularis repair are passed around LBT, and the tendon is tenodesed after maximal intraarticular tractional pull. LBT is then detached just proximal to tenodesis sutures and the proximal stump is used as augmentation autograft. Next, the subacromial bursa is mobilized as a continuous layer and medial and lateral attachments of the bursal layer are preserved. A high posterolateral (HPL) portal is created and used for visualization throughout the procedure. Three all-suture anchors are inserted in a single-row configuration, and sutures are passed through the LBT-supraspinatus- bursa composite anteriorly, and through the infraspinatus-bursa complex posteriorly. Sliding knots are used to secure the biceps-cuff-bursa composite to the tuberosity. Dynamic flexion-extension and rotational assessment is finally performed to ensure correct tension on the composite repair.
Published: 2021
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4. Endoscopic anatomy of distal biceps tendon insertion and bicipitoradial bursa: a cadaveric study

Author: Deepak N. Bhatia
Subjects: Dissection (medical), Bicipitoradial bursa, Biceps, Tendons, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Cadaver, Elbow, medicine, Humans, Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, 030222 orthopedics, business.industry, Endoscopy, 030229 sport sciences, General Medicine, Anatomy, Sulcus, medicine.disease, Tendon, medicine.anatomical_structure, Arm, Ligament, Surgery, Cadaveric spasm, business
Abstract: Background Distal biceps endoscopy has emerged as a minimally invasive alternative to open procedures for distal biceps tendon (DBT) pathology. The purpose of this study was to systematically describe the static and dynamic appearance and variations of the DBT insertional region using a standardized endoscopic technique and dissection in healthy cadaveric elbows. Methods Endoscopic assessment of the DBT insertional region was performed using a standard proximal parabiceps portal in 20 fresh frozen cadaveric upper extremities. A 6-point endoscopic evaluation of the DBT and bicipitoradial bursa was performed in a static supination position and with dynamic rotation. Anatomic variations in the DBT insertional characteristics, as well as the extent and appearance of the intrabursal space, were documented. Each cadaver was then dissected to correlate endoscopic findings with gross anatomic structures. Results A bare oval tuberosity area (n = 20) bounded by the supinator and DBT was observed. The DBT inserted ulnar to the bare area (n = 16) and the presence of an intervening wide (n = 1) or narrow (n = 3) tuberosity sulcus were documented. The dorsoradial DBT surface was consistently intrabursal and was differentiated into 2-5 fiber bundles (n = 15). The volar-ulnar DBT surface was always extrabursal and was associated with endoscopically identifiable proximal and distal fat pads. The bicipitoradial bursa formed a bursal sac that was attached to the dorsoradial (n = 13) or volar (n = 7) aspect of the tuberosity and extended proximally along the DBT for 3-5 cm (parabiceps space). A distinct ligament-like band (transverse radioulnar ligament) extended transversely across the proximal radioulnar space and appeared to form a sling that provided ulnar support to the DBT during dynamic rotation. The intact DBT surface was robust and could not be breached, even with firm pressure using a probe. Conclusions The bare tuberosity area, the bursal sac, and the parabiceps space are consistent anatomic landmarks that can be used during DBT endoscopy. An insertional tuberosity sulcus and DBT surface differentiation are normal anatomic variations. The transverse radioulnar ligament provides ulnar support for the DBT during pronation and forms a pulley mechanism for smooth tendon gliding motion.
Published: 2021
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5. Analysis of the Prevalence and Severity of Dysregulated Bone Mineral Homeostasis in Nondialyzed Chronic Kidney Disease Patients

Author: Uday Vachhani, Pratik H Raghavani, Deepak N. Parchwani, Sagar Dholariya, Digishaben D. Patel, and Ajay S Rajput
Subjects: Bone mineral, calcium, chronic renal insufficiency, business.industry, 030232 urology & nephrology, Physiology, 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, medicine.disease, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Medicine, phosphorus, business, pth, Homeostasis, Kidney disease
Abstract: Background Progressive loss of kidney function in chronic kidney disease (CKD) leads to altered mineral homeostasis, reflected by the imbalance in calcium and phosphorus, and has been associated with progression of renal failure. Aims The aim of this study was to investigate CKD-mineral bone disorder (CKD-MBD)-associated candidate variables and its relationship with parathyroid hormone (PTH), as well as to quantify the prevalence of CKD-associated mineral disturbances in nondialyzed CKD patients. Study Design, Materials, and Methods This cross-sectional analytical study included 124 CKD patients and 157 control participants. Blood samples were analyzed for serum total calcium, phosphorus, PTH, electrolytes, and other hematological/hemodynamic parameters by standard methods. Suitable descriptive statistics was used for different variables. Results The 124 patients had a mean age of 50.2 ± 7.8 years with male to female ratio of 1.58; majority of patients had stage 3 CKD (40.32%), and the most common comorbid conditions were diabetes mellitus ( n = 78 [62.9%]) and hypertension ( n = 63 [50.8%]). A high prevalence of mineral metabolite abnormalities was observed in a patient cohort; overall prevalence of hyperparathyroidism was found in 57.25% patients, hypocalcemia in 61.29%, and hyperphosphatemia in 82.25% patients. Prevalence of abnormal homeostasis (with regard to total calcium, phosphate, and PTH) increased progressively with the severity of disease (analysis of variance; p < 0.05). Significant differences in the mean values of total calcium, phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase, and PTH were seen compared with healthy participants ( p < 0.0001). Furthermore, there was a significant positive correlation between serum PTH with serum phosphorous ( R 2: 0.33; p < 0.0001), serum creatinine ( R 2: 0.084; p < 0.0259), serum potassium ( R 2: 0.068; p < 0.0467), and a significant negative correlation with serum total calcium ( R 2: 0.37; p < 0.0001). Conclusions CKD patients are at risk of or may already have developed secondary hyperparathyroidism apparent from PTH-linked derangements in mineral metabolism in predialysis CKD patients. These abnormalities start in early stages of CKD and worsen with disease progression. This accentuates the significance of early recognition of mineral bone disorder, understanding its pathophysiological consequences and scheduling necessary interventions/management strategies to protect the CKD patients from a plethora of complications.
Published: 2022

6. Acute distal biceps tendon ruptures: anatomy, pathology and management - state of the art

Author: Neil Kruger, Joideep Phadnis, Deepak N. Bhatia, Melanie Amarasooriya, and Gregory I. Bain
Subjects: Surgical repair, 030222 orthopedics, medicine.diagnostic_test, business.industry, 030229 sport sciences, Anatomy, Tendon, Endoscopy, 03 medical and health sciences, Fixation (surgical), 0302 clinical medicine, medicine.anatomical_structure, medicine, Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, Surgery, Implant, business, Range of motion, Biceps tendon, Cortical button
Abstract: All patients with acute complete distal biceps tendon ruptures who are not low demand or medically unfit to proceed with surgery are offered operative repair. This restores arm shape, supination strength and function, and decreases their cramping symptoms. Surgical repair technique varies significantly depending on location and training centre. Nuances in technique and appropriate implant selection need to be noted in order to achieve a strong repair allowing early active range of motion. Intimate knowledge of distal biceps tendon anatomy is key to avoid complications associated with the different approaches. The cumulative body of evidence on complications, coupled with knowledge of the different biomechanical construct strengths of the alternative methods of fixation, points to the use of the cortical button technique without the addition of an interference screw. Subtle variations in drill hole positioning on the bicipital tuberosity secures either an anatomic or non-anatomic repair. Anatomic repair results in greater supination peak torque and fatigue strength, and in greater flexion fatigue strength. It is advisable to perform an anatomic repair in elite athletes or those patients who significantly rely on supination strength and endurance for their livelihood. A universal postoperative protocol is suggested for all repairs.
Published: 2020
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7. Recent advancements in brain tumor targeting using magnetic nanoparticles

Author: Deepak N. Kapoor, Abhishek Kumar Sharma, Himanshu Gandhi, and Shikha Mahant
Subjects: Hyperthermia, Brain Neoplasms, business.industry, Brain tumor, Brain, Pharmaceutical Science, 02 engineering and technology, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, medicine.disease, Brain targeting, 03 medical and health sciences, Drug Delivery Systems, 0302 clinical medicine, Blood-Brain Barrier, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, Cancer research, Humans, Nanoparticles, Medicine, Magnetic nanoparticles, Magnetite Nanoparticles, 0210 nano-technology, business
Abstract: Transport of drugs through the blood–brain barrier to the brain and the toxic effects of drugs on the healthy cells can limit the effectiveness of chemotherapeutic agents. In recent years, magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) have received much attention as targeted therapeutic and diagnostic systems due to their simplicity, ease of preparation and ability to tailor their properties such as their composition, size, surface morphology, etc. for biomedical applications. MNPs are utilized in drug delivery, radio therapeutics, hyperthermia treatment, gene therapy, biotherapeutics and diagnostic imaging. The present review will address the challenges in brain tumor targeting and discuss the application and recent developments in brain tumor targeting using MNPs.
Published: 2020
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8. Arthroscopic Decompression of Intraosseous Cysts of the Lunate

Author: Deepak N. Bhatia and Gregory I. Bain
Subjects: business.industry, Decompression, medicine.medical_treatment, Anatomy, Bone grafting, Scapholunate ligament, medicine.disease, Lunate, Ganglion cyst, medicine, Wrist arthroscopy, Cyst, Intraosseous ganglion, business
Abstract: Intraosseous ganglion (IOG) cysts in the lunate can be decompressed using open and arthroscopic approaches. A direct “cystoscopic” approach to the IOG is minimally invasive and provides excellent visualization of the cyst from within. Direct visualization access is obtained via a 3 mm cortical tunnel in the lunate, and ensures complete intracystic excision of lining and contents. Bone grafting of a large cyst may be performed using the same approach if necessary.
Published: 2021
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9. Arthroscopic Fixation of Radial Neck Fractures in Children

Author: Deepak N. Bhatia
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, Arthroscopic fixation, Radial neck, business.industry, medicine.medical_treatment, Open surgery, Cubitus valgus, Radial head, medicine.disease, Surgery, Displaced fractures, Fixation (surgical), medicine, business, Reduction (orthopedic surgery)
Abstract: Radial neck fractures are common injuries in children. Surgery is necessary for displaced fractures that cannot be closed reduced; however, open surgery is associated with suboptimal outcomes and potential complications. Arthroscopic fixation of radial neck fractures is a minimally invasive technique for repositioning the radial head in correct alignment. Reduction of the radial head is performed under direct visualization to restore the congruency of proximal radioulnar and radiocapitellar joints and K-wires can be passed under visualization via safe portals for fixation.
Published: 2021
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10. Arthroscopic Management of Chronic Perilunate Dislocations

Author: Deepak N. Bhatia
Subjects: musculoskeletal diseases, medicine.medical_specialty, Percutaneous, business.industry, Perilunate dislocation, medicine.medical_treatment, Soft tissue, Stiff wrist, Wrist injury, Surgery, body regions, Lunate, Wrist arthroscopy, Medicine, business, Reduction (orthopedic surgery)
Abstract: A chronic perilunate dislocation is a disabling wrist injury that involves complete midcarpal separation and loss of contact between the lunate and capitate for a period of 6 weeks or more. Arthroscopic reduction is possible after perilunate adhesiolysis and percutaneous K-wire stabilization of the carpal rows maintains the reduction until soft tissue healing is achieved. This chapter describes the technical steps of the procedure that are necessary to achieve and maintain carpal alignment.
Published: 2021
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11. All-Endoscopic Management of Partial Tears of Distal Biceps Tendon

Author: Deepak N. Bhatia
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, Debridement, business.industry, medicine.medical_treatment, Medicine, Tears, Endoscopic management, Biceps tendon, business, Elbow arthroscopy, Symptomatic relief, Minimally invasive procedures, Surgery
Abstract: Partial tears of the distal biceps tendon (DBT) are overuse injuries and surgical intervention may be necessary for symptomatic relief. The two-portal “all-endoscopic” approach is a safe and minimally invasive procedure for diagnosis, classification, and definitive treatment of partial DBT tears and avoids the necessity of a more extensive open procedure. The “endoscopic probe test” is described for evaluation of severity (low vs high grade) of partial DBT tears. Technical steps for endoscopic debridement and DBT repair are presented.
Published: 2021
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12. All-Endoscopic Autograft Augmentation and Reconstruction of Chronic Retracted Distal Biceps Tendon Tears

Author: Deepak N. Bhatia
Subjects: musculoskeletal diseases, medicine.medical_specialty, business.industry, macromolecular substances, Degeneration (medical), musculoskeletal system, Muscle atrophy, Tendon, Surgery, surgical procedures, operative, medicine.anatomical_structure, medicine, Deformity, Tears, sense organs, medicine.symptom, business, Biceps tendon, Elbow arthroscopy
Abstract: Chronic ruptures of the distal biceps tendon (DBT) are characterized by severe retraction and a severe Popeye deformity. Often these tears are irreparable due to muscle atrophy, tendon degeneration, and deficient tendon length. Surgical intervention involves extensive open procedures using autografts or allografts for augmentation and restoration of tendon length. This chapter presents an all-endoscopic autograft reconstruction technique for chronic irreparable DBT ruptures.
Published: 2021
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13. Endoscopic-Assisted Onlay Repair for Distal Biceps Tears

Author: Deepak N. Bhatia
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, Surgical approach, business.industry, medicine.medical_treatment, Magnification, Biceps, Surgery, Tendon, medicine.anatomical_structure, Debridement (dental), Endoscopic assisted, medicine, Tears, Biceps tendon, business
Abstract: Endoscopic-assisted distal biceps tendon (DBT) procedures are performed by using a single anterior incision similar to the open surgical approach for DBT tears [1–4]. The arthroscope and working instruments are used via the same incision during the procedure. Endoscopic magnification via the incision permits clear visualization of the anatomy and optimizes debridement and tendon repair (Fig. 52.1).
Published: 2021
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14. Arthroscopic Management of Posterior Elbow Impingement in Athletes

Author: Deepak N. Bhatia
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, Stress fractures, medicine.diagnostic_test, biology, Athletes, business.industry, Olecranon, Arthroscopy, Elbow, Overuse Injury, biology.organism_classification, medicine.disease, Symptomatic relief, Surgery, body regions, medicine.anatomical_structure, medicine, business, human activities, Throwing
Abstract: Posterior elbow impingement is an overuse injury associated with valgus-extension overload in several throwing and non-throwing sports. Impingement pathology is variable and includes olecranon tip overgrowth, trochlear and fossa osteophytes, synovial hypertrophy, osteophyte fracture, and olecranon stress fractures. Arthroscopy is useful for evaluation, and arthroscopic dynamic tracking permits identification of impinging regions. Arthroscopic resection results in predictable symptomatic relief and early return to competitive sports.
Published: 2021
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15. Ten-Point Arthroscopic Assessment of Chronic Elbow Instability

Author: Deepak N. Bhatia
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, medicine.diagnostic_test, business.industry, Arthroscopy, Elbow, medicine.anatomical_structure, Radiological weapon, External manipulation, Medicine, Radiology, Elbow arthroscopy, business, Compartment (pharmacokinetics), Grading (tumors)
Abstract: The diagnosis of chronic elbow instability is based on meticulous clinical and radiological evaluation. Arthroscopy is a valuable adjunct to clinical signs and imaging, and an alteration in arthroscopically visualized radiocapitellar and ulnotrochlear relations after external manipulation can be quantified. This chapter presents a ten-point arthroscopic assessment technique that is useful in the diagnosis and possibly grading of medial and lateral elbow instability. Systematic evaluation of anterior and posterior compartments is performed and six anterior and four posterior compartment signs are described.
Published: 2021
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16. Arthroscopic Partial Trapeziectomy for Trapeziometacarpal Arthritis

Author: Deepak N. Bhatia
Subjects: stomatognathic diseases, medicine.medical_specialty, Tmj arthroscopy, Degenerative arthritis, stomatognathic system, medicine.diagnostic_test, business.industry, Arthroscopy, medicine, Arthritis, medicine.disease, business, Surgery
Abstract: Degenerative arthritis of trapeziometacarpal joint (TMJ) often necessitates surgical management and trapezium-sparing procedures are associated with satisfactory outcomes. Arthroscopic partial trapeziectomy is performed via specialized TMJ portals; approximately 4–6 mm of distal trapezium is excised and peripheral ligaments and capsular attachments are preserved. This chapter presents the arthroscopic anatomy and technical steps of TMJ arthroscopy and partial trapeziectomy.
Published: 2021
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17. Acute and Chronic Triceps Tendon Tears: Transosseous Repair Technique

Author: Deepak N. Bhatia
Subjects: Surgical repair, medicine.medical_specialty, business.industry, Olecranon, fungi, Elbow, food and beverages, Tendon rupture, Surgery, medicine.anatomical_structure, medicine, Tears, business, Triceps tendon
Abstract: Triceps tendon tear is an uncommon injury and is usually associated with systemic diseases and anabolic steroid use. Surgical repair is necessary to restore strength and optimal function. Transosseous repair of triceps tendon is an all-suture repair technique that can be configured to provide a broad footprint-like approximation at the olecranon. The technique is useful in partial and acute retracted tears, and in acute bony avulsions. Chronic retracted tears that can be mobilized and reduced to the olecranon can be repaired and augmented using this technique.
Published: 2021
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18. Distal Biceps Anatomy: Structural Morphometry and Dynamic Relationships

Author: Deepak N. Bhatia
Subjects: Reconstructive surgery, medicine.medical_specialty, business.industry, Endoscopic surgery, Radial tuberosity, Cubital fossa, Anatomy, musculoskeletal system, Neurovascular bundle, Biceps, Tendon, medicine.anatomical_structure, medicine, Biceps tendon, business
Abstract: The distal biceps tendon (DBT) anatomy is complex; the tendon passes through different planes across the arm and cubital fossa and inserts into a distinct footprint at the bicipital tuberosity. The DBT is closely related to several vital neurovascular structures along its course, and these structures are potentially at-risk during open and endoscopic surgery. Dynamic rotation draws the DBT through the narrow proximal radioulnar space and predisposes the tendon to impingement and wear. Dynamic rotation significantly alters the relationship of DBT insertion with the adjacent neurovascular structures and the insertion can be used as an intraoperative reference point for predicting the position of major neurovascular structures during surgery. Detailed knowledge of the structural morphometry and neurovascular anatomy of the DBT is necessary to safely replicate DBT kinematics during repair and reconstructive surgery for distal biceps pathology.
Published: 2021
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19. Metacarpophalangeal Joint Arthroscopy: Portals, Anatomy, and Technique

Author: Deepak N. Bhatia
Subjects: musculoskeletal diseases, medicine.anatomical_structure, Sports injury, medicine.diagnostic_test, business.industry, Arthroscopy, medicine, Metacarpophalangeal joint, Anatomy, Diagnostic evaluation, business, Volar plate
Abstract: The metacarpophalangeal joint (MCP) is frequently involved in sports injuries, and in degenerative and inflammatory conditions of small joints of hand. MCP arthroscopy is useful for diagnostic evaluation and advances in small joint instrumentation now permit therapeutic arthroscopic procedures as well. This chapter presents the portal placement and access techniques for MCP arthroscopy, and describes the intraarticular anatomy in detail. Additionally, a four-point evaluation technique is described, and management of instability, chondral defects, and fractures is discussed.
Published: 2021
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20. Arthroscopic Management of Irreducible Volar Dislocation of the Distal Radioulnar Joint

Author: Deepak N. Bhatia
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, Percutaneous, business.industry, Druj, medicine.medical_treatment, Ulnar head, Soft tissue, Distal radioulnar joint, Surgery, body regions, Wrist arthroscopy, Medicine, Dislocation, business, Reduction (orthopedic surgery)
Abstract: Volar dislocation of the distal radioulnar joint (DRUJ) is an unusual injury and occasionally may be irreducible. Arthroscopic reduction is a minimally invasive alternative for mobilization and reduction of the impacted ulnar head and percutaneous transfixation K-wires maintain the reduction until soft tissues have healed. This chapter describes the surgical technique for arthroscopic management of this unusual DRUJ dislocation.
Published: 2021
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21. Arthroscopic Capitellum Excision and Capitelloplasty

Author: Deepak N. Bhatia
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, Osteosynthesis, Debridement, medicine.diagnostic_test, business.industry, medicine.medical_treatment, Nonunion, Arthroscopy, Pain relief, Avascular necrosis, medicine.disease, Surgery, medicine, Malunion, business, Fixation (histology)
Abstract: Capitellum fractures are uncommon injuries and osteosynthesis is necessary for displaced fractures. Arthroscopic capitellum excision is indicated in comminuted fractures and those with inadequate bone for stable fixation. Arthroscopy is also useful for removal of fixation screws and capitellar debridement in postsurgical collapse and avascular necrosis of the fragment. Capitellum fractures that are missed on radiological imaging may present much later with a malunion or a nonunion of the fragment and an arthroscopic capitelloplasty may be performed for pain relief and restoration of range.
Published: 2021
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22. The 'All-Endoscopic' Approach to Distal Biceps: Overview, Portals, and Anatomy-at-Risk

Author: Deepak N. Bhatia
Subjects: business.industry, Medicine, Anatomy, business, Neurovascular bundle, Elbow arthroscopy, Biceps
Abstract: The all-endoscopic distal biceps approach is a safe and reproducible technique for management of distal biceps pathology. The technique is based on portals placed in safe zones around the complex cubital-fossa anatomy for extra-articular viewing and working. This chapter classifies portals used in the all-endoscopic approach and the associated neurovascular anatomy-at-risk is described.
Published: 2021
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23. All-Endoscopic Repair of Complete Retracted Distal Biceps Ruptures

Author: Deepak N. Bhatia
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, medicine.diagnostic_test, business.industry, Cubital fossa, Biceps, humanities, Safety guidelines, Tendon, Endoscopy, Surgery, medicine.anatomical_structure, medicine, Tendon tears, business, Elbow arthroscopy, Suture anchors
Abstract: The all-endoscopic distal biceps repair is a minimally invasive technique for acute and chronic retracted tendon tears. The procedure involves endoscopic mobilization and retrieval of the retracted tendon using arm endoscopy. The tendon is then shuttled through safe zones into the deeper plane of the cubital fossa and is repaired to the tuberosity under endoscopic visualization using suture anchors or buttons. This chapter describes technical steps and safety guidelines for the all-endoscopic distal biceps repair.
Published: 2021
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24. Portals in Hand Arthroscopy

Author: Deepak N. Bhatia
Subjects: musculoskeletal diseases, medicine.diagnostic_test, business.industry, Arthroscopy, Narrow joint spaces, Anatomy, Thumb, Neurovascular bundle, body regions, medicine.anatomical_structure, Carpometacarpal joint, medicine, business, Interphalangeal Joint, Arthroscopes
Abstract: Arthroscopy of the small joints of the hand has evolved with advances in arthroscopes and instruments. Arthroscopic access to trapeziometacarpal (TMJ), metacarpophalangeal (MCP), and the proximal and distal interphalangeal joints (PIP, DIP) is difficult due to the narrow joint spaces and proximity to neurovascular structures and tendons. Specialized portals for thumb and finger joints permit arthroscopic visualization of these joints and complex therapeutic procedures can be performed. Each of these joints has a unique bony, soft-tissue, and neurovascular anatomy and familiarity with anatomic landmarks and neurovascular structures is necessary for accurate and safe portal placement.
Published: 2021
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25. Thenar Endoscopy: Endoscopic Excision of a Thenar Ganglion Cyst

Author: Deepak N. Bhatia
Subjects: medicine.diagnostic_test, business.industry, Anatomy, Endoscopic excision, musculoskeletal system, medicine.disease, Median nerve, Endoscopy, body regions, Hand swelling, Ganglion cyst, parasitic diseases, Biopsy, medicine, Direct vision, Cyst, business
Abstract: Thenar endoscopy is an evolving technique that may be used for treatment of specific pathological conditions involving thenar musculature and deep spaces. Proximal and distal thenar portals provide access to intermuscular planes and intramuscular cysts. “Cystoscopic” visualization is useful for obtaining biopsy of cyst tissues under direct vision and the communication with the adjacent joint can be identified. Excision of cyst lining and septae ensures complete excision of the ganglion cyst.
Published: 2021
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26. Arthroscopic Radial Head Resection Using the 'Radial Head Portal'

Author: Deepak N. Bhatia
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, business.industry, Arthroscopic resection, medicine, Radial head, Elbow arthroscopy, business, Resection, Surgery
Abstract: Arthroscopic radial head resection is a minimally invasive alternative to open excision in acute fractures and chronic pathology of the radiocapitellar joint. Access to the entire radial head via standard portals is difficult and the “radial head portal” devised by the author provides safe access for rapid resection and removal of large fragments. This chapter describes the arthroscopic resection technique in acute comminuted radial head fractures and in chronic radiocapitellar pathology.
Published: 2021
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27. Arthroscopic Fixation of Scaphoid Fractures Using a 'Scaphoid Portal'

Author: Deepak N. Bhatia
Subjects: Orthodontics, medicine.diagnostic_test, Arthroscopic fixation, business.industry, medicine.medical_treatment, Arthroscopy, Scaphoid fracture, Bone grafting, Scapholunate ligament, medicine.disease, Screw fixation, Fixation (surgical), Wrist arthroscopy, Medicine, business
Abstract: Arthroscopy in scaphoid fracture fixation has the advantage of visualization of the fracture reduction and bone grafting the fracture site if necessary. In most arthroscopic techniques, fixation is performed by passing the screw percutaneously from volar or dorsal aspects. Arthroscopic fixation via standard dorsal portals is difficult as the proximal scaphoid is covered by the dorsal radial rim, and therefore the angulation necessary for wire passage along the central axis of the scaphoid is difficult to achieve. This chapter describes a modified arthroscopic technique that utilizes a “scaphoid portal” for dorsal antegrade screw fixation (proximal to distal). The technique is especially useful in proximal pole scaphoid fractures as the scapholunate ligament is identified and the precise entry point and screw passage centered on the proximal scaphoid pole can be arthroscopically visualized.
Published: 2021
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28. Arthroscopic Anatomic Insertional Release (AAIR) Procedure for Refractory Lateral Epicondilitis

Author: Deepak N. Bhatia
Subjects: musculoskeletal diseases, medicine.medical_specialty, business.industry, Enthesopathy, Epicondylitis, musculoskeletal system, medicine.disease, Surgery, Tendon, medicine.anatomical_structure, Refractory, Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis, medicine, Tennis elbow, Tendinopathy, business, Extensor Digitorum Communis
Abstract: Common extensor tendinopathy (lateral epicondylitis/tennis elbow) is an overuse enthesopathy of the extensor carpi radialis brevis (ECRB) and extensor digitorum communis (EDC) tendons. Refractory lateral epicondylitis with disabling symptoms often necessitates an open or arthroscopic debridement of the pathology. The arthroscopic anatomic insertional release (AAIR) procedure devised by the author involves accurate identification and release of ECRB and EDC tendon insertional footprints, and associated intra-articular pathology can be identified and treated simultaneously.
Published: 2021
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29. Arthroscopic Fixation of Metacarpal Head Fractures

Author: Deepak N. Bhatia
Subjects: musculoskeletal diseases, medicine.medical_specialty, Sports injury, Percutaneous, Arthroscopic fixation, medicine.diagnostic_test, business.industry, medicine.medical_treatment, Arthroscopy, Metacarpophalangeal joint, Surgery, Fixation (surgical), medicine.anatomical_structure, medicine, Range of motion, business, Reduction (orthopedic surgery)
Abstract: Metacarpal head fractures are infrequent sports injuries and accurate reduction and fixation of these intraarticular fractures is necessary. Metacarpophalangeal joint (MCP) arthroscopy provides excellent visualization of the fracture geometry and evaluation of soft-tissue injuries. Accurate articular reduction and fixation with percutaneous K-wires can be performed under arthroscopic and fluoroscopic guidance. Arthroscopic fixation results in minimal soft-tissue scarring and faster recovery of range of motion and function.
Published: 2021
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30. The Future of Elbow, Wrist, and Hand Arthroscopy

Author: Gary G. Poehling, Deepak N. Bhatia, Gregory I. Bain, and Benjamin R. Graves
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, medicine.diagnostic_test, business.industry, General surgery, Elbow, Arthroscopy, Elbow wrist, Wrist, Endoscopy, Dissection, medicine.anatomical_structure, medicine, Wrist arthroscopy, Upper limb, business
Abstract: Arthroscopic surgery of the elbow, wrist, and hand is evolving rapidly, and there has never been a more exciting time to be a surgeon of the upper limb. What began as simple intra-articular visualization has evolved to complex minimally invasive reconstruction, and procedures that were once exclusively the domain of the subspecialist are becoming increasingly utilized by more and more surgeons, bringing minimally invasive upper extremity care to a greater number of patients worldwide. Advances in anesthetic techniques including regional blocks and wide-awake surgery are making arthroscopy safer and more affordable for patients. Small-joint instrumentation technology continues to evolve, making arthroscopy and endoscopy of the upper limb safer and less-invasive. Innovative techniques that utilize dry-arthroscopy and endoscopy are being developed, expanding the traditional boundaries of the arthroscope to allow procedures that once required extensive open dissection to be performed through smaller incisions. Lastly, biologics and stem cell augmentation holds promise to help improve healing rates and recovery after upper limb surgery. As surgeons around the world become increasingly familiar with small joint arthroscopy, the future of hand, elbow, and wrist arthroscopy shines bright.
Published: 2021
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31. All-Endoscopic Sub-brachialis Capsulectomy for Severe Elbow Contractures

Author: Deepak N. Bhatia
Subjects: musculoskeletal diseases, medicine.medical_specialty, business.industry, Iatrogenic injury, Elbow stiffness, Elbow, musculoskeletal system, Neurovascular bundle, Elbow contractures, Resection, Surgery, body regions, medicine.anatomical_structure, Medicine, Brachialis, business
Abstract: Arthroscopic elbow adhesiolysis is an effective intervention for refractory elbow stiffness and adequate anterior capsulectomy is a crucial step in the procedure. Anterior capsulectomy is usually performed using an inside-out technique; however, joint access is difficult in severe stiffness and altered neurovascular relationships may result in iatrogenic injury. This chapter presents an all-endoscopic anterior capsulectomy technique developed by the author that utilizes the sub-brachialis space for an outside-in capsular resection under vision. Standard anatomic landmarks are identified and are used as a guide for safe resection in a central to peripheral direction.
Published: 2021
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32. Pisotriquetral Arthroscopy: Access, Evaluation, and Resection

Author: Deepak N. Bhatia
Subjects: musculoskeletal diseases, medicine.medical_specialty, medicine.diagnostic_test, business.industry, Arthroscopy, Wrist pain, musculoskeletal system, Surgery, Resection, body regions, Triquetrum, Wrist arthroscopy, medicine, medicine.symptom, Ulnar nerve, business, Articulation (phonetics), Pisiform bone
Abstract: The pisiform bone forms a mobile articulation with the triquetrum that is stabilized by several ligaments and flexor carpi ulnaris tendon. The inherent mobility predisposes the joint to instability and wear and results in ulnar-sided wrist pain. Arthroscopy of the PTJ is a minimally invasive approach to evaluation and treatment of PTJ pain and results in predictable outcomes and early return to sports. This chapter describes a safe approach to the pisotriquetral articulation using standard portals and various therapeutic techniques are presented.
Published: 2021
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33. Arthroscopic Transarticular Excision of Elbow Ganglion Cyst

Author: Deepak N. Bhatia
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, business.industry, Elbow, Benign lesion, medicine.disease, Surgery, Ganglion cyst, medicine.anatomical_structure, parasitic diseases, medicine, Surgical excision, Cyst, business, Elbow arthroscopy, Radial nerve
Abstract: Ganglion cyst of the elbow is an uncommon benign lesion and surgical excision is necessary for a symptomatic and progressively enlarging cyst. Arthroscopic transarticular cyst excision is a minimally invasive technique and is performed using standard portals and intraoperative anatomical landmarks for safety. A 70° arthroscope is used for “cystoscopic” visualization of the cyst interior and complete intracystic excision of cyst contents and membranes is possible via this approach.
Published: 2021
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34. Arthroscopic Management of Intra-articular Benign Tumours of the Elbow

Author: Deepak N. Bhatia
Subjects: musculoskeletal diseases, Osteoid osteoma, medicine.medical_specialty, business.industry, Vascular malformation, Elbow, musculoskeletal system, medicine.disease, Benign tumours, body regions, Lesion, Intra articular, medicine.anatomical_structure, Synovial chondromatosis, medicine, Radiology, medicine.symptom, Elbow arthroscopy, business
Abstract: Benign tumours and tumour-like lesions are occasionally seen in the intra-articular region of the elbow and clinically present with chronic disabling pain and progressive stiffness. Arthroscopic excision is possible when the lesion is focal and in an accessible location. This chapter presents the arthroscopic findings and technique for excision of three different intra-articular bony and soft-tissue lesions.
Published: 2021
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35. Elbow Anatomy: A Layered Approach

Author: Deepak N. Bhatia
Subjects: medicine.diagnostic_test, business.industry, Elbow, Anatomical structures, Anatomy, Cubital fossa, musculoskeletal system, Neurovascular bundle, Compression (physics), Endoscopy, medicine.anatomical_structure, Endoscopic assisted, Medicine, business, Biceps tendon
Abstract: The elbow is a complex anatomical region formed by a multilayered soft-tissue sleeve of muscles, ligaments, and neurovascular structures. The anatomical locations of these structures are unpredictable due to paucity of anatomical landmarks and frequent variations; to add to this variability, dynamic movement at the joint further changes the surface markings for most structures. The layered approach to elbow anatomy is useful during minimally invasive open, endoscopic assisted, and all-endoscopic procedures around the elbow. Each layer is formed by specific muscles and/or ligaments, and neurovascular structures course through or in between these layers from proximal to distal. The distal biceps tendon traverses the layers from superficial to deep planes, and even extends to the posterior aspect in full pronation. The “parabiceps space” is therefore a useful and safe passage across anatomic planes in the lower arm and cubital fossa for elbow endoscopy. Consistent anatomic landmarks across the four layers are useful intraoperative indicators of neurovascular structures in each layer. Lastly, the major nerves are at risk of entrapment during their course, and anatomical structures that predispose to compression must be evaluated and released during surgery.
Published: 2021
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36. Ensemble forecast of COVID-19 in Karnataka for vulnerability assessment and policy interventions

Author: Deepak N. Subramani, Divij Ghose, Giridhara R Babu, Sashikumaar Ganesan, and Thivin Anandh
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), business.industry, Population balance model, Public health, Immune escape, Psychological intervention, Distribution (economics), New variant, Geography, Vulnerability assessment, Statistics, medicine, business
Abstract: We present an ensemble forecast for Wave-3 of COVID-19 in the state of Karnataka, India, using the IISc Population Balance Model for infectious disease spread. The reported data of confirmed, recovered, and deceased cases in Karnataka from 1 July 2020 to 4 July 2021 is utilized to tune the model’s parameters, and an ensemble forecast is done from 5 July 2021 to 30 June 2022. The ensemble is built with 972 members by varying seven critical parameters that quantify the uncertainty in the spread dynamics (antibody waning, viral mutation) and interventions (pharmaceutical, non-pharmaceutical). The probability of Wave-3, the peak date distribution, and the peak caseload distribution are estimated from the ensemble forecast. Our analysis shows that the most significant causal factors are compliance to Covid-appropriate behavior, daily vaccination rate, and the immune escape new variant emergence-time. These causal factors determine when and how severe the Wave-3 of COVID-19 would be in Karnataka. We observe that when compliance to Covid-Appropriate Behavior is good (i.e., lockdown-like compliance), the emergence of new immune-escape variants beyond Sep ‘21 is unlikely to induce a new wave. A new wave is inevitable when compliance to Covid-Appropriate Behavior is only partial. Increasing the daily vaccination rates reduces the peak active caseload at Wave-3. Consequently, the hospitalization, ICU, and Oxygen requirements also decrease. Compared to Wave-2, the ensemble forecast indicates that the number of daily confirmed cases of children (0-17 years) at Wave-3’s peak could be seven times more on average. Our results provide insights to plan science-informed policy interventions and public health response.
Published: 2021
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37. A Molecular Insight of the Role of PIN-1 Promoter Polymorphism (− 667C > T; rs2233679) in Chronic Kidney Disease Patients with Secondary Hyperparathyroidism

Author: Uday Vachhani, Ragini D. Singh, Digishaben D. Patel, Deepak N. Parchwani, Tanishk Parchwani, Ajay S Rajput, Sagar Dholariya, and Pratik H Raghavani
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, Univariate analysis, Predictive marker, business.industry, Clinical Biochemistry, medicine.disease, Endocrinology, Polymorphism (computer science), Internal medicine, Genotype, medicine, SNP, Secondary hyperparathyroidism, Original Research Article, Allele, business, Kidney disease
Abstract: Murine studies stipulate Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase NIMA-interacting 1 (PIN-1) as a key mediator of PTH mRNA stability and is acknowledged by genome-wide-association-studies as secondary hyperparathyroidism defining trait in chronic kidney disease. Therefore, we hypothesize that molecular variants of the PIN-1 gene might affect the incidence and predisposition to secondary hyperparathyroidism in chronic renal insufficiency. A total of 281 adult participants, including 124 chronic kidney disease patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism and 157 healthy controls, were genotyped using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method to unravel the effects of genetic risk loci (PIN-1 gene; − 667C > T; rs2233679) on the susceptibility to secondary hyperparathyroidism in chronic kidney disease. Suitable descriptive statistics was used for different variables. The genotype (x(2): 8.03, 2 d. f. p = 0.0181) and allele distribution (x(2): 7.27, 2 d. f. p: 0.007) of the − 667C > T variant differed significantly in cases and controls, with no deviation from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium in either affected or control group. The observed frequencies of T allele of PIN-1 − 667 C > T SNP was significantly high in CKD-SHPT group compared to control group (52.41% vs. 41.71%; p: 0.0118). TT variant of PIN-1 − 667C > T SNP was associated with increased risk for occurrence of CKD-SHPT in univariate analysis (OR: 4.6, p: 0.0032, 95% CI: 1.66–12.76). Further in multivariate analysis, both TT (OR: 3.84, p: 0.002, 95% CI: 0.79–9.26) and CT + TT (OR: 2.51, p: 0.031, 95% CI: 0.64–8.68) variants were independently associated with increased risk for CKD-SHPT, emphasizing the deleterious effect of minor T allele. Serum PTH, phosphorus levels were significantly high in CT and TT genotypes compared to CC genotype of PIN-1 − 667C > T SNP (p = 0.001). PIN-1 promoter functional SNP (− 667C > T; rs2233679) appeared to be an important genetic determinant in etiopathogenesis of CKD-SHPT and genetic variants of this SNP influences the risk stratification and might serve as a predictive marker. Thus, rs2233679 can be useful for outcome predictions during diagnostic processes.
Published: 2021

38. Current Strategies of Quetiapine Fumarate Delivery in Management of Bipolar Disorder and Schizophrenia

Author: Sarvesh Paliwal Paliwal, Gyanendra Singh, Swapnil Sharma, Deepak N. Patil, and Seema Pattewar
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, Schizophrenia, business.industry, Quetiapine Fumarate, mental disorders, medicine, Bipolar disorder, Current (fluid), medicine.disease, Psychiatry, business
Abstract: Bipolar disorder is psychological illness with periodic episodes of mania and depression. Schizophrenia is a complex mental disorder identified by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized behavior, impaired cognitive ability, disorganized speech and sudden change in personality. In both the diseases quetiapine fumarate (QF) drug is worth important in today’s scenario. This review gives complete QF drug profile along with mechanism of action. Quetiapine alone is successful for acute bipolar depression and the prevention of mania/hypomania switching. Literature survey section of this review gives information about quetiapine in different dosage form. By this review one can explore the scale up of quetiapine fumarate not only with immediate release and sustained release dosage form but also with novel drug delivery system like solid lipid nanoparticle and nanostructured lipid carrier.
Published: 2019
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39. How does anterior glenoid bone loss affect shoulder stability? A cadaveric analysis of glenoid concavity and bony shoulder stability ratio

Author: Vikram Kandhari and Deepak N. Bhatia
Subjects: musculoskeletal diseases, Joint Instability, Shoulder, medicine.diagnostic_test, Glenoid Cavity, business.industry, Shoulder Joint, Shoulder Dislocation, Computed tomography, General Medicine, Mathematical formula, Latarjet procedure, musculoskeletal system, Bone defect, Compression (physics), Scapula, Cadaver, Medicine, Humans, Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, Surgery, Statistical analysis, business, Nuclear medicine, Cadaveric spasm
Abstract: BACKGROUND Concavity compression is an important glenohumeral stabilizing factor, and recent studies have suggested that peripheral glenoid bone loss creates the most relevant change in stability. This study analyzed changes in the bony shoulder stability ratio (BSSR) with sequential anterior glenoid bone loss (0%-40% width) and with reconstructive bone graft procedures. The aim was to quantify the critical bone defect size that would significantly alter the BSSR and determine restoration of the BSSR with the Latarjet procedure. METHODS Anterior glenoid defects were created with sequential osteotomies (10%-40%), and defects were reconstructed using 2 Latarjet modifications (classic Latarjet procedure and congruent-arc Latarjet [CAL] procedure). We obtained 108 computed tomography scans of (1) intact scapulae (n = 12), (2) after each bone defect (n = 48), and (3) after each reconstruction (n = 48). The glenoid concavity depth and concavity radius were measured, and the BSSR was determined using a validated mathematical formula. Statistical analysis was performed to determine significant differences between the intact state and each of the deficient and reconstructed glenoids. RESULTS The glenoid concavity radius increased by approximately 30% (14 mm) and the glenoid concavity depth decreased by 50% (1.5 mm) from the 0% to 40% defect. The maximal sequential change in depth (1.2 mm, 44%; P < .001) and radius (6 mm, 12%; P < .001) occurred at the 10% glenoid defect. The overall BSSR decreased by approximately 40% (0.15) from the intact glenoid to the 40% defect. This change in the BSSR was most profound (0.11, 30%; P < .001) at the 10% glenoid defect and was only marginal thereafter between the 20% and 40% defects (0.24, 0.22, and 0.21). The Latarjet procedure adequately restored glenoid concavity; however, the CAL procedure significantly overcorrected all 3 parameters at 10% defect. CONCLUSION The glenoid concavity depth and BSSR undergo progressive deformation with sequential bone loss, and 90% of this change occurs with a 10% glenoid defect. Articular concavity and the BSSR are adequately restored with the Latarjet procedure, and the CAL procedure significantly overcorrects concavity in mild (0%-10%) defects.
Published: 2021

40. Crop Prediction Based on Influencing Parameters for Different States in India- The Data Mining Approach

Author: Kiran M P and Deepak N R
Subjects: Boosting (machine learning), 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Computer science, business.industry, 04 agricultural and veterinary sciences, Vegetation, computer.software_genre, 01 natural sciences, Random forest, Crop, Statistical classification, Agriculture, 040103 agronomy & agriculture, 0401 agriculture, forestry, and fisheries, Production (economics), Data mining, business, Productivity, computer, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences
Abstract: Agriculture plays a crucial role for the production of food in Indian regions. Indian regions mainly produces crops like rice, wheat, maize and many other types of crop. It is generally known that, the soil, climate, pesticides, Fertilizers and ground water is influencing the essential factor for enhancing the productivity of any crop. Let us consider soil, which is the key element involved in providing nutrients for proper development and growth of crops. Secondly, climate is also having major role in agriculture as crop growth depends on rainfall, humidity, temperature etc. Thirdly, Pesticides is widely used to control pest and prevents the damage of crops. Fourthly, Fertilizers can improve the quality of crops. Finally, ground water enriches the nutrients in soil. The main goal of this research work is to know about the ways to improve the crop prediction by using data mining techniques, which in turn help the farmers to take better decision. The current study centres around different information mining procedures utilized in various conditions of India and anticipate future harvest along-side reasonable information mining calculation saw during the period(1920-2019). The parameters considered for the examination were soil, atmosphere, water thickness, pesticides and composts and Crop informational collection. The Classification calculations utilized in study were Adaptive boosting classification, Excess tree classification, neural based classification, Multiple Process classification, Decision making classification, K-closest neighbours, Bayesian theory classification, decision Forest classification, support group machine, and Randomized Gradient Classification. The Experimental results show predicted crop, suitable algorithm and algorithm accuracy in that particular state of India respectively.
Published: 2021
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41. Formulation rationale for the development of SARS-COV-2 immunochromatography rapid test kits in India

Author: Prince Manta, Himanshu Gandhi, R. Chauhan, Shikha Mahant, and Deepak N. Kapoor
Subjects: Isolation (health care), business.industry, Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), Medicine (miscellaneous), World health, Biotechnology, Test (assessment), Sheet structure, Medicine, Pharmacology (medical), Lower cost, General Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics, business, Epidemic control, Contact tracing
Abstract: Humanity has been continuously threatened by epidemics and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has shown greater epidemic potential. According to the World Health Organization, measures such as rapid diagnosis, immediate isolation, and precautionary contact tracing are key tools of epidemic control. The method of detection or testing is critical in this epidemiological control, where SARS-CoV-2-positive cases are increasingly growing, leading to community infection. Immunochromatographic test kits have been described for the diagnosis of various infectious diseases because of their rapid scalability, convenient use, and prompt validation. The benefits of the immunochromatographic test kits include evaluation of the sample in approximately 20 minutes, lower cost per sample, and simple directions to use. Such test kits are composed of an uncut sheet structure that is protein conjugated, labeled with markers, and reagents coated in a nitrocellulose membrane. The need for thorough vetting is a major concern for the Central Drugs Standard Control Organization, Indian Council of Medical Research and other regulators, as more businesses are rushing to produce serologic test kits for SARS-CoV-2 worldwide. Initial reports of 86%−89% sensitivity and 84.2%–98.6% specificity were reported for these kits. Nonetheless, many national reports show variability in test accuracy significantly among various commercial suppliers. The virus’s more recent mutated strains (B.1.1.7, B.1.617, and B.1.351) have also raised concerns about their detectability using these test kits. In India, manufacturers are developing rapid test kits to detect SARS-CoV-2 by importing pre-antigen or antibody-coated uncut sheets from vendors and then cutting them into strips. Such sheets also have problems with specificity and are expensive. The possibility of developing kits with an indigenous protein coating and conjugation to detect antigens and antibodies needs to be explored by Indian researchers. This communication describes techniques to develop precise rapid test kits for detecting SARS-CoV-2. © 2021
Published: 2021
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42. Advancements on microparticles-based drug delivery systems for cancer therapy

Author: Kamal Dua, Amit Bhatia, Gaurav Gupta, Alaa A. A. Aljabali, Mousmee Sharma, Shruti Chopra, Parteek Prasher, Deepak N. Kapoor, Dinesh Kumar Chellappan, Dhriti Verma, and Murtaza M. Tambuwala
Subjects: Drug, Therapeutic effectiveness, business.industry, media_common.quotation_subject, Drug delivery, Cancer therapy, medicine, Cancer, Nanotechnology, medicine.disease, business, Cancer treatment, media_common
Abstract: Cancer is a severe and potentially life-threatening disease and a major cause of death in most countries. Advanced drug delivery systems offer enormous opportunities to improve the therapeutic effectiveness of cancer therapy. Microparticles offer versatile advantages as drug delivery systems due to its potential to entrap a wide range of anticancer drugs, protection of the encapsulated drug against degradation, and time-controlled release of incorporated drug. This chapter will discuss advances in the field of microparticles-mediated cancer treatment including materials used for the preparation of microparticles, along with a discussion on different types of microparticles and a detailed discussion on microparticles that have already been used for the treatment or diagnosis of cancer.
Published: 2021
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43. Targeting Chronic Lung Diseases Using Advanced Drug Delivery Systems

Author: Himanshu Gandhi, Deepak N. Kapoor, Shikha Mahant, and Amit Bansal
Subjects: COPD, medicine.medical_specialty, Lung, business.industry, Pulmonary disease, respiratory system, medicine.disease, respiratory tract diseases, Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, medicine.anatomical_structure, Targeted drug delivery, Pulmonary cystic fibrosis, Drug delivery, medicine, Intensive care medicine, business, Asthma
Abstract: Targeting chronic lung diseases using advanced drug delivery systems explores the development of novel therapeutics and diagnostics to improve pulmonary disease management. Chronic lung diseases comprise a variety of serious diseases, including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), pulmonary cystic fibrosis, and lung cancers. Here, the chapter will discuss advanced drug delivery systems developed for the management of various lung diseases.
Published: 2021
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44. Arthroscopic Bursa-Augmented Rotator Cuff Repair: A Vasculature-preserving Technique for Subacromial Bursal Harvest and Tendon Augmentation

Author: Deepak N. Bhatia
Subjects: medicine.medical_specialty, endocrine system, animal structures, medicine.medical_treatment, Biological healing, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Vascularity, medicine, Technical Note, Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, Rotator cuff, Tendon healing, Orthopedic surgery, 030222 orthopedics, business.industry, 030229 sport sciences, Stem-cell therapy, musculoskeletal system, Surgery, Tendon, medicine.anatomical_structure, Cuff, medicine.symptom, Subacromial bursa, business, RD701-811
Abstract: Rotator cuff repairs are associated with suboptimal outcomes and possibly greater incidence of retears if the biological healing environment is compromised. Strategies to optimize tendon–bone healing include the use of bioinductive scaffolds and regenerative stem cell therapy. The subacromial bursa has been shown to have significant pluripotent stem cell potency for tendon healing and has the advantage of easy accessibility and no added cost. However, a reproducible surgical technique for bursal mobilization, harvest, and vascularity preservation has not been described. We describe our technique for vasculature-preserving bursal mobilization and harvest of the entire posterosuperior and lateral subacromial bursa, and its use in rotator cuff repair augmentation is presented. The technique involves mobilization of the bursa as a continuous layer by maintain its medial and lateral vascularity. The bursa is advanced laterally, and the “vascular bursal duvet” and cuff tendons are repaired together as a tendon–bursa unit., Technique Video Video 1 The surgical technique is demonstrated in a left shoulder in the beach-chair position. The subacromial space is accessed via the posterior portal and the subacromial bursa is dissected and mobilized as a continuous layer. The medial and lateral attachments of the bursal layer are preserved and the bursa is mobilized. A high posterolateral portal is created and used for visualization throughout the procedure. Three to four all-suture anchors are inserted in a single-row configuration, and sutures are passed through the tendon and bursa either together or in separate passes. Sliding knots are used to secure “vascular bursal duvet” to the tendon and tuberosity. Dynamic flexion–extension and rotational assessment is finally performed to ensure correct tension on the tendon–bursa composite repair.
Published: 2020

45. Genomics education for medical professionals - the current UK landscape

Author: Hilary Burton, Deepak N Subramanian, and Ingrid Slade
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, medicine.medical_specialty, business.industry, Alternative medicine, Genomics, General Medicine, Review, 030105 genetics & heredity, Public relations, United Kingdom, Variety (cybernetics), Poor coordination, 03 medical and health sciences, 030104 developmental biology, Work (electrical), Education, Medical, Graduate, Medicine, Humans, Health education, Education, Medical, Continuing, Education policy, business, Pace
Abstract: Genomics education in the UK is at an early stage of development, and its pace of evolution has lagged behind that of the genomics research upon which it is based. As a result, knowledge of genomics and its applications remains limited among non-specialist clinicians. In this review article, we describe the complex landscape for genomics education within the UK, and highlight the large number and variety of organisations that can influence, direct and provide genomics training to medical professionals. Postgraduate genomics education is being shaped by the work of the Health Education England (HEE) Genomics Education Programme, working in conjunction with the Joint Committee on Genomics in Medicine. The success of their work will be greatly enhanced by the full cooperation and engagement of the many groups, societies and organisations involved with medical education and training (such as the royal colleges). Without this cooperation, there is a risk of poor coordination and unnecessary duplication of work. Leadership from an organisation such as the HEE Genomics Education Programme will have a key role in guiding the formulation and delivery of genomics education policy by various stakeholders among the different disciplines in medicine.
Published: 2020
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46. Perspectives and advancements in the design of nanomaterials for targeted cancer theranostics

Author: Kamal Dua, Saurabh Satija, Pui Khee Yap, Sin Wi Ng, Sachin Kumar Singh, Deepak N. Kapoor, Meenu Mehta, Lay Cheng Lim, Griselda Loo Xin Lim, Dinesh Kumar Chellappan, Yoke Ying Tan, Krishnan Anand, Poonam Negi, Yinghan Chan, Niraj Kumar Jha, Gaurav Gupta, and Thiagarajan Madheswaran
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Drug, medicine.medical_specialty, Tumor targeting, media_common.quotation_subject, Cancer therapy, Antineoplastic Agents, Toxicology, Theranostic Nanomedicine, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Neoplasms, Tumor Microenvironment, Medicine, Humans, Intensive care medicine, media_common, Drug Carriers, business.industry, Cancer, Effective management, General Medicine, medicine.disease, Nanostructures, 030104 developmental biology, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, Drug Design, Drug delivery, Nanomedicine, Nanocarriers, business
Abstract: Cancer continues to be one of the most challenging diseases to be treated and is one of the leading causes of deaths around the globe. Cancers account for 13% of all deaths each year, with cancer-related mortality expected to rise to 13.1 million by the year 2030. Although, we now have a large library of chemotherapeutic agents, the problem of non-selectivity remains the biggest drawback, as these substances are toxic not only to cancerous cells, but also to other healthy cells in the body. The limitations with chemotherapy and radiation have led to the discovery and development of novel strategies for safe and effective treatment strategies to manage the menace of cancer. Researchers have long justified and have shed light on the emergence of nanotechnology as a potential area for cancer therapy and diagnostics, whereby, nanomaterials are used primarily as nanocarriers or as delivery agents for anticancer drugs due to their tumor targeting properties. Furthermore, nanocarriers loaded with chemotherapeutic agents also overcome biological barriers such as renal and hepatic clearances, thus improving therapeutic efficacy with lowered morbidity. Theranostics, which is the combination of rationally designed nanomaterials with cancer-targeting moieties, along with protective polymers and imaging agents has become one of the core keywords in cancer research. In this review, we have highlighted the potential of various nanomaterials for their application in cancer therapy and imaging, including their current state and clinical prospects. Theranostics has successfully paved a path to a new era of drug design and development, in which nanomaterials and imaging contribute to a large variety of cancer therapies and provide a promising future in the effective management of various cancers. However, in order to meet the therapeutic needs, theranostic nanomaterials must be designed in such a way, that take into account the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics properties of the drug for the development of effective carcinogenic therapy.
Published: 2020

47. Height and body-mass index trajectories of school-aged children and adolescents from 1985 to 2019 in 200 countries and territories: a pooled analysis of 2181 population-based studies with 65 million participants

Author: Rodriguez-Martinez, Andrea, Zhou, Bin, Sophiea, Marisa K, Bentham, James, Paciorek, Christopher J, Iurilli, Maria LC, Carrillo-Larco, Rodrigo M, Bennett, James E, Di Cesare, Mariachiara, Taddei, Cristina, Bixby, Honor, Stevens, Gretchen A, Riley, Leanne M, Cowan, Melanie J, Savin, Stefan, Danaei, Goodarz, Chirita-Emandi, Adela, Kengne, Andre P, Khang, Young-Ho, Laxmaiah, Avula, Malekzadeh, Reza, Miranda, J Jaime, Moon, Jin Soo, Popovic, Stevo R, Sorensen, Thorkild IA, Soric, Maroje, Starc, Gregor, Zainuddin, Ahmad A, Gregg, Edward W, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A, Black, Robert, Ezzati, Majid, Abarca-Gomez, Leandra, Abdeen, Ziad A, Abdrakhmanova, Shynar, Ghaffar, Suhaila Abdul, Rahim, Hanan F Abdul, Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen M, Garba, Jamila Abubakar, Acosta-Cazares, Benjamin, Adams, Robert J, Aekplakorn, Wichai, Afsana, Kaosar, Afzal, Shoaib, Agdeppa, Imelda A, Aghazadeh-Attari, Javad, Aguilar-Salinas, Carlos A, Agyemang, Charles, Ahmad, Mohamad Hasnan, Ahmad, Noor Ani, Ahmadi, Ali, Ahmadi, Naser, Ahmed, Soheir H, Ahrens, Wolfgang, Aitmurzaeva, Gulmira, Ajlouni, Kamel, Al-Hazzaa, Hazzaa M, Al-Othman, Amani Rashed, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa, Alarouj, Monira, AlBuhairan, Fadia, AlDhukair, Shahla, Ali, Mohamed M, Alkandari, Abdullah, Alkerwi, Ala'a, Allin, Kristine, Alvarez-Pedrerol, Mar, Aly, Eman, Amarapurkar, Deepak N, Amiri, Parisa, Amougou, Norbert, Amouyel, Philippe, Andersen, Lars Bo, Anderssen, Sigmund A, Angquist, Lars, Anjana, Ranjit Mohan, Ansari-Moghaddam, Alireza, Aounallah-Skhiri, Hajer, Araujo, Joana, Ariansen, Inger, Aris, Tahir, Arku, Raphael E, Arlappa, Nimmathota, Aryal, Krishna K, Aspelund, Thor, Assah, Felix K, Assuncao, Maria Cecilia F, Aung, May Soe, Auvinen, Juha, Avdicova, Maria, Azevedo, Ana, Azimi-Nezhad, Mohsen, Azizi, Fereidoun, Azmin, Mehrdad, Babu, Bontha V, Jorgensen, Maja Baeksgaard, Baharudin, Azli, Bahijri, Suhad, Baker, Jennifer L, Balakrishna, Nagalla, Bamoshmoosh, Mohamed, Banach, Maciej, Bandosz, Piotr, Banegas, Jose R, Baran, Joanna, Barbagallo, Carlo M, Barcelo, Alberto, Barkat, Amina, Barros, Aluisio JD, Barros, Mauro Virgilio Gomes, Basit, Abdul, Bastos, Joao Luiz D, Bata, Iqbal, Batieha, Anwar M, Batista, Rosangela L, Battakova, Zhamilya, Batyrbek, Assembekov, Baur, Louise A, Beaglehole, Robert, Bel-Serrat, Silvia, Belavendra, Antonisamy, Ben Romdhane, Habiba, Benedics, Judith, Benet, Mikhail, Berkinbayev, Salim, Bernabe-Ortiz, Antonio, Bernotiene, Gailute, Bettiol, Heloisa, Bezerra, Jorge, Bhagyalaxmi, Aroor, Bharadwaj, Sumit, Bhargava, Santosh K, Bi, Hongsheng, Bi, Yufang, Bia, Daniel, Lele, Elysee Claude Bika, Bikbov, Mukharram M, Bista, Bihungum, Bjelica, Dusko J, Bjerregaard, Peter, Bjertness, Espen, Bjertness, Marius B, Bjorkelund, Cecilia, Bloch, Katia V, Blokstra, Anneke, Bo, Simona, Bobak, Martin, Boddy, Lynne M, Boehm, Bernhard O, Boeing, Heiner, Boggia, Jose G, Bogova, Elena, Boissonnet, Carlos P, Bojesen, Stig E, Bonaccio, Marialaura, Bongard, Vanina, Bonilla-Vargas, Alice, Bopp, Matthias, Borghs, Herman, Bovet, Pascal, Braeckevelt, Lien, Braeckman, Lutgart, Bragt, Marjolijn CE, Brajkovich, Imperia, Branca, Francesco, Breckenkamp, Juergen, Breda, Joao, Brenner, Hermann, Brewster, Lizzy M, Brian, Garry R, Brinduse, Lacramioara, Brophy, Sinead, Bruno, Graziella, Bueno-de-Mesquita, H Bas, Bugge, Anna, Buoncristiano, Marta, Burazeri, Genc, Burns, Con, de Leon, Antonio Cabrera, Cacciottolo, Joseph, Cai, Hui, Cama, Tilema, Cameron, Christine, Camolas, Jose, Can, Gunay, Candido, Ana Paula C, Canete, Felicia, Capanzana, Mario V, Capkova, Nadezda, Capuano, Eduardo, Capuano, Vincenzo, Cardol, Marloes, Cardoso, Viviane C, Carlsson, Axel C, Carmuega, Esteban, Carvalho, Joana, Casajus, Jose A, Casanueva, Felipe F, Celikcan, Ertugrul, Censi, Laura, Cervantes-Loaiza, Marvin, Cesar, Juraci A, Chamukuttan, Snehalatha, Chan, Angelique W, Chan, Queenie, Chaturvedi, Himanshu K, Chaturvedi, Nish, Rahim, Norsyamlina Che Abdul, Chen, Chien-Jen, Chen, Fangfang, Chen, Huashuai, Chen, Shuohua, Chen, Zhengming, Cheng, Ching-Yu, Cheraghian, Bahman, Chetrit, Angela, Chikova-Iscener, Ekaterina, Chiolero, Arnaud, Chiou, Shu-Ti, Chirlaque, Maria-Dolores, Cho, Belong, Christensen, Kaare, Christofaro, Diego G, Chudek, Jerzy, Cifkova, Renata, Cilia, Michelle, Cinteza, Eliza, Claessens, Frank, Clarke, Janine, Clays, Els, Cohen, Emmanuel, Concin, Hans, Confortin, Susana C, Cooper, Cyrus, Coppinger, Tara C, Corpeleijn, Eva, Costanzo, Simona, Cottel, Dominique, Cowell, Chris, Craig, Cora L, Crampin, Amelia C, Crujeiras, Ana B, Csilla, Semanova, Cucu, Alexandra M, Cui, Liufu, Cureau, Felipe V, D'Arrigo, Graziella, d'Orsi, Eleonora, Dacica, Liliana, Saavedra, Maria Angeles Dal Re, Dallongeville, Jean, Damasceno, Albertino, Damsgaard, Camilla T, Dankner, Rachel, Dantoft, Thomas M, Dasgupta, Parasmani, Dastgiri, Saeed, Dauchet, Luc, Davletov, Kairat, De Backer, Guy, De Bacquer, Dirk, de Gaetano, Giovanni, De Henauw, Stefaan, de Oliveira, Paula Duarte, De Ridder, David, De Ridder, Karin, de Rooij, Susanne R, De Smedt, Delphine, Deepa, Mohan, Deev, Alexander D, DeGennaro, Vincent, Dehghan, Abbas, Delisle, Helene, Delpeuch, Francis, Demarest, Stefaan, Dennison, Elaine, Deren, Katarzyna, Deschamps, Valerie, Dhana, Klodian, Dhimal, Meghnath, Di Castelnuovo, Augusto F, Dias-da-Costa, Juvenal Soares, Diaz-Sanchez, Maria Elena, Diaz, Alejandro, Dika, Zivka, Djalalinia, Shirin, Djordjic, Visnja, Do, Ha TP, Dobson, Annette J, Donati, Maria Benedetta, Donfrancesco, Chiara, Donoso, Silvana P, Doring, Angela, Dorobantu, Maria, Dorosty, Ahmad Reza, Doua, Kouamelan, Drygas, Wojciech, Duan, Jia Li, Duante, Charmaine A, Duboz, Priscilla, Duda, Rosemary B, Duleva, Vesselka, Dulskiene, Virginija, Dumith, Samuel C, Dushpanova, Anar, Dzerve, Vilnis, Dziankowska-Zaborszczyk, Elzbieta, Eddie, Ricky, Eftekhar, Ebrahim, Egbagbe, Eruke E, Eggertsen, Robert, Eghtesad, Sareh, Eiben, Gabriele, Ekelund, Ulf, El-Khateeb, Mohammad, El Ati, Jalila, Eldemire-Shearer, Denise, Eliasen, Marie, Elliott, Paul, Engle-Stone, Reina, Enguerran, Macia, Erasmus, Rajiv T, Erbel, Raimund, Erem, Cihangir, Eriksen, Louise, Eriksson, Johan G, Escobedo-de la Pena, Jorge, Eslami, Saeid, Esmaeili, Ali, Evans, Alun, Faeh, David, Fakhretdinova, Albina A, Fall, Caroline H, Faramarzi, Elnaz, Farjam, Mojtaba, Sant'Angelo, Victoria Farrugia, Farzadfar, Farshad, Fattahi, Mohammad Reza, Fawwad, Asher, Felix-Redondo, Francisco J, Ferguson, Trevor S, Fernandes, Romulo A, Fernandez-Berges, Daniel, Ferrante, Daniel, Ferrao, Thomas, Ferrari, Marika, Ferrario, Marco M, Ferreccio, Catterina, Ferrer, Eldridge, Ferrieres, Jean, Figueiro, Thamara Hubler, Fijalkowska, Anna, Fink, Gunther, Fischer, Krista, Foger, Bernhard, Foo, Leng Huat, Forsner, Maria, Fouad, Heba M, Francis, Damian K, Franco, Maria do Carmo, Franco, Oscar H, Frikke-Schmidt, Ruth, Frontera, Guillermo, Fuchs, Flavio D, Fuchs, Sandra C, Fujiati, Isti I, Fujita, Yuki, Fumihiko, Matsuda, Furusawa, Takuro, Gaciong, Zbigniew, Gafencu, Mihai, Galbarczyk, Andrzej, Galenkamp, Henrike, Galeone, Daniela, Galfo, Myriam, Galvano, Fabio, Gao, Jingli, Garcia-de-la-Hera, Manoli, Garcia-Solano, Marta, Gareta, Dickman, Garnett, Sarah P, Gaspoz, Jean-Michel, Gasull, Magda, Gaya, Adroaldo Cesar Araujo, Gaya, Anelise Reis, Gazzinelli, Andrea, Gehring, Ulrike, Geiger, Harald, Geleijnse, Johanna M, Ghanbari, Ali, Ghasemi, Erfan, Gheorghe-Fronea, Oana-Florentina, Giampaoli, Simona, Gianfagna, Francesco, Gill, Tiffany K, Giovannelli, Jonathan, Gironella, Glen, Giwercman, Aleksander, Gkiouras, Konstantinos, Godos, Justyna, Gogen, Sibel, Goldsmith, Rebecca A, Goltzman, David, Gomez, Santiago F, Gomula, Aleksandra, da Silva, Bruna Goncalves Cordeiro, Goncalves, Helen, Gonzalez-Chica, David A, Gonzalez-Gross, Marcela, Gonzalez-Leon, Margot, Gonzalez-Rivas, Juan P, Gonzalez-Villalpando, Clicerio, Gonzalez-Villalpando, Maria-Elena, Gonzalez, Angel R, Gottrand, Frederic, Graca, Antonio Pedro, Graff-Iversen, Sidsel, Grafnetter, Dusan, Grajda, Aneta, Grammatikopoulou, Maria G, Gregor, Ronald D, Grodzicki, Tomasz, Groholt, Else Karin, Grontved, Anders, Grosso, Giuseppe, Gruden, Gabriella, Gu, Dongfeng, Gualdi-Russo, Emanuela, Guallar-Castillon, Pilar, Gualtieri, Andrea, Gudmundsson, Elias F, Gudnason, Vilmundur, Guerrero, Ramiro, Guessous, Idris, Guimaraes, Andre L, Gulliford, Martin C, Gunnlaugsdottir, Johanna, Gunter, Marc J, Guo, Xiu-Hua, Guo, Yin, Gupta, Prakash C, Gupta, Rajeev, Gureje, Oye, Gurzkowska, Beata, Gutierrez-Gonzalez, Enrique, Gutierrez, Laura, Gutzwiller, Felix, Ha, Seongjun, Hadaegh, Farzad, Hadjigeorgiou, Charalambos A, Haghshenas, Rosa, Hakimi, Hamid, Halkjaer, Jytte, Hambleton, Ian R, Hamzeh, Behrooz, Hange, Dominique, Hanif, Abu AM, Hantunen, Sari, Kumar, Rachakulla Hari, Hashemi-Shahri, Seyed Mohammad, Hassapidou, Maria, Hata, Jun, Haugsgjerd, Teresa, Hayes, Alison J, He, Jiang, He, Yuan, He, Yuna, Heidinger-Felso, Regina, Heinen, Mirjam, Hejgaard, Tatjana, Hendriks, Marleen Elisabeth, Henrique, Rafael dos Santos, Henriques, Ana, Cadena, Leticia Hernandez, Herrala, Sauli, Herrera, Victor M, Herter-Aeberli, Isabelle, Heshmat, Ramin, Hill, Allan G, Ho, Sai Yin, Ho, Suzanne C, Hobbs, Michael, Hofman, Albert, Bergh, Ingunn Holden, Holdsworth, Michelle, Homayounfar, Reza, Homs, Clara, Hopman, Wilma M, Horimoto, Andrea RVR, Hormiga, Claudia M, Horta, Bernardo L, Houti, Leila, Howitt, Christina, Thein, Thein Htay, Htet, Aung Soe, Htike, Maung Maung Than, Hu, Yonghua, Huerta, Jose Maria, Huhtaniemi, Ilpo Tapani, Petrescu, Constanta Huidumac, Husseini, Abdullatif, Chinh, Nguyen Huu, Huybrechts, Inge, Hwalla, Nahla, Hyska, Jolanda, Iacoviello, Licia, Ibarluzea, Jesus M, Ibrahim, Mohsen M, Wong, Norazizah Ibrahim, Ikeda, Nayu, Ikram, M Arfan, Iotova, Violeta, Irazola, Vilma E, Ishida, Takafumi, Islam, Muhammad, Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful, Iwasaki, Masanori, Jackson, Rod T, Jacobs, Jeremy M, Jaddou, Hashem Y, Jafar, Tazeen, James, Kenneth, Jamil, Kazi M, Jamrozik, Konrad, Janszky, Imre, Janus, Edward, Jarani, Juel, Jarvelin, Marjo-Riitta, Jasienska, Grazyna, Jelakovic, Ana, Jelakovic, Bojan, Jennings, Garry, Jha, Anjani Kumar, Jiang, Chao Qiang, Jimenez, Ramon O, Jockel, Karl-Heinz, Joffres, Michel, Johansson, Mattias, Jokelainen, Jari J, Jonas, Jost B, Jorgensen, Torben, Joshi, Pradeep, Joukar, Farahnaz, Jovic, Dragana P, Jozwiak, Jacek J, Juolevi, Anne, Jurak, Gregor, Simina, Iulia Jurca, Juresa, Vesna, Kaaks, Rudolf, Kaducu, Felix O, Kafatos, Anthony, Kajantie, Eero O, Kalmatayeva, Zhanna, Kalter-Leibovici, Ofra, Kameli, Yves, Kanala, Kodanda R, Kannan, Srinivasan, Kapantais, Efthymios, Karki, Khem B, Katibeh, Marzieh, Katz, Joanne, Katzmarzyk, Peter T, Kauhanen, Jussi, Kaur, Prabhdeep, Kavousi, Maryam, Kazakbaeva, Gyulli M, Keil, Ulrich, Boker, Lital Keinan, Keinanen-Kiukaanniemi, Sirkka, Kelishadi, Roya, Kelleher, Cecily, Kemper, Han CG, Keramati, Maryam, Kerimkulova, Alina, Kersting, Mathilde, Key, Timothy, Khader, Yousef Saleh, Khalili, Davood, Khaw, Kay-Tee, Kheiri, Bahareh, Kheradmand, Motahareh, Khosravi, Alireza, Khouw, Ilse MSL, Kiechl-Kohlendorfer, Ursula, Kiechl, Stefan, Killewo, Japhet, Kim, Dong Wook, Kim, Hyeon Chang, Kim, Jeongseon, Kindblom, Jenny M, Klakk, Heidi, Klimek, Magdalena, Klimont, Jeannette, Klumbiene, Jurate, Knoflach, Michael, Koirala, Bhawesh, Kolle, Elin, Kolsteren, Patrick, Konig, Jurgen, Korpelainen, Raija, Korrovits, Paul, Korzycka, Magdalena, Kos, Jelena, Koskinen, Seppo, Kouda, Katsuyasu, Kovacs, Viktoria A, Kowlessur, Sudhir, Koziel, Slawomir, Kratzer, Wolfgang, Kriemler, Susi, Kristensen, Peter Lund, Krokstad, Steiner, Kromhout, Daan, Krtalic, Branimir, Kruger, Herculina S, Kubinova, Ruzena, Kuciene, Renata, Kujala, Urho M, Kujundzic, Enisa, Kulaga, Zbigniew, Kumar, R Krishna, Kunesova, Marie, Kurjata, Pawel, Kusuma, Yadlapalli S, Kuulasmaa, Kari, Kyobutungi, Catherine, Quang, Ngoc La, Laamiri, Fatima Zahra, Laatikainen, Tiina, Lachat, Carl, Laid, Youcef, Lam, Tai Hing, Lambrinou, Christina-Paulina, Landais, Edwige, Lanska, Vera, Lappas, Georg, Larijani, Bagher, Latt, Tint Swe, Lauria, Laura, Lazo-Porras, Maria, Khanh, Le Nguyen Bao, Le Port, Agnes, Le, Tuyen D, Lee, Jeannette, Lee, Jeonghee, Lee, Paul H, Lehmann, Nils, Lehtimaki, Terho, Lemogoum, Daniel, Levitt, Naomi S, Li, Yanping, Liivak, Merike, Lilly, Christa L, Lim, Wei-Yen, Lima-Costa, M Fernanda, Lin, Hsien-Ho, Lin, Xu, Lin, Yi-Ting, Lind, Lars, Linneberg, Allan, Lissner, Lauren, Litwin, Mieczyslaw, Liu, Jing, Liu, Lijuan, Lo, Wei-Cheng, Loit, Helle-Mai, Khuong, Quynh Long, Lopes, Luis, Lopes, Oscar, Lopez-Garcia, Esther, Lopez, Tania, Lotufo, Paulo A, Lozano, Jose Eugenio, Lukrafka, Janice L, Luksiene, Dalia, Lundqvist, Annamari, Lundqvist, Robert, Lunet, Nuno, Lunogelo, Charles, Lustigova, Michala, Luszczki, Edyta, Ma, Guansheng, Ma, Jun, Ma, Xu, Machado-Coelho, George LL, Machado-Rodrigues, Aristides M, Machi, Suka, Macieira, Luisa M, Madar, Ahmed A, Maggi, Stefania, Magliano, Dianna J, Magnacca, Sara, Magriplis, Emmanuella, Mahasampath, Gowri, Maire, Bernard, Majer, Marjeta, Makdisse, Marcia, Maki, Paivi, Malekzadeh, Fatemeh, Malhotra, Rahul, Rao, Kodavanti Mallikharjuna, Malyutina, Sofia K, Maniego, Lynell V, Manios, Yannis, Mann, Jim I, Mansour-Ghanaei, Fariborz, Manzato, Enzo, Margozzini, Paula, Markaki, Anastasia, Markey, Oonagh, Ioannidou, Eliza Markidou, Marques-Vidal, Pedro, Marques, Larissa Pruner, Marrugat, Jaume, Martin-Prevel, Yves, Martin, Rosemarie, Martorell, Reynaldo, Martos, Eva, Marventano, Stefano, Mascarenhas, Luis P, Masoodi, Shariq R, Mathiesen, Ellisiv B, Mathur, Prashant, Matijasevich, Alicia, Matsha, Tandi E, Mavrogianni, Christina, Mazur, Artur, Mbanya, Jean Claude N, McFarlane, Shelly R, McGarvey, Stephen T, McKee, Martin, McLachlan, Stela, McLean, Rachael M, McLean, Scott B, McNulty, Breige A, Mediene-Benchekor, Sounnia, Medzioniene, Jurate, Mehdipour, Parinaz, Mehlig, Kirsten, Mehrparvar, Amir Houshang, Meirhaeghe, Aline, Meisfjord, Jorgen, Meisinger, Christa, Menezes, Ana Maria B, Menon, Geetha R, Mensink, Gert BM, Menzano, Maria Teresa, Mereke, Alibek, Meshram, Indrapal I, Metspalu, Andres, Mi, Jie, Michaelsen, Kim F, Michels, Nathalie, Mikkel, Kairit, Milkowska, Karolina, Miller, Jody C, Minderico, Claudia S, Mini, GK, Miquel, Juan Francisco, Mirjalili, Mohammad Reza, Mirkopoulou, Daphne, Mirrakhimov, Erkin, Misigoj-Durakovic, Marjeta, Mistretta, Antonio, Mocanu, Veronica, Modesti, Pietro A, Moghaddam, Sahar Saeedi, Mohajer, Bahram, Mohamed, Mostafa K, Mohamed, Shukri F, Mohammad, Kazem, Mohammadi, Zahra, Mohammadifard, Noushin, Mohammadpourhodki, Reza, Mohan, Viswanathan, Mohanna, Salim, Yusoff, Muhammad Fadhli Mohd, Mohebbi, Iraj, Mohebi, Farnam, Moitry, Marie, Molbo, Drude, Mollehave, Line T, Moller, Niels C, Molnar, Denes, Momenan, Amirabbas, Mondo, Charles K, Monroy-Valle, Michele, Monterrubio-Flores, Eric, Monyeki, Kotsedi Daniel K, Moosazadeh, Mahmood, Moreira, Leila B, Morejon, Alain, Moreno, Luis A, Morgan, Karen, Morin, Suzanne N, Mortensen, Erik Lykke, Moschonis, George, Mossakowska, Malgorzata, Mostafa, Aya, Mota-Pinto, Anabela, Mota, Jorge, Motlagh, Mohammad Esmaeel, Motta, Jorge, Moura-dos-Santos, Marcos Andre, Mridha, Malay K, Msyamboza, Kelias P, Thet, Thet Mu, Muc, Magdalena, Mugosa, Boban, Muiesan, Maria L, Mukhtorova, Parvina, Mueller-Nurasyid, Martina, Murphy, Neil, Mursu, Jaakko, Murtagh, Elaine M, Musa, Kamarul Imran, Milanovic, Sanja Music, Musil, Vera, Mustafa, Norlaila, Nabipour, Iraj, Naderimagham, Shohreh, Nagel, Gabriele, Naidu, Balkish M, Najafi, Farid, Nakamura, Harunobu, Namesna, Jana, Nang, Ei Ei K, Nangia, Vinay B, Nankap, Martin, Narake, Sameer, Nardone, Paola, Nauck, Matthias, Neal, William A, Nejatizadeh, Azim, Nelis, Keiu, Nelis, Liis, Nenko, Ilona, Neovius, Martin, Nervi, Flavio, Nguyen, Chung T, Nguyen, Nguyen D, Quang, Ngoc Nguyen, Nieto-Martinez, Ramfis E, Nikitin, Yury P, Ning, Guang, Ninomiya, Toshiharu, Nishtar, Sania, Noale, Marianna, Noboa, Oscar A, Nogueira, Helena, Norat, Teresa, Nordendahl, Maria, Nordestgaard, Borge G, Noto, Davide, Nowak-Szczepanska, Natalia, Al Nsour, Mohannad, Nuhoglu, Irfan, Nurk, Eha, O'Neill, Terence W, O'Reilly, Dermot, Obreja, Galina, Ochimana, Caleb, Ochoa-Aviles, Angelica M, Oda, Eiji, Oh, Kyungwon, Ohara, Kumiko, Ohlsson, Claes, Ohtsuka, Ryutaro, Olafsson, Orn, Olinto, Maria Teresa A, Oliveira, Isabel O, Omar, Mohd Azahadi, Onat, Altan, Ong, Sok King, Ono, Lariane M, Ordunez, Pedro, Ornelas, Rui, Ortiz, Ana P, Ortiz, Pedro J, Osler, Merete, Osmond, Clive, Ostojic, Sergej M, Ostovar, Afshin, Otero, Johanna A, Overvad, Kim, Owusu-Dabo, Ellis, Paccaud, Fred Michel, Padez, Cristina, Pagkalos, Ioannis, Pahomova, Elena, de Paiva, Karina Mary, Pajak, Andrzej, Palli, Domenico, Palloni, Alberto, Palmieri, Luigi, Pan, Wen-Harn, Panda-Jonas, Songhomitra, Pandey, Arvind, Panza, Francesco, Papandreou, Dimitrios, Park, Soon-Woo, Park, Suyeon, Parnell, Winsome R, Parsaeian, Mahboubeh, Pascanu, Ionela M, Pasquet, Patrick, Patel, Nikhil D, Pednekar, Mangesh S, Peer, Nasheeta, Peixoto, Sergio Viana, Peltonen, Markku, Pereira, Alexandre C, Peres, Marco A, Perez-Farinos, Napoleon, Perez, Cynthia M, Peterkova, Valentina, Peters, Annette, Petersmann, Astrid, Petkeviciene, Janina, Petrauskiene, Ausra, Pettenuzzo, Emanuela, Peykari, Niloofar, Son, Thai Pham, Pichardo, Rafael N, Pierannunzio, Daniela, Pigeot, Iris, Pikhart, Hynek, Pilav, Aida, Pilotto, Lorenza, Pistelli, Francesco, Pitakaka, Freda, Piwonska, Aleksandra, Pizarro, Andreia N, Plans-Rubio, Pedro, Poh, Bee Koon, Pohlabeln, Hermann, Pop, Raluca M, Porta, Miquel, Posch, Georg, Poudyal, Anil, Poulimeneas, Dimitrios, Pouraram, Hamed, Pourfarzi, Farhad, Pourshams, Akram, Poustchi, Hossein, Pradeepa, Rajendra, Price, Alison J, Price, Jacqueline F, Providencia, Rui, Puder, Jardena J, Pudule, Iveta, Puhakka, Soile E, Puiu, Maria, Punab, Margus, Qasrawi, Radwan F, Qorbani, Mostafa, Tran, Quoc Bao, Radic, Ivana, Radisauskas, Ricardas, Rahimikazerooni, Salar, Rahman, Mahfuzar, Rahman, Mahmudur, 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Ming-Dong, Wang, Ningli, Wang, Qian, Wang, Xiangjun, Wang, Ya Xing, Wang, Ying-Wei, Wannamethee, S Goya, Wareham, Nicholas, Weber, Adelheid, Wedderkopp, Niels, Weerasekera, Deepa, Weghuber, Daniel, Wei, Wenbin, Weres, Aneta, Werner, Bo, Whincup, Peter H, Widhalm, Kurt, Widyahening, Indah S, Wiecek, Andrzej, Wilks, Rainford J, Willeit, Johann, Willeit, Peter, Williams, Julianne, Wilsgaard, Tom, Wojtyniak, Bogdan, Wong-McClure, Roy A, Wong, Andrew, Wong, Jyh Eiin, Wong, Tien Yin, Woo, Jean, Woodward, Mark, Wu, Frederick C, Wu, Jianfeng, Wu, Li Juan, Wu, Shouling, Xu, Haiquan, Xu, Liang, Yaacob, Nor Azwany, Yamborisut, Uruwan, Yan, Weili, Yang, Ling, Yang, Xiaoguang, Yang, Yang, Yardim, Nazan, Yaseri, Mehdi, Yasuharu, Tabara, Ye, Xingwang, Yiallouros, Panayiotis K, Yoosefi, Moein, Yoshihara, Akihiro, You, Qi Sheng, You, San-Lin, Younger-Coleman, Novie O, Yusof, Safiah Md, Yusoff, Ahmad Faudzi, Zaccagni, Luciana, Zafiropulos, Vassilis, Zakavi, Seyed Rasoul, Zamani, Farhad, Zambon, Sabina, Zampelas, Antonis, Zamrazilova, Hana, Zapata, Maria Elisa, Zargar, Abdul Hamid, Zaw, Ko Ko, Zdrojewski, Tomasz, Vrkic, Tajana Zeljkovic, Zeng, Yi, Zhang, Luxia, Zhang, Zhen-Yu, Zhao, Dong, Zhao, Ming-Hui, Zhao, Wenhua, Zhen, Shiqi, Zheng, Wei, Zheng, Yingfeng, Zholdin, Bekbolat, Zhou, Maigeng, Zhu, Dan, Zocalo, Yanina, Cisneros, Julio Zuniga, Zuziak, Monika, Faculdade de Ciências da Nutrição e Alimentação, Instituto de Saúde Pública da Universidade do Porto, Interactions Gène-Environnement en Physiopathologie Cardio-Vasculaire (IGE-PCV), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Université de Lorraine (UL), Environnement, Santé, Sociétés (ESS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), European Project: 774548, Reproductive Origins of Adult Health and Disease (ROAHD), Rodriguez-Martinez A, Zhou B, Sophiea MK, Bentham J, Paciorek CJ, Iurilli ML, Carrillo-Larco RM, Bennett JE, Di Cesare M, Taddei C, Bixby H, Stevens GA, Riley LM, Cowan MJ, Savin S, 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Subjects: Male, body-mass index, ADULTHOOD, Adolescents, pituuskasvu, Pediatrics, Body Mass Index, 0302 clinical medicine, Child Development, nuoret, Public health surveillance, Medicine, Health Status Indicators, 10. No inequality, Child, 11 Medical and Health Sciences, Body mass index, ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS, education.field_of_study, VDP::Medisinske Fag: 700::Helsefag: 800::Samfunnsmedisin, sosialmedisin: 801, General Medicine, Body mass indexes, kansainvälinen vertailu, 3. Good health, Geography, Health, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, Child, Preschool, Medical and Health sciences, purl.org/becyt/ford/3 [https], medicine.medical_specialty, School-aged adolescents, Socio-culturale, lapset (ikäryhmät), Nursing, territories, ravinto, purl.org/becyt/ford/3.3 [https], 03 medical and health sciences, School Children, SDG 3 - Good Health and Well-being, SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS, Humans, school-aged children and adolescents, Montenegro, education, Science & Technology, Omvårdnad, Health sciences, Medical and Health sciences, Ciências médicas e da saúde, Bayes Theorem, Anthropometry, Adolescent Development, medicine.disease, TRENDS, Height and Body-mass Index, Faculdade de Ciências Sociais, UNDERNUTRITION, Height index trajectories, Height, body mass index, children , epidemiology, risk factors, growth, Stature, Demography, Settore MED/09 - Medicina Interna, Internationality, [SDV]Life Sciences [q-bio], 030204 cardiovascular system & hematology, Body-mass index trajectories, Epidemiology, Medicine and Health Sciences, risk factors, countries, EPIDEMIOLOGY, height, children, adolescents, BMI, 030212 general & internal medicine, painoindeksi, Child development, 2. Zero hunger, Medicine(all), School age child, obestity children cardiovascular, Population Health, 1. No poverty, Pediatrik, Public Health, Global Health, Social Medicine and Epidemiology, 3142 Public health care science, environmental and occupational health, Pooled analysis, NUTRITION, Female, medicine.symptom, pooled analysis, Life Sciences & Biomedicine, terveys, height, BMI, nutrition, health, children, adolescents, Adolescent, growth, Population, body-mass, Population based, Body-mass index, Young Adult, Medicine, General & Internal, Meta-Analysis as Topic, General & Internal Medicine, parasitic diseases, Weight gain, School-aged childrens, Age trajectories, business.industry, Height, Weight, Body Height, Folkhälsovetenskap, global hälsa, socialmedicin och epidemiologi, Malnutrition, ONSET, Ciências da Saúde, Ciências médicas e da saúde, School-aged children, VDP::Medical disciplines: 700::Health sciences: 800::Community medicine, Social medicine: 801, business, terveysriskit, Estilos de Vida e Impacto na Saúde
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Comparable global data on health and nutrition of school-aged children and adolescents are scarce. We aimed to estimate age trajectories and time trends in mean height and mean body-mass index (BMI), which measures weight gain beyond what is expected from height gain, for school-aged children and adolescents., METHODS: For this pooled analysis, we used a database of cardiometabolic risk factors collated by the Non-Communicable Disease Risk Factor Collaboration. We applied a Bayesian hierarchical model to estimate trends from 1985 to 2019 in mean height and mean BMI in 1-year age groups for ages 5–19 years. The model allowed for non-linear changes over time in mean height and mean BMI and for non-linear changes with age of children and adolescents, including periods of rapid growth during adolescence., FINDINGS: We pooled data from 2181 population-based studies, with measurements of height and weight in 65 million participants in 200 countries and territories. In 2019, we estimated a difference of 20 cm or higher in mean height of 19-year-old adolescents between countries with the tallest populations (the Netherlands, Montenegro, Estonia, and Bosnia and Herzegovina for boys; and the Netherlands, Montenegro, Denmark, and Iceland for girls) and those with the shortest populations (Timor-Leste, Laos, Solomon Islands, and Papua New Guinea for boys; and Guatemala, Bangladesh, Nepal, and Timor-Leste for girls). In the same year, the difference between the highest mean BMI (in Pacific island countries, Kuwait, Bahrain, The Bahamas, Chile, the USA, and New Zealand for both boys and girls and in South Africa for girls) and lowest mean BMI (in India, Bangladesh, Timor-Leste, Ethiopia, and Chad for boys and girls; and in Japan and Romania for girls) was approximately 9–10 kg/m2. In some countries, children aged 5 years started with healthier height or BMI than the global median and, in some cases, as healthy as the best performing countries, but they became progressively less healthy compared with their comparators as they grew older by not growing as tall (eg, boys in Austria and Barbados, and girls in Belgium and Puerto Rico) or gaining too much weight for their height (eg, girls and boys in Kuwait, Bahrain, Fiji, Jamaica, and Mexico; and girls in South Africa and New Zealand). In other countries, growing children overtook the height of their comparators (eg, Latvia, Czech Republic, Morocco, and Iran) or curbed their weight gain (eg, Italy, France, and Croatia) in late childhood and adolescence. When changes in both height and BMI were considered, girls in South Korea, Vietnam, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and some central Asian countries (eg, Armenia and Azerbaijan), and boys in central and western Europe (eg, Portugal, Denmark, Poland, and Montenegro) had the healthiest changes in anthropometric status over the past 3·5 decades because, compared with children and adolescents in other countries, they had a much larger gain in height than they did in BMI. The unhealthiest changes—gaining too little height, too much weight for their height compared with children in other countries, or both—occurred in many countries in sub-Saharan Africa, New Zealand, and the USA for boys and girls; in Malaysia and some Pacific island nations for boys; and in Mexico for girls., INTERPRETATION: The height and BMI trajectories over age and time of school-aged children and adolescents are highly variable across countries, which indicates heterogeneous nutritional quality and lifelong health advantages and risks., Wellcome Trust, AstraZeneca Young Health Programme, EU., peer-reviewed
Published: 2020
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48. Long term delivery of glibenclamide from in situ forming microparticles for the treatment of ischemic stroke

Author: Hemlata Kaurav, Navneet Kumar Upadhyay, Deepak N. Kapoor, and Ashish Sharma
Subjects: business.industry, Pharmaceutical Science, Pharmacology, medicine.disease, Neuroprotection, Glibenclamide, PLGA, chemistry.chemical_compound, Pharmacokinetics, chemistry, In vivo, medicine, Sulfonylurea receptor, Animal studies, business, Stroke, medicine.drug
Abstract: Glibenclamide, sulfonylurea receptor inhibitor, is reported to be neuroprotective in ischemic stroke by reducing cytotoxic edema, which is the primary cause of morbidity. As neurological worsening in stroke occurs from 3 to 10 days post-injury, there is a need to develop a system that would provide the release of glibenclamide for 10–15 days in a sustained manner in order to y improve the neurological functions effectively. In situ forming microparticles (ISFM) of glibenclamide was developed using PLGA 50:50 as a biodegradable polymer and by applying RSM I-Optimal design. In vitro evaluation studies were carried out for optimized formulation. In vivo pharmacological assessments and pharmacokinetics studies were performed in the Bilateral common carotid artery occlusion model (BCCAO) in Wistar rats. In vitro drug release studies showed a minimum burst release at 12 h and maximum release on 15th day. In vivo results showed a significant improvement in neurological functions, reduction in the infarct area, and hemispheric swelling in glibenclamide ISFM treated animals as compared to diseased animals. From in vitro and in vivo animal studies, it was concluded that long-acting ISFM of glibenclamide was successfully developed, which showed drug release pattern in a sustained manner for up to 15 days for preventing the neurological worsening in stroke.
Published: 2021
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49. Implantable systems for drug delivery to the brain

Author: Hemlata Kaurav and Deepak N. Kapoor
Subjects: Polymers, Drug delivery to the brain, Pharmaceutical Science, Antineoplastic Agents, Pharmacology, Protective Agents, 03 medical and health sciences, chemistry.chemical_compound, Epilepsy, 0302 clinical medicine, Glyburide, Animals, Humans, Medicine, Sucrose acetate isobutyrate, Stroke, Drug Implants, Medulloblastoma, Drug Carriers, Brain Neoplasms, business.industry, Biodegradable implants, Neurodegenerative Diseases, Multielectrode array, medicine.disease, chemistry, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, Drug delivery, business, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery
Abstract: Most diseases and disorders of the brain require long-term therapy and a constant supply of drugs. Implantable drug-delivery systems provide long-term, sustained drug delivery in the brain. The present review discusses different type of implantable systems such as solid implants, in situ forming implants, in situ forming microparticles, depot formulations, polymeric-lipid implants, sucrose acetate isobutyrate and N-stearoyl L-alanine methyl ester systems for continuous drug delivery into brain for various brain diseases including glioblastomas, medulloblastoma, epilepsy, stroke, schizophrenia and Alzheimer's diseases. Implantable neural probes and microelectrode array systems for brain are also discussed in brief.
Published: 2017
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50. MORPHOLOGICAL VARIATIONS OF THE LUNG: A CADAVERIC STUDY IN MUMBAI POPULATION

Author: Deepak N Khedekar and Shanta Sunil Hattangdi
Subjects: 0301 basic medicine, Embryology, education.field_of_study, Histology, Lung, business.industry, Population, Cell Biology, Anatomy, 03 medical and health sciences, medicine.anatomical_structure, Medicine, 030101 anatomy & morphology, Cadaveric spasm, business, education
Published: 2017
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